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Marri L, Contini P, Ivaldi F, Schiavi C, Magnani O, Vassallo C, Guastalla A, Traversone N, Angelini C, Del Zotto G, De Maria A, De Palma R. Evaluation of Frequency of CMV Replication and Disease Complications Reveals New Cellular Defects and a Time Dependent Pattern in CVID Patients. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:142. [PMID: 38847943 PMCID: PMC11161436 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and failure of specific antibody production due to B-cell defects. However, studies have documented various T-cell abnormalities, potentially linked to viral complications. The frequency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in CVID cohorts is poorly studied. To address this gap in knowledge, we set up an observational study with the objectives of identifying CVID patients with active viraemia (CMV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)), evaluating potential correlations with immunophenotypic characteristics, clinical outcome, and the dynamic progression of clinical phenotypes over time. METHODS 31 CVID patients were retrospectively analysed according to viraemia, clinical and immunologic characteristics. 21 patients with non CVID humoral immunodeficiency were also evaluated as control. RESULTS Active viral replication of CMV and/or EBV was observed in 25% of all patients. CMV replication was detected only in CVID patients (16%). CVID patients with active viral replication showed reduced HLA-DR+ NK counts when compared with CMV-DNA negative CVID patients. Viraemic patients had lower counts of LIN-DNAMbright and LIN-CD16+ inflammatory lymphoid precursors which correlated with NK-cell subsets. Analysis of the dynamic progression of CVID clinical phenotypes over time, showed that the initial infectious phenotype progressed to complicated phenotypes with time. All CMV viraemic patients had complicated disease. CONCLUSION Taken together, an impaired production of inflammatory precursors and NK activation is present in CVID patients with active viraemia. Since "Complicated" CVID occurs as a function of disease duration, there is need for an accurate evaluation of this aspect to improve classification and clinical management of CVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marri
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Contini
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Ivaldi
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiavi
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ottavia Magnani
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vassallo
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Guastalla
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Noemi Traversone
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Angelini
- Institute for Applied Mathematics "Mauro Picone", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Infections in Immunocompromised Host Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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Perrone C, Bozzano F, Dal Bello MG, Del Zotto G, Antonini F, Munari E, Maggi E, Moretta F, Farshchi AH, Pariscenti G, Tagliamento M, Genova C, Moretta L, De Maria A. CD34 +DNAM-1 brightCXCR4 + haemopoietic precursors circulate after chemotherapy, seed lung tissue and generate functional innate-like T cells and NK cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332781. [PMID: 38390333 PMCID: PMC10881815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is little information on the trajectory and developmental fate of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ progenitors exiting bone marrow during systemic inflammation. Objective To study Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ cell circulation in cancer patients, to characterize their entry into involved lung tissue and to characterize their progenies. Methods Flow cytometric analysis of PBMC from 18 patients with lung cancer on samples collected immediately before the first and the second treatment was performed to study Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ precursors. Precursors were purified (>99%) and cultured in vitro from all patients. Paired PBMC and tissue samples from patients undergoing tumor resection were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess tissue entry and compare phenotype and developmental potential of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ cells in both compartments. Results Significant circulation of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ precursors was observed 20d after the first treatment. Precursors express CXC3CR1, CXCR3, CXCR1 consistent with travel towards inflamed tissues. Flowcytometric analysis of lung tissue samples showed precursor presence in all patients in tumor and neighboring uninvolved areas. Successful purification and in vitro culture from both blood and lung tissue generates a minor proportion of maturing NK cells (<10%) and a predominant proportion (>85%) of α/β T-progenies with innate-like phenotype expressing NKG2D,NKp30,DNAM-1. Innate-like maturing T-cells in vitro are cytotoxic, can be triggered via NKR/TCR co-stimulation and display broad spectrum Th1,Th2 and Th1/Th17 cytokine production. Conclusion In advanced stage lung cancer CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ inflammatory precursors increase upon treatment, enter involved tissues, generate functional progenies and may thus represent an additional player contributing to immune balance in the highly SDF-1/CXCR4-biased pro-metastatic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Perrone
- Experimental Immunology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Laboratorio Diagnostico di Autoimmunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Genny Del Zotto
- Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonini
- Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Munari
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Pariscenti
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Tagliamento
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Genova
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Infections of Immunocompromised Hosts Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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Cocker ATH, Guethlein LA, Parham P. The CD56-CD16+ NK cell subset in chronic infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2023:233017. [PMID: 37140380 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term human diseases can shape the immune system, and natural killer (NK) cells have been documented to differentiate into distinct subsets specifically associated with chronic virus infections. One of these subsets found in large frequencies in HIV-1 are the CD56-CD16+ NK cells, and this population's association with chronic virus infections is the subject of this review. Human NK cells are classically defined by CD56 expression, yet increasing evidence supports the NK cell status of the CD56-CD16+ subset which we discuss herein. We then discuss the evidence linking CD56-CD16+ NK cells to chronic virus infections, and the potential immunological pathways that are altered by long-term infection that could be inducing the population's differentiation. An important aspect of NK cell regulation is their interaction with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-I molecules, and we highlight work that indicates both virus and genetic-mediated variations in HLA expression that have been linked to CD56-CD16+ NK cell frequencies. Finally, we offer a perspective on CD56-CD16+ NK cell function, taking into account recent work that implies the subset is comparable to CD56+CD16+ NK cell functionality in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity response, and the definition of CD56-CD16+ NK cell subpopulations with varying degranulation capacity against target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T H Cocker
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
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López-Botet M, De Maria A, Muntasell A, Della Chiesa M, Vilches C. Adaptive NK cell response to human cytomegalovirus: Facts and open issues. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101706. [PMID: 36542944 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection exerts broad effects on the immune system. These include the differentiation and persistent expansion of a mature NK cell subset which displays a characteristic phenotypic and functional profile hallmarked by expression of the HLA-E-specific CD94/NKG2C activating receptor. Based on our experience and recent advances in the field, we overview the adaptive features of the NKG2C+ NK cell response, discussing observations and open questions on: (a) the mechanisms and influence of viral and host factors; (b) the existence of other NKG2C- NK cell subsets sharing adaptive features; (c) the development and role of adaptive NKG2C+ NK cells in the response to HCMV in hematopoietic and solid organ transplant patients; (d) their relation with other viral infections, mainly HIV-1; and (e) current perspectives for their use in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM). Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences. Univ. Pompeu Fabra. Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM). Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERonc), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Carlos Vilches
- Immunogenetics & Histocompatibility Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro - Segovia de Arana, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Soleimanian S, Yaghobi R, Karimi MH, Geramizadeh B, Roozbeh J. Altered Signatures of Plasma Inflammatory Proteins and Phonotypic Markers of NK Cells in Kidney Transplant Patients upon CMV Reactivation. Curr Microbiol 2022; 80:9. [PMID: 36445486 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation remains a common opportunistic infection with a prominent role in immune reconstitution in organ transplant recipients. CMVs as important drivers of natural killer (NK) cell differentiation has been indicated to prompt several phenotypic and functional alteration in these cells. We aimed to monitor the reconstitution of NK cells and change the signature of inflammatory proteins at the critical phase of CMV reactivation over six months after kidney transplantation. The present study indicated that CMV reactivation is associated with the development of IL-6, IL-10, and cytotoxic granules, including granzyme-B and granulysin, and the drop in the frequency of CD16 + NKG2A-CD57 + NK cell subset in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with reactivation versus non- reactivated ones. Our findings describe distinct immune signatures that emerged with CMV reactivation after kidney transplantation, which may be helpful in the timely management of CMV infection in KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeede Soleimanian
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Cocker ATH, Liu F, Djaoud Z, Guethlein LA, Parham P. CD56-negative NK cells: Frequency in peripheral blood, expansion during HIV-1 infection, functional capacity, and KIR expression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:992723. [PMID: 36211403 PMCID: PMC9539804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.992723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cells are usually defined as CD3-CD56+ lymphocytes. However, a CD56-CD16+ (CD56neg) lymphocyte population that displays NK-associated markers expands during chronic viral infections such as HIV-1 and HCV, and, to lesser extent, in herpesvirus infections. This CD56neg NK cell subset has been understudied because it requires the exclusion of other lymphocytes to accurately identify its presence. Many questions remain regarding the origin, development, phenotype, and function of the CD56neg NK cell population. Our objective was to determine the frequency of this NK subset in healthy controls and its alteration in viral infections by performing a meta-analysis. In addition to this, we analyzed deposited CyTOF and scRNAseq datasets to define the phenotype and subsets of the CD56neg NK cell population, as well as their functional variation. We found in 757 individuals, from a combined 28 studies and 6 datasets, that the CD56neg subset constitutes 5.67% of NK cells in healthy peripheral blood, while HIV-1 infection increases this population by a mean difference of 10.69%. Meta-analysis of surface marker expression between NK subsets showed no evidence of increased exhaustion or decreased proliferation within the CD56neg subset. CD56neg NK cells have a distinctive pattern of KIR expression, implying they have a unique potential for KIR-mediated education. A perforin-CD94-NKG2C-NKp30- CD56neg population exhibited different gene expression and degranulation responses against K562 cells compared to other CD56neg cells. This analysis distinguishes two functionally distinct subsets of CD56neg NK cells. They are phenotypically diverse and have differing capacity for education by HLA class-I interactions with KIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. H. Cocker
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexander T. H. Cocker,
| | - Fuguo Liu
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Laboratory Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Zakia Djaoud
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Bergantini L, d’Alessandro M, Otranto A, Cavallaro D, Gangi S, Fossi A, Perillo F, Luzzi L, Zanfrini E, Paladini P, Sestini P, Rottoli P, Bargagli E, Bennett D. Characterization of NKG2-A/-C, Kir and CD57 on NK Cells Stimulated with pp65 and IE-1 Antigens in Patients Awaiting Lung Transplant. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071081. [PMID: 35888169 PMCID: PMC9325149 DOI: 10.3390/life12071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading opportunistic infection in lung transplant (LTx) recipients. CMV is associated with graft failure and decreased survival. Recently, new antiviral therapies have been proposed. The present study aimed to investigate NK and T cell subsets of patients awaiting LTx. We analyzed the cellular populations between reactive and non-reactive QuantiFERON (QF) CMV patients for the prediction of immunological response to infection. Methods: Seventeen pre-LTx patients and 15 healthy controls (HC) have been enrolled. QF and IFN-γ ELISA assay detections were applied. NK cell subsets and T cell and proliferation assay were detected before and after stimulation with pp-65 and IE-1 CMV antigens after stratification as QF+ and QF−. Furthermore, we quantified the serum concentrations of NK− and T-related cytokines by bead-based multiplex analysis. Results: CD56brCD16lowNKG2A+KIR+ resulted in the best discriminatory cellular subsets between pre-LTx and HC. Discrepancies emerged between serology and QF assay. Better proliferative capability emerged from patients who were QF+, in particular in CD8 and CD25-activated cells. CD56brCD16low, adaptive/memory-like NK and CD8Teff were highly increased only in QF+ patients. Conclusions: QF more than serology is useful in the detection of patients able to respond to viral infection. This study provides new insights in terms of immunological responses to CMV in pre-LTX patients, particularly in NK and T cells biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bergantini
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Miriana d’Alessandro
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
- Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-586713; Fax: +39-0577-280744
| | - Ambra Otranto
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Dalila Cavallaro
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Sara Gangi
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Antonella Fossi
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Felice Perillo
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Luca Luzzi
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.L.); (E.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Edoardo Zanfrini
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.L.); (E.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Piero Paladini
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.L.); (E.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Piersante Sestini
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Paola Rottoli
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
| | - David Bennett
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (A.O.); (D.C.); (S.G.); (A.F.); (F.P.); (P.S.); (P.R.); (E.B.); (D.B.)
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8
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Taramasso L, Bozzano F, Casabianca A, Orlandi C, Bovis F, Mora S, Giacomini M, Moretta L, Magnani M, Di Biagio A, De Maria A. Persistence of Unintegrated HIV DNA Associates With Ongoing NK Cell Activation and CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ Precursor Turnover in Vertically Infected Patients Despite Successful Antiretroviral Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847816. [PMID: 35558085 PMCID: PMC9088003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of proviral DNA is raising interest in view of clinical management and functional HIV eradication. Measures of all unintegrated HIV DNA (uDNA) forms in infected reservoir cells provides information on recent replication events that is not found from other proviral DNA assays. To evaluate its actual relevance in a cohort of perinatally-infected adult HIV patients (PHIV), we studied how peripheral blood mononuclear cell uDNA levels correlated with total HIV DNA (tDNA) and with overall replication or innate immune control parameters including NK cell activation/exhaustion and lymphoid turnover. Twenty-two PHIV were included, with successfully controlled HIV (HIV RNA <50 copies/mL) on combined antiretroviral therapy for mean of 8.7 ± 3.9 years. uDNA accounted for 16 [5.2-83.5] copies/µg and was strongly correlated with tDNA (ρ=0.700, p=0.001). Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral NK cells showed that CD69 expression was directly correlated uDNA (p=0.0412), but not with tDNA. Interestingly, CD56-CD16+NK cells which include newly described inflammatory precursors and terminally differentiated cells were directly correlated with uDNA levels (p<0.001), but not with tDNA, and an inverse association was observed between the proportion of NKG2D+ NK cells and uDNA (ρ=-0.548, p=0.015). In addition, CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ inflammatory precursor frequency correlated directly with uDNA levels (ρ=0.579, p=0.0075). The frequencies of CD56-CD16+ and CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ cells maintained association with uDNA levels in a multivariable analysis (p=0.045 and p=0.168, respectively). Thus, control of HIV-1 reservoir in aviremic patients on ART is an active process associated with continuous NK cell intervention and turnover, even after many years of treatment. Quantification of linear and circular uDNA provides relevant information on the requirement for ongoing innate immune control in addition to ART, on recent replication history and may help stratify patients for functional HIV eradication protocols with targeted options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Mora
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacomini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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9
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Gao F, Zhou Z, Lin Y, Shu G, Yin G, Zhang T. Biology and Clinical Relevance of HCMV-Associated Adaptive NK Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830396. [PMID: 35464486 PMCID: PMC9022632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system due to their strong ability to kill virally infected or transformed cells without prior exposure to the antigen (Ag). However, the biology of human NK (hNK) cells has largely remained elusive. Recent advances have characterized several novel hNK subsets. Among them, adaptive NK cells demonstrate an intriguing specialized antibody (Ab)-dependent response and several adaptive immune features. Most adaptive NK cells express a higher level of NKG2C but lack an intracellular signaling adaptor, FcϵRIγ (hereafter abbreviated as FcRγ). The specific expression pattern of these genes, with other signature genes, is the result of a specific epigenetic modification. The expansion of adaptive NK cells in vivo has been documented in various viral infections, while the frequency of adaptive NK cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlates with improved prognosis of monoclonal Ab treatment against leukemia. This review summarizes the discovery and signature phenotype of adaptive NK cells. We also discuss the reported association between adaptive NK cells and pathological conditions. Finally, we briefly highlight the application of adaptive NK cells in adoptive cell therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Shu
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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10
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Maggi E, Azzarone BG, Canonica GW, Moretta L. What we know and still ignore on COVID-19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on the experience of allergic disorders. Allergy 2022; 77:1114-1128. [PMID: 34582050 PMCID: PMC8652765 DOI: 10.1111/all.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in March 2020 and caused over 5 million confirmed deaths worldwide as far August 2021. We have been recently overwhelmed by a wide literature on how the immune system recognizes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Although originally considered a respiratory viral disease, COVID-19 is now recognized as a far more complex, multi-organ-, immuno-mediated-, and mostly heterogeneous disorder. Though efficient innate and adaptive immunity may control infection, when the patient fails to mount an adequate immune response at the start, or in advanced disease, a high innate-induced inflammation can lead to different clinical outcomes through heterogeneous compensatory mechanisms. The variability of viral load and persistence, the genetic alterations of virus-driven receptors/signaling pathways and the plasticity of innate and adaptive responses may all account for the extreme heterogeneity of pathogenesis and clinical patterns. As recently applied to some inflammatory disorders as asthma, rhinosinusitis with polyposis, and atopic dermatitis, herein we suggest defining different endo-types and the related phenotypes along COVID-19. Patients should be stratified for evolving symptoms and tightly monitored for surrogate biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity. This would allow to preventively identify each endo-type (and its related phenotype) and to treat patients precisely with agents targeting pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maggi
- Department of ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
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11
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Jensen IJ, Martin MD, Tripathy SK, Badovinac VP. Novel Mouse Model of Murine Cytomegalovirus-Induced Adaptive NK Cells. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:8-15. [PMID: 35031582 PMCID: PMC9636593 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are important mediators of viral control with the capacity to form adaptive immune features following infection. However, studies of infection-induced adaptive NK cells require adoptive cell transfer to lower the precursor frequency of "Ag-specific" NK cells, potentially limiting the diversity of the NK cell response. In seeking an unmanipulated model to probe the adaptive NK cells, we interrogated a wide range of Collaborative Cross (CC) inbred mice, inbred mouse strains that exhibit broad genetic diversity across strains. Our assessment identified and validated a putative "ideal" CC strain, CC006, which does not require manipulation to generate and maintain adaptive NK cells. Critically, CC006 mice, in contrast to C57BL/6 mice, are capable of developing enhanced NK cell-mediated protective responses to murine CMV infection following m157-mediated vaccination. This work both furthers our understanding of adaptive NK cells and demonstrates the utility of CC mice in the development and interrogation of immunologic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY;
| | | | - Sandeep K Tripathy
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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12
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Soleimanian S, Yaghobi R, Karimi MH, Geramizadeh B, Roozbeh J, Hossein Aghdaie M, Heidari M. Circulating NKG2C + NK cell expressing CD107a/LAMP-1 subsets at the onset of CMV reactivation in seropositive kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2021; 69:101460. [PMID: 34492297 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection contributes to morbidity and mortality among kidney transplant recipients. Natural killer (NK) cells can battle against CMV in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This study aimed to analyze the association between CMV reactivation and the proportion of NK cell subsets and their activity. In a cross-sectional study, ten CMV reactivated KTRs, and ten non- CMV reactivated ones were recruited. Ten matched healthy controls were also included in this cohort. The presence of anti-CMV-IgG Ab in both KTR subgroups from seronegative donors and healthy controls was determined. The frequency of distinct subsets of memory-like NK cells was analyzed through NKG2C, NKG2A, and CD57 using flow cytometry. The activity of NK cells was evaluated after stimulation via coculture with K562 cell line and then assessment of the frequency of CD107a and granzyme B. The mRNA levels of transcription factors, including T-bet, EAT, and inflammatory proteins, including IFN-γ and perforin contributing to NK cell activation, were also evaluated. Results showed a significantly lower frequency of NKG2C + NKG2A-CD57+ NK cell population in CMV-reactivated KTRs compared to non-reactivated ones (P-value:0.003). NKG2C+ NK cells expressing CD107a/LAMP-1 significantly was increased in CMV-reactivated KTRs compared to non-reactivated ones (P-value: 0.0002). The mRNA level of IFN-γ had a significant increase in the CMV-reactivated KTRs vs. nonreactive ones (P-value: 0.004). Finally, evaluation of the NK cells' cytotoxicity and activity through assessment of CD107a/LAMP-1 expression and IFN-γ secretion may be helpful for the identification of the risk of CMV reactivation in KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeede Soleimanian
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mojdeh Heidari
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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13
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Quatrini L, Della Chiesa M, Sivori S, Mingari MC, Pende D, Moretta L. Human NK cells, their receptors and function. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1566-1579. [PMID: 33899224 PMCID: PMC9292411 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are cytotoxic components of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) that provide a first line of defense against viral infections and contribute to control tumor growth and metastasis. Their function is finely regulated by an array of HLA-specific and non-HLA-specific inhibitory and activating receptors which allow to discriminate between healthy and altered cells. Human NK cells gained a major attention in recent years because of the important progresses in understanding their biology and of some promising data in tumor therapy. In this review, we will outline well-established issues of human NK cells and discuss some of the open questions, debates, and recent advances regarding their origin, differentiation, and tissue distribution. Newly defined NK cell specializations, including the impact of inhibitory checkpoints on their function, their crosstalk with other cell types, and the remarkable adaptive features acquired in response to certain virus infections will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Immunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Immunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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14
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Bozzano F, Dentone C, Perrone C, Di Biagio A, Fenoglio D, Parodi A, Mikulska M, Bruzzone B, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, Taramasso L, Nicolini L, Patroniti N, Pelosi P, Gratarola A, De Palma R, Filaci G, Bassetti M, De Maria A. Extensive activation, tissue trafficking, turnover and functional impairment of NK cells in COVID-19 patients at disease onset associates with subsequent disease severity. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009448. [PMID: 33861802 PMCID: PMC8081333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes severe respiratory involvement (COVID-19) in 5-20% of patients through initial immune derangement, followed by intense cytokine production and vascular leakage. Evidence of immune involvement point to the participation of T, B, and NK cells in the lack of control of virus replication leading to COVID-19. NK cells contribute to early phases of virus control and to the regulation of adaptive responses. The precise mechanism of NK cell dysregulation is poorly understood, with little information on tissue margination or turnover. We investigated these aspects by multiparameter flow cytometry in a cohort of 28 patients hospitalized with early COVID-19. Relevant decreases in CD56brightCD16+/- NK subsets were detected, with a shift of circulating NK cells toward more mature CD56dimCD16+KIR+NKG2A+ and "memory" KIR+CD57+CD85j+ cells with increased inhibitory NKG2A and KIR molecules. Impaired cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production were associated with conserved expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors and perforin. Moreover, intense NK cell activation with increased HLA-DR and CD69 expression was associated with the circulation of CD69+CD103+ CXCR6+ tissue-resident NK cells and of CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ inflammatory precursors to mature functional NK cells. Severe disease trajectories were directly associated with the proportion of CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ precursors and inversely associated with the proportion of NKG2D+ and of CD103+ NK cells. Intense NK cell activation and trafficking to and from tissues occurs early in COVID-19, and is associated with subsequent disease progression, providing an insight into the mechanism of clinical deterioration. Strategies to positively manipulate tissue-resident NK cell responses may provide advantages to future therapeutic and vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bozzano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Dentone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carola Perrone
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Fenoglio
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Biotherapy Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Parodi
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Biotherapy Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bianca Bruzzone
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Vena
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucia Taramasso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Nicolini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicolò Patroniti
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gratarola
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Internal Medicine Unit, Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Biotherapy Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail:
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15
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Human NK Cells in Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071589. [PMID: 33808201 PMCID: PMC8037172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural killer (NK) cells are key elements of the innate immune system that have the ability to kill transformed (tumor and virus-infected) cells without prior sensitization. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure used in the treatment of a variety of cancers. The early reconstitution of NK cells after HSCT and their functions support the therapeutic potential of these cells in allogenic HSCT. However, the role of NK cells in autologous HSCT is less clear. In this review, we have summarized general aspects of NK cell biology. In addition, we have also reviewed factors that affect autologous HSCT outcome, with particular attention to the role played by NK cells. Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are phenotypically and functionally diverse lymphocytes with the ability to recognize and kill malignant cells without prior sensitization, and therefore, they have a relevant role in tumor immunosurveillance. NK cells constitute the main lymphocyte subset in peripheral blood in the first week after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although the role that NK cells play in allogenic HSCT settings has been documented for years, their significance and beneficial effects associated with the outcome after autologous HSCT are less recognized. In this review, we have summarized fundamental aspects of NK cell biology, such as, NK cell subset diversity, their effector functions, and differentiation. Moreover, we have reviewed the factors that affect autologous HSCT outcome, with particular attention to the role played by NK cells and their receptor repertoire in this regard.
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16
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Tárnok A. Phenotypes comprehensively. Cytometry A 2021; 99:214-215. [PMID: 33620769 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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