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Fox K, Hart CN, Phelan S, Ventura AK, Wing R, Jelalian E. Maternal depressive symptom trajectories and associations with child feeding. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1636. [PMID: 38898428 PMCID: PMC11186209 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responsive feeding, when caregivers attend to children's signals of hunger and satiation and respond in an emotionally supportive and developmentally appropriate way, is associated with the development of healthy eating behaviors, improved diet quality, and healthy weight status for children. However, gaps in the literature remain on how factors, such as maternal depressive symptoms and child temperament, influence feeding interactions. METHODS This longitudinal secondary data analysis explored the association between maternal depressive symptom trajectory and child temperament with maternal feeding practices in women with obesity who participated in a prenatal lifestyle intervention trial. Mothers self-reported depressive symptoms at baseline, 35 weeks gestation, and 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum. At 18- and 24-months postpartum, mothers completed self-reported assessments of feeding practices and child temperament and completed in-home video-recorded meals with their child, coded using the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms and generalized regressions to assess the association between symptom trajectory group and feeding. We also explored interactions between depressive symptoms and child temperament. RESULTS Three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: No-Minimal and Decreasing, Mild-Moderate and Stable, and Moderate-Severe and Stable. At 18-months, when compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Moderate-Severe and Stable group was associated with higher observed responsiveness to child satiation cues ([Formula: see text] =2.3, 95%CI = 0.2, 4.4) and lower self-reported pressure to eat ([Formula: see text]=-0.4, 95%CI= -0.7, 0.0). When compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Mild-Moderate and Stable group was associated with higher self-reported restriction ([Formula: see text] =0.4, 95%CI = 0.0,0.7). The associations between trajectory group membership and feeding practices did not reach statistical significance at 24 months. Associations between depressive symptoms and restriction were moderated by child effortful control at 18 months [Formula: see text]) and surgency at 24 months [Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION A Moderate-Severe and Stable depressive symptom trajectory was associated with more responsive feeding practices and a Mild-Moderate and Stable trajectory was associated with higher restrictive feeding. Preliminary evidence suggests that depressive symptoms impact mothers' ability to match their use of restriction to the temperamental needs of their child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Fox
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Chantelle N Hart
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences & Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health Temple University, 3223 North Broad Street, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Suzanne Phelan
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health & Center for Health Research Bailey College of Science and Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Alison K Ventura
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health & Center for Health Research Bailey College of Science and Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Rena Wing
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Elissa Jelalian
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Perazzo SI, Hoge MK, Shaw RJ, Gillispie-Bell V, Soghier L. Improving parental mental health in the perinatal period: A review and analysis of quality improvement initiatives. Semin Perinatol 2024; 48:151906. [PMID: 38664078 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2024.151906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Parental mental health is an essential sixth vital sign that, when taken into consideration, allows clinicians to improve clinical outcomes for both parents and infants. Although standards exist for screening, referral, and treatment for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs), they are not reliably done in practice, and even when addressed, interventions are often minimal in scope. Quality improvement methodology can accelerate the implementation of interventions to address PMADs, but hurdles exist, and systems are not well designed, particularly in pediatric inpatient facilities. In this article, we review the effect of PMADs on parents and their infants and identify quality improvement interventions that can increase screening and referral to treatment of parents experiencing PMADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I Perazzo
- Division of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA; The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Margaret K Hoge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Lamia Soghier
- Division of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA; The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA.
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Tung I, Keenan K, Hipwell AE. Adolescent Mothers' Psychological Wellbeing during Pregnancy and Infant Emotional Health. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023; 52:616-632. [PMID: 34605721 PMCID: PMC8977390 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1981339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although many studies have identified risk factors for adolescent pregnancy, much less is known about factors that support pregnant adolescents' psychological wellbeing and offspring outcomes. This study drew on strength-based frameworks to investigate family and neighborhood factors linked to social connectedness that predict psychological wellbeing during adolescent pregnancy and offspring outcomes. METHOD Participants included 135 adolescent mothers (ages 14-21; 90% Black American) assessed annually since childhood as part of a longitudinal study. During preadolescence (ages 11-13), data on contextual stressors and neighborhood support were gathered from participants' caregivers; participants also rated their perceived trust/attachment with caregivers before and during pregnancy. To assess changes in psychological wellbeing, adolescents reported positive and depressed mood before and during pregnancy. A path analysis model tested the prospective associations between family and neighborhood factors, psychological wellbeing during pregnancy, and offspring outcomes (birth outcomes; observed infant positive/negative emotions at age 3-months). RESULTS Positive mood decreased from pre-pregnancy to pregnancy, whereas depressed mood remained stable. Adjusting for pre-pregnancy mood, perceived caregiver trust/attachment during pregnancy was associated with prenatal positive mood. Prenatal positive mood, in turn, reduced risk of preterm birth and indirectly predicted positive infant emotions via birth outcomes. Neighborhood support in preadolescence predicted lower prenatal depressed mood, but depressed mood did not predict infant outcomes beyond positive mood. Contextual life stress was not associated with prenatal mood after adjusting for family and neighborhood support. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight changes in positive-valence emotions during adolescent pregnancy that may have unique associations with birth outcomes and offspring emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alison E. Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Kiewa J, Meltzer-Brody S, Milgrom J, Bennett E, Mackle T, Guintivano J, Hickie IB, Colodro-Conde L, Medland SE, Martin N, Wray N, Byrne E. Lifetime prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression in a case-cohort study of depression. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059300. [PMID: 35973706 PMCID: PMC9621163 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate the prevalence, timing of onset and duration of symptoms of depression in the perinatal period (PND) in women with depression, according to whether they had a history of depression prior to their first perinatal period. We further sought to identify biopsychosocial correlates of perinatal symptoms in women with depression. DESIGN AND SETTING The Australian Genetics of Depression Study is an online case cohort study of the aetiology of depression. For a range of variables, women with depression who report significant perinatal depressive symptoms were compared with women with lifetime depression who did not experience perinatal symptoms. PARTICIPANTS In a large sample of parous women with major depressive disorder (n=7182), we identified two subgroups of PND cases with and without prior depression history (n=2261; n=878, respectively). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was a positive screen for PND on the lifetime version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Descriptive measures reported lifetime prevalence, timing of onset and duration of PND symptoms. There were no secondary outcome measures. RESULTS The prevalence of PND among parous women was 70%. The majority of women reported at least one perinatal episode with symptoms both antenatally and postnatally. Of women who experienced depression prior to first pregnancy, PND cases were significantly more likely to report more episodes of depression (OR=1.15 per additional depression episode, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001), non-European ancestry (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.1, p=0.03), severe nausea during pregnancy (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6, p=0.006) and emotional abuse (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS The majority of parous women with lifetime depression in this study experienced PND, associated with more complex, severe depression. Results highlight the importance of perinatal assessments of depressive symptoms, particularly for women with a history of depression or childhood adverse experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kiewa
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jeannette Milgrom
- Parent-Infant Research Institute, Heidelberg Heights, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Jerry Guintivano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nick Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda Byrne
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Martinez NG, Yee LM, Miller ES. Is Postpartum Patient Navigation Uniquely Beneficial for Women with Antenatal Depressive Symptoms? Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:1189-1195. [PMID: 33321528 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women with depression benefit substantively from the comprehensive postpartum visit yet are less likely to attend such visits. Postpartum patient navigation has been associated with improved postpartum visit attendance. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether patient navigation was associated with differential postpartum visit attendance for low-income, largely racial/ethnic minority women with antenatal depressive symptoms. STUDY DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of a prospective postpartum patient navigation program for adult, low-income, largely racial/ethnic minority women receiving prenatal care at a single university clinic (n = 474). Patient navigators assumed supportive and logistical responsibilities for patients between delivery and postpartum visit completion ("navigation cohort"); women in the navigation cohort were compared with women who would have been eligible for patient navigation but received care the year before program implementation ("pre-navigation cohort"). Women were considered to have antenatal depressive symptoms if they had a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score above 9 prior to delivery. The primary outcome was attendance at the comprehensive postpartum visit by 12 weeks. Factors associated with this outcome were assessed in a prenavigation cohort of women and were subsequently evaluated in the total cohort (prenavigation and navigation groups) using multivariable models. An interaction term between antenatal depressive symptoms and navigation status was generated to evaluate for effect modification. RESULTS In the prenavigation cohort, antenatal depressive symptoms were more frequent among women who did not attend the postpartum visit (25.0 vs. 10.2%, p = 0.002) and remained a risk factor for postpartum visit nonattendance on multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18-0.83). In the navigation cohort (n = 218), the presence of antenatal depressive symptoms was not associated with attendance (p = 0.117). In multivariable analyses of the total cohort, the interaction term between antenatal depressive symptoms and navigation was statistically significant (aOR: 11.06, 95% CI: 1.21-101.08). CONCLUSION Postpartum patient navigation appears particularly beneficial among women with antenatal depressive symptoms for increasing postpartum appointment attendance. KEY POINTS · Patient navigation has been associated with improved postpartum visit attendance.. · Among low-income women, antenatal depressive symptoms are a risk factor for postpartum visit nonattendance.. · Postpartum patient navigation appears particularly beneficial among women with antenatal depressive symptoms..
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle G Martinez
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lynn M Yee
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily S Miller
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Gao X, Barcelona V, DeWan A, Prescott L, Crusto C, Sun YV, Taylor JY. Depressive Symptoms and Blood Pressure in African American Women: A Secondary Analysis From the Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure Study. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2022; 37:E89-E96. [PMID: 37707976 PMCID: PMC8443694 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a risk factor for hypertension, yet few studies have been conducted in African American women. OBJECTIVE We conducted a secondary analysis of depressive symptoms and high blood pressure among African American women from the Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure longitudinal study (N = 250). METHODS Logistic regression was used to examine depressive symptoms and blood pressure, adjusting for education, employment, and racism/discrimination. Growth curve modeling was used to investigate longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures at 4 time points (T1-T4). RESULTS Depressive symptoms at baseline were not prospectively associated with hypertension prevalence. Participants with Beck Depression Inventory scores higher than 10 had higher estimated marginal SBP and DBP over time compared with participants with lower scores. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms were not associated with hypertension prevalence at T4, but they were associated with higher estimated marginal SBP and DBP. Future research is needed to elucidate mechanisms and implications for clinical care and prevention.
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Feldman JS, Wilson MN, Shaw DS. Relations between Early Childhood Paternal Depression and Preschool- and School-age Psychosocial Functioning. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:97-111. [PMID: 32078383 PMCID: PMC7438250 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1723600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The present study used a longitudinal design to examine associations between paternal depressive symptoms in toddlerhood and children's psychosocial adjustment during the preschool and school-age periods. Maternal depressive symptoms and intervention status were tested as moderators of associations between paternal depressive symptoms and child maladjustment.Method: The sample (n = 264, 48% female, 62% White, 14% Black, 14% bi-racial, 11% another racial group, and 86% non-Hispanic/Latinx) represented a subsample of families from the Early Steps Multisite Study, a clinical randomized trial testing the effectiveness of the Family Check-Up among low-income families using Women, Infants, and Children Nutritional Supplement Services in three communities varied in urbanicity. Fathers and mothers reported their levels of depressive symptoms at child age 2, primary caregivers (mostly mothers) contributed measures of child adjustment at ages 5, 8.5, and 9.5, and teachers completed questionnaires about child adjustment at ages 8.5 and 9.5.Results: Direct relations were found between paternal depressive symptoms and primary caregivers' reports of children's preschool and school-age internalizing problems. Furthermore, higher levels of paternal depression were associated with higher levels of children's later adjustment problems at preschool-age when maternal depressive symptoms were mild or higher. The Family Check-Up attenuated relations between paternal depressive symptoms and children's internalizing problems at school-age.Conclusions: These findings have important implications for future research on preventing children's early-emerging problem behaviors at home, suggesting that addressing paternal depressive symptoms in early childhood may be an important intervention target, especially in the context of maternal depression.
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Niyonsenga J, Mutabaruka J. Factors of postpartum depression among teen mothers in Rwanda: a cross- sectional study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2021; 42:356-360. [PMID: 32131669 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2020.1735340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the factors of postpartum depression among teen mothers. METHOD A convenient sample of 120 teen mothers who were aged 15 to 19 years (M = 18.02, SD = 1.16) were recruited. Depression and its related factors were assessed with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Eating Disorder Inventory (Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Thinness subscales), Parental stress index (Parental distress and Parental-child dysfunctional interaction subscales), Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (parental criticism of parenting subscale) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Both descriptive and analytical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22). RESULTS Results showed that 48% of sample had clinically high levels of depressive symptoms. Its associated factors were parental distress (β = .297, t = 3.378, p = .001), weight/shape disturbances (β = .217, t = 2.42, p = .017), economic income (β = -.210, t = -2.32, p = .022) and parental-child dysfunctional interaction (β = .20, t = 2.08, p = .03) among seven factors considered. CONCLUSION Regression analyses showed that parental distress, weight/shape disturbances, economic income and parental-child dysfunctional interaction predicted unique variance associated with depression level. These findings are discussed in light of future work and the persistent need to inform prevention and treatment programs for teen mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhet Niyonsenga
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jean Mutabaruka
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Barboza GE, Schiamberg L. Dual trajectories of parenting self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in new, postpartum mothers and socioemotional adjustment in early childhood: A growth mixture model. Infant Ment Health J 2021; 42:636-654. [PMID: 34378809 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression and low parental self-efficacy (PSE) are risk factors for poor child behavior. Little is known, however, about the course of dual trajectories of cooccurring depressive symptoms and PSE or its impact on children's socioemotional development. This study sought to identify trajectories of postpartum PSE and depressive symptoms in new, first-time mothers using growth mixture modeling. Results demonstrated a class of women with "low risk" (88.8%) who manifested low levels of depression and high levels of PSE during the postpartum period; a second group of women, labeled "early risk" (6.3%) with high levels of depression that decreased over time but lower levels of PSE that remained fairly stable; and a final trajectory group deemed the "late-risk" class (4.9%) with initially low levels of depression and high levels of PSE that significantly increased and decreased, respectively, over the period. Early childhood trauma, parenting stress, and poor parenting practices were associated membership in a high-risk class. Mothers in the high-risk groups reported children with more aggressive and defiant behavior at age 3. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for developing effective and sensitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia Elise Barboza
- School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Lawrence Schiamberg
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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Irish AM, White JS, Modrek S, Hamad R. Paid Family Leave and Mental Health in the U.S.: A Quasi-Experimental Study of State Policies. Am J Prev Med 2021; 61:182-191. [PMID: 34294424 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several U.S. states have implemented paid family leave policies for new parents. Few studies have evaluated the impacts of U.S. paid family leave policies on families' health. This study tests the hypothesis that paid family leave policies in California and New Jersey improved parent and child mental health. METHODS Using national data from the 1997-2016 waves of the National Health Interview Survey, the study assessed changes in parental psychological distress (measured using the Kessler 6 score, n=28,638) and child behavioral problems (measured using the Mental Health Indicator score, n=15,987) using difference-in-differences analysis, a quasi-experimental method that compared outcomes before and after the implementation of paid family leave policies in California and New Jersey while accounting for secular trends in states without paid family leave policies. Secondary analyses were conducted to assess differential responses among prespecified subgroups. Data analysis was conducted in 2018-2021. RESULTS Exposure to paid family leave policies was associated with decreased psychological distress among parents (-0.49, 95% CI= -0.77, -0.21). There was no association between the paid family leave policies and children's behavioral problems (-0.06, 95% CI= -0.13, 0.012). Associations varied by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, with some subgroups experiencing benefits, whereas others were negatively impacted. CONCLUSIONS Study findings suggest that state paid family leave policies improved mental health among parents, with mixed findings among children, including positive, negative, or no changes in mental health, depending on the subgroup. Future work should clarify how more recent state policies, some of which provide more generous benefits and job protections for low-income parents, influence health among affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Irish
- UCSF Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin S White
- UCSF Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sepideh Modrek
- Health Equity Institute, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Rita Hamad
- UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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ÇINAKLI Ş, ARSLANTAŞ H. Adölesan olan ve olmayan annelerde çocukluk çağı travmaları, postpartum depresyon ve maternal bağlanma. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.866183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Muzik M. Achieving Comprehensive Treatment in Perinatal Mental Health: Is Educating Obstetric Providers Sufficient? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:1367-1369. [PMID: 33926218 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muzik
- Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Understanding trajectories of externalizing problems: Stability and emergence of risk factors from infancy to middle adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:264-283. [PMID: 32366334 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to understand the processes that underlie the development of externalizing behavior problems, it is still unclear why externalizing problems remain chronically high for some children, emerge early and cease by late childhood for others, and arise in adolescence in some cases. The purpose of this study was to examine how a wide range of child and family risk factors are linked to trajectories of externalizing behavior and how these relationships vary from infancy to middle adolescence. We used data from the community-based Norwegian Tracking Opportunities and Problems (TOPP) study sample (n = 921). A Cholesky factorization model was specified to separate stable and emerging risk doses across four developmental periods (infancy, early and middle childhood, and middle adolescence). Children in the High Stable class were characterized by substantially elevated risk levels in multiple domains throughout the study period. Children in the High Childhood Limited class had very high levels of temperamental emotionality, internalizing symptoms, and maternal mental distress, suggesting a substantial intrinsic emotional basis for their externalizing problems. Intrinsic factors seemed less salient for the Adolescent Onset class. These findings emphasize the need for a dynamic perspective on risk factors and support the importance of prevention and intervention efforts across multiple domains from early childhood and throughout adolescence.
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Sirianni CD, Abeare CA, Ali S, Razvi P, Kennedy A, Pyne SR, Erdodi LA. The V-5 provides quick, accurate and cross-culturally valid measures of psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113651. [PMID: 33618234 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to cross-validate the V-5, a quick psychiatric screener, across administration formats and levels of examinee acculturation. The V-5 was administered twice (once at the beginning and once at the end of the testing session) to three samples (N = 277) with varying levels of symptom severity and English language proficiency, varying type of administration, alongside traditional self-reported symptom inventories as criterion measures. The highest rest-retest reliability was observed on the Depression (.84) and Pain scales (.85). The V-5 was sensitive to the variability in symptom severity. Classification accuracy was driven by the base rate of the target construct, and was invariant across administration format (in-person or online) or level of English proficiency. The V-5 demonstrated promise as a cross-culturally robust screening instrument that is sensitive to change over time, lends itself to online administration, and is suitable for examinees with limited English proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sami Ali
- School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor ON, Canada
| | - Parveen Razvi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Windsor, Windsor ON, Canada
| | - Arianna Kennedy
- School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor ON, Canada
| | - Sadie R Pyne
- Learning Disability Association of Windsor-Essex, Windsor ON Canada
| | - Laszlo A Erdodi
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor ON, Canada.
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Vanderkruik R, Gonsalves L, Kapustianyk G, Allen T, Say L. Mental health of adolescents associated with sexual and reproductive outcomes: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:359-373K. [PMID: 33958824 PMCID: PMC8061667 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.254144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To systematically review the literature on the mental health of adolescents associated with sexual and reproductive outcomes, and compare the mental health outcomes with that of other age groups. Methods We searched seven databases for relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2010 and 25 April 2019. Our inclusion criteria required that the study included age-disaggregated data on adolescents, and focused and assessed mental health outcomes associated with pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections. We extracted data on the specific health event, the mental health outcome and the method of measuring this, and comparisons with other age groups. Findings After initially screening 10 818 articles by title and abstract, we included 96 articles in our review. We observed that a wide-ranging prevalence of mental ill-health has been reported for adolescents. However, most studies of mental health during pregnancy did not identify an increased risk of depression or other mental disorders among adolescents compared with other age groups. In contrast, the majority of studies conducted during the postpartum period identified an increased risk of depression in adolescents compared with other age groups. Three studies reported on mental health outcomes following abortion, with varying results. We found no studies of the effect of sexually transmitted infections on mental health among adolescents. Conclusion We recommend that sexual and reproductive health services should be accessible to adolescents to address their needs and help to prevent any adverse mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Vanderkruik
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Lianne Gonsalves
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomas Allen
- Department of Quality, Norms and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lale Say
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Accortt EE, Arora C, Mirocha J, Jackman S, Liang R, Karumanchi SA, Berg AH, Hobel CJ. Low Prenatal Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio and Subsequent Postpartum Depression Risk. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:113-120. [PMID: 33021442 PMCID: PMC7826430 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Depression is a common complication of pregnancy and vitamin D deficiency is one biological risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD). Materials and Methods: We evaluated the ratio of 24,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)D serum concentrations referred to as the Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio (VMR), a new candidate biomarker during pregnancyand its relationship with PPD. Women were enrolled in the first trimester of pregnancy and followed through four timepoints. Results: A total of 89 women had complete depression, biomarker and demographic data and 34% were at risk for PPD (CES-D≥16). Stepwise multiple logistic regression models for PPD risk were carried out with eight predictors. Results showed that only lower VMR, OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.10-1.86, p = 0.007, and Hispanic/Latina identification, OR = 3.83, 95% CI 1.44-10.92, p = 0.007 were significantly associated with higher PPD risk. Conclusion: Routine prenatal screening for vitamin D metabolites, particularly in Hispanic/Latina women, may identify women at risk for PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynav E. Accortt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chander Arora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Mirocha
- Cedars-Sinai Biostatistics Core, Research Institute, Clinical & Translational Science Institute (CTSI), Clinical & Translational Research Center (CTRC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan Jackman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S. Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anders H. Berg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Calvin J. Hobel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Simons HR, Thorpe LE, Jones HE, Lewis JB, Tobin JN, Ickovics JR. Perinatal Depressive Symptom Trajectories Among Adolescent Women in New York City. J Adolesc Health 2020; 67:84-92. [PMID: 32268996 PMCID: PMC11225562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to estimate distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms among adolescent women across the perinatal period. METHODS Using longitudinal depressive symptom data (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) from control participants in the Centering Pregnancy Plus Project (2008-2012), we conducted group-based trajectory modeling to identify depressive symptomatology trajectories from early pregnancy to 1-year postpartum among 623 adolescent women in New York City. We examined associations between sociodemographic, psychosocial, and pregnancy characteristics and the outcome, depressive symptom trajectories. RESULTS We identified three distinct trajectory patterns: stable low or no depressive symptoms (58%), moderate depressive symptoms declining over time (32%), and chronically high depressive symptoms (11%). Women with chronically high symptoms reported higher levels of pregnancy distress and social conflict and lower perceived quality of social support than other women. CONCLUSIONS This study found heterogeneity in perinatal depressive symptom trajectories and identified a group with chronically high symptoms that might be detected during prenatal care. Importantly, we did not identify a trajectory group with new-onset high depressive symptoms postpartum. Findings have important implications for screening and early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Simons
- City University of New York School of Public Health, New York, New York.
| | - Lorna E Thorpe
- City University of New York School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Heidi E Jones
- City University of New York School of Public Health, New York, New York
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Nurmaulid, Erfina, Nur IM. Social support and incidence of depression among postpartum mother lived in the extended family as Indonesian culture. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Erfina E, Widyawati W, McKenna L, Reisenhofer S, Ismail D. Exploring Indonesian adolescent women's healthcare needs as they transition to motherhood: A qualitative study. Women Birth 2019; 32:e544-e551. [PMID: 30928175 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marriage and underage childbirth is a phenomenon of increasing incidence globally. Adolescent mothers simultaneously encounter multiple developmental challenges related to transition into adulthood, marriage, pregnancy and mothering responsibilities. Despite this, studies investigating postpartum care needs for adolescent mothers are limited. AIMS The aim of this study was to explore adolescent mothers' postnatal inpatient experiences and healthcare needs as they moved towards their maternal roles. METHODS A descriptive qualitative design was adopted to better understand experiences of adolescent mothers during their transition to becoming mothers. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with eleven adolescent mothers in hospital settings in South Sulawesi, Indonesia and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Four major themes emerged: (1) breastfeeding problems, (2) disempowerment in caring for the baby, (3) health care encounters, and (4) health care needs for adolescent motherhood transition. DISCUSSION Breastfeeding problems and feeling disempowered in caring for their babies after birth was experienced by all adolescent mothers in this study. Furthermore, the health care provided was limited to mandatory hospital tasks with staff failing to recognize adolescent mothers' broader needs. The findings suggest that adolescent mothers need compassionate health education, support and psychological care from midwives in the postpartum ward before hospital discharge. CONCLUSION The results highlight important issues in postnatal care provision for adolescent mothers in improving their maternal roles during the transition period. Specific, appropriate interventions for adolescent mothers are needed to support their transition and adaptation to their new roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfina Erfina
- Doctoral Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Bulaksumur, Caturtunggal, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Faculty of Nursing, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Tamalanrea, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Widyawati Widyawati
- Doctoral Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Bulaksumur, Caturtunggal, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Bulaksumur, Caturtunggal, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Lisa McKenna
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Sonia Reisenhofer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Djauhar Ismail
- Doctoral Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Bulaksumur, Caturtunggal, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Bulaksumur, Caturtunggal, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
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Postpartum depression and social support in a racially and ethnically diverse population of women. Arch Womens Ment Health 2019; 22:105-114. [PMID: 29968129 PMCID: PMC6800248 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-018-0882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lack of social support is an important risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD), whereas the presence of social support can buffer against PPD. However, the relationship between social support and PPD in racial/ethnic minority women is still largely unknown. Our purpose was to examine the role of social support in a large, diverse population of PPD cases and controls. Participants (N = 1517) were recruited at the routine 6-week postpartum visit (± 1-2 weeks) from four different outpatient clinics in North Carolina. Case status was determined using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Social support was measured using the Medical Outcomes Social (MOS) Support survey and the Baby's Father Support Scale (DAD). We found that higher levels of social support had a strong protective association against PPD (MOS total score OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.19-0.27; p = 6.92E-90; DAD total score OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.88-0.92; p = 1.69E-29), and the effects of social support did not differ when accounting for race/ethnicity. Additionally, PPD symptom severity is significantly and negatively correlated with the degree of social support. Our findings suggest that multi-dimensional aspects of social support may be protective for racial/ethnic minority women. We believe this study is currently the largest and most robust characterizing PPD case status and its association with social support in a diverse cohort of mothers. Future work is required to understand how best to implement culturally sensitive interventions to increase social support in minority perinatal women.
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Baron E, Bass J, Murray SM, Schneider M, Lund C. A systematic review of growth curve mixture modelling literature investigating trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors. J Affect Disord 2017; 223:194-208. [PMID: 28763638 PMCID: PMC5592733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to review the growth curve mixture modelling (GCMM) literature investigating trajectories of perinatal maternal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles published until November 2015 was conducted in seven databases. Articles using GCMM to identify trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were considered. Symptoms had to be assessed at least three times, anytime from pregnancy to two years postpartum (PROSPERO; 2016:CRD42016032600). RESULTS Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. All reported a low risk trajectory, characterised by stable low depressive symptoms throughout the perinatal period. A stable moderate-high or high symptom trajectory was reported in eight of 11 studies, suggesting a high-risk group with persistent depressive symptoms. Six studies also reported transient trajectories, with either increasing, decreasing or episodic depressive symptoms. None of the demographic, personality or clinical characteristics investigated systematically differentiated groups of women with different symptom trajectories, within or across studies. Thus, it is difficult to differentiate women at high or low risk of specific perinatal depression trajectories. LIMITATIONS A meta-analysis was not possible. The studies' settings and inclusion criteria limit the generalisability of the findings to low-risk, middle- to high-income women. CONCLUSIONS Relatively similar trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were identified across studies. Evidence on factors differentiating women assigned to different trajectories was inconsistent. Research with larger samples and in more diverse settings is needed to inform services and policies on how and when to effectively identify subgroups of women at high risk of perinatal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Baron
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Judith Bass
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Sarah M Murray
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Marguerite Schneider
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Crick Lund
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Center for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Armour JA, Joussemet M, Kurdi V, Tessier J, Boivin M, Tremblay RE. How toddlers' irritability and fearfulness relate to parenting: A longitudinal study conducted among Quebec families. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie-Ann Armour
- Department of Psychology; Université de Montréal; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Mireille Joussemet
- Department of Psychology; Université de Montréal; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Vanessa Kurdi
- Department of Psychology; Université de Montréal; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jeanne Tessier
- Department of Psychology; Université de Montréal; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- Department of Psychology; Université Laval; Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Richard E. Tremblay
- Department of Psychology; Université de Montréal; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur l'inadaptation psychosociale chez l'enfant (GRIP); Université de Montréal; Montreal Quebec Canada
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Hails KA, Reuben JD, Shaw DS, Dishion TJ, Wilson MN. Transactional Associations Among Maternal Depression, Parent-Child Coercion, and Child Conduct Problems During Early Childhood. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 47:S291-S305. [PMID: 28278598 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1280803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal depression is among the most consistent and well-replicated risk factors for negative child outcomes, particularly in early childhood. Although children of depressed mothers are at an increased risk of adjustment problems, conversely, children with emotional or behavioral problems also have been found to adversely compromise maternal functioning, including increasing maternal depression. The purpose of this investigation was to examine transactional associations among maternal depression, parent-child coercive interaction, and children's conduct and emotional problems in early childhood using a cross-lagged panel model. Participants were 731 toddlers and families that were part of the Early Steps Multisite Study, a sample of diverse ethnic backgrounds and communities (i.e., rural, urban, suburban) recruited from Women, Infants, and Children Nutritional Supplement Centers. Analyses provided support for the existence of some modest transactional relations between parent-child coercion and maternal depression and between maternal depression and child conduct problems. Cross-lagged effects were somewhat stronger between children age 2-3 than age 3-4. Similar patterns were observed in the model with child emotional problems replacing conduct problems, but relations between coercion and maternal depression were attenuated in this model. In addition, the transactional hypothesis was more strongly supported when maternal versus secondary caregiver reports were used for child problem behavior. The findings have implications for the need to support caregivers and reinforce positive parenting practices within family-centered interventions in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel S Shaw
- a Department of Psychology , University of Pittsburgh
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24
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Santos H, Tan X, Salomon R. Heterogeneity in perinatal depression: how far have we come? A systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2017; 20:11-23. [PMID: 27796597 PMCID: PMC5507213 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-016-0691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite perinatal depression (PND) being a common mental disorder affecting pregnant women and new mothers, limited attention has been paid to the heterogeneous nature of this disorder. We examined heterogeneity in PND symptom profiles and symptom trajectories. Literature searches revealed 247 studies, 23 of which were included in the final review. The most common statistical approaches used to explore symptom and trajectory heterogeneity were latent class model and growth mixture model. All but one study examined PND symptom trajectories and provided collective evidence of at least three heterogeneous patterns: low, medium, or chronic-high symptom levels. Social and psychological risk factors were the most common group of predictors related to a higher burden (high sum of score) of depressive symptoms. These studies were consistent in reporting poorer health outcomes for children of mothers assigned to high burden symptom trajectories. Only one study explored heterogeneity in symptom profile and was the only one to describe the specific constellations of depressive symptoms related to the PND heterogeneous patterns identified. Therefore, there is limited evidence on the specific symptoms and symptom configurations that make up PND heterogeneity. We suggest directions for future research to further clarify the PND heterogeneity and its related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson Santos
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, CB# 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Xianming Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca Salomon
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, CB# 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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25
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Reuben JD, Shaw DS. Resilience in the Offspring of Depressed Mothers: Variation Across Risk, Domains, and Time. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2016; 18:300-27. [PMID: 26541559 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research has demonstrated that maternal depression is a significant risk factor for emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents (Goodman and Gotlib in Psychol Rev 106:458-490, 1999). It is important to note, however, that most children of depressed parents do not develop problems. This review will examine studies of resilience as they relate to the degree to which positive adjustment occurs across different levels of risk (i.e., severity and chronicity of depression as well as in context of multiple risk factors), domains of adjustment, and time. Understanding the phenomenon of resilience to depression is of critical importance to prevention and intervention experts because it may provide insight into processes that can be enhanced and targeted in prevention approaches among high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Reuben
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, 4425 Sennott Square, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260-0001, USA.
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, 4425 Sennott Square, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260-0001, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To date, little is known regarding the impact of maternal depression on participation in public benefit programs. This study examines whether maternal depression is predictive of lower WIC participation in early childhood. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis using weighted data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Maternal data collected when children were 9 and 24 months of age were used. 9 months was considered baseline, and 24 months was considered follow-up. The study cohort consisted of 3841 low income mothers, defined as <185 % federal poverty level, who reported WIC participation at baseline. Baseline maternal depressive symptoms were measured by a 12-item abbreviated version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. WIC participation was assessed by maternal self-report. RESULTS At baseline, 24.5 % of mothers were depressed (raw score >9). The majority of mothers were white, unemployed, and born in the US. Most received Medicaid (74 %) and almost half received SNAP (47 %). At follow-up, 80.1 % of mothers reported WIC participation. In multivariable analysis, maternal depression at baseline was significantly associated with decreased WIC participation at follow-up (aOR 0.74; 95 % CI 0.55-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal depression is an independent risk factor for decreased WIC participation in low-income families with young children. Primary and secondary prevention strategies aimed at maternal depression may positively impact low-income families' participation in public benefit programs. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed in order to inform clinical practice and public health policy.
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Ceballos M, Wallace G, Goodwin G. Postpartum Depression among African-American and Latina Mothers Living in Small Cities, Towns, and Rural Communities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2016; 4:10.1007/s40615-016-0295-z. [PMID: 27761728 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-016-0295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of postpartum depression can lead to poor maternal-child attachment, failure to thrive, and even infant death. Postpartum depression affects 13-19 % of parturients. However, among racial and ethnic minority parturients, postpartum depression rates have been shown to reach up to 35-67 % (as reported by O'Hara and McCabe, Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9:379-407, 2013; Boury et al., Women Health. 39(3):19-34, 2004; Ramos-Marcuse et al.. J Affect Disord. 122(1-2):68-75, 2010; Lucero et al., J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 24(12):726-34, 2012). This is more concerning when considering the fact that these mothers are also hardest to reach because they are usually marginalized and displaced within mainstream US society. The current study assesses potential risk factors that contribute to postpartum depression among African-American and Latina mothers. METHODS We analyze data from 3317 Healthy Start participants living in small cities, towns, and rural areas in Pennsylvania using a logistic regression analysis controlling for known contributing risk factors, including maternal health, family life, social support, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and community of residence. We use a multiple imputation multivariate analysis to account for the potential effects of missing data. RESULTS The results show that the odds of a risk of postpartum depression is nearly 80 and 40 % greater for African-American (OR = 1.80, p < .001) and Latina mothers (OR = 1.41, p < .01), respectively, as compared to white mothers. While the higher risks of postpartum depression for Latinas is explained in part by socioeconomic status, community of residence, and immigrant status, the significantly higher risk among African-American mothers cannot be completely ameliorated by the controlled variables. Our study highlights the need for further research into the impact of social and environmental stressors on postpartum depression among racial and ethnic minority populations living in small cities, towns, and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ceballos
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, 102 Old Library Building, West Chester, PA, 19380, USA.
| | - Gail Wallace
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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28
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Preventing infant and child morbidity and mortality due to maternal depression. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 36:156-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lewin A, Mitchell S, Beers L, Schmitz K, Boudreaux M. Improved Contraceptive Use Among Teen Mothers in a Patient-Centered Medical Home. J Adolesc Health 2016; 59:171-6. [PMID: 27448947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Generations program, a patient-centered medical home, providing primary medical care, social work, and mental health services to teen mothers and their children, offers a promising approach to pregnancy prevention for teen mothers. This study tested whether the Generations intervention was associated with improved rates of contraceptive and condom use among participants 12 months after program entry. METHODS This study compared teen mothers enrolled in Generations to those receiving standard community-based pediatric primary care over 12 months. Participants included African-American mothers ages 19 and younger, with infants under 6 months, living in Washington DC. A total of 83% of the baseline sample (150 mother-child dyads) was retained at follow-up. RESULTS Generations participants had over three times the odds of contraceptive use, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.35, and twice the odds of condom use (OR = 2.29) after 12 months, compared to participants receiving standard pediatric care. The odds remained comparable and significant when adjusting for differences in baseline use. Once additional covariates were entered into the model, the association was reduced to OR = 2.59 because being in a relationship with the baby's father was significantly associated with reduced contraceptive use. The same pattern was evident for condom use. Mothers in Generations had steady use of contraceptives over time, but there was a decline in use among comparison mothers, indicating that Generations prevented contraceptive discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that the Generations program is an effective intervention for improving contraceptive use among teen mothers, a group at especially high risk for pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lewin
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
| | - Stephanie Mitchell
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Lee Beers
- Goldberg Center for Community Pediatric Health, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Kristine Schmitz
- Goldberg Center for Community Pediatric Health, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Michel Boudreaux
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Campbell-Grossman C, Hudson DB, Kupzyk KA, Brown SE, Hanna KM, Yates BC. Low-Income, African American, Adolescent Mothers' Depressive Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Social Support. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2016; 25:2306-2314. [PMID: 28413312 PMCID: PMC5389114 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-016-0386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this descriptive repeated-measures study was to describe depressive symptom patterns and report changes over time in levels of perceived stress and social support depending on patterns of depressive symptoms in single, low-income, African American, adolescent mothers during the initial, 6-month postpartum period. Thirty-five adolescent subjects between the ages of 16 and 22 years old were recruited at health care clinics in two Midwestern cities. Data collections by advanced practice nurses were completed at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum at mothers' homes. Established instruments were used to measure depressive symptoms, perceived stress and social support. Results indicated 63% of adolescent mothers' experienced depressive symptoms sometime during this transition period and 11.4% of these subjects had depressive symptoms at all 4 time points. Depressive symptoms were associated with perceived stress at each time point. Emotional support was inversely associated with depressive symptoms at 2 of the 4 time points. Depressive symptoms and problematic support were significantly related at 3 months and 6 months. Although single, low-income, African American, adolescent mothers are considered a high risk group, some are at even greater risk. This extremely high risk group have depressive symptoms throughout the first 6 months postpartum with the highest level of perceived stress and the most variability in social support relative to groups that were never depressed or were in and out of depression. More studies are needed to understand how to best help these high risk adolescents successfully transition to motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin A Kupzyk
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sara E Brown
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Kathleen M Hanna
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Bernice C Yates
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Martoccio TL, Brophy-Herb HE, Maupin AN, Robinson JL. Longitudinal pathways from early maternal depression to children’s dysregulated representations: a moderated mediation analysis of harsh parenting and gender. Attach Hum Dev 2015; 18:46-68. [DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2015.1111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Garg A, Toy S, Tripodis Y, Cook J, Cordella N. Influence of maternal depression on household food insecurity for low-income families. Acad Pediatr 2015; 15:305-10. [PMID: 25454368 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether maternal depression predicts future household food insecurity for low-income families. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). The study cohort consisted of 2917 low-income mothers, defined as <185% federal poverty level, who were food secure at baseline. Maternal data collected when children were 9 and 24 months of age were used. Data at 9 months were considered baseline, and data at 24 months were considered follow-up. Baseline maternal depressive symptoms were measured by a 12-item abbreviated version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Household food insecurity at follow-up was measured by the US Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Scale. RESULTS At baseline, 16% of mothers were depressed (raw score >9). Most mothers were white, unemployed, and born in the United States. The majority received Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (86%); 39% received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). At follow-up, 11.8% of mothers reported household food insecurity. In multivariable analysis, maternal depression at baseline was significantly associated with food insecurity at follow-up (adjusted odds ratio 1.50; 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.12). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal depression is an independent risk factor for household food insecurity in low-income families with young children. Multidisciplinary interventions embedded within and outside the pediatric medical home should be developed to identify depressed mothers and link them to community-based mental health and food resources. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to understand and address the complex relationship between poverty, maternal depression, social safety nets, and food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sarah Toy
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - John Cook
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Nick Cordella
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass
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Lee CT, Stroo M, Fuemmeler B, Malhotra R, Østbye T. Trajectories of depressive symptoms over 2 years postpartum among overweight or obese women. Womens Health Issues 2015; 24:559-66. [PMID: 25213748 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although depressive symptoms are common postpartum, few studies have followed women beyond 12 months postpartum to investigate changes in the number and severity of these symptoms over time, especially in overweight and obese women. Using two complementary analytical methods, this study aims to identify trajectories of depressive symptoms over 2 years postpartum among overweight or obese mothers, and assess the demographic, socioeconomic, and health covariates for these trajectories. METHODS Using longitudinal data from two behavioral intervention studies (Kids and Adults Now!-Defeat Obesity [KAN-DO] and Active Mothers Postpartum (AMP); n = 844), we used latent growth modeling to identify the overall trajectory of depressive symptoms and how it was related to key covariates. Next, we used latent class growth analysis to assess the heterogeneity in the depressive symptom trajectories over time, and thereby, identify subgroups of women with distinct trajectories. FINDINGS The overall trajectory of depressive symptoms over 2 years postpartum was relatively stable in our sample. However, the presence of three distinct latent class trajectories (stable-low [82.5%], decreasing symptoms [7.3%], and increasing symptoms [10.2%]), identified based on trajectory shape and mean depressive symptom score, supported heterogeneity in depressive symptom trajectories over time. Lower maternal education was related to a higher symptom score, and poorer subjective health status at baseline predicted inclusion in the increasing symptoms trajectory. CONCLUSIONS In some overweight or obese mothers, postpartum depressive symptoms do not resolve quickly. Practitioners should be aware of this phenomenon and continue to screen for depression for longer periods of time postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ti Lee
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
| | - Marissa Stroo
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bernard Fuemmeler
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rahul Malhotra
- Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Truls Østbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Surkan PJ, Kiihl SF, Kozuki N, Vieira LMC. Social support of low-income Brazilian mothers related to time to completion of childhood vaccinations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 8:596-603. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.19203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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A systematic review of perinatal depression interventions for adolescent mothers. J Adolesc 2014; 37:1227-35. [PMID: 25238209 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor, adolescent, racial/ethnic minority women are at great risk for developing perinatal depression. However, little research has been conducted evaluating interventions for this population. We conducted a systematic review of preventive and treatment interventions for perinatal depression tested with adolescents, with a focus on low income, minority populations. Nine research-based articles (including one that reported on two studies) were reviewed systematically, and quality ratings were assigned based on a validated measure assessing randomization, double-blinding, and reporting of participant withdrawals. Two treatment studies were identified, both of which were successful in reducing depression. Eight prevention studies were located, of which four were more efficacious than control conditions in preventing depression. Studies sampled mostly minority, low socioeconomic status adolescents. No consistent characteristics across efficacious interventions could be identified. This review underscores the need for researchers to further investigate and build an evidence base.
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Christofides NJ, Jewkes RK, Dunkle KL, McCarty F, Jama Shai N, Nduna M, Sterk C. Risk factors for unplanned and unwanted teenage pregnancies occurring over two years of follow-up among a cohort of young South African women. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:23719. [PMID: 25150027 PMCID: PMC4141943 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although teenage pregnancies in South Africa have declined, the short and longer term health and social consequences are a potential public health concern. This longitudinal study aimed to describe the range of risk and protective factors for incident unwanted and unplanned pregnancies occurring over 2 years of follow-up among a cohort of adolescent women in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It also investigated the relationship between gender inequality and gender-based violence and subsequent unplanned and unwanted pregnancies among the cohort. OBJECTIVE Teenage girls, aged 15-18 years (n=19), who were volunteer participants in a cluster randomized controlled trial and who had data from at least one follow-up were included in this analysis. To assess risk and protective factors for incident unwanted or unplanned pregnancies, we constructed multivariate polytomous regression models adjusting for sampling clusters as latent variables. Covariates included age, having a pregnancy prior to baseline, education, time between interviews, study intervention arm, contraceptive use, experience of intimate partner violence, belief that the teenage girl and her boyfriend are mutual main partners, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Overall, 174 pregnancies occurred over the 2-year follow-up period. Beliefs about relationship control were not associated with unwanted and unplanned pregnancies, nor were experiences of forced first sex or coerced sex under the age of 15. Hormonal contraception was protective against unplanned pregnancies (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.21-0.79); however, using condoms was not protective. Physical abuse (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.05-2.72) was a risk factor for, and having a pregnancy prior to baseline was protective against an unwanted pregnancy (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.07-0.80). Higher socioeconomic status was protective for both unplanned and unwanted pregnancies (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.58-0.83 and OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.64-0.96). Believing that the teenage girl and her boyfriend were mutual main partners doubled the odds of reporting both an unplanned and unwanted pregnancy (OR 2.58 95% CI 1.07-6.25, and OR 2.21 95% CI 1.13-4.29). CONCLUSION Although some of the measures of gender inequity were not associated with unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, there is evidence of the role of both gender power and socioeconomic status. This was evident in teenage girls who experienced physical violence being more likely to have an unwanted pregnancy. Interventions to prevent teenage pregnancies need to be tailored by socioeconomic status because some teenagers may see having a pregnancy as a way to have a more secure future. Interventions that engage with relationship dynamics of teenagers are essential if unwanted and unplanned pregnancies are to be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Christofides
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Rachel K Jewkes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kristin L Dunkle
- Rollins School of Public Health, Behahioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frances McCarty
- Rollins School of Public Health, Behahioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nwabisa Jama Shai
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mzikazi Nduna
- Department of Psychology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Claire Sterk
- Rollins School of Public Health, Behahioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Early adolescent pregnancy increases risk of incident HIV infection in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a longitudinal study. J Int AIDS Soc 2014; 17:18585. [PMID: 24650763 PMCID: PMC3962027 DOI: 10.7448/ias.17.1.18585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adolescents having unprotected heterosexual intercourse are at risk of HIV infection and unwanted pregnancy. However, there is little evidence to indicate whether pregnancy in early adolescence increases the risk of subsequent HIV infection. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that adolescent pregnancy (aged 15 or younger) increases the risk of incident HIV infection in young South African women. Methods We assessed 1099 HIV-negative women, aged 15–26 years, who were volunteer participants in a cluster-randomized, controlled HIV prevention trial in the predominantly rural Eastern Cape province of South Africa. All of these young women had at least one additional HIV test over two years of follow-up. Outcomes were HIV incidence rates per 100 person years and HIV incidence rate ratios (IRRs) estimated by Poisson multivariate models. Three pregnancy categories were created for the Poisson model: early adolescent pregnancy (a first pregnancy at age 15 years or younger); later adolescent pregnancy (a first pregnancy at age 16 to 19 years); and women who did not report an adolescent pregnancy. Models were adjusted for study design, age, education, time since first sexual experience, socio-economic status, childhood trauma and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Results HIV incidence rates were 6.0 per 100 person years over two years of follow-up. The adjusted IRR was 3.02 (95% CI 1.50–6.09) for a pregnancy occurring at age 15 or younger. Women with pregnancies occurring between 16 and 19 years of age did not have a higher incidence of HIV (IRR 1.08; 95% CI 0.64–1.84). Early adolescent pregnancies were associated with higher partner numbers and a greater age difference with partners. Conclusions Early adolescent pregnancies increase the incidence of HIV among South African women. The higher risk is associated with sexual risk behaviours such as higher partner numbers and a greater age difference with partners rather than a biological explanation of hormonal changes during pregnancy.
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Kuo SY, Chen SR, Tzeng YL. Depression and anxiety trajectories among women who undergo an elective cesarean section. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86653. [PMID: 24466190 PMCID: PMC3899292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are important mood changes in childbearing women. However, changes in depression and anxiety over time in women who undergo an elective cesarean section (CS) have not yet been elucidated. We aimed to characterize the trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and patterns of co-occurrence, and examined the associated predictors of depression and anxiety courses. METHODS A prospective longitudinal study of childbearing women (N = 139) who underwent a CS was conducted. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were respectively assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and State Anxiety Inventory, in the third trimester and at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 6 months postpartum. RESULTS Group-based modeling identified three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms: group 1 (low, 30.9%), group 2 (mild, 41.7%), and group 3 (high, 27.3%). Four group trajectories of anxiety symptoms were identified: group 1 (low, 19.4%), group 2 (mild, 44.6%), group 3 (high, 28.8%), and group 4 (very high, 7.2%). Mild symptoms of both depression and anxiety were the most common joint trajectory. Depression trajectories were significantly related to anxiety trajectories (p<0.001). Predictors of the joint trajectory included the pre-pregnant body mass index (odds ratio (OR): 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1 ∼ 6.3) and a poor sleep score (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.4 ∼ 7.3) in the third trimester. CONCLUSIONS Distinctive trajectories and co-occurrence patterns of depressive and anxiety symptoms were identified. Our findings suggest a need for greater attention to continuous assessment of psychological well-being among women who undergo an elective CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Kuo
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ru Chen
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Tzeng
- School of Nursing, China Medical University, and an Adjunct Supervisor in the Department of Nursing, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Reynolds KA, Sontag-Padilla LM, Schake P, Hawk J, Schultz D. Enhancing cross-system collaboration for caregivers at risk for depression. Transl Behav Med 2013; 2:510-5. [PMID: 24073151 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-012-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, many health care systems function independently from one another. Increasing coordination across systems has the potential to vastly improve services and patient outcomes, yet implementing these changes can be challenging, requiring increased communication, interaction, and coordination across systems that typically function independently. Parental depression is one health issue that could benefit greatly from a comprehensive systems approach. The Helping Families Raise Healthy Children initiative is a cross-system quality improvement initiative aimed at improving identification and treatment of families faced with the dual challenge of caregiver depression and early childhood developmental delays. Four main techniques were used to foster and sustain cross-system collaboration and communication: cross-system trainings, regular meetings of collaborative partners, a cross-system learning collaborative for service providers, and two cross-system facilitators. The initiative achieved successful cross-system collaboration, suggesting that these methods may be used in other initiatives to foster similar types of collaboration across systems.
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Logsdon MC, Barone M, Lynch T, Robertson A, Myers J, Morrison D, York S, Gregg J. Testing of a prototype Web based intervention for adolescent mothers on postpartum depression. Appl Nurs Res 2013; 26:143-5. [PMID: 23473677 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article describes testing of a prototype Web site for adolescent mothers with postpartum depression; providing proof of concept. METHODS Participants (N=138) were recruited from a public school-based program for adolescent parents and completed the Mental Health Acceptability Scale, Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help, and Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale before, and after, the Web site intervention. They also provided feedback on the usability of the Web site. RESULTS Attitudes related to depression and treatment (ATSPPH) improved after viewing the Web site (p=.023). Feedback on the Web site indicated that it was easy to use (77%), reflecting highly acceptable score for product usability. CONCLUSIONS The data provide the foundation for the launch of the Web site from prototype to product and more comprehensive testing. The creation and testing of informational text messages will be added to the Web site to increase the interactivity and dose of the intervention.
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Abstract
We explored health literacy in parents as an underlying construct that develops through social interaction and reflection and involves an array of skills that enable a parent to manage personal and child health and healthcare. We hypothesized that depression impairs health literacy and impedes efforts to promote health literacy through home visitation. We analyzed an AHRQ/NIH database of 2,572 parent/child dyads compiled in a 2006–2008 quasi-experimental six-site nationwide study using multiple waves of measurement and a matched comparison group. Cohort families participated in home visitation programs augmented to develop parents’ reflective skills. Visitors monitored depression, health- and healthcare-related practices, and surrounding family conditions at baseline and 6-month intervals for up to 36 months using the Life Skills Progression instrument. We examined differences in initial depression ratings for demographic subgroups and explored patterns of change in health literacy among depressed versus not-depressed parents. Correlation analysis showed that at each of four assessments better depression scores were consistently and positively correlated with use of information and services (r = 21–22, P < .001) and with self-management of personal and child health (r = 42–49, P < .001). Overall, parents made significant improvements in health literacy (P < .001). As expected, depressed parents demonstrated lower baseline health literacy scores than not-depressed parents; however, they achieved greater gains (P < .001). While depression is linked with lower parental health literacy, after 1 year of enhanced home visitation, vulnerable parents were better able to manage personal and family health and healthcare, especially if depressed. Enhanced home visitation could be an effective channel to develop health literacy as a life skill, and to improve depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Smith
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Kuo SY, Yang YL, Kuo PC, Tseng CM, Tzeng YL. Trajectories of depressive symptoms and fatigue among postpartum women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012; 41:216-226. [PMID: 22375929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize the trajectories of depressive and fatigue symptoms and determine the relationship between these two trajectories and associated predictors. DESIGN A prospective, follow-up study. SETTING A teaching medical center in central Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 121 low-risk, childbearing women. METHODS Depressive and fatigue symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Fatigue Continuum Form respectively during the third trimester (time 1), one day postpartum (time 2), three days postpartum (time 3), and one week postpartum (time 4). Participants also completed structured questionnaires on demographic features, health status, and sleep quality. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 31.2 years. We observed four distinctive trajectories of depressive symptoms and three trajectories of fatigue using group-based trajectory modeling. A frequent conoccurrence of similar levels of these symptoms was found; that is, mothers in the high-risk depressive symptoms group were most likely to fall into the high-risk group for fatigue. Joint trajectories were predicted by poor sleep score (odds ratio = 2.96, 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 7.3) using multinomial logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION Overlapping but distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms and fatigue were found. These results suggest that differentiation between depressive symptoms and fatigue is possible and important for improving care during the early postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Ling Yang
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and an adjunct supervisor in the Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pi-Chao Kuo
- College of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University and a research advisor in the Nursing Department, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Meng Tseng
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Ling Tzeng
- School of Nursing, China Medical University and an adjunct supervisor in the Department of Nursing, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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Gavin AR, Lindhorst T, Lohr MJ. The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers: results from a 17-year longitudinal study. Women Health 2012; 51:525-45. [PMID: 21973109 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2011.606355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the authors in this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of elevated depressive symptoms in a 17-year cohort study of 173 women who were unmarried, pregnant adolescents between June 1988 and January 1990. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between correlates and elevated depressive symptoms during five distinct developmental periods of the life course. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory depression subscale. The prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms in adolescent mothers significantly increased over the 17 years of the study from 19.8% to 35.2%. In adjusted analyses, antenatal depressive symptoms were positively and significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms at every developmental period. Intimate partner violence was positively and significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms during all but one developmental period. Other significant correlates of elevated depressive symptoms included welfare receipt, smoking, and parity, all of which were significant at some, but not other, developmental periods. Antenatal depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence were positively and significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms. Given the public health consequences associated with maternal depression, clinical and community-based interventions should be developed to identify and to treat adolescent mothers at-risk for antenatal depression and intimate partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Gavin
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105-6299, USA.
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Whitson ML, Martinez A, Ayala C, Kaufman JS. Predictors of Parenting and Infant Outcomes for Impoverished Adolescent Parents. JOURNAL OF FAMILY SOCIAL WORK 2011; 14:284-297. [PMID: 25378892 PMCID: PMC4219258 DOI: 10.1080/10522158.2011.587173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent mothers and their children are at risk for a myriad of negative outcomes. This study examined risk and protective factors and their impact on a sample (N=172) of impoverished adolescent mothers. Multiple regression analyses revealed that depressed adolescent mothers report higher levels of parenting stress, and that their children are more at risk for maltreatment and are developmentally behind other babies. In addition, adolescent mothers with restricted social support have babies who are at higher risk for maltreatment. Finally, mothers who were older during pregnancy were more likely to stay in school. Implications for program development are discussed.
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Skipstein A, Janson H, Stoolmiller M, Mathiesen KS. Trajectories of maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression. A 13-year longitudinal study of a population-based sample. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:589. [PMID: 20925927 PMCID: PMC2967534 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of population-based studies of developmental trajectories following mothers throughout the whole child-rearing phase and there are few longitudinal studies focusing on both symptoms of depression and anxiety. The aim of the current study is to identify latent trajectory groups based on counts of symptoms of anxiety and depression among mothers throughout the child-rearing phase and the relations of the latent groups to maternal socio-demographic variables. Methods Data is from a prospective, longitudinal study of nearly 1000 families in Norway followed from when the index children were 18 months until they were 14.5 years old (the TOPP study). The study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify latent groups of mothers with distinct trajectories across time of symptom counts. Latent group differences on socio-demographic variables were tested with one-way ANOVAs, chi-square tests and exact tests. Results Six trajectories based on maternal scores from six waves of data collection of symptoms of anxiety and depression were identified; a 'No symptoms' group with mothers without symptoms; a 'Low' group with mothers reporting low symptom levels; a 'Moderate-low' group with mothers reporting moderately low symptom levels; a 'Moderate' group with mothers with moderate symptoms; a 'High-chronic' group with mothers with overall high symptom levels; and a 'Low-rising' group with mothers starting with a low symptom level that increased over time. The mothers in the High-chronic symptom group differed from the other mothers on several socio-demographic variables. They were significantly younger than the mothers in the Low group comprising the oldest mothers. The mothers in the High-chronic group had significantly lower education, were less likely to have paid work and were less likely to be living with a partner than the mothers in the other groups. Conclusions The study shows socio-demographic differences between mothers classified into six trajectory groups based on symptoms of anxiety and depression covering 13 years of the child-rearing period. Specific socio-demographic risk factors characterised mothers in the High-chronic symptom group. Identifying subgroups with enduring problems might inform more targeted preventive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Skipstein
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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