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Sapwarobol S, Saphyakhajorn W, Astina J. Biological Functions and Activities of Rice Bran as a Functional Ingredient: A Review. Nutr Metab Insights 2021; 14:11786388211058559. [PMID: 34898989 PMCID: PMC8655829 DOI: 10.1177/11786388211058559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran (RB) is a nutrient-rich by-product of the rice milling process. It consists of pericarp, seed coat, nucellus, and aleurone layer. RB is a rich source of a protein, fat, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (mainly oryzanols and tocopherols), and is currently mostly used as animal feed. Various studies have revealed the beneficial health effects of RB, which result from its functional components including dietary fiber, rice bran protein, and gamma-oryzanol. The health effects of RB including antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, hypotensive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, while its consumption also improves bowel function. These health benefits have drawn increasing attention to RB in food applications and as a nutraceutical product to mitigate metabolic risk factors in humans. This review therefore focuses on RB and its health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimol Sapwarobol
- The Medical Food Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weeraya Saphyakhajorn
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Junaida Astina
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Nie Y, Luo F. Dietary Fiber: An Opportunity for a Global Control of Hyperlipidemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5542342. [PMID: 33897940 PMCID: PMC8052145 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber has a long history in the intervention study of hyperlipidemia. In this review, current understandings of structures, sources, and natures of various kinds of dietary fibers (DFs) were analyzed first. Available evidences for the use of different varieties of DFs in the lipid-lowering action both in vitro and in vivo were subsequently classified, including both soluble ones, such as glucans, pectins, and gums, and insoluble ones, including arabinooxylans and chitosans, in order to draw a primary conclusion of their dose and molecular weight relationship with lipid-lowering effect. Their potential mechanisms, especially the related molecular mechanism of protective action in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, were summarized at last. Five major mechanisms are believed to be responsible for the antihyperlipidemic benefits of DFs, including low levels of energy, bulking effect, viscosity, binding capacity, and fermentation thus ameliorating the symptoms of hyperlipidemia. From the molecular level, DFs could possibly affect the activities of HMG-CoA reductase, LDL receptors, CYP7A1, and MAPK signaling pathway as well as other lipid metabolism-related target genes. In summary, dietary fibers could be used as alternative supplements to exert certain lipid-lowering effects on humans. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen this proposal and its fully underlying mechanism still requires more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- School of Food Technology and Biological Science, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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3
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Armet AM, Deehan EC, Thöne JV, Hewko SJ, Walter J. The Effect of Isolated and Synthetic Dietary Fibers on Markers of Metabolic Diseases in Human Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:420-438. [PMID: 31342059 PMCID: PMC7442353 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies provide strong evidence for the health benefits of dietary fiber (DF) intake; however, human intervention studies that supplement isolated and synthetic DFs have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the effects of DF supplementation on immunometabolic disease markers in intervention studies in healthy adults, and considered the role of DF dose, DF physicochemical properties, intervention duration, and the placebo used. Five databases were searched for studies published from 1990 to 2018 that assessed the effect of DF on immunometabolic markers. Eligible studies were those that supplemented isolated or synthetic DFs for ≥2 wk and reported baseline data to assess the effect of the placebo. In total, 77 publications were included. DF supplementation reduced total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and insulin AUC in 36-49% of interventions. In contrast, <20% of the interventions reduced C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, glucose, glucose AUC, insulin, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. A higher proportion of interventions showed an effect if they used higher DF doses for CRP, TC, and LDL cholesterol (40-63%), viscous and mixed plant cell wall DFs for TC and LDL cholesterol (>50%), and longer intervention durations for CRP and glucose (50%). Half of the placebo-controlled studies used digestible carbohydrates as the placebo, which confounded findings for IL-6, glucose AUC, and insulin AUC. In conclusion, interventions with isolated and synthetic DFs resulted mainly in improved cholesterol concentrations and an attenuation of insulin resistance, whereas markers of dysglycemia and inflammation were largely unaffected. Although more research is needed to make reliable recommendations, a more targeted supplementation of DF with specific physicochemical properties at higher doses and for longer durations shows promise in enhancing several of its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa M Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Address correspondence to ECD (e-mail: )
| | - Julia V Thöne
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Medical Department, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah J Hewko
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Address correspondence to JW (e-mail: )
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4
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Pabois O, Antoine-Michard A, Zhao X, Omar J, Ahmed F, Alexis F, Harvey RD, Grillo I, Gerelli Y, Grundy MML, Bajka B, Wilde PJ, Dreiss CA. Interactions of bile salts with a dietary fibre, methylcellulose, and impact on lipolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115741. [PMID: 31888817 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylcellulose (MC) has a demonstrated capacity to reduce fat absorption, hypothetically through bile salt (BS) activity inhibition. We investigated MC cholesterol-lowering mechanism, and compared the influence of two BS, sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), which differ slightly by their architecture and exhibit contrasting functions during lipolysis. BS/MC bulk interactions were investigated by rheology, and BS behaviour at the MC/water interface studied with surface pressure and ellipsometry measurements. In vitro lipolysis studies were performed to evaluate the effect of BS on MC-stabilised emulsion droplets microstructure, with confocal microscopy, and free fatty acids release, with the pH-stat method. Our results demonstrate that BS structure dictates their interactions with MC, which, in turn, impact lipolysis. Compared to NaTC, NaTDC alters MC viscoelasticity more significantly, which may correlate with its weaker ability to promote lipolysis, and desorbs from the interface at lower concentrations, which may explain its higher propensity to destabilise emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Pabois
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, 38000, France; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Xi Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jasmin Omar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Faizah Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Richard D Harvey
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06099, Germany.
| | | | - Yuri Gerelli
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, 38000, France.
| | - Myriam M-L Grundy
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Balazs Bajka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
| | - Cécile A Dreiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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5
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Pizones Ruiz-Henestrosa VM, Bellesi FA, Camino NA, Pilosof AM. The impact of HPMC structure in the modulation of in vitro lipolysis: The role of bile salts. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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van der Gronde T, Hartog A, van Hees C, Pellikaan H, Pieters T. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem 2015; 199:746-59. [PMID: 26776032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibres have diverse mechanisms in reducing plasma cholesterol, which could be useful for treating high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this review is to determine the state of the evidence for the cholesterol-lowering effects of three selected fibres and their mechanisms, using the most recent animal trials. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), pectin and chitosan in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All fibres reviewed reduced total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C. Pectin gave a small, and chitosan an impressive rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A limitation of this study is the variety of animal models, each with distinct cholesterol profiles. Possible publication bias was also detected. In conclusion, chitosan seems to be the most promising of the studied fibres. A dietary fibre could be designed that yields the best cholesterol-lowering effect, using experiences in tailoring physicochemical properties and primarily exploiting the biophysical mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Hees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Jacobson TA, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Jones PH, Kris-Etherton P, Sikand G, La Forge R, Daniels SR, Wilson DP, Morris PB, Wild RA, Grundy SM, Daviglus M, Ferdinand KC, Vijayaraghavan K, Deedwania PC, Aberg JA, Liao KP, McKenney JM, Ross JL, Braun LT, Ito MK, Bays HE, Brown WV. National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:S1-122.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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McCann JC, Shigenaga MK, Mietus-Snyder ML, Lal A, Suh JH, Krauss RM, Gildengorin GL, Goldrich AM, Block DS, Shenvi SV, McHugh TH, Olson DA, Ames BN. A multicomponent nutrient bar promotes weight loss and improves dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in the overweight/obese: chronic inflammation blunts these improvements. FASEB J 2015; 29:3287-301. [PMID: 25900806 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study determined if twice-daily consumption of a nutrient-dense bar intended to fill gaps in Western diets, without other dietary/lifestyle requirements, favorably shifted metabolic/anthropometric indicators of dysregulation in a healthy direction. Three 8-wk clinical trials in 43 healthy lean and overweight/obese (OW/OB) adults, who served as their own controls, were pooled for analysis. In less inflamed OW/OB [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) <1.5], statistically significant decreases occurred in weight (-1.1 ± 0.5 kg), waist circumference (-3.1 ± 1.4 cm), diastolic blood pressure (-4.1 ± 1.6 mmHg), heart rate [HR; -4.0 ± 1.7 beats per minute (bpm)], triglycerides (-72 ± 38.2 mg/dl), insulin resistance (homeostatic model of insulin resistance) (-0.72 ± 0.3), and insulin (-2.8 ± 1.3 mU/L); an increase in HDL-2b (+303 ± 116 nM) and realignment of LDL lipid subfractions toward a less atherogenic profile [decreased small LDL IIIb (-44 ± 23.5 nM), LDL IIIa (-99 ± 43.7 nM), and increased large LDL I (+66 ± 28.0 nM)]. In the more inflamed OW/OB (hsCRP >1.5), inflammation was reduced at 2 wk (-0.66 mg/L), and HR at 8 wk (-3.4 ± 1.3 bpm). The large HDL subfraction (10.5-14.5 nm) increased at 8 wk (+346 ± 126 nM). Metabolic improvements were also observed in lean participants. Thus, favorable changes in measures of cardiovascular health, insulin resistance, inflammation, and obesity were initiated within 8 wk in the OW/OB by replacing deficiencies in Western diets without requiring other dietary or lifestyle modifications; chronic inflammation blunted most improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Mark K Shigenaga
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Michele L Mietus-Snyder
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Ashutosh Lal
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Ginny L Gildengorin
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldrich
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Devan S Block
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Swapna V Shenvi
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Tara H McHugh
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Don A Olson
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Bruce N Ames
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
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9
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Padayachee A, Day L, Howell K, Gidley MJ. Complexity and health functionality of plant cell wall fibers from fruits and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:59-81. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Padayachee
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L. Day
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - K. Howell
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. J. Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Kim H, Bartley GE, Young SA, Seo KH, Yokoyama W. Altered hepatic gene expression profiles associated with improved fatty liver, insulin resistance, and intestinal permeability after hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) supplementation in diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6404-6411. [PMID: 23742138 DOI: 10.1021/jf400545w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on hepatic gene expression was analyzed by exon microarray and real-time PCR from livers of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet supplemented with either 6% HPMC or 6% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). HPMC-fed mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain (55% lower compared to MCC), liver weight (13%), plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration (45%), and HF diet-increased intestinal permeability (48%). HPMC significantly reduced areas under the curve for 2 h insulin and glucose responses, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. HPMC up-regulated hepatic genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and cellular activation of glucocorticoid (bile acid recycling) and down-regulated genes related to oxidative stress, triglyceride synthesis, and polyunsaturated fatty acid elongation. In conclusion, HPMC consumption ameliorates the effects of a HF diet on intestinal permeability, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, glucocorticoid-related bile acid recycling, oxidative stress, and weight gain in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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11
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Ban SJ, Rico CW, Um IC, Kang MY. Antihyperlipidemic effects of hydroxyethyl methylcellulose with varying viscosity in mice fed with high fat diet. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Kim H, Bartley GE, Young SA, Davis PA, Yokoyama W. HPMC supplementation reduces abdominal fat content, intestinal permeability, inflammation, and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1464-76. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition; University of California; Davis CA USA
- USDA, ARS; Western Regional Research Center; Albany CA USA
| | | | | | - Paul A. Davis
- Department of Nutrition; University of California; Davis CA USA
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13
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Ban SJ, Rico CW, Um IC, Kang MY. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of Hydroxyethyl Methylcellulose (HEMC) and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) in mice fed with a high fat diet. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3738-3750. [PMID: 22489179 PMCID: PMC3317739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary feeding of hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the glucose metabolism and antioxidative status in mice under high fat diet conditions was investigated. The mice were randomly divided and given experimental diets for six weeks: normal control (NC group), high fat (HF group), and high fat supplemented with either HEMC (HF+HEMC group) or HPMC (HF+HPMC group). At the end of the experimental period, the HF group exhibited markedly higher blood glucose and insulin levels as well as a higher erythrocyte lipid peroxidation rate relative to the control group. However, diet supplementation of HEMC and HPMC was found to counteract the high fat-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress via regulation of antioxidant and hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities. These findings illustrate that HEMC and HPMC were similarly effective in improving the glucose metabolism and antioxidant defense system in high fat-fed mice and they may be beneficial as functional biomaterials in the development of therapeutic agents against high fat dietinduced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ban
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Catherine W. Rico
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
| | - In Chul Um
- Department of Natural Fiber Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Mi Young Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
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14
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Ban SJ, Rico CW, Um IC, Kang MY. Comparative evaluation of the hypolipidemic effects of hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in high fat-fed mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:130-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Kim H, Turowski M, Anderson WHK, Young SA, Kim Y, Yokoyama W. Supplementation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose into yeast leavened all-whole grain barley bread potentiates cholesterol-lowering effect. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7672-7678. [PMID: 21671634 DOI: 10.1021/jf104821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated in Syrian Golden hamsters the biological impact and its underlying mechanism of single whole grain breads supplemented with 2-3% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a semisynthetic viscous soluble dietary fiber (SDF) as a substitute for gluten. Hamsters were fed high-fat diets supplemented with 48-65% (w/w) differently ground, freeze-dried single grain breads including whole grain wheat, barley, barley supplemented with HPMC, debranned oat, and oat supplemented with HPMC which were compared to a diet containing microcrystalline cellulose (control). All single grain breads significantly lowered plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared to the control. Enrichment with HPMC further lowered plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Despite the reduced molecular weight of naturally occurring soluble (1--->3),(1--->4)-β-d-glucan (β-glucan) caused by the bread-making process, whole grain barley breads downregulated hepatic expression of CYP7A1 and HMG-CoAR genes that are responsible for bile acid and cholesterol synthesis, suggesting a possible role of bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and phenolic compounds from barley bread. Barley bread enriched with HPMC downregulated expression of ABCG5 gene. Taken together, it appears that distinctive modulation of synthesis and excretion of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid contributes to the cholesterol-lowering properties of whole grain barley breads and breads enriched with HPMC. These data suggests that alternative whole grain breads supplemented with HPMC may provide consumers with a staple food that can assist in cholesterol management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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16
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Hung SC, Anderson WHK, Albers DR, Langhorst ML, Young SA. Effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on obesity and glucose metabolism in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. J Diabetes 2011; 3:158-67. [PMID: 21599870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on weight loss and metabolic disorders associated with obesity using a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model under a high-fat diet regimen. METHODS Obese male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were fed either a high-fat (60% kcal), low-fat (10% kcal), or high-fat diet plus HPMC (4% and 8%) for 5 weeks. Body, mesenteric adipose, and liver weights were determined at the end of the study. In addition, plasma cholesterol, insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and leptin were analyzed to determine the effects of HPMC. Hepatic and fecal lipids were measured to determine the effect of HPMC on lipid absorption and metabolism. RESULTS Supplementation of the high-fat diet with 4% and 8% HPMC resulted in significant weight loss in obese B6 mice. Furthermore, significant decreases were seen in adipose (30%-40%), liver weights (15%-26%), and concentrations of plasma cholesterol (13%-20%) and hepatic lipids (13%-36%). Supplementation with 8% HPMC led to significant improvements in glucose homeostasis and leptin concentrations. Reductions in plasma cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels were strongly correlated with reduced leptin concentrations. Moreover, increases in fecal secretion of total bile acids, sterols, and fats indicated altered fat absorption when HPMC was incorporated in the diet. CONCLUSION The data indicate that HPMC not only reduces body weight, but also normalizes the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity and suggest that the effects of HPMC on glucose and lipid homeostasis in B6 mice are mediated by improvements in leptin sensitivity resulting from reduced fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ching Hung
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Midland, Michigan 48667, USA
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Lattimer JM, Haub MD. Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health. Nutrients 2010; 2:1266-89. [PMID: 22254008 PMCID: PMC3257631 DOI: 10.3390/nu2121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber and whole grains contain a unique blend of bioactive components including resistant starches, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and antioxidants. As a result, research regarding their potential health benefits has received considerable attention in the last several decades. Epidemiological and clinical studies demonstrate that intake of dietary fiber and whole grain is inversely related to obesity, type two diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Defining dietary fiber is a divergent process and is dependent on both nutrition and analytical concepts. The most common and accepted definition is based on nutritional physiology. Generally speaking, dietary fiber is the edible parts of plants, or similar carbohydrates, that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Dietary fiber can be separated into many different fractions. Recent research has begun to isolate these components and determine if increasing their levels in a diet is beneficial to human health. These fractions include arabinoxylan, inulin, pectin, bran, cellulose, β-glucan and resistant starch. The study of these components may give us a better understanding of how and why dietary fiber may decrease the risk for certain diseases. The mechanisms behind the reported effects of dietary fiber on metabolic health are not well established. It is speculated to be a result of changes in intestinal viscosity, nutrient absorption, rate of passage, production of short chain fatty acids and production of gut hormones. Given the inconsistencies reported between studies this review will examine the most up to date data concerning dietary fiber and its effects on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Lattimer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Bartley GE, Yokoyama W, Young SA, Anderson WHK, Hung SC, Albers DR, Langhorst ML, Kim H. Hypocholesterolemic effects of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are mediated by altered gene expression in hepatic bile and cholesterol pathways of male hamsters. J Nutr 2010; 140:1255-60. [PMID: 20444951 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.118349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a semisynthetic, nonfermentable soluble dietary fiber, is not absorbed by the body, but its presence in the intestinal lumen increases fecal fat, sterol, and bile acid excretions and decreases intestinal cholesterol absorption, all of which may indirectly affect hepatic lipid metabolism. We measured the expression of hepatic genes involved in cholesterol, bile acid, and fatty acid metabolism in hamsters fed diets containing 39% of energy as fat and 5% of weight as HPMC or microcrystalline cellulose (control) for 4 wk. HPMC-fed hamsters gained significantly less body weight than the control group but did not differ in food intake. They had significantly lower plasma triglyceride and total-, VLDL-, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and hepatic total lipid, total and free cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than controls. Compared with controls, HPMC-fed hamsters had greater levels of mRNA for CYP7A1 (cytochrome P450 7A1; 8-fold of control; P < 0.05), CYP51 (lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase; 5.3-fold of control; P < 0.05), and HMG-CoAR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase; 1.8-fold of control; P < 0.05). The plasma total cholesterol concentrations from both the control and HPMC groups were inversely correlated with expression of hepatic CYP7A1 (r = -0.54; P < 0.05), CYP51 (r = -0.79; P < 0.005), and HMG-CoAR (r = -0.75; P < 0.005) genes. This suggests that HPMC supplementation affected both cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. Our data confirm that altered hepatic expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, possibly due to modulation of fecal bile acid excretion and intestinal cholesterol absorption, contributes to the lipid-lowering effects of HPMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn E Bartley
- Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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