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Ridolo E, Barone A, Ottoni M, Peveri S, Montagni M, Nicoletta F. Factors and co-factors influencing clinical manifestations in nsLTPs allergy: between the good and the bad. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1253304. [PMID: 37841053 PMCID: PMC10568476 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1253304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are a family of plant pan-allergens that represent the primary cause of food allergies in the Mediterranean area, characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from the total absence of symptoms up to anaphylaxis. This wide variety of symptoms is related to the intrinsic capacity of nsLTPs to cause an allergic reaction in a specific subject, but also to the presence of co-factors exacerbating (i.e., exercise, NSAIDs, PPIs, alcohol, cannabis, prolonged fasting, menstruation, acute infections, sleep deprivation, chronic urticaria) or protecting from (i.e., co-sensitization to PR10, profilin or polcalcin) severe reactions. In this picture, recognizing some nsLTPs-related peculiarities (i.e., route, type and number of sensitizations, concentration of the allergen, cross-reactions) and eventual co-factors may help the allergist to define the risk profile of the single patient, in order to promote the appropriate management of the allergy from dietary advices up to the prescription of life-saving epinephrine autoinjector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erminia Ridolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Allergology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Martina Ottoni
- Allergology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Peveri
- Departmental Unit of Allergology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marcello Montagni
- Departmental Unit of Allergology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
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Lewis SA, Peters B. T-cell epitope discovery and single-cell technologies to advance food allergy research. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:15-20. [PMID: 36411114 PMCID: PMC9825656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is good evidence for a role of T cells in food allergy, but there is a lack of mechanistic understanding and phenotypic markers of the specific T cells contributing to pathology. Recent technologic advancements have allowed for a new experimental paradigm where we can find and pull out rare antigen-specific T cells and characterize them at the single-cell level. However, studies in infectious disease and broader allergy have shown that these techniques benefit greatly from precisely defined T-cell epitopes. Food allergens have fewer epitopes currently available, but it is growing and promises to overcome this gap. With growing use of this experimental design, it will be important to unbiasedly map T-cell phenotypes across food allergy and look for commonalities and contrasts to other allergic and infectious diseases. Once a pathologic phenotype for T cells has been established, the frequencies of these cells can be monitored with simpler techniques that could be applied to the clinic and used in diagnosis, prediction of treatment responsiveness, and discovery of targets for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloan A Lewis
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
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3
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Guryanova SV, Finkina EI, Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Bohle B, Ovchinnikova TV. How Do Pollen Allergens Sensitize? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900533. [PMID: 35782860 PMCID: PMC9245541 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pollen is one of the main sources of allergens causing allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Several allergens in plant pollen are panallergens which are also present in other allergen sources. As a result, sensitized individuals may also experience food allergies. The mechanism of sensitization and development of allergic inflammation is a consequence of the interaction of allergens with a large number of molecular factors that often are acting in a complex with other compounds, for example low-molecular-mass ligands, which contribute to the induction a type 2-driven response of immune system. In this review, special attention is paid not only to properties of allergens but also to an important role of their interaction with lipids and other hydrophobic molecules in pollen sensitization. The reactions of epithelial cells lining the nasal and bronchial mucosa and of other immunocompetent cells will also be considered, in particular the mechanisms of the activation of B and T lymphocytes and the formation of allergen-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N. Melnikova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Bogdanov
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova,
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Skypala IJ, Asero R, Barber D, Cecchi L, Diaz Perales A, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Pastorello EA, Swoboda I, Bartra J, Ebo DG, Faber MA, Fernández-Rivas M, Gomez F, Konstantinopoulos AP, Luengo O, van Ree R, Scala E, Till SJ. Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins: Allergen structure and function, cross-reactivity, sensitization, and epidemiology. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12010. [PMID: 34025983 PMCID: PMC8129635 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Discovered and described 40 years ago, non‐specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTP) are present in many plant species and play an important role protecting plants from stressors such as heat or drought. In the last 20 years, sensitization to nsLTP and consequent reactions to plant foods has become an increasing concern. Aim The aim of this paper is to review the evidence for the structure and function of nsLTP allergens, and cross‐reactivity, sensitization, and epidemiology of nsLTP allergy. Materials and Methods A Task Force, supported by the European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology (EAACI), reviewed current evidence and provide a signpost for future research. The search terms for this paper were “Non‐specific Lipid Transfer Proteins”, “LTP syndrome”, “Pru p 3”, “plant food allergy”, “pollen‐food syndrome”. Results Most nsLTP allergens have a highly conserved structure stabilised by 4‐disulphide bridges. Studies on the peach nsLTP, Pru p 3, demonstrate that nsLTPs are very cross‐reactive, with the four major IgE epitopes of Pru p 3 being shared by nsLTP from other botanically related fruits. These nsLTP allergens are to varying degrees resistant to heat and digestion, and sensitization may occur through the oral, inhaled or cutaneous routes. In some populations, Pru p 3 is the primary and sole sensitizing allergen, but many are poly‐sensitised both to botanically un‐related nsLTP in foods, and non‐food sources of nsLTP such as Cannabis sativa, Platanus acerifolia, (plane tree), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ragweed) and Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort). Initially, nsLTP sensitization appeared to be limited to Mediterranean countries, however more recent studies suggest clinically relevant sensitization occurs in North Atlantic regions and also countries in Northern Europe, with nsLTP sensitisation profiles being broadly similar. Discussion These robust allergens have the potential to sensitize and provoke symptoms to a large number of plant foods, including those which are raw, cooked or processed. It is unknown why some sensitized individuals develop clinical symptoms to foods whereas others do not, or indeed what other allergens besides Pru p 3 may be primary sensitising allergens. It is clear that these allergens are also relevant in non‐Mediterranean populations and there needs to be more recognition of this. Conclusion Non‐specific LTP allergens, present in a wide variety of plant foods and pollens, are structurally robust and so may be present in both raw and cooked foods. More studies are needed to understand routes of sensitization and the world‐wide prevalence of clinical symptoms associated with sensitization to these complex allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel J Skypala
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust Imperial College London UK
| | - Ricardo Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia Clinica San Carlo Milan Italy
| | - Domingo Barber
- IMMA School of Medicine Universidad San Pablo CEU CEU Universities Madrid Spain.,RETIC ARADYAL RD16/0006/0015 Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- SOS Allergy and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy
| | - Arazeli Diaz Perales
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Elide A Pastorello
- Unit of Allergology and Immunology ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Ines Swoboda
- Biotechnology Section FH Campus Wien University of Applied Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Joan Bartra
- Hospital Clinic de Barcelona IDIBAPS Universitat de Barcelona ARADyAL Barcelona Spain
| | - Didier G Ebo
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - Margaretha A Faber
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - Montserrat Fernández-Rivas
- Department of Allergy Hospital Clínico San Carlos Universidad Complutense de Madrid IdISSC, ARADyAL Madrid Spain
| | - Francesca Gomez
- Allergy Unit IBIMA- Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga Malaga and Spanish Network for Allergy - RETICS de Asma, Reacciones adversas y Alérgicas (ARADyAL) Madrid Spain
| | | | - Olga Luengo
- Allergy Unit, Internal Medicine Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ARADyAL Barcelona Spain
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Otorhinolaryngology Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Scala
- Experimental Allergy Unit Istituto Dermopatico Dell'immacolata IRCCS FLMM Rome Italy
| | - Stephen J Till
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology King's College London London UK.,Department of Allergy Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK
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Eichhorn S, Hörschläger A, Steiner M, Laimer J, Jensen BM, Versteeg SA, Pablos I, Briza P, Jongejan L, Rigby N, Asturias JA, Portolés A, Fernandez‐Rivas M, Papadopoulos NG, Mari A, Poulsen LK, Lackner P, van Ree R, Ferreira F, Gadermaier G. Rational Design, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Immunogenicity of Hypoallergenic Pru p 3 Variants. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900336. [PMID: 31207117 PMCID: PMC6790652 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Allergies to lipid transfer proteins involve severe adverse reactions; thus, effective and sustainable therapies are desired. Previous attempts disrupting disulfide bonds failed to maintain immunogenicity; thus, the aim is to design novel hypoallergenic Pru p 3 variants and evaluate the applicability for treatment of peach allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS Pru p 3 proline variant (PV) designed using in silico mutagenesis, cysteine variant (CV), and wild-type Pru p 3 (WT) are purified from Escherichia coli. Variants display homogenous and stable protein conformations with an altered secondary structure in circular dichroism. PV shows enhanced long-term storage capacities compared to CV similar to the highly stable WT. Using sera of 33 peach allergic patients, IgE-binding activity is reduced by 97% (PV) and 71% (CV) compared to WT. Both molecules show strong hypoallergenicity in Pru p 3 ImmunoCAP cross-inhibition and histamine release assays. Immunogenicity of PV is demonstrated with a phosphate-based adjuvant formulation in a mouse model. CONCLUSIONS An in silico approach is used to generate a PV without targeting disulfide bonds, T cell epitopes, or previously reported IgE epitopes of Pru p 3. PV is strongly hypoallergenic while structurally stable and immunogenic, thus representing a promising candidate for peach allergen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Eichhorn
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Angelika Hörschläger
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Markus Steiner
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Josef Laimer
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Bettina M Jensen
- Allergy Clinic, Dept. 22Herlev‐Gentofte HospitalKildegaardsvej 282900HellerupDenmark
| | - Serge A Versteeg
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersMeibergdreef 91105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Isabel Pablos
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Laurian Jongejan
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersMeibergdreef 91105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Neil Rigby
- Food & Health ProgrammeInst. of Food ResearchNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UQUnited Kingdom
| | - Juan A Asturias
- R&D DepartmentROXALL GroupParque Científico y Tecnológico de BizkaiaEdif. 40148170ZamudioSpain
| | - Antonio Portolés
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyHospital Clinico San Carlosc/ Prof. Martín Lagos s/n28040MadridSpain
| | | | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory MedicineUniversity of ManchesterRoyal Manchester Children's HospitalManchesterM13 9WLUnited Kingdom
- Allergy Dpt, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens41, FidippidouAthens115 27Greece
| | - Adriano Mari
- Center of Molecular AllergologyIDIVia dei Monti di Creta 104ZIP 00167RomeItaly
- Associated Centers for Molecular AllergologyVia Portuense 700ZIP 00149RomeItaly
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Dept. 22Herlev‐Gentofte HospitalKildegaardsvej 282900HellerupDenmark
| | - Peter Lackner
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersMeibergdreef 91105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersMeibergdreef 91105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstraße 345020SalzburgAustria
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6
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Verhoeckx K, Bøgh KL, Dupont D, Egger L, Gadermaier G, Larré C, Mackie A, Menard O, Adel-Patient K, Picariello G, Portmann R, Smit J, Turner P, Untersmayr E, Epstein MM. The relevance of a digestibility evaluation in the allergenicity risk assessment of novel proteins. Opinion of a joint initiative of COST action ImpARAS and COST action INFOGEST. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:405-423. [PMID: 31063834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The current allergenicity assessment of novel proteins is based on the EFSA GMO guidance. Recently, EFSA launched a new guidance document on allergenicity assessment of GM plants (2017). This document describes, amongst other topics, the new scientific and regulatory developments on in vitro protein digestibility tests. The EFSA GMO Panel stated that for in vitro protein digestibility tests, additional investigations are needed before any additional recommendation in the form of guidance can be provided. To this end, an interim phase is considered necessary to evaluate the revisions to the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion test, proposed by EFSA. This prompted the establishment of a joint workshop through two COST Action networks: COST Action ImpARAS and COST Acton INFOGEST. In 2017, a workshop was organised to discuss the relevance of digestion in allergenicity risk assessment and how to potentially improve the current methods and readouts. The outcome of the workshop is that there is no rationale for a clear readout that is predictive for allergenicity and we suggest to omit the digestion test from the allergenicity assessment strategy for now, and put an effort into filling the knowledge gaps as summarized in this paper first.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine Lindholm Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Lotti Egger
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003, Bern, Charlotte, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Colette Larré
- INRA UR1268 BIA, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Karine Adel-Patient
- UMR Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | | | - Reto Portmann
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Joost Smit
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul Turner
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michelle M Epstein
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Allergy Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 room 4P9.02, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Kratzer B, Köhler C, Hofer S, Smole U, Trapin D, Iturri J, Pum D, Kienzl P, Elbe-Bürger A, Gattinger P, Mittermann I, Linhart B, Gadermaier G, Jahn-Schmid B, Neunkirchner A, Valenta R, Pickl WF. Prevention of allergy by virus-like nanoparticles (VNP) delivering shielded versions of major allergens in a humanized murine allergy model. Allergy 2019; 74:246-260. [PMID: 30035810 PMCID: PMC6587790 DOI: 10.1111/all.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In high‐risk populations, allergen‐specific prophylaxis could protect from sensitization and subsequent development of allergic disease. However, such treatment might itself induce sensitization and allergies, thus requiring hypoallergenic vaccine formulations. We here characterized the preventive potential of virus‐like nanoparticles (VNP) expressing surface‐exposed or shielded allergens. Methods Full‐length major mugwort pollen allergen Art v 1 was selectively targeted either to the surface or to the inner side of the lipid bilayer envelope of VNP. Upon biochemical and immunological analysis, their preventive potential was determined in a humanized mouse model of mugwort pollen allergy. Results Virus‐like nanoparticles expressing shielded version of Art v 1, in contrast to those expressing surface‐exposed Art v 1, were hypoallergenic as they hardly induced degranulation of rat basophil leukemia cells sensitized with Art v 1‐specific mouse or human IgE. Both VNP versions induced proliferation and cytokine production of allergen‐specific T cells in vitro. Upon intranasal application in mice, VNP expressing surface‐exposed but not shielded allergen induced allergen‐specific antibodies, including IgE. Notably, preventive treatment with VNP expressing shielded allergen‐protected mice from subsequent sensitization with mugwort pollen extract. Protection was associated with a Th1/Treg‐dominated cytokine response, increased Foxp3+ Treg numbers in lungs, and reduced lung resistance when compared to mice treated with empty particles. Conclusion Virus‐like nanoparticles represent a novel and versatile platform for the in vivo delivery of allergens to selectively target T cells and prevent allergies without inducing allergic reactions or allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kratzer
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Cordula Köhler
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Sandra Hofer
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Ursula Smole
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Jagoba Iturri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology; Institute for Biophysics; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology; Institute for Biophysics; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Irene Mittermann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Biosciences; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Smaldini PL, Trejo F, Cohen JL, Piaggio E, Docena GH. Systemic IL-2/anti-IL-2Ab complex combined with sublingual immunotherapy suppresses experimental food allergy in mice through induction of mucosal regulatory T cells. Allergy 2018; 73:885-895. [PMID: 29319881 DOI: 10.1111/all.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic tolerance restoration has been proven to modify food allergy in patients and animal models and although sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has showed promise, combined therapy may be necessary to achieve a strong and long-term tolerance. AIMS In this work, we combined SLIT with systemic administration of IL-2 associated with an anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody (IL-2/anti-IL-2Ab complex or IL-2C) to reverse the IgE-mediated experimental allergy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Balb/c mice were sensitized with cholera toxin and milk proteins and orally challenged with allergen to elicit hypersensitivity reactions. Then, allergic mice were treated with a sublingual administration of very low amounts of milk proteins combined with intraperitoneal injection of low doses of IL-2C. The animals were next re-exposed to allergens and mucosal as well as systemic immunological parameters were assessed in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The treatment reduced serum specific IgE, IL-5 secretion by spleen cells and increased IL-10 and TGF-β in the lamina propria of buccal and duodenal mucosa. We found an augmented frequency of IL-10-secreting CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in the submaxilar lymph nodes and buccal lamina propria. Tregs were sorted, characterized and adoptively transferred to naïve mice, which were subsequently sensitized. No allergy was experienced in these mice and we encouragingly discovered a faster and more efficient tolerance induction with the combined therapy compared with SLIT. CONCLUSION The combination of two therapeutic strategies rendered Treg-mediated tolerance more efficient compared to individual treatments and reversed the established IgE-mediated food allergy. This approach highlights the ability of IL-2C to expand Tregs, and it may represent a promising disease-modifying therapy for managing food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Smaldini
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP); CONICET y Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - F. Trejo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP); CONICET y Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - J. L. Cohen
- Université Paris-Est; UMR_S955; UPEC; Créteil France
- Inserm, U955; Equipe 21; Créteil France
- Hôpital Henri Mondor; UPEC; APHP; Inserm; CIC Biothérapie; Créteil France
| | - E. Piaggio
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; INSERM U932; Translational Immunotherapy team; Paris France
- Institut Curie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428; Paris France
| | - G. H. Docena
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP); CONICET y Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
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10
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Zulehner N, Nagl B, Briza P, Roulias A, Ballmer-Weber B, Zlabinger GJ, Ferreira F, Bohle B. Characterization of the T-cell response to Dau c 1, the Bet v 1-homolog in carrot. Allergy 2017; 72:244-251. [PMID: 27222434 PMCID: PMC5244680 DOI: 10.1111/all.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background In contrast to other Bet v 1‐related food allergens, the major carrot allergen, Dau c 1, has been suggested to induce food allergy independently from Bet v 1. As T cells are crucial in the sensitization process, we sought to characterize the T‐cell response to Dau c 1 and its cross‐reactivity with Bet v 1. Methods Dau c 1‐specific T‐cell lines (TCL) and clones (TCC) established from PBMC of birch pollen‐allergic patients with carrot allergy were analyzed for reactivity to Bet v 1, epitope specificity, allergen‐induced cytokine secretion, and expression of integrins α4β7 and α4β1, critical for gut and lung homing, respectively. mRNA expression of GATA3 and Tbet was analyzed in sorted CD3+CD4+CFSElow cells proliferating upon stimulation of PBMC with Dau c 1 or Bet v 1. Dau c 1 was incubated with endolysosomal proteases, and the resulting fragments were identified by mass spectrometry. Results Among 14 distinct T‐cell‐activating regions, Dau c 1139–153 was recognized by 55% of the patients. Only 6 of 15 (40%) Dau c 1‐specific TCL and 9 of 21 (43%) TCC reacted with Bet v 1. Bet v 1‐nonreactive TCC were mainly Th1‐like and showed a higher expression of the integrin β7 and a significantly lower expression of the integrin β1 than Bet v 1‐positive TCC. A Th1‐like response was also detected in Dau c 1‐reactive CD3+CD4+CFSElow cells. Full‐length Dau c 1 was still detectable after 48 h of endolysosomal degradation. Proteolytic fragments of Dau c 1 matched its T‐cell‐activating regions. Conclusion Dau c 1 displays several characteristics of sensitizing allergens, namely a major T‐cell‐activating region, low susceptibility to endolysosomal degradation, and induction of a Bet v 1‐independent T‐cell response. These cellular insights confirm that the major carrot allergen has a special status among Bet v 1‐related food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Zulehner
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - B. Nagl
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - P. Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Roulias
- Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - B. Ballmer-Weber
- Allergy Unit; Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - G. J. Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - F. Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - B. Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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11
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T-Cell Proliferation Assay: Determination of Immunodominant T-Cell Epitopes of Food Allergens. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1592:189-198. [PMID: 28315221 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6925-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of allergen-specific T cells is critical to understand their contribution to disease pathogenesis. The identification of immunodominant T-cell epitopes is crucial for development of T-cell-based vaccines. Peptide-specific T-cell proliferation studies are usually performed in a library of short synthetic peptides (15mer or 20mer) with 3 or 5 offset spanning the entire length of the allergen. T-cell peptide epitopes lack the primary and tertiary structure of the native protein to cross-link IgE, but retain the ability to stimulate T cells. The peptides sequences can also be obtained either by in silico approaches and in vitro binding assays. The efficacy of T-cell epitope-based peptide immunotherapy has been proven in certain allergies. The present methodology describes T-cell proliferation assays using whole blood sample from allergic subjects.
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12
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Correlation of sensitizing capacity and T-cell recognition within the Bet v 1 family. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:151-8. [PMID: 25670010 PMCID: PMC4510200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Bet v 1 is the main sensitizing allergen in birch pollen. Like many other major allergens, it contains an immunodominant T cell–activating region (Bet v 1142-156). Api g 1, the Bet v 1 homolog in celery, lacks the ability to sensitize and is devoid of major T-cell epitopes. Objective We analyzed the T-cell epitopes of Mal d 1, the nonsensitizing Bet v 1 homolog in apple, and assessed possible differences in uptake and antigen processing of Bet v 1, Api g 1, and Mal d 1. Methods For epitope mapping, Mal d 1–specific T-cell lines were stimulated with overlapping synthetic 12-mer peptides. The surface binding, internalization, and intracellular degradation of Bet v 1, Api g 1, and Mal d 1 by antigen-presenting cells were compared by using flow cytometry. All proteins were digested with endolysosomal extracts, and the resulting peptides were identified by means of mass spectrometry. The binding of Bet v 1142-156 and the homologous region in Mal d 1 by HLA class II molecules was analyzed in silico. Results Like Api g 1, Mal d 1 lacked dominant T-cell epitopes. The degree of surface binding and the kinetics of uptake and endolysosomal degradation of Bet v 1, Api g 1, and Mal d 1 were comparable. Endolysosomal degradation of Bet v 1 and Mal d 1 resulted in very similar fragments. The Bet v 1142-156 and Mal d 1141-155 regions showed no striking difference in their binding affinities to the most frequent HLA-DR alleles. Conclusion The sensitizing activity of different Bet v 1 homologs correlates with the presence of immunodominant T-cell epitopes. However, the presence of Bet v 1142-156 is not conferred by differential antigen processing.
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13
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Maier E, Werner D, Duschl A, Bohle B, Horejs-Hoeck J. Human Th2 but not Th9 cells release IL-31 in a STAT6/NF-κB-dependent way. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:645-54. [PMID: 24943220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-31, a member of the IL-6 protein family, is one of the latest additions to the list of T cell-derived cytokines. Th2 cells are regarded as a main source of IL-31, which is produced in response to stimulation by IL-4. Because the development of Th9 cells also requires IL-4 as a polarizing cytokine, the current study investigates IL-31 production in human Th9 cells compared with Th2 cells. We found that, although Th9 cells were able to release IL-31 during the first weeks of in vitro polarization, no IL-31 was detected in Th9 cultures after a final restimulation in the absence of polarizing cytokines. We further show that TGF-β, which is required to obtain Th9 cells in vitro, potently inhibits the release of IL-31 from Th2 cells, whereas IL-33, a cytokine associated with Th2-mediated inflammation, synergizes with IL-4 in inducing IL-31 secretion. To analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of IL-31, EMSAs, reporter gene assays, and small interfering RNA-based silencing experiments were carried out. We show that STAT6 and NF-κB are central players in mediating IL-31 expression induced by IL-4/IL-33. In addition, we identified a novel NF-κB-binding element within the Il31 promoter that mediates the enhancing effects of IL-33 on IL-4/STAT6-induced IL-31 expression in human Th2 cells. Taken together, this study shows that IL-4 is essential for the production of IL-31, whereas TGF-β significantly suppresses IL-31 expression at the mRNA and protein levels. As a consequence, in vitro polarized Th2 cells, but not Th9 cells, are able to release IL-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Maier
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; and
| | - Dagmar Werner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; and Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; and
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; and
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14
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Gómez-Casado C, Garrido-Arandia M, Gamboa P, Blanca-López N, Canto G, Varela J, Cuesta-Herranz J, Pacios LF, Díaz-Perales A, Tordesillas L. Allergenic characterization of new mutant forms of Pru p 3 as new immunotherapy vaccines. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:385615. [PMID: 24324505 PMCID: PMC3845429 DOI: 10.1155/2013/385615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, treatment of food allergy only considered the avoidance of the specific food. However, the possibility of cross-reactivity makes this practice not very effective. Immunotherapy may exhibit as a good alternative to food allergy treatment. The use of hypoallergenic molecules with reduced IgE binding capacity but with ability to stimulate the immune system is a promising tool which could be developed for immunotherapy. In this study, three mutants of Pru p 3, the principal allergen of peach, were produced based on the described mimotope and T cell epitopes, by changing the specific residues to alanine, named as Pru p 3.01, Pru p 3.02, and Pru p 3.03. Pru p 3.01 showed very similar allergenic activity as the wild type by in vitro assays. However, Pru p 3.02 and Pru p 3.03 presented reduced IgE binding with respect to the native form, by in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. In addition, Pru p 3.03 had affected the IgG4 binding capacity and presented a random circular dichroism, which was reflected in the nonrecognition by specific antibodies anti-Pru p 3. Nevertheless, both Pru p 3.02 and Pru p 3.03 maintained the binding to IgG1 and their ability to activate T lymphocytes. Thus, Pru p 3.02 and Pru p 3.03 could be good candidates for potential immunotherapy in peach-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gómez-Casado
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Gamboa
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - G. Canto
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Varela
- Servicio de Quimica de Proteinas, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - L. F. Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Díaz-Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Tordesillas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Vejvar E, Himly M, Briza P, Eichhorn S, Ebner C, Hemmer W, Ferreira F, Gadermaier G. Allergenic relevance of nonspecific lipid transfer proteins 2: Identification and characterization of Api g 6 from celery tuber as representative of a novel IgE-binding protein family. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2061-70. [PMID: 23913675 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Apium graveolens represents a relevant food allergen source linked with severe systemic reactions. We sought to identify an IgE-binding nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) in celery tuber. METHODS AND RESULTS A low molecular weight protein exclusively present in celery tuber was purified and designated Api g 6. The entire protein sequence was obtained by MS and classified as member of the nsLTP2 family. Api g 6 is monomeric in solution with a molecular mass of 6936 Da. The alpha-helical disulfide bond-stabilized structure confers tremendous thermal stability (Tm > 90°C) and high resistance to gastrointestinal digestion. Endolysosomal degradation demonstrated low susceptibility and the presence of a dominant peptide cluster at the C-terminus. Thirty-eight percent of A. graveolens allergic patients demonstrated IgE reactivity to purified natural Api g 6 in ELISA and heat treatment did only partially reduce its allergenic activity. No correlation in IgE binding and limited cross-reactivity was observed with Api g 2 and Art v 3, nsLTP1 from celery stalks and mugwort pollen. CONCLUSION Api g 6, a novel nsLTP2 from celery tuber represents the first well-characterized allergen in this protein family. Despite similar structural and physicochemical features as nsLTP1, immunological properties of Api g 6 are distinct which warrants its inclusion in molecule-based diagnosis of A. graveolens allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vejvar
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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16
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Can we produce true tolerance in patients with food allergy? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:14-22. [PMID: 23265693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune tolerance is defined as nonresponsiveness of the adaptive immune system to antigens. Immune mechanisms preventing inappropriate immune reactivity to innocuous antigens include deletion of reactive lymphocytes and generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The normal response to food antigens is the generation of antigen-specific Treg cells. In patients with food allergy, the dominant immune response is a T(H)2-skewed T-cell response and the generation of food-specific IgE antibodies from B cells. It is not known whether a failure of the Treg cell response is behind this inappropriate immune response, but interventions that boost the Treg cell response, such as mucosal immunotherapy, might lead to a restoration of immune tolerance to foods. Tolerance has been notoriously difficult to restore in animal disease models, but limited data from human trials suggest that tolerance (sustained nonresponsiveness) can be re-established in a subset of patients. Furthermore, studies on the natural history of food allergy indicate that spontaneous development of tolerance to foods over time is not uncommon. The current challenge is to understand the mechanisms responsible for restoration of natural or induced tolerance so that interventions can be developed to more successfully induce tolerance in the majority of patients with food allergy.
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17
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Wambre E, James EA, Kwok WW. Characterization of CD4+ T cell subsets in allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:700-6. [PMID: 22889592 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Allergen specific T(H)2 cells are a key component of allergic disease, but their characterization has been hindered by technical limitations and lack of epitope data. Knowledge about the factors that drive the differentiation of naïve T cells into allergy-promoting T(H)2 cells and the influence of allergen specific immunotherapy on the phenotype and function of allergen-specific T cells have also been limited. Recent advances indicate that innate and adaptive immune factors drive the development of diverse subsets of allergen-specific T cells. While allergen-specific T cells are present even in non-allergic subjects, highly differentiated T(H)2 cells are present only in allergic subjects and their disappearance correlates with successful immunotherapy. Therefore, elimination of pathogenic T(H)2 cells is an essential step in tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
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18
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Abstract
Allergic inflammation develops in tissues that have large epithelial surface areas that are exposed to the environment, such as the lung, skin and gut. In the steady state, antigen-experienced memory T cells patrol these peripheral tissues to facilitate swift immune responses against invading pathogens. In at least two allergy-prone organs, the skin and the gut, memory T cells are programmed during the initial antigen priming to express trafficking receptors that enable them to preferentially home to these organs. In this review we propose that tissue-specific memory and inflammation-specific T cell trafficking facilitates the development of allergic disease in these organs. We thus review recent advances in our understanding of tissue-specific T cell trafficking and how regulation of T cell trafficking by the chemokine system contributes to allergic inflammation in mouse models and in human allergic diseases of the skin, lung and gut. Inflammation- and tissue-specific T lymphocyte trafficking pathways are currently being targeted as new treatments for non-allergic inflammatory diseases and may yield effective new therapeutics for allergic diseases.
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Zuidmeer-Jongejan L, Fernandez-Rivas M, Poulsen LK, Neubauer A, Asturias J, Blom L, Boye J, Bindslev-Jensen C, Clausen M, Ferrara R, Garosi P, Huber H, Jensen BM, Koppelman S, Kowalski ML, Lewandowska-Polak A, Linhart B, Maillere B, Mari A, Martinez A, Mills CE, Nicoletti C, Opstelten DJ, Papadopoulos NG, Portoles A, Rigby N, Scala E, Schnoor HJ, Sigurdardottir ST, Stavroulakis G, Stolz F, Swoboda I, Valenta R, van den Hout R, Versteeg SA, Witten M, van Ree R. FAST: towards safe and effective subcutaneous immunotherapy of persistent life-threatening food allergies. Clin Transl Allergy 2012; 2:5. [PMID: 22409908 PMCID: PMC3386014 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAST project (Food Allergy Specific Immunotherapy) aims at the development of safe and effective treatment of food allergies, targeting prevalent, persistent and severe allergy to fish and peach. Classical allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT), using subcutaneous injections with aqueous food extracts may be effective but has proven to be accompanied by too many anaphylactic side-effects. FAST aims to develop a safe alternative by replacing food extracts with hypoallergenic recombinant major allergens as the active ingredients of SIT. Both severe fish and peach allergy are caused by a single major allergen, parvalbumin (Cyp c 1) and lipid transfer protein (Pru p 3), respectively. Two approaches are being evaluated for achieving hypoallergenicity, i.e. site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification. The most promising hypoallergens will be produced under GMP conditions. After pre-clinical testing (toxicology testing and efficacy in mouse models), SCIT with alum-absorbed hypoallergens will be evaluated in phase I/IIa and IIb randomized double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) clinical trials, with the DBPC food challenge as primary read-out. To understand the underlying immune mechanisms in depth serological and cellular immune analyses will be performed, allowing identification of novel biomarkers for monitoring treatment efficacy. FAST aims at improving the quality of life of food allergic patients by providing a safe and effective treatment that will significantly lower their threshold for fish or peach intake, thereby decreasing their anxiety and dependence on rescue medication.
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Deifl S, Bohle B. Factors influencing the allergenicity and adjuvanticity of allergens. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:881-93. [PMID: 21751956 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergic disorders affect up to 25% of the population in industrialized countries and result in a Th2-polarized immune response to innocuous environmental proteins, so-called allergens. Among a large number of proteins to which humans are exposed to, only a minute fraction are allergens. This observation suggests that allergens share special features of allergenicity (i.e., the capacity to induce the production of specific IgE antibodies in susceptible individuals). However, the question 'what makes a protein allergenic' still remains unanswered although some biochemical characteristics of allergens and their capacity to interact with the innate immune system could be associated with their allergenic potential. Allergen-specific immunotherapy aims at an alteration of the disease-eliciting immune response by repeated administration of allergens. Recently, approaches emerged to endow allergens with adjuvanticity, in particular aiming at an increase of their immunomodulatory capacity. This article summarizes factors of allergenicity and introduces recent concepts of adjuvanticity to improve allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Deifl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology & Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Protein unfolding strongly modulates the allergenicity and immunogenicity of Pru p 3, the major peach allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1022-30.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Schulten V, Lauer I, Scheurer S, Thalhammer T, Bohle B. A food matrix reduces digestion and absorption of food allergens in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1484-91. [PMID: 21984443 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Food allergy is caused by primary (class 1) food allergens, e.g. Bos d 5 (cow's milk) and Cor a 8 (hazelnut) or secondary (class 2) food allergens, e.g. Mal d 1 (apple). The latter cannot sensitize susceptible individuals but can cause allergy due to immunological cross-reactivity with homologous respiratory allergens. Here, we studied the effects of food matrix on gastrointestinal proteolysis, epithelial transport and in vivo absorption of class 1 and class 2 food allergens. METHODS AND RESULTS Mal d 1 lost its IgE-reactivity immediately after simulated gastric digestion whereas Bos d 5 and Cor a 8 did not. Only Cor a 8 maintained IgE-binding capacity after simulated intestinal proteolysis. The presence of hazelnut and peanut extracts, which served as protein-rich model food matrices, delayed gastrointestinal degradation and reduced epithelial transport rates of all allergens through CaCo-2 monolayers. Finally, IgE-reactive allergens were assessed at different time points in sera from rats fed with all three allergens with or without hazelnut extract. The levels of all allergens peaked 2 h after animals were fed without matrix and increased over 8 h after feeding. CONCLUSIONS A protein-rich food matrix delays gastrointestinal digestion and epithelial transport of food allergens and thereby may affect their sensitizing capacity and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Schulten
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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Gadermaier G, Hauser M, Egger M, Ferrara R, Briza P, Santos KS, Zennaro D, Girbl T, Zuidmeer-Jongejan L, Mari A, Ferreira F. Sensitization prevalence, antibody cross-reactivity and immunogenic peptide profile of Api g 2, the non-specific lipid transfer protein 1 of celery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24150. [PMID: 21897872 PMCID: PMC3163685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Celery (Apium graveolens) represents a relevant allergen source that can elicit severe reactions in the adult population. To investigate the sensitization prevalence and cross-reactivity of Api g 2 from celery stalks in a Mediterranean population and in a mouse model. Methodology 786 non-randomized subjects from Italy were screened for IgE reactivity to rApi g 2, rArt v 3 (mugwort pollen LTP) and nPru p 3 (peach LTP) using an allergen microarray. Clinical data of 32 selected patients with reactivity to LTP under investigation were evaluated. Specific IgE titers and cross-inhibitions were performed in ELISA and allergen microarray. Balb/c mice were immunized with purified LTPs; IgG titers were determined in ELISA and mediator release was examined using RBL-2H3 cells. Simulated endolysosomal digestion was performed using microsomes obtained from human DCs. Results IgE testing showed a sensitization prevalence of 25.6% to Api g 2, 18.6% to Art v 3, and 28.6% to Pru p 3 and frequent co-sensitization and correlating IgE-reactivity was observed. 10/32 patients suffering from LTP-related allergy reported symptoms upon consumption of celery stalks which mainly presented as OAS. Considerable IgE cross-reactivity was observed between Api g 2, Art v 3, and Pru p 3 with varying inhibition degrees of individual patients' sera. Simulating LTP mono-sensitization in a mouse model showed development of more congruent antibody specificities between Api g 2 and Art v 3. Notably, biologically relevant murine IgE cross-reactivity was restricted to the latter and diverse from Pru p 3 epitopes. Endolysosomal processing of LTP showed generation of similar clusters, which presumably represent T-cell peptides. Conclusions Api g 2 represents a relevant celery stalk allergen in the LTP-sensitized population. The molecule displays common B cell epitopes and endolysosomal peptides that encompass T cell epitopes with pollen and plant-food derived LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gadermaier
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Schulten V, Nagl B, Scala E, Bernardi ML, Mari A, Ciardiello MA, Lauer I, Scheurer S, Briza P, Jürets A, Ferreira F, Jahn-Schmid B, Fischer GF, Bohle B. Pru p 3, the nonspecific lipid transfer protein from peach, dominates the immune response to its homolog in hazelnut. Allergy 2011; 66:1005-13. [PMID: 21352239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are important food allergens. Often, patients allergic to the nsLTP in peach suffer from allergy to hazelnuts. We aimed to analyse the T-cell response to Cor a 8, the nsLTP in hazelnut and its immunological cross-reactivity with the nsLTP in peach, Pru p 3. METHODS Cor a 8-reactive T-cell lines (TCL) established from patients allergic to hazelnut and peach were stimulated with 12-mer peptides representing the complete amino acid sequence of Cor a 8 to identify its T-cell-activating regions and with Pru p 3 to investigate cellular cross-reactivity. T-cell clones specific for different major T-cell-activating regions of Pru p 3 were stimulated with Cor a 8. Both nsLTPs were subjected to endolysosomal degradation assays. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) cross-reactivity between Cor a 8 and Pru p 3 was assessed in inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS No major T-cell-activating region was found among 26 T-cell-reactive peptides identified in Cor a 8. Although generated with Cor a 8, 62% of the TCL responded more strongly to Pru p 3. This cross-reactivity was mediated by T cells specific for the immunodominant region Pru p 3(61-75) . Peptide clusters encompassing this region were generated during lysosomal degradation of both nsLTPs. Cor a 8 was more rapidly degraded by lysosomal proteases than Pru p 3. Pre-incubation of sera with Pru p 3 completely abolished IgE binding to Cor a 8, which was not the case vice versa. CONCLUSIONS T-cell reactivity to Cor a 8 is predominantly based on cross-reactivity with Pru p 3, indicating that the latter initiates sensitisation to its homolog in hazelnut. The limited allergenic potential of Cor a 8 seems to be associated with rapid lysosomal degradation during allergen processing and the lack of major T-cell-activating regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schulten
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Jahn-Schmid B, Pickl WF, Bohle B. Interaction of allergens, major histocompatibility complex molecules, and T cell receptors: a 'ménage à trois' that opens new avenues for therapeutic intervention in type I allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:27-42. [PMID: 21447957 DOI: 10.1159/000321904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are major players in the initiation and perpetuation of the allergic immune response. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on allergen recognition by T lymphocytes and address the components of the trimeric recognition complex: T cell receptors, major histocompatibility complex molecules, and allergen-derived peptides. Furthermore, possible implications of this scientific background for future therapeutic developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. beatrice.jahn-schmid @ meduniwien.ac.at
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Egger M, Hauser M, Mari A, Ferreira F, Gadermaier G. The role of lipid transfer proteins in allergic diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2010; 10:326-35. [PMID: 20582490 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-010-0128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are important allergens in fruits, vegetables, nuts, pollen, and latex. Despite their wide distribution throughout the plant kingdom, their clinical relevance is largely confined to the Mediterranean area. As they can sensitize via the gastrointestinal tract, LPTs are considered true food allergens, and IgE reactivity to LTPs is often associated with severe systemic symptoms. Although Pru p 3 represents the predominant LTP in terms of patients' IgE recognition, the contribution of pollen LTPs in primary sensitization cannot be ruled out. Due to structural homology, LTPs from different allergen sources are generally IgE cross-reactive. However, sensitization profiles among allergic patients are extremely heterogeneous, and individual cross-reactivity patterns can be restricted to a single LTP or encompass many different LTPs. Molecule-based approaches in allergy research and diagnosis are important for better understanding of LTP allergy and could assist clinicians with providing adequate patient-tailored advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Egger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, Austria.
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Wijesinha-Bettoni R, Alexeev Y, Johnson P, Marsh J, Sancho AI, Abdullah SU, Mackie AR, Shewry PR, Smith LJ, Mills ENC. The structural characteristics of nonspecific lipid transfer proteins explain their resistance to gastroduodenal proteolysis. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2130-9. [PMID: 20121231 DOI: 10.1021/bi901939z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure and stability of the allergenic nonspecific lipid transfer protein (LTP) of peach were compared with the homologous LTP1 of barley and its liganded form LTP1b. All three proteins were resistant to gastric pepsinolysis and were only slowly digested at 1 to 2 out of 14 potential tryptic and chymotryptic cleavage sites under duodenal conditions. Peach LTP was initially cleaved at Tyr79-Lys80 and then at Arg39-Thr40 (a site lost in barley LTP1). Molecular dynamics simulations of the proteins under folded conditions showed that the backbone flexibility is limited, explaining the resistance to duodenal proteolysis. Arg39 and Lys80 side chains were more flexible in simulations of peach compared with barley LTP1. This may explain differences in the rates of cleavage observed experimentally for the two proteins and suggests that the flexibility of individual amino acid side chains could be important in determining preferred proteolytic cleavage sites. In order to understand resistance to pepsinolysis, proteins were characterized by NMR spectroscopy at pH 1.8. This showed that the helical regions of both proteins remain folded at this pH. NMR hydrogen exchange studies confirmed the rigidity of the structures at acidic pH, with barley LTP1 showing some regions with greater protection. Collectively, these data suggest that the rigidity of the LTP scaffold is responsible for their resistance to proteolysis. Gastroduodenal digestion conditions do not disrupt the 3D structure of peach LTP, explaining why LTPs retain their ability to bind IgE after digestion and hence their allergenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Wijesinha-Bettoni
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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Sicherer SH, Leung DYM. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2009. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:85-97. [PMID: 20109740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the research advances in anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects, as well as advances in allergic skin disease that were reported in the Journal in 2009. Among key epidemiologic observations, several westernized countries report that more than 1% of children have peanut allergy, and there is some evidence that environmental exposure to peanut is a risk factor. The role of regulatory T cells, complement, platelet-activating factor, and effector cells in the development and expression of food allergy were explored in several murine models and human studies. Delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meats appears to be related to IgE binding to the carbohydrate moiety galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, which also has implications for hypersensitivity to murine mAb therapeutics containing this oligosaccharide. Oral immunotherapy studies continue to show promise for the treatment of food allergy, but determining whether the treatment causes tolerance (cure) or temporary desensitization remains to be explored. Increased baseline serum tryptase levels might inform the risk of venom anaphylaxis and might indicate a risk for mast cell disorders in persons who have experienced such episodes. Reduced structural and immune barrier function contribute to local and systemic allergen sensitization in patients with atopic dermatitis, as well as increased propensity of skin infections in these patients. The use of increased doses of nonsedating antihistamines and potential usefulness of omalizumab for chronic urticaria was highlighted. These exciting advances reported in the Journal can improve patient care today and provide insights on how we can improve the diagnosis and treatment of these allergic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Sicherer
- Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Harrer A, Egger M, Gadermaier G, Erler A, Hauser M, Ferreira F, Himly M. Characterization of plant food allergens: An overview on physicochemical and immunological techniques. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 54:93-112. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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