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Martinaga L, Ludwig R, Rezić I, Andlar M, Pum D, Vrsalović Presečki A. The application of bacteria-derived dehydrogenases and oxidases in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:62. [PMID: 38183486 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In this work the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) using the oxidoreductive enzymes Myriococcum thermophilum cellobiose dehydrogenase (Mt CDH), Glomerella cingulata glucose dehydrogenase (Gc GDH), and Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (An GOX)) as bioreductants was investigated. The influence of reaction conditions on the synthesis of Au-NPs was examined and optimised. The reaction kinetics and the influence of Au ions on the reaction rate were determined. Based on the kinetic study, the mechanism of Au-NP synthesis was proposed. The Au-NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peaks of the Au-NPs synthesised with Mt CDH and Gc GDH were observed at 535 nm, indicating an average size of around 50 nm. According to the image analysis performed on a TEM micrograph, the Au-NPs synthesized with Gc GDH have a spherical shape with an average size of 2.83 and 6.63 nm after 24 and 48 h of the reaction, respectively. KEY POINTS: • The Au NPs were synthesised by the action of enzymes CDH and GDH. • The synthesis of Au-NPs by CDH is related to the oxidation of cellobiose. • The synthesis of Au-NPs by GDH was not driven by the reaction kinetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Martinaga
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roland Ludwig
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iva Rezić
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Andlar
- Krka, d.d, Šmajerska Cesta 6, 8501, Novo Mesto, Slovenia
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dietmar Pum
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Vrsalović Presečki
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska Cesta 16/I, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pfeifer K, Ehmoser EK, Rittmann SKMR, Schleper C, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Schuster B. Isolation and Characterization of Cell Envelope Fragments Comprising Archaeal S-Layer Proteins. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12142502. [PMID: 35889727 PMCID: PMC9320373 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The outermost component of cell envelopes of most bacteria and almost all archaea comprise a protein lattice, which is termed Surface (S-)layer. The S-layer lattice constitutes a highly porous structure with regularly arranged pores in the nm-range. Some archaea thrive in extreme milieus, thus producing highly stable S-layer protein lattices that aid in protecting the organisms. In the present study, fragments of the cell envelope from the hyperthermophilic acidophilic archaeon Saccharolobus solfataricus P2 (SSO) have been isolated by two different methods and characterized. The organization of the fragments and the molecular sieving properties have been elucidated by transmission electron microscopy and by determining the retention efficiency of proteins varying in size, respectively. The porosity of the archaeal S-layer fragments was determined to be 45%. S-layer fragments of SSO showed a retention efficiency of up to 100% for proteins having a molecular mass of ≥ 66 kDa. Moreover, the extraction costs for SSO fragments have been reduced by more than 80% compared to conventional methods, which makes the use of these archaeal S-layer material economically attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pfeifer
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.P.); (E.-K.E.); (U.B.S.)
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.P.); (E.-K.E.); (U.B.S.)
| | - Simon K.-M. R. Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Arkeon GmbH, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christa Schleper
- Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.P.); (E.-K.E.); (U.B.S.)
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.P.); (E.-K.E.); (U.B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-80436
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Tondl
- Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hammerl
- Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Pfeifer
- Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11/II, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, Lämmermann I, Latreille J, Bobbili MR, Pils V, Schosserer M, Weinmüllner R, Dellago H, Skalicky S, Pum D, Almaraz JCH, Scheideler M, Morizot F, Hackl M, Gruber F, Grillari J. Small extracellular vesicles and their miRNA cargo are anti-apoptotic members of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1103-1132. [PMID: 29779019 PMCID: PMC5990398 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss of functionality during aging of cells and organisms is caused and accompanied by altered cell-to-cell communication and signalling. One factor thereby is the chronic accumulation of senescent cells and the concomitant senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that contributes to microenvironment remodelling and a pro-inflammatory status. While protein based SASP factors have been well characterized, little is known about small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their miRNA cargo. Therefore, we analysed secretion of sEVs from senescent human dermal fibroblasts and catalogued the therein contained miRNAs. We observed a four-fold increase of sEVs, with a concomitant increase of >80% of all cargo miRNAs. The most abundantly secreted miRNAs were predicted to collectively target mRNAs of pro-apoptotic proteins, and indeed, senescent cell derived sEVs exerted anti-apoptotic activity. In addition, we identified senescence-specific differences in miRNA composition of sEVs, with an increase of miR-23a-5p and miR-137 and a decrease of miR-625-3p, miR-766-3p, miR-199b-5p, miR-381-3p, miR-17-3p. By correlating intracellular and sEV-miRNAs, we identified miRNAs selectively retained in senescent cells (miR-21-3p and miR-17-3p) or packaged specifically into senescent cell derived sEVs (miR-15b-5p and miR-30a-3p). Therefore, we suggest sEVs and their miRNA cargo to be novel, members of the SASP that are selectively secreted or retained in cellular senescence.
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Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, Pils V, Bobbili MR, Lämmermann I, Perrotta I, Grillenberger T, Schwestka J, Weiß K, Pum D, Arcalis E, Schwingenschuh S, Birngruber T, Brandstetter M, Heuser T, Schosserer M, Morizot F, Mildner M, Stöger E, Tschachler E, Weinmüllner R, Gruber F, Grillari J. Extracellular Vesicles in Human Skin: Cross-Talk from Senescent Fibroblasts to Keratinocytes by miRNAs. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2425-2436.e5. [PMID: 31220456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their miRNA cargo are intercellular communicators transmitting their pleiotropic messages between different cell types, tissues, and body fluids. Recently, they have been reported to contribute to skin homeostasis and were identified as members of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype of human dermal fibroblasts. However, the role of EV-miRNAs in paracrine signaling during skin aging is yet unclear. Here we provide evidence for the existence of small EVs in the human skin and dermal interstitial fluid using dermal open flow microperfusion and show that EVs and miRNAs are transferred from dermal fibroblasts to epidermal keratinocytes in 2D cell culture and in human skin equivalents. We further show that the transient presence of senescent fibroblast derived small EVs accelerates scratch closure of epidermal keratinocytes, whereas long-term incubation impairs keratinocyte differentiation in vitro. Finally, we identify vesicular miR-23a-3p, highly secreted by senescent fibroblasts, as one contributor of the EV-mediated effect on keratinocytes in in vitro wound healing assays. To summarize, our findings support the current view that EVs and their miRNA cargo are members of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and, thus, regulators of human skin homeostasis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Terlecki-Zaniewicz
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Pils
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ingo Lämmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ida Perrotta
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Tonja Grillenberger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Schwestka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Weiß
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Schwingenschuh
- HEALTH - Institut für Biomedizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH - Institut für Biomedizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Heuser
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Weinmüllner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
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Kratzer B, Köhler C, Hofer S, Smole U, Trapin D, Iturri J, Pum D, Kienzl P, Elbe-Bürger A, Gattinger P, Mittermann I, Linhart B, Gadermaier G, Jahn-Schmid B, Neunkirchner A, Valenta R, Pickl WF. Prevention of allergy by virus-like nanoparticles (VNP) delivering shielded versions of major allergens in a humanized murine allergy model. Allergy 2019; 74:246-260. [PMID: 30035810 PMCID: PMC6587790 DOI: 10.1111/all.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In high‐risk populations, allergen‐specific prophylaxis could protect from sensitization and subsequent development of allergic disease. However, such treatment might itself induce sensitization and allergies, thus requiring hypoallergenic vaccine formulations. We here characterized the preventive potential of virus‐like nanoparticles (VNP) expressing surface‐exposed or shielded allergens. Methods Full‐length major mugwort pollen allergen Art v 1 was selectively targeted either to the surface or to the inner side of the lipid bilayer envelope of VNP. Upon biochemical and immunological analysis, their preventive potential was determined in a humanized mouse model of mugwort pollen allergy. Results Virus‐like nanoparticles expressing shielded version of Art v 1, in contrast to those expressing surface‐exposed Art v 1, were hypoallergenic as they hardly induced degranulation of rat basophil leukemia cells sensitized with Art v 1‐specific mouse or human IgE. Both VNP versions induced proliferation and cytokine production of allergen‐specific T cells in vitro. Upon intranasal application in mice, VNP expressing surface‐exposed but not shielded allergen induced allergen‐specific antibodies, including IgE. Notably, preventive treatment with VNP expressing shielded allergen‐protected mice from subsequent sensitization with mugwort pollen extract. Protection was associated with a Th1/Treg‐dominated cytokine response, increased Foxp3+ Treg numbers in lungs, and reduced lung resistance when compared to mice treated with empty particles. Conclusion Virus‐like nanoparticles represent a novel and versatile platform for the in vivo delivery of allergens to selectively target T cells and prevent allergies without inducing allergic reactions or allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kratzer
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Cordula Köhler
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Sandra Hofer
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Ursula Smole
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Jagoba Iturri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology; Institute for Biophysics; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology; Institute for Biophysics; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Irene Mittermann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Biosciences; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Arcalis E, Ibl V, Hilscher J, Rademacher T, Avesani L, Morandini F, Bortesi L, Pezzotti M, Vitale A, Pum D, De Meyer T, Depicker A, Stoger E. Russell-Like Bodies in Plant Seeds Share Common Features With Prolamin Bodies and Occur Upon Recombinant Protein Production. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:777. [PMID: 31316529 PMCID: PMC6611407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although many recombinant proteins have been produced in seeds at high yields without adverse effects on the plant, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and aberrant localization of endogenous or recombinant proteins have also been reported. The production of murine interleukin-10 (mIL-10) in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds resulted in the de novo formation of ER-derived structures containing a large fraction of the recombinant protein in an insoluble form. These bodies containing mIL-10 were morphologically similar to Russell bodies found in mammalian cells. We confirmed that the compartment containing mIL-10 was enclosed by ER membranes, and 3D electron microscopy revealed that these structures have a spheroidal shape. Another feature shared with Russell bodies is the continued viability of the cells that generate these organelles. To investigate similarities in the formation of Russell-like bodies and the plant-specific protein bodies formed by prolamins in cereal seeds, we crossed plants containing ectopic ER-derived prolamin protein bodies with a line accumulating mIL-10 in Russell-like bodies. This resulted in seeds containing only one population of protein bodies in which mIL-10 inclusions formed a central core surrounded by the prolamin-containing matrix, suggesting that both types of protein aggregates are together removed from the secretory pathway by a common mechanism. We propose that, like mammalian cells, plant cells are able to form Russell-like bodies as a self-protection mechanism, when they are overloaded with a partially transport-incompetent protein, and we discuss the resulting challenges for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Arcalis
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Ibl
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Hilscher
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rademacher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Bortesi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas De Meyer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Depicker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Stoger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Eva Stoger, ;
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Phan NVH, Sussitz HF, Ladenhauf E, Pum D, Lieberzeit PA. Combined Layer/Particle Approaches in Surface Molecular Imprinting of Proteins: Signal Enhancement and Competition. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E180. [PMID: 29320454 PMCID: PMC5796476 DOI: 10.3390/s18010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report novel approaches to the molecular imprinting of proteins utilizing templates sizing around 10 nm and some 100 nm. The first step comprised synthesizing nanoparticles of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) towards bovine serum albumin (BSA) and characterizing them according to size and binding capacity. In a second step, they were utilized as templates. Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) coated with MIP thin films based on BSA MIP nanoparticles lead to a two-fold increase in sensor responses, compared with the case of directly using the protein as the template. This also established that individual BSA molecules exhibit different "epitopes" for molecular imprinting on their outer surfaces. In light of this knowledge, a possible MIP-based biomimetic assay format was tested by exposing QCM coated with BSA MIP thin films to mixtures of BSA and imprinted and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) nanoparticles. At high protein concentrations (1000 ppm) measurements revealed aggregation behavior, i.e., BSA binding MIP NP onto the MIP surface. This increased sensor responses by more than 30% during proof of concept measurements. At lower a BSA concentration (500 ppm), thin films and particles revealed competitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Van Ho Phan
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hermann F Sussitz
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eva Ladenhauf
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter A Lieberzeit
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Iturri J, Vianna AC, Moreno-Cencerrado A, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2017; 8:91-98. [PMID: 28144568 PMCID: PMC5238667 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been employed to study the assembly and recrystallization kinetics of isolated SbpA bacterial surface proteins onto silicon dioxide substrates of different surface wettability. Surface modification by UV/ozone oxidation or by vapor deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane yielded hydrophilic or hydrophobic samples, respectively. Time evolution of frequency and dissipation factors, either individually or combined as the so-called Df plots, showed a much faster formation of crystalline coatings for hydrophobic samples, characterized by a phase-transition peak at around the 70% of the total mass adsorbed. This behavior has been proven to mimic, both in terms of kinetics and film assembly steps, the recrystallization taking place on an underlying secondary cell-wall polymer (SCWP) as found in bacteria. Complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments corroborate these findings and reveal the impact on the final structure achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoba Iturri
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana C Vianna
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Department of Chemistry, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B Sleytr
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - José Luis Toca-Herrera
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Moreno-Cencerrado A, Iturri J, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Influencing bacterial S-layer protein recrystallization on polymer brushes through surface charge and accessible volume: A combined AFM and QCMD analysis. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
AFM image of an S-layer protein array used for making molecular imprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Ladenhauf
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department of Nanobiotechnology
- Institute of Biophysics
- A-1190 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department of Nanobiotechnology
- Institute of Biophysics
- A-1190 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Daniel S. Wastl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department of Nanobiotechnology
- Institute of Biophysics
- A-1190 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Jose Luis Toca-Herrera
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department of Nanobiotechnology
- Institute of Biophysics
- A-1190 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Nam V. H. Phan
- University of Vienna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department of Nanobiotechnology
- Institute of Biophysics
- A-1190 Vienna
- Austria
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12
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Abstract
Monomolecular arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope components. S-layers are generally the most abundantly expressed proteins, have been observed in species of nearly every taxonomical group of walled bacteria, and represent an almost universal feature of archaeal envelopes. The isoporous lattices completely covering the cell surface provide organisms with various selection advantages including functioning as protective coats, molecular sieves and ion traps, as structures involved in surface recognition and cell adhesion, and as antifouling layers. S-layers are also identified to contribute to virulence when present as a structural component of pathogens. In Archaea, most of which possess S-layers as exclusive wall component, they are involved in determining cell shape and cell division. Studies on structure, chemistry, genetics, assembly, function, and evolutionary relationship of S-layers revealed considerable application potential in (nano)biotechnology, biomimetics, biomedicine, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic BiologyDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Egelseer
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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Sleytr UB, Messner P, Pum D, Sára M. Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (s layers): from supramolecular cell structure to biomimetics and nanotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 38:1034-54. [PMID: 25138491 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19990419)38:8<1034::aid-anie1034>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An astonishingly broad application potential in biotechnology, biomimetics, and nanotechnology is revealed by studies on the structure, chemistry, biosynthesis, genetics, self-assembly, and function of supramolecular surface layers (S layers). These are monomolecular, crystalline assemblies of protein or glycoprotein subunits and represent one of the most commonly observed surface structures of prokaryotic cell envelopes (see schematic representation of an archaebacterial cell envelope).
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Sleytr
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria, Fax: (+43) 1-47-89112.
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14
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Abstract
Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) represent the outermost cell envelope component in a broad range of bacteria and archaea. They are monomolecular arrays composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species and represent the simplest biological membranes developed during evolution. They are highly porous protein mesh works with unit cell sizes in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and pore sizes of 2 to 8 nm. S-layers are usually 5 to 20 nm thick (in archaea, up to 70 nm). S-layer proteins are one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. One of their key features, and the focus of this review, is the intrinsic capability of isolated native and recombinant S-layer proteins to form self-assembled mono- or double layers in suspension, at solid supports, the air-water interface, planar lipid films, liposomes, nanocapsules, and nanoparticles. The reassembly is entropy-driven and a fascinating example of matrix assembly following a multistage, non-classical pathway in which the process of S-layer protein folding is directly linked with assembly into extended clusters. Moreover, basic research on the structure, synthesis, genetics, assembly, and function of S-layer proteins laid the foundation for their application in novel approaches in biotechnology, biomimetics, synthetic biology, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pum
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Abstract
Fluorescence proteins are widely used as markers for biomedical and technological purposes. Therefore, the aim of this project was to create a fluorescent sensor, based in the green and cyan fluorescent protein, using bacterial S-layers proteins as scaffold for the fluorescent tag. We report the cloning, expression and purification of three S-layer fluorescent proteins: SgsE-EGFP, SgsE-ECFP and SgsE-13aa-ECFP, this last containing a 13-amino acid rigid linker. The pH dependence of the fluorescence intensity of the S-layer fusion proteins, monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, showed that the ECFP tag was more stable than EGFP. Furthermore, the fluorescent fusion proteins were reassembled on silica particles modified with cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. Zeta potential measurements confirmed the particle coatings and indicated their colloidal stability. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that the fluorescence of the fusion proteins was pH dependent and sensitive to the underlying polyelectrolyte coating. This might suggest that the fluorescent tag is not completely exposed to the bulk media as an independent moiety. Finally, it was found out that viscosity enhanced the fluorescence intensity of the three fluorescent S-layer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batirtze Prats Mateu
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Gahleitner B, Loderer C, Saracino C, Pum D, Fuchs W. Chemical foam cleaning as an efficient alternative for flux recovery in ultrafiltration processes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Guerriero G, Silvestrini L, Obersriebnig M, Salerno M, Pum D, Strauss J. Sensitivity of Aspergillus nidulans to the cellulose synthase inhibitor dichlobenil: insights from wall-related genes' expression and ultrastructural hyphal morphologies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80038. [PMID: 24312197 PMCID: PMC3843659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall constitutes an important target for the development of antifungal drugs, because of its central role in morphogenesis, development and determination of fungal-specific molecular features. Fungal walls are characterized by a network of interconnected glycoproteins and polysaccharides, namely α-, β-glucans and chitin. Cell walls promptly and dynamically respond to environmental stimuli by a signaling mechanism, which triggers, among other responses, modulations in wall biosynthetic genes’ expression. Despite the absence of cellulose in the wall of the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we found in this study that fungal growth, spore germination and morphology are affected by the addition of the cellulose synthase inhibitor dichlobenil. Expression analysis of selected genes putatively involved in cell wall biosynthesis, carried out at different time points of drug exposure (i.e. 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h), revealed increased expression for the putative mixed linkage β-1,3;1,4 glucan synthase celA together with the β-1,3-glucan synthase fksA and the Rho-related GTPase rhoA. We also compared these data with the response to Congo Red, a known plant/fungal drug affecting both chitin and cellulose biosynthesis. The two drugs exerted different effects at the cell wall level, as shown by gene expression analysis and the ultrastructural features observed through atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Although the concentration of dichlobenil required to affect growth of A. nidulans is approximately 10-fold higher than that required to inhibit plant cellulose biosynthesis, our work for the first time demonstrates that a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor affects fungal growth, changes fungal morphology and expression of genes connected to fungal cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
- * E-mail: (GG); (JS)
| | - Lucia Silvestrini
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Obersriebnig
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
| | - Marco Salerno
- Nanophysics Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
- Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH - AIT, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
- * E-mail: (GG); (JS)
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Picher MM, Küpcü S, Huang CJ, Dostalek J, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Ertl P. Nanobiotechnology advanced antifouling surfaces for the continuous electrochemical monitoring of glucose in whole blood using a lab-on-a-chip. Lab Chip 2013; 13:1780-1789. [PMID: 23478879 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the current work we have developed a lab-on-a-chip containing embedded amperometric sensors in four microreactors that can be addressed individually and that are coated with crystalline surface protein monolayers to provide a continuous, stable, reliable and accurate detection of blood glucose. It is envisioned that the microfluidic device will be used in a feedback loop mechanism to assess natural variations in blood glucose levels during hemodialysis to allow the individual adjustment of glucose. Reliable and accurate detection of blood glucose is accomplished by simultaneously performing (a) blood glucose measurements, (b) autocalibration routines, (c) mediator-interferences detection, and (d) background subtractions. The electrochemical detection of blood glucose variations in the absence of electrode fouling events is performed by integrating crystalline surface layer proteins (S-layer) that function as an efficient antifouling coating, a highly-oriented immobilization matrix for biomolecules and an effective molecular sieve with pore sizes of 4 to 5 nm. We demonstrate that the S-layer protein SbpA (from Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177) readily forms monomolecular lattice structures at the various microchip surfaces (e.g. glass, PDMS, platinum and gold) within 60 min, eliminating unspecific adsorption events in the presence of human serum albumin, human plasma and freshly-drawn blood samples. The highly isoporous SbpA-coating allows undisturbed diffusion of the mediator between the electrode surface, thus enabling bioelectrochemical measurements of glucose concentrations between 500 μM to 50 mM (calibration slope δI/δc of 8.7 nA mM(-1)). Final proof-of-concept implementing the four microfluidic microreactor design is demonstrated using freshly drawn blood. Accurate and drift-free assessment of blood glucose concentrations (6. 4 mM) is accomplished over 130 min at 37 °C using immobilized enzyme glucose oxidase by calculating the difference between autocalibration (10 mM glc) and background measurements. The novel combination of biologically-derived nanostructured surfaces with microchip technology constitutes a powerful new tool for multiplexed analysis of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Picher
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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Schuster D, Küpcü S, Belton DJ, Perry CC, Stöger-Pollach M, Sleytr UB, Pum D. Construction of silica-enhanced S-layer protein cages. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5689-97. [PMID: 23168223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here shows for the first time that it is possible to silicify S-layer coated liposomes and to obtain stable functionalized hollow nano-containers. For this purpose, the S-layer protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2 was recombinantly expressed and used for coating positively charged liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and hexadecylamine in a molar ratio of 10:5:4. Subsequently, plain (uncoated) liposomes and S-layer coated liposomes were silicified. Determination of the charge of the constructs during silicification allowed the deposition process to be followed. After the particles had been silicified, lipids were dissolved by treatment with Triton X-100 with the release of previously entrapped fluorescent dyes being determined by fluorimetry. Both, ζ-potential and release experiments showed differences between silicified plain liposomes and silicified S-layer coated liposomes. The results of the individual preparation steps were examined by embedding the respective assemblies in resin, ultrathin sectioning and inspection by bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy filtered TEM confirmed the successful construction of S-layer based silica cages. It is anticipated that this approach will provide a key to enabling technology for the fabrication of nanoporous protein cages for applications ranging from nano medicine to materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schuster
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Scheicher SR, Kainz B, Köstler S, Reitinger N, Steiner N, Ditlbacher H, Leitner A, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Ribitsch V. 2D crystalline protein layers as immobilization matrices for the development of DNA microarrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Crystalline S(urface)-layers are the most commonly observed cell surface structures in prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea). S-layers are highly porous protein meshworks with unit cell sizes in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and thicknesses of ~10 nm. One of the key features of S-layer proteins is their intrinsic capability to form self-assembled mono- or double layers in solution, and at interfaces. Basic research on S-layer proteins laid foundation to make use of the unique self-assembly properties of native and, in particular, genetically functionalized S-layer protein lattices, in a broad range of applications in the life and non-life sciences. This contribution briefly summarizes the knowledge about structure, genetics, chemistry, morphogenesis, and function of S-layer proteins and pays particular attention to the self-assembly in solution, and at differently functionalized solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Jose Luis Toca-Herrera
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
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Sekot G, Posch G, Oh YJ, Zayni S, Mayer HF, Pum D, Messner P, Hinterdorfer P, Schäffer C. Analysis of the cell surface layer ultrastructure of the oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:525-39. [PMID: 22273979 PMCID: PMC3354324 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is decorated with a 2D crystalline surface (S-) layer, with two different S-layer glycoprotein species being present. Prompted by the predicted virulence potential of the S-layer, this study focused on the analysis of the arrangement of the individual S-layer glycoproteins by a combination of microscopic, genetic, and biochemical analyses. The two S-layer genes are transcribed into mRNA and expressed into protein in equal amounts. The S-layer was investigated on intact bacterial cells by transmission electron microscopy, by immune fluorescence microscopy, and by atomic force microscopy. The analyses of wild-type cells revealed a distinct square S-layer lattice with an overall lattice constant of 10.1 ± 0.7 nm. In contrast, a blurred lattice with a lattice constant of 9.0 nm was found on S-layer single-mutant cells. This together with in vitro self-assembly studies using purified (glyco)protein species indicated their increased structural flexibility after self-assembly and/or impaired self-assembly capability. In conjunction with TEM analyses of thin-sectioned cells, this study demonstrates the unusual case that two S-layer glycoproteins are co-assembled into a single S-layer. Additionally, flagella and pilus-like structures were observed on T. forsythia cells, which might impact the pathogenicity of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sekot
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerald Posch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Yoo Jin Oh
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4070 Linz, Austria
| | - Sonja Zayni
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Harald F. Mayer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4070 Linz, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
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Cvak B, Pum D, Molinelli A, Krska R. Synthesis and characterization of colloidal gold particles as labels for antibodies as used in lateral flow devices. Analyst 2012; 137:1882-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Horejs C, Ristl R, Tscheliessnig R, Sleytr UB, Pum D. Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals the individual mechanical unfolding pathways of a surface layer protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27416-24. [PMID: 21690085 PMCID: PMC3149335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface layers (S-layers) represent an almost universal feature of archaeal cell envelopes and are probably the most abundant bacterial cell proteins. S-layers are monomolecular crystalline structures of single protein or glycoprotein monomers that completely cover the cell surface during all stages of the cell growth cycle, thereby performing their intrinsic function under a constant intra- and intermolecular mechanical stress. In gram-positive bacteria, the individual S-layer proteins are anchored by a specific binding mechanism to polysaccharides (secondary cell wall polymers) that are linked to the underlying peptidoglycan layer. In this work, atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy and a polyprotein approach are used to study the individual mechanical unfolding pathways of an S-layer protein. We uncover complex unfolding pathways involving the consecutive unfolding of structural intermediates, where a mechanical stability of 87 pN is revealed. Different initial extensibilities allow the hypothesis that S-layer proteins adapt highly stable, mechanically resilient conformations that are not extensible under the presence of a pulling force. Interestingly, a change of the unfolding pathway is observed when individual S-layer proteins interact with secondary cell wall polymers, which is a direct signature of a conformational change induced by the ligand. Moreover, the mechanical stability increases up to 110 pN. This work demonstrates that single-molecule force spectroscopy offers a powerful tool to detect subtle changes in the structure of an individual protein upon binding of a ligand and constitutes the first conformational study of surface layer proteins at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Ristl
- From the Department for Nanobiotechnology and
| | - Rupert Tscheliessnig
- the Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute for Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Pum
- From the Department for Nanobiotechnology and
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Horejs C, Mitra MK, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Muthukumar M. Monte Carlo study of the molecular mechanisms of surface-layer protein self-assembly. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:125103. [PMID: 21456703 DOI: 10.1063/1.3565457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms guiding the self-assembly of proteins into functional or pathogenic large-scale structures can be only understood by studying the correlation between the structural details of the monomer and the eventual mesoscopic morphologies. Among the myriad structural details of protein monomers and their manifestations in the self-assembled morphologies, we seek to identify the most crucial set of structural features necessary for the spontaneous selection of desired morphologies. Using a combination of the structural information and a Monte Carlo method with a coarse-grained model, we have studied the functional protein self-assembly into S(surface)-layers, which constitute the crystallized outer most cell envelope of a great variety of bacterial cells. We discover that only few and mainly hydrophobic amino acids, located on the surface of the monomer, are responsible for the formation of a highly ordered anisotropic protein lattice. The coarse-grained model presented here reproduces accurately many experimentally observed features including the pore formation, chemical description of the pore structure, location of specific amino acid residues at the protein-protein interfaces, and surface accessibility of specific amino acid residues. In addition to elucidating the molecular mechanisms and explaining experimental findings in the S-layer assembly, the present work offers a tool, which is chemical enough to capture details of primary sequences and coarse-grained enough to explore morphological structures with thousands of protein monomers, to promulgate design rules for spontaneous formation of specific protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Horejs
- Department for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Zafiu C, Trettenhahn G, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Kautek W. Structural control of surface layer proteins at electrified interfaces investigated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13232-7. [PMID: 21698313 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy complemented by Electrochemical Quartz Microbalance (EQMB) investigations allowed a detailed insight into the influence of the electrode potential on competing adsorption processes and bonding mechanisms of buffer ions and S-layer protein molecules of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM2177 at an electrified liquid/gold interface. The S-layer proteins adsorb on gold polarized positively of the point of zero charge by displacing perchlorate anions in the Helmholtz plane by their carboxylate groups. This is indicated by an increase of the peptide and carboxylate infrared absorption signals accompanied by a decrease of the perchlorate signal. S-layers interlinked laterally with Ca(2+) ions, positive of the point of zero charge, resulted in the formation of a crystalline layer participating in the Helmholtz layer. In contrast to the absence of the Ca(2+)-linkers, S-layers remain structurally intact also in the negative polarization domain where the Helmholtz layer is solely sustained by mainly solvated cations without participation of the negatively charged protein carboxylate functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zafiu
- University of Vienna, Department of Physical Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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López AE, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Influence of surface chemistry and protein concentration on the adsorption rate and S-layer crystal formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11905-13. [PMID: 21623450 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp00052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial crystalline surface layers (S-layers) are the outermost envelope of prokaryotic organisms representing the simplest biological membranes developed during evolution. In this context, the bacterial protein SbpA has already shown its intrinsic ability to reassemble on different substrates forming protein crystals of square lattice symmetry. In this work, we present the interaction between the bacterial protein SbpA and five self-assembled monolayers carrying methyl (CH(3)), hydroxyl (OH), carboxylic acid (COOH) and mannose (C(6)H(12)O(6)) as functional groups. Protein adsorption and S-layer formation have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) while protein adsorption kinetics, mass uptake and the protein layer viscoelastic properties were investigated with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The results indicate that the protein adsorption rate and crystalline domain area depend on surface chemistry and protein concentration. Furthermore, electrostatic interactions tune different protein rate adsorption and S-layer recrystallization pathways. Electrostatic interactions induce faster adsorption rate than hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions. Finally, the shear modulus and the viscosity of the recrystallized S-layer on CH(3)C(6)S, CH(3)C(11)S and COOHC(11)S substrates were calculated from QCM-D measurements. Protein-protein interactions seem to play a main role in the mechanical stability of the formed protein (crystal) bilayer.
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Horejs C, Gollner H, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Peterlik H, Jungbauer A, Tscheliessnig R. Atomistic structure of monomolecular surface layer self-assemblies: toward functionalized nanostructures. ACS Nano 2011; 5:2288-2297. [PMID: 21375257 DOI: 10.1021/nn1035729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The concept of self-assembly is one of the most promising strategies for the creation of defined nanostructures and therefore became an essential part of nanotechnology for the controlled bottom-up design of nanoscale structures. Surface layers (S-layers), which represent the cell envelope of a great variety of prokaryotic cells, show outstanding self-assembly features in vitro and have been successfully used as the basic matrix for molecular construction kits. Here we present the three-dimensional structure of an S-layer lattice based on tetrameric unit cells, which will help to facilitate the directed binding of various molecules on the S-layer lattice, thereby creating functional nanoarrays for applications in nanobiotechnology. Our work demonstrates the successful combination of computer simulations, electron microscopy (TEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a tool for the investigation of the structure of self-assembling or aggregating proteins, which cannot be determined by X-ray crystallography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first structural model at an amino acid level of an S-layer unit cell that exhibits p4 lattice symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Horejs
- Department for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Horejs C, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Peterlik H, Jungbauer A, Tscheliessnig R. Surface layer protein characterization by small angle x-ray scattering and a fractal mean force concept: from protein structure to nanodisk assemblies. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:175102. [PMID: 21054069 DOI: 10.1063/1.3489682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface layers (S-layers) are the most commonly observed cell surface structure of prokaryotic organisms. They are made up of proteins that spontaneously self-assemble into functional crystalline lattices in solution, on various solid surfaces, and interfaces. While classical experimental techniques failed to recover a complete structural model of an unmodified S-layer protein, small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) provides an opportunity to study the structure of S-layer monomers in solution and of self-assembled two-dimensional sheets. For the protein under investigation we recently suggested an atomistic structural model by the use of molecular dynamics simulations. This structural model is now refined on the basis of SAXS data together with a fractal assembly approach. Here we show that a nondiluted critical system of proteins, which crystallize into monomolecular structures, might be analyzed by SAXS if protein-protein interactions are taken into account by relating a fractal local density distribution to a fractal local mean potential, which has to fulfill the Poisson equation. The present work demonstrates an important step into the elucidation of the structure of S-layers and offers a tool to analyze the structure of self-assembling systems in solution by means of SAXS and computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Horejs
- Department for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer EM, Pum D, Horejs CM, Tscheliessnig R, Ilk N. Nanobiotechnology with S-layer proteins as building blocks. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2011; 103:277-352. [PMID: 21999999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in nanobiotechnology is the utilization of self- assembly systems, wherein molecules spontaneously associate into reproducible aggregates and supramolecular structures. In this contribution, we describe the basic principles of crystalline bacterial surface layers (S-layers) and their use as patterning elements. The broad application potential of S-layers in nanobiotechnology is based on the specific intrinsic features of the monomolecular arrays composed of identical protein or glycoprotein subunits. Most important, physicochemical properties and functional groups on the protein lattice are arranged in well-defined positions and orientations. Many applications of S-layers depend on the capability of isolated subunits to recrystallize into monomolecular arrays in suspension or on suitable surfaces (e.g., polymers, metals, silicon wafers) or interfaces (e.g., lipid films, liposomes, emulsomes). S-layers also represent a unique structural basis and patterning element for generating more complex supramolecular structures involving all major classes of biological molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids, or combinations of these). Thus, S-layers fulfill key requirements as building blocks for the production of new supramolecular materials and nanoscale devices as required in molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, biomimetics, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Zafiu C, Trettenhahn G, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Kautek W. Electrochemical control of adsorption dynamics of surface layer proteins on gold. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3478-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01099e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Badelt-Lichtblau H, Kainz B, Völlenkle C, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB, Pum D, Ilk N. Genetic engineering of the S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 for the generation of functionalized nanoarrays. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:895-903. [PMID: 19402706 DOI: 10.1021/bc800445r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mesophilic organism Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 produces the surface (S)-layer protein SbpA, which after secretion completely covers the cell surface with a crystalline array exhibiting square lattice symmetry. Because of its excellent in vitro recrystallization properties on solid supports, SbpA represents a suitable candidate for genetically engineering to create a versatile self-assembly system for the development of a molecular construction kit for nanobiotechnological applications. The first goal of this study was to investigate the surface location of 3 different C-terminal amino acid positions within the S-layer lattice formed by SbpA. Therefore, three derivatives of SbpA were constructed, in which 90, 173, or 200 C-terminal amino acids were deleted, and the sequence encoding the short affinity tag Strep-tag II as well as a single cysteine residue were fused to their C-terminal end. Recrystallization studies of the rSbpA/STII/Cys fusion proteins indicated that C-terminal truncation and functionalization of the S-layer protein did not interfere with the self-assembly capability. Fluorescent labeling demonstrated that the orientation of the crystalline rSbpA(31-1178)/STII/Cys lattice on solid supports was the same, like the orientation of wild-type S-layer protein SbpA on the bacterial cell. In soluble and recrystallized rSbpA/STII/Cys fusion proteins, Strep-tag II was used for prescreening of the surface accessibility, whereas the thiol group of the end-standing cysteine residue was exploited for site-directed chemical linkage of differently sized preactivated macromolecules via heterobifunctional cross-linkers. Finally, functionalized two-dimensional S-layer lattices formed by rSbpA(31-1178)/STII/Cys exhibiting highly accessible cysteine residues in a well-defined arrangement on the surface were utilized for the template-assisted patterning of gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Badelt-Lichtblau
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Pum D, Neubauer A, Sleytr UB, Pentzien S, Reetz S, Kautek W. Physico-chemical properties of crystalline nanoscale enzyme-protein-metal layer composites in biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971011127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kainz B, Steiner K, Möller M, Pum D, Schäffer C, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Absorption, steady-state fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, and 2D self-assembly properties of engineered fluorescent S-layer fusion proteins of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:207-14. [PMID: 19954211 DOI: 10.1021/bm901071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S-layer fusion protein technology was used to design four different fluorescent fusion proteins with three different GFP mutants and the red fluorescent protein mRFP1. Their absorption spectra, steady-state fluorescence, and fluorescence lifetime were investigated as a function of pH. It was found that fluorescence intensities and lifetime of the GFP mutant S-layer fusion proteins decreased about 50% between pH 6 and pH 5. The spectral properties of the red S-layer fusion protein were minimally affected by pH variations. These results were compared with His-tagged reference fluorescent proteins, demonstrating that the S-layer protein did not change the general spectral properties of the whole fusion protein. In addition, the pK(a) values of the fluorescent S-layer fusion proteins were calculated. Finally, it was shown that the S-layer fusion proteins were able to self-assemble forming 2D nanostructures of oblique p2 symmetry with lattice parameters of about a = 11 nm, b = 14 nm, and gamma = 80 degrees . The fluorescence tag did not hinder the natural self-assembly process of the S-layer protein. The combination of the fluorescence properties and the self-assembly ability of the engineered fusion proteins make them a promising tool to generate biomimetic surfaces for future applications in nanobiotechnology at a wide range of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kainz
- Department for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The self-assembly kinetics and nanocrystal formation of the bacterial surface-layer-protein SbpA are studied with a combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Silane coupling agents, aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), are used to vary the protein-surface interaction in order to induce new recrystallization pathways. The results show that the final S-layer crystal lattice parameters (a = b = 14 nm, gamma = 90 degrees ), the layer thickness (15 nm), and the adsorbed mass density (1700 ng cm(-2)) are independent of the surface chemistry. Nevertheless, the adsorption rate is five times faster on APTS and OTS than on SiO(2,) strongly affecting protein nucleation and growth. As a consequence, protein crystalline domains of 0.02 microm(2) for APTS and 0.05 microm(2) for OTS are formed, while for silicon dioxide the protein domains have a typical size of about 32 microm(2). In addition, more-rigid crystalline protein layers are formed on hydrophobic substrates. In situ AFM experiments reveal three different kinetic steps: adsorption, self-assembly, and crystalline-domain reorganization. These steps are corroborated by frequency-dissipation curves. Finally, it is shown that protein adsorption is a diffusion-driven process. Experiments at different protein concentrations demonstrate that protein adsorption saturates at 0.05 mg mL(-1) on silane-coated substrates and at 0.07 mg mL(-1) on hydrophilic silicon dioxide.
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Göbel C, Schuster B, Baurecht D, Sleytr UB, Pum D. S-layer templated bioinspired synthesis of silica. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 75:565-72. [PMID: 19853422 PMCID: PMC2930811 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the bioinspired formation of silica structures laid foundation for investigating the potential of the S-layer protein SbpA from Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 as catalyst, template and scaffold for the generation of novel silica architectures. SbpA reassembles into monomolecular lattices with square (p4) lattice symmetry and a lattice constant of 13.1 nm. Silica layers on the S-layer lattice were formed using tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. In situ quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) measurements showed the adsorption of silica in dependence on the presence of phosphate in the silicate solution and on the preceding chemical modification of the S-layer. An increased amount of precipitated silica could be observed when K2HPO4/KH2PO4 was present in the solution (pH 7.2). Further on, independent of the presence of phosphate the silica deposition was higher on S-layer lattices upon activation of their carboxyl groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) compared to native S-layers or EDC treated S-layers when the activated carboxyl groups were blocked with ethylene diamine (EDA). Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy revealed the formation of an amorphous silica gel (SiO2)x.yH2O on the S-layer. The silica surface concentrations on the S-layer was 4 x 10(-9) to 2 x 10(-8) mol cm(-2) depending on the modification of the protein layer and corresponded to 4-21 monolayers of SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Göbel
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Baurecht
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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Scheicher SR, Kainz B, Köstler S, Suppan M, Bizzarri A, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Ribitsch V. Optical oxygen sensors based on Pt(II) porphyrin dye immobilized on S-layer protein matrices. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:797-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Avall-Jääskeläinen S, Hynönen U, Ilk N, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Palva A. Identification and characterization of domains responsible for self-assembly and cell wall binding of the surface layer protein of Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 8287. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:165. [PMID: 18828902 PMCID: PMC2571106 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 8287 is covered by a regular surface (S-) layer consisting of a 435 amino acid protein SlpA. This protein is completely unrelated in sequence to the previously characterized S-layer proteins of Lactobacillus acidophilus group. RESULTS In this work, the self-assembly and cell wall binding domains of SlpA were characterized. The C-terminal self-assembly domain encompassed residues 179-435 of mature SlpA, as demonstrated by the ability of N-terminally truncated recombinant SlpA to form a periodic structure indistinguishable from that formed by full length SlpA. Furthermore, a trypsin degradation analysis indicated the existence of a protease resistant C-terminal domain of 214 amino acids. By producing a set of C-terminally truncated recombinant SlpA (rSlpA) proteins the cell wall binding region was mapped to the N-terminal part of SlpA, where the first 145 amino acids of mature SlpA alone were sufficient for binding to isolated cell wall fragments of L. brevis ATCC 8287. The binding of full length rSlpA to the cell walls was not affected by the treatment of the walls with 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), indicating that cell wall structures other than teichoic acids are involved, a feature not shared by the Lactobacillus acidophilus group S-layer proteins characterized so far. Conserved carbohydrate binding motifs were identified in the positively charged N-terminal regions of six Lactobacillus brevis S-layer proteins. CONCLUSION This study identifies SlpA as a two-domain protein in which the order of the functional domains is reversed compared to other characterized Lactobacillus S-layer proteins, and emphasizes the diversity of potential cell wall receptors despite similar carbohydrate binding sequence motifs in Lactobacillus S-layer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Avall-Jääskeläinen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Dronov R, Kurth DG, Möhwald H, Scheller FW, Friedmann J, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Lisdat F. Self-assembly of S-layer-enveloped cytochrome c polyelectrolyte multilayers. Langmuir 2008; 24:8779-8784. [PMID: 18642859 DOI: 10.1021/la8006958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly of electroactive polyelectrolyte multilayers incorporating the redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c) combined with recrystallization of the bacterial cell wall surface layer from Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 SbpA (S-layer). The polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly was prepared on flat gold electrodes with a nanometer-scale roughness that allowed monitoring of the film formation throughout all the assembly stages by atomic force microscopy measurements in liquid with respect to topography and forces. The deposition of alternating layers of sulfonated polyaniline and cyt c was carried out by adsorption from the corresponding solutions on a cyt c monolayer electrode. The electroactivity of cyt c within the assembly was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. We showed that the surface properties of the electrode terminating layer change after each adsorption step accordingly. We also found that S-layer recrystallization on the top of the multilayer film was feasible while electroactivity of cyt c within a polyelectrolyte matrix was partially maintained. This approach offers a new strategy to design a biocompatible and permselective outer envelope of a polyelectrolyte multilayer, promising sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Dronov
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm/Potsdam, Germany
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Moreno-Flores S, Kasry A, Butt HJ, Vavilala C, Schmittel M, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. From native to non-native two-dimensional protein lattices through underlying hydrophilic/hydrophobic nanoprotrusions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4707-10. [PMID: 18481830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Delcea M, Krastev R, Gutberlet T, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Thermal stability, mechanical properties and content of bacterial protein layers recrystallized on polyelectrolyte multilayers. Soft Matter 2008; 4:1414-1421. [PMID: 32907106 DOI: 10.1039/b719408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the temperature on the surface topology, layer thickness and density of recrystallized bacterial S-layers from Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177 on polyelectrolyte multilayers in contact with liquid water was investigated. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to monitor the build-up of the polyelectrolyte multilayer and the adsorption of S-layer protein (1600 ng cm-2). The critical temperature (55 °C) at which the S-layer loses its 2-D structure was obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confirmed by neutron reflectometry (NR) experiments. The process of S-layer denaturation was found to be irreversible. Aggregates of denatured S-proteins resist lower loads than the crystalline nanostructure formed from folded S-proteins. The combination of the QCM-D results with the scattering length density and film thickness (14 nm) obtained from neutron reflectometry studies permitted the estimation of the density of adsorbed S-protein together with the bound water (M = 1.16 g cm-3), the dry protein scattering length density (2.02 × 10-6 Å-2) and the S-protein mass density (1.48 g cm-3). The results confirmed that S-proteins form very loosely packed layers on polyelectrolyte multilayers incorporating a water volume fraction of around 68%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Biosurfaces Unit, CIC BiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Rumen Krastev
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Golm/Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutberlet
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe Bernd Sleytr
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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Moreno-Flores S, Kasry A, Butt HJ, Vavilala C, Schmittel M, Pum D, Sleytr U, Toca-Herrera J. From Native to Non-Native Two-Dimensional Protein Lattices through Underlying Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Nanoprotrusions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Knoll W, Naumann R, Friedrich M, Robertson JWF, Lösche M, Heinrich F, McGillivray DJ, Schuster B, Gufler PC, Pum D, Sleytr UB. Solid supported lipid membranes: new concepts for the biomimetic functionalization of solid surfaces. Biointerphases 2008; 3:FA125. [PMID: 20408662 PMCID: PMC2876326 DOI: 10.1116/1.2913612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-layer (S-layer) supported lipid membranes on solid substrates are interfacial architectures mimicking the supramolecular principle of cell envelopes which have been optimized for billions of years of evolution in most extreme habitats. The authors implement this biological construction principle in a variety of layered supramolecular architectures consisting of a stabilizing protein monolayer and a functional phospholipid bilayer for the design and development of new types of solid-supported biomimetic membranes with a considerably extended stability and lifetime-compared to existing platforms-as required for novel types of bioanalytical sensors. First, Langmuir monolayers of lipids at the water/air interface are used as test beds for the characterization of different types of molecules which all interact with the lipid layers in various ways and, hence, are relevant for the control of the structure, stability, and function of supported membranes. As an example, the interaction of S-layer proteins from the bulk phase with a monolayer of a phospholipid synthetically conjugated with a secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) was studied as a function of the packing density of the lipids in the monolayer. Furthermore, SCWPs were used as a new molecular construction element. The exploitation of a specific lectin-type bond between the N-terminal part of selected S-layer proteins and a variety of glycans allowed for the buildup of supramolecular assemblies and thus functional membranes with a further increased stability. Next, S-layer proteins were self-assembled and characterized by the surface-sensitive techniques, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. The substrates were either planar gold or silicon dioxide sensor surfaces. The assembly of S-layer proteins from solution to solid substrates could nicely be followed in-situ and in real time. As a next step toward S-layer supported bilayer membranes, the authors characterized various architectures based on lipid molecules that were modified by a flexible spacer separating the amphiphiles from the anchor group that allows for a covalent coupling of the lipid to a solid support, e.g., using thiols for Au substrates. Impedance spectroscopy confirmed the excellent charge barrier properties of these constructs with a high electrical resistance. Structural details of various types of these tethered bimolecular lipid membranes were studied by using neutron reflectometry. Finally, first attempts are reported to develop a code based on a SPICE network analysis program which is suitable for the quantitative analysis of the transient and steady-state currents passing through these membranes upon the application of a potential gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Knoll
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55021 Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
The present review focuses on a unique bio-molecular construction kit based on surface-layer (S-layer) proteins as building blocks and patterning elements, but also major classes of biological molecules such as lipids, membrane-active peptides and membrane proteins, and glycans for the design of functional supported lipid membranes. The biomimetic approach copying the supramolecular building principle of most archaeal cell envelopes merely composed of a plasma membrane and a closely associated S-layer lattice has resulted in robust and fluid lipid membranes. Most importantly, S-layer supported lipid membranes spanning an aperture or generated on solid and porous substrates constitute highly interesting model membranes for the reconstitution of responsive transmembrane proteins and membrane-active peptides. This is of particular challenge as one-third of all proteins are membrane proteins such as pore-forming proteins, ion channels, and receptors. S-layer supported lipid membranes are seen as one of the most innovative strategies in membrane protein-based nanobiotechnology with potential applications that range from pharmaceutical (high-throughput) drug screening over lipid chips to the detection of biological warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, BOKU--University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
S-layer proteins have a wide range of application potential due to their characteristic features concerning self-assembling, assembling on various surfaces, and forming of isoporous structures with functional groups located on the surface in an identical position and orientation. Although considerable knowledge has been experimentally accumulated on the structure, biochemistry, assemble characteristics, and genetics of S-layer proteins, no structural model at atomic resolution has been available so far. Therefore, neither the overall folding of the S-layer proteins-their tertiary structure-nor the exact amino acid or domain allocations in the lattices are known. In this paper, we describe the tertiary structure prediction for the S-layer protein SbsB from Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2. This calculation was based on its amino acid sequence using the mean force method (MF method) achieved by performing molecular dynamic simulations. This method includes mainly the thermodynamic aspects of protein folding as well as steric constraints of the amino acids and is therefore independent of experimental structure analysis problems resulting from biochemical properties of the S-layer proteins. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed in vacuum using the simulation software NAMD. The obtained tertiary structure of SbsB was systematically analyzed by using the mean force method, whereas the verification of the structure is based on calculating the global free energy minimum of the whole system. This corresponds to the potential of mean force, which is the thermodynamically most favorable conformation of the protein. Finally, an S-layer lattice was modeled graphically using CINEMA4D and compared with scanning force microscopy data down to a resolution of 1 nm. The results show that this approach leads to a thermodynamically favorable atomic model of the tertiary structure of the protein, which could be verified by both the MF Method and the lattice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Horejs
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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Tang J, Ebner A, Ilk N, Lichtblau H, Huber C, Zhu R, Pum D, Leitner M, Pastushenko V, Gruber HJ, Sleytr UB, Hinterdorfer P. High-affinity tags fused to s-layer proteins probed by atomic force microscopy. Langmuir 2008; 24:1324-1329. [PMID: 18001070 DOI: 10.1021/la702276k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional, crystalline bacterial cell surface layers, termed S-layers, are one of the most commonly observed cell surface structures of prokaryotic organisms. In the present study, genetically modified S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 carrying the short affinity peptide Strep-tag I or Strep-tag II at the C terminus was used to generate a 2D crystalline monomolecular protein lattice on a silicon surface. Because of the genetic modification, the 2D crystals were addressable via Strep-tag through streptavidin molecules. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the topography of the single-molecules array and the functionality of the fused Strep-tags. In high-resolution imaging under near-physiological conditions, structural details such as protein alignment and spacing were resolved. By applying molecular recognition force microscopy, the Strep-tag moieties were proven to be fully functional and accessible. For this purpose, streptavidin molecules were tethered to AFM tips via approximately 8-nm-long flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers. These functionalized tips showed specific interactions with 2D protein crystals containing either the Strep-tag I or Strep-tag II, with similar energetic and kinetic behavior in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Tang
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
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Delcea M, Krastev R, Gutlebert T, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Mapping bacterial surface layers affinity to polyelectrolytes through the building of hybrid macromolecular structures. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2007; 7:4260-4266. [PMID: 18283801 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2007.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybrid sandwich-like supramolecular structure (polyelectrolyte multilayer/S-layer/ polyelectrolyte multilayer/S-layer) has been built by combining polyelectrolyte multilayer deposition and self-assembly of isolated SbpA proteins from Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177. Neutron reflectometry measurements were used to confirm the formation of an S-layer on negative poly(styrene sulphonate) (PSS) terminated multilayers, further adsorption of cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) polyelectrolyte on the exposed S-layer surface, and final polyelectrolyte multilayer deposition. Surface topography investigations with atomic force microscopy showed that: (i) the two dimensional structure of the S-layer is similar to those found in bacteria, (ii) cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) adsorbs on the bacterial protein side that faces the aqueous media, and (iii) anionic poly(styrene sulphonate) does not adsorb on the S-layer surface. Mechanical stability studies on recrystallized S-layers on anionic negative poly(styrene sulphonate) reveal that loads of 20 nN are able to unfold the S-layer protein. A second adsorption of SbpA monomers on top of a structure composed of polyelectrolyte multilayer/S-layer/polyelectrolyte multilayer led to the formation of S-layers patches mechanically stable for loads up to 9 nN. This hybrid polymer-protein supramolecular complex has permitted to elucidate the nature of the affinity of the bacterial cell surface protein to polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Biosurfaces Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
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Saravia V, Küpcü S, Nolte M, Huber C, Pum D, Fery A, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Bacterial protein patterning by micro-contact printing of PLL-g-PEG. J Biotechnol 2007; 130:247-52. [PMID: 17561298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic micro-patterned surfaces of three S-layer (fusion) proteins, wild type (SbpA), enhanced green fluorescence protein (SbpA-EGFP) and streptavidin (SbpA-STV), were built by microcontact printing of poly-L-lysine grafted polyethylene glycol (PLL-g-PEG). The functionality of the adsorbed proteins was studied with atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements showed that wild-type SbpA recrystallized on PLL-g-PEG free areas, while fluorescent properties of SbpA-EGFP and the interaction of SbpA-streptavidin heterotetramers with biotin were not affected due to the adsorption on the micro patterned substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saravia
- Chemical Engineering Department, URV, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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