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The relationship between the joint effect of C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin with the risk of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults: Findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 158:88-94. [PMID: 36577238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the joint effect of C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin with the risk of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults. METHODS A total of 5985 participants aged 45 years or older from the China Health and Retirement longitudinal study 2011 and 2015 were included in this study. Participants were divided into 4 groups according to C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the associations between C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin and new-onset depression. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 1001(16.73%) participants experienced depressive symptoms. Compared to participants with low C-reactive protein and low glycated hemoglobin, individuals with C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin both high levels have a higher risk to suffer from depressive symptoms with corresponding multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01-1.36). Adding C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin simultaneously to conventional risk model significantly improved risk reclassification for depressive symptoms. The statistically significant interaction with joint effects of C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin on depressive symptoms was only found in different sex (P-interaction = 0.006) or age (P-interaction = 0.004) groups. Sensitivity analysis yields similar results. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin jointly increased the risk of depressive symptoms among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Using the combination indicator of C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin could better identify individuals at risk of depressive symptoms.
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Food habits and associated risk factors of depressed patients with cardiovascular disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263519. [PMID: 35113956 PMCID: PMC8812911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate food habits and associated risk factors of depressed patients with cardiovascular disease in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Depressed and healthy females (n = 30 each) and males (n = 30 each) aged 18–65 years were involved in this study. Sociodemographic, anthropometric proxies, and nutritional status were evaluated. Cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels of respondents’ blood were determined. The respondents were varied according to demographic factors and anthropometric proxies. The majority of depressed males had higher values than healthy ones. The student t-test analysis showed that the average daily intake of fat especially saturated fat, by depressed respondents was higher than that of the healthy ones as well as the dietary requirement intake (DRI). The analysis of respondents’ blood showed that the number of depressed females had higher abnormal HDL-c than males, who were observed to have an abnormal level of cholesterol and triglycerides. The correlation of daily nutrient intake and depression duration, depression severity, and age showed that the nutrients responsible for the extension and severity of depression were intake of food rich in dietary fat. Factors including demographics daily nutrient intake appeared to be associated with depression.
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Yan L, Gu MQ, Yang ZY, Xia J, Li P, Vasar E, Tian L, Song C. Endogenous n-3 PUFAs attenuated olfactory bulbectomy-induced behavioral and metabolomic abnormalities in Fat-1 mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:143-153. [PMID: 34052364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is associated with abnormal lipid metabolism, and omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can effectively treat depression. However, mechanism of lipid metabolism involved in the depressive attenuation remains poorly understood. Olfactory bulbectomy (OB)-induced changes in animal behavior and physiological functions are similar to those observed in depressed patients. Therefore, the present study used wild type (WT) and Fat-1 mice with or without OB to explore whether endogenous n-3 PUFA treatment of depression was through rectifying lipid metabolism, and to discover the possible lipid metabolic pathways. In WT mice, OB enhanced locomotor activity associated with up-regulation of lipid metabolites in the serum, such as phosphatidylcholines, L-a-glutamyl-L-Lysine and coproporphyrinogen III (Cop), which were involved in anti-inflammatory lipid metabolic pathways. OB also increased microglia activation marker CD11b and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. In one of the lipid pathways, increased Cop was significantly correlated with the hyper-activity of the OB mice. These OB-induced changes were markedly attenuated by endogenous n-3 PUFAs in Fat-1 mice. Additionally, increased expressions of anti-inflammatory lipid genes, such as fatty acid desaturase (Fads) and phospholipase A2 group VI (Pla2g6), were found in the hippocampus of Fat-1 mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, Cop administration increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in a microglial cell line BV2. In conclusion, endogenous n-3 PUFAs in Fat-1 mice attenuated abnormal behavior in the depression model through restoration of lipid metabolism and suppression of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Min-Qing Gu
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhi-You Yang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China.
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Ciesielski TH, Williams SM. Low Omega-3 intake is associated with high rates of depression and preterm birth on the country level. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19749. [PMID: 33184396 PMCID: PMC7661496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low circulating levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC omega-3 PUFA) have been linked to major depressive disorder (MDD) and preterm birth (PTB), and prenatal depression associates with PTB. We therefore hypothesized that low Omega-3 intake would associate with higher MDD and PTB rates on the country-level. To test this hypothesis, we obtained country-level estimates for omega-3 intake, MDD prevalence, PTB rate, and per capita income for 184 countries in 2010. We then estimated the LC omega-3 PUFA levels that these intakes produce by accounting for direct consumption and the endogenous conversion of ingested plant-based precursors. Penalized splines indicated that MDD and PTB rates decreased linearly with increasing LC omega-3 PUFA, up to ~ 1000 mg/day for MDD and up to ~ 550 mg/day for PTB. Adjusted linear regression models below these thresholds revealed that a one standard deviation increase in LC omega-3 PUFA (380 mg/day) was associated with an MDD decrease of 5 cases/1000 people and a PTB decrease of 15 cases/1000 livebirths. In light of the extensive prior evidence on the individual-level, these findings indicate that low intake of LC omega-3 PUFA and its precursors may be elevating MDD and PTB rates in 85% of the countries studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Ciesielski
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA.
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Kim KW, Sreeja SR, Kwon M, Yu YL, Kim MK. Association of Blood Mercury Level with the Risk of Depression According to Fish Intake Level in the General Korean Population: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2013. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010189. [PMID: 31936641 PMCID: PMC7019861 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a cumulative neurotoxic agent, exposure to high levels of which may increase the risk of psychiatric symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between blood mercury and depression risk in Korean adults. We analyzed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) with 11,754 participants (male: 5834 female: 5920) aged ≥19 years from 2008 to 2013. The associations of blood mercury with risk of depression were estimated using multivariate logistic regression after adjustment for potential confounders. We found a significantly increased risk of depression in the highest quintile for blood mercury (multivariate OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.20-3.48; P trend = 0.03) among female, but not male. A stratification analysis by fish intake showed that the association between depression and blood mercury was strengthened (OR = 4.00; 95% CI = 1.51-10.6; P trend = 0.015) among females with the lowest tertile of fish intake. The results of this study suggest that higher levels of blood mercury, especially in cases of lower fish intake, are positively associated with the risk of depression in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women’s University, 621, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Korea;
| | - Sundara Raj Sreeja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (S.R.S.); (Y.L.Y.)
| | - Minji Kwon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (S.R.S.); (Y.L.Y.)
| | - Ye Lee Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (S.R.S.); (Y.L.Y.)
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea; (S.R.S.); (Y.L.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-920-2202; Fax: +82-31-920-2006
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Nasir M, Bloch MH. Trim the fat: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in psychopharmacology. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2019; 9:2045125319869791. [PMID: 31489174 PMCID: PMC6713969 DOI: 10.1177/2045125319869791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) currently recommends the use of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for depressive disorders, impulse-control disorders, and psychotic disorders in treatment guidelines. This review examines the evidence for efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychosis. Meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids for depression are inconclusive, with strong evidence of publication bias, sizable heterogeneity between included studies, and substantial methodological shortcomings in included trials. The large amount of heterogeneity in findings of RCTs of omega-3 fatty acids for unipolar depression is likely attributable to highly heterogeneous sample populations that are given different omega-3 supplements [which differ widely in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content, ratio, and dosage] as either adjunctive or monotherapy of other existing treatments, and then measure several different outcomes of depression symptomatology with likely incomplete blinding. Evidence of efficacy of omega-3 supplementation in treating psychosis, PTSD, anxiety, and bipolar mania is minimal. The current guidelines recommending the use of omega-3 fatty acids in adulthood psychiatric conditions should be revisited, especially given several recent negative studies examining the effects of omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular disease. Recommending likely ineffective treatment to patients, no matter how benign the side-effect profile, has opportunity cost (e.g. other more effective medications or therapies not being utilized) and likely affects patient compliance with other evidence-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Nasir
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 S. Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Chang JPC, Guu TW, Chen YC, Gałecki P, Walczewska A, Su KP. BanI polymorphism of cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene and somatic symptoms in medication-free acute depressed patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:111-115. [PMID: 28108057 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatic symptoms are commonly seen in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and might be associated with inflammatory activation. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) are the key enzymes in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which in turn may play an important role in inflammation and somatic symptoms in depression. This study investigated the effects of BanI polymorphism of cPLA2 gene and COX-2 rs4648308 genotypes on somatic symptoms and inflammatory marker in patients with MDD. Eighty-two patients with MDD were assessed for their psychopathology including psychiatric and somatic symptoms, BanI polymorphism of cPLA2 and COX-2 rs4648308 genotypes and CRP levels. The results revealed that MDD patients with the cPLA2 BanI GG genotypes had higher somatic symptoms and higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), while no differences were found among the COX-2 rs4648308 genotypes. Inflammatory process, such as arachidonic acid cascade pathway, might help explain the effect of cPLA2 BanI polymorphism on the somatic symptoms, and may be a potential target for future investigation on treatment for MDD with somatic symptoms. However, the interpretation of the findings in this study is limited since we analyzed the data from a subset data from a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Ta-Wei Guu
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
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Daray FM, Mann JJ, Sublette ME. How lipids may affect risk for suicidal behavior. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 104:16-23. [PMID: 29920417 PMCID: PMC6102068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Suicide and nonfatal suicidal behaviors are major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Variability in rates of suicide and suicidal behaviors within and between countries has been attributed to population and individual risk factors, including economic status and cultural differences, both of which can have suicide risk effects mediated through a variety of factors, of which perhaps the least understood is the role of diet. We therefore review the scientific literature concerning two major dietary lipid classes, cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), that have been associated with higher risk of suicide attempts and suicide. We consider potential mechanistic intermediates including serotonin transporters and receptors, toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). Based on this review, we describe a theoretical model linking cholesterol and PUFA status to suicide risk, taking into account the effects of cholesterol-lowering interventions on PUFA balance, membrane lipid microdomains (rafts) as a nexus of interaction between cholesterol and omega-3 PUFAs, and downstream effects on serotonergic neurotransmission and specific inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M. Daray
- Institute of Pharmacology. School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 9, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1121ABG
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032,Division of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 42, New York, NY 10032,Department of Radiology, Columbia University, 622 West 168th St, New York, NY 10032
| | - M. Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032,Division of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 42, New York, NY 10032,To whom correspondence should be addressed: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 42, New York, NY 10032, Tel: 646 774-7514, Fax: 646 774-7589,
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van der Wurff ISM, von Schacky C, Bergeland T, Leontjevas R, Zeegers MP, Kirschner PA, de Groot RHM. Exploring the association between whole blood Omega-3 Index, DHA, EPA, DHA, AA and n-6 DPA, and depression and self-esteem in adolescents of lower general secondary education. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1429-1439. [PMID: 29549496 PMCID: PMC6561989 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Depression is common in adolescents and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are suggested to be associated with depression. However, research in adolescents is limited. Furthermore, self-esteem has never been studied in relation to LCPUFA. The objective here was to determine associations of depression and self-esteem with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Omega-3 Index (O3I), n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (n-6 DPA, also called Osbond acid, ObA), n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations in blood of adolescents attending lower general secondary education (LGSE). Methods Baseline cross-sectional data from a krill oil supplementation trial in adolescents attending LGSE with an O3I ≤ 5% were analysed using regression models built with the BayesFactor package in R. Fatty acids and O3I were determined in blood. Participants filled out the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE). Results Scores indicative of depression (CES-D ≥ 16) were found in 29.4% of the respondents. Of all fatty acids, we found extreme evidence [Bayes factor (BF) > 100] for a weak negative association between ObA and depression score [− 0.16; 95% credible interval (CI) − 0.28 to − 0.04; BF10 = 245], and substantial evidence for a weak positive association between ObA and self-esteem score (0.09; 95% CI, − 0.03 to 0.20; BF10 = 4). When all fatty acids were put in one model as predictors of CES-D or RSE, all of the 95% CI contained 0, i.e., no significant association. Conclusion No evidence was found for associations of DHA, EPA and O3I with depression or self-esteem scores in LGSE adolescents with O3I ≤ 5%. The associations of higher ObA status with lower depression and higher self-esteem scores warrant more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S M van der Wurff
- Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching, and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, P.O. Box 2960, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - C von Schacky
- Omegametrix, 82 152, Martinsried, Germany.,Preventive Cardiology, Medical Clinic and Poli-Clinic I, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Bergeland
- Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, 1327, Lysaker, Norway
| | - R Leontjevas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - M P Zeegers
- Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Care and Public Health Research Institute (School CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P A Kirschner
- Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching, and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, P.O. Box 2960, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands.,University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - R H M de Groot
- Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching, and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, P.O. Box 2960, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands.,Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ma L, Demin KA, Kolesnikova TO, Kharsko SL, Zhu X, Yuan X, Song C, Meshalkina DA, Leonard BE, Tian L, Kalueff AV. Animal inflammation-based models of depression and their application to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:995-1009. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1362385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Xiaokang Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Cai Song
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, and Department of Medical Research, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Darya A. Meshalkina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Brian E. Leonard
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Technologies, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
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Chang JPC, Lai HC, Yang HT, Su WP, Peng CY, Gałecki P, Walczewska A, Pariante CM, Su KP. Polyunsaturated fatty acids levels and initial presentation of somatic symptoms induced by interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C viral infection. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 20:291-296. [PMID: 26708730 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2015.1123378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Somatic symptoms are common in depressive disorder and are similar to sickness behaviors due to inflammatory activation after cytokine administration. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural anti-inflammatory agents and may reduce inflammation-induced behavioral changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PUFAs on the development of somatic symptoms and depression in patients of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) receiving interferon-alpha therapy (IFN-α) in a prospective manner. METHODS In this 24-week, prospective cohort study, 43 patients with chronic HCV ongoing IFN-α therapy were assessed with the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview for major depressive episodes and neurotoxicity rating scale (NRS) for somatic symptoms. RESULTS One-third later developed IFN-α-induced depression (depression (DEP) group). As compared to subjects without depression, DEP group had higher NRS scores (P < 0.001), lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels (P = 0.038) at week 2. Somatic symptoms, regardless of painful/non-painful characteristics, had positive association with arachidonic acid (P < 0.05), and negative association with EPA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study implies that early intervention with omega-3 PUFAs might be a promising strategy to prevent depression and somatic symptoms in patients receiving cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- a Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- b School of Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- c Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- b School of Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- d Department of Hepatogastroenterology , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- e Department of Nutrition , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pang Su
- b School of Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- d Department of Hepatogastroenterology , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- b School of Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- d Department of Hepatogastroenterology , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Kuan-Pin Su
- a Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- b School of Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- c Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
- g Institute of Psychiatry , King's College London , UK
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12
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Lipids in psychiatric disorders and preventive medicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:336-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Plasma Phosphatidylethanolamine and Triacylglycerol Fatty Acid Concentrations are Altered in Major Depressive Disorder Patients with Seasonal Pattern. Lipids 2017; 52:559-571. [PMID: 28439746 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in peripheral and brain lipid metabolism, including the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, these changes have yet to be confirmed in MDD with seasonal pattern (MDD-s), a subtype of recurrent MDD. The present exploratory study quantified plasma plasmalogen and diacyl-phospholipid species, and fatty acids within total phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids in non-medicated MDD-s participants (n = 9) during euthymia in summer or fall, and during depression in winter in order to screen for potential high sensitivity lipid biomarkers. Triacylglycerol alpha-linolenic acid concentration was significantly decreased, and myristoleic acid concentration was significantly increased, during winter depression compared to summer-fall euthymia. 1-stearyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, a diacyl-phospholipid containing stearic acid and DHA, was significantly decreased in winter depression. Concentrations of cholesteryl ester oleic acid and several polyunsaturated fatty acids between summer/fall and winter increased in proportion to the increase in depressive symptoms. The observed changes in lipid metabolic pathways in winter-type MDD-s offer new promise for lipid biomarker development.
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14
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Tsuchimine S, Kaneda A, Yasui-Furukori N. Serum x03C9;-3 and x03C9;-6 Fatty Acids Are Not Associated with Personality Traits in Healthy Japanese Young People. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 73:249-53. [PMID: 27388608 DOI: 10.1159/000446920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are associated with mood and behaviors including depression and suicide risk. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between PUFAs and personality traits in healthy subjects. METHODS A total of 279 subjects completed the Temperament and Character Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory. Serum levels of the PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the x03C9;-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA), and dihomo-x03B3;-linolenic acid were measured. RESULTS Pearson's correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between DHA and cooperativeness scores. In the multiple regression analysis, harm avoidance scores were positively associated with AA, and a negative association was found between the EPA/AA ratio and reward dependence scores. However, these associations were nonsignificant after a Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that the blood levels of PUFAs are not likely to be associated with personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuchimine
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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15
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Parekh A, Smeeth D, Milner Y, Thure S. The Role of Lipid Biomarkers in Major Depression. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:healthcare5010005. [PMID: 28165367 PMCID: PMC5371911 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the UK, the lifetime-documented prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently 10%. Despite its increasing prevalence and devastating impact on quality of life, the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning MDD remain to be fully elucidated. Current theories of neurobiological components remain incomplete and protein-centric, rendering pharmacological treatment options suboptimal. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role of lipids in intra- and inter-neuronal functioning, emphasising the potential use of lipids as biomarkers for MDD. The latter has significant implications for improving our understanding of MDD at the cellular and circuit level. There is particular focus on cholesterol (high and low density lipoprotein), omega-3, and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids due to established evidence in the literature of a link between atherosclerotic disease and major depression. We argue that there is significant potential scope for the use of such peripheral biomarkers in the diagnosis, stratification and treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Parekh
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Demelza Smeeth
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Yasmin Milner
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Sandrine Thure
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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16
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Shi Z, Ren H, Huang Z, Peng Y, He B, Yao X, Yuan TF, Su H. Fish Oil Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7327-7334. [PMID: 27815837 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with somatic immune changes, and neuroinflammation is now recognized as hallmark for depressive disorders. N-3 (or omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are well known to suppress neuroinflammation, reduce oxidative stress, and protect neuron from injury. We pretreated animals with fish oil and induced acute depression-like behaviors with systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The levels of cytokines and stress hormones were determined from plasma and different brain areas. The results showed that fish oil treatment prevent LPS-induce depressive behavior by suppression of neuroinflammation. LPS induced acute neuroinflammation in different brain regions, which were prevented in fish oil fed mice. However, neither LPS administration nor fish oil treatment has strong effect on stress hormone secretion in the hypothalamus and adrenal. Fish oil might provide a useful therapy against inflammation-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Huixia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Baixuan He
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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17
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van Dooren FEP, Schram MT, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA, Henry RMA, Dagnelie PC, Schaper NC, van der Kallen CJH, Koster A, Sep SJS, Denollet J, Verhey FRJ, Pouwer F. Associations of low grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with depression - The Maastricht Study. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:390-6. [PMID: 26970354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of depression may involve low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate the independent associations of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with depressive symptoms and depressive disorder, and the role of lifestyle factors in this association. METHODS In The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study (n=852, 55% men, m=59.8±8.5years), depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and (major and minor) depressive disorder with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Plasma biomarkers of inflammation (hsCRP, SAA, sICAM-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and endothelial dysfunction (sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sE-selectin, vWF) were measured with sandwich immunoassays and combined into two standardized sum scores. RESULTS Biomarkers of inflammation (hsCRP, TNF-α, SAA, sICAM-1) and endothelial dysfunction (sICAM-1, sE-Selectin) were univariately associated with depressive symptoms and depressive disorder. The sum scores of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were associated with depressive disorder after adjustment for age, sex, type 2 diabetes, kidney function and prior cardiovascular disease (OR 1.54, p=0.001 and 1.40, p=0.006). Both sum scores remained significantly associated with depressive disorder after additional adjustment for lifestyle factors smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index. The sum score of inflammation was also independently associated with depressive symptoms, while the sum score of endothelial dysfunction was not. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are both associated with depressive disorder, independent of lifestyle factors. Our results might suggest that inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are involved in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur E P van Dooren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; MHeNS - Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda T Schram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald M A Henry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Dagnelie
- CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas C Schaper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J H van der Kallen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Koster
- Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone J S Sep
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Denollet
- CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- MHeNS - Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Pouwer
- CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
Homelessness is present in most societies and represents a situation in which the basic needs for survival including food are often limited. It is logical to surmise that the homeless person's diet is likely to be nutritionally deficient and yet there is a relative paucity in research regarding this issue with studies varying in both their methodology and homeless population. Despite these differences, diets of the homeless are frequently characterised as high in saturated fat and deficient in fibre and certain micronutrients, all of which can have negative implications for the homeless individual's health and/or mental state. The conclusion from intervention studies is that there is no consensus as to the most effective method for assessing dietary intake. In order to address this, the present review aims to provide a greater understanding of the existing literature surrounding nutrition and the homeless and to act as a foundation from which further research can be conducted. An evaluation of the main findings and challenges surrounding the assessment of the nutritional status of the homeless will be provided followed by a review of the physical and mental consequences of the homeless diet. Current and potential interventions aimed at increasing the nutritional quality of food consumed by the homeless will be addressed with a focus on the role of the nutritional science community in assisting in this endeavour.
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19
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Bigornia SJ, Harris WS, Falcón LM, Ordovás JM, Lai CQ, Tucker KL. The Omega-3 Index Is Inversely Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Individuals with Elevated Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. J Nutr 2016; 146:758-66. [PMID: 26936135 PMCID: PMC4807643 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.222562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) consumption is thought to improve depressive symptoms. However, current evidence is limited, and whether this association exists among Puerto Ricans, a population burdened by depression, remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between ω-3 FA biomarkers and depressive symptoms as well as the potential influence of oxidative stress. METHODS Baseline and longitudinal analyses were conducted in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (n= 787; participants aged 57 ± 0.52 y, 73% women). Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration, a measure of oxidative stress, and erythrocyte FA composition were collected at baseline. We calculated the omega-3 index as the sum of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, expressed as a percentage of total FAs. Baseline and 2-y depressive symptoms were characterized by using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Statistical analyses included linear and logistic regression. RESULTS Urinary 8-OHdG concentration tended to modify the relation between the erythrocyte omega-3 index and baseline CES-D score (P-interaction = 0.10). In stratified analyses, the omega-3 index was inversely associated with CES-D score (β = -1.74, SE = 0.88;P= 0.02) among those in the top quartile of 8-OHdG concentration but not among those in the lower quartiles. The relation between the omega-3 index and CES-D at 2 y was more clearly modified by 8-OHdG concentration (P-interaction = 0.04), where the omega-3 index was inversely associated with CES-D at 2 y, adjusted for baseline (β = -1.66, SE = 0.66;P= 0.02), only among those with elevated 8-OHdG concentrations. Among individuals not taking antidepressant medications and in the top tertile of urinary 8-OHdG concentration, the omega-3 index was associated with significantly lower odds of a CES-D score ≥16 at baseline (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.96) but not at 2 y (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.15). CONCLUSIONS An inverse association between the omega-3 index and depressive symptoms was observed among participants with elevated oxidative stress biomarkers. These data suggest that oxidative stress status may identify those who might benefit from ω-3 FA consumption to improve depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and
| | - Luis M Falcón
- College of Fine Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA
| | - José M Ordovás
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- College of Fine Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA
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20
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Song C, Shieh CH, Wu YS, Kalueff A, Gaikwad S, Su KP. The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the treatment of major depression and Alzheimer's disease: Acting separately or synergistically? Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Chu WJ, Weber WA, Welge JA, Strawn JR, Adler CM, DelBello MP. Effects of fish oil supplementation on prefrontal metabolite concentrations in adolescents with major depressive disorder: a preliminary 1H MRS study. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 19:145-55. [PMID: 24915543 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) to investigate the effects of fish oil (FO) supplementation on cortical metabolite concentrations in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Metabolite concentrations were determined by (1)H MRS in the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of adolescents with MDD before and following 10-week open-label supplementation with low (2.4 g/day, n = 7) or high (16.2 g/day, n = 7) dose FO. Depressive symptom severity scores and erythrocyte fatty acid levels were also determined. RESULTS Baseline erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) composition was positively correlated, and arachidonic acid (AA) and the AA/EPA ratio were inversely correlated, with choline (Cho) concentrations in the right DLPFC. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) composition was inversely correlated with myo-inositol (mI) concentrations in the left DLPFC. Erythrocyte EPA and DHA composition increased, and AA decreased, significantly following low-dose and high-dose FO supplementation. In the intent-to-treat sample, depressive symptom severity scores decreased significantly in the high-dose group (-40%, P < 0.0001) and there was a trend in the low-dose group (-20%, P = 0.06). There were no significant baseline-endpoint changes in metabolite levels in each voxel. In the low-dose group there were changes with large effect sizes, including a decrease in mI in the left DLPFC (-12%, P = 0.18, d = 0.8) and increases in glutamate + glutamine (Glx) (+12%, P = 0.19, d = 0.8) and Cho (+15%, P = 0.08, d = 1.2) in the right DLPFC. In the high-dose group, there was a trend for increases in Cho in the right DLPFC (+10%, P = 0.09, d = 1.2). DISCUSSION These preliminary data suggest that increasing the LCn-3 fatty acid status of adolescent MDD patients is associated with subtle changes in Glx, mI, and Cho concentrations in the DLPFC that warrant further evaluation in a larger controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Imaging Research, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Ronald Jandacek
- b Department of Pathology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Therese Rider
- b Department of Pathology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Patrick Tso
- b Department of Pathology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Wen-Jang Chu
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Imaging Research, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Wade A Weber
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Imaging Research, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Welge
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Imaging Research, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Imaging Research, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Caleb M Adler
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Imaging Research, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Melissa P DelBello
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Imaging Research, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Wolters M, Schlenz H, Foraita R, Galli C, Risé P, Moreno LA, Molnár D, Russo P, Veidebaum T, Tornaritis M, Vyncke K, Eiben G, Iacoviello L, Ahrens W. Reference values of whole-blood fatty acids by age and sex from European children aged 3-8 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 38 Suppl 2:S86-98. [PMID: 25219413 PMCID: PMC4165865 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish reference values for fatty acids (FA) especially for n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC PUFA) in whole-blood samples from apparently healthy 3-8-year-old European children. The whole-blood FA composition was analysed and the age- and sex-specific distribution of FA was determined. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Blood samples for FA analysis were taken from 2661 children of the IDEFICS (identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) study cohort. Children with obesity (n=454) and other diseases that are known to alter the FA composition (n=450) were excluded leaving 1653 participants in the reference population. MEASUREMENTS The FA composition of whole blood was analysed from blood drops by a rapid, validated gas chromatographic method. RESULTS Pearson correlation coefficients showed an age-dependent increase of C18:2n-6 and a decrease of C18:1n-9 in a subsample of normal weight boys and girls. Other significant correlations with age were weak and only seen either in boys or in girls, whereas most of the FA did not show any age dependence. For age-dependent n-3 and n-6 PUFA as well as for other FA that are correlated with age (16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n-9) percentiles analysed with the general additive model for location scale and shape are presented. A higher median in boys than in girls was observed for C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6 and C22:4n-6. CONCLUSIONS Given the reported associations between FA status and health-related outcome, the provision of FA reference ranges may be useful for the interpretation of the FA status of children in epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolters
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - H Schlenz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - R Foraita
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - C Galli
- DiSFeB, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Risé
- DiSFeB, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L A Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D Molnár
- National Institute of Health Promotion, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - P Russo
- Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - T Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M Tornaritis
- Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - K Vyncke
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Eiben
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L Iacoviello
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy [2] Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurovascular Epidemiology, Casa di Cura Montevergine, Mercogliano, Italy
| | - W Ahrens
- 1] Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany [2] Institute of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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23
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Pu S, Nakagome K, Yamada T, Matsumura H, Yokoyama K, Kaneko K, Kurosawa Y. Association between Fish Consumption and Prefrontal Function during a Cognitive Task in Male Japanese Workers: A Multi-Channel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123972. [PMID: 25919586 PMCID: PMC4412671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between fish consumption and prefrontal function during a cognitive task in male Japanese workers. The study included 208 male workers who underwent medical health examinations 3 months after a change in their work assignment. We measured the hemoglobin concentration changes in the prefrontal region during working memory tasks using 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. The frequency of fish consumption was calculated on the basis of the subjects' self-reported customary intake frequency over the previous 3 months. A significant positive relationship was observed between fish consumption and left dorsolateral prefrontal function during a working memory task. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association between fish consumption and functional cortical activity with an ample sample size, suggesting that fish consumption modulates functional activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yokoyama
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaneko
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kurosawa
- Division of Health Administration and Promotion, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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24
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Zhu Z, Tan Z, Li Y, Luo H, Hu X, Tang M, Hescheler J, Mu Y, Zhang L. Docosahexaenoic acid alters Gsα localization in lipid raft and potentiates adenylate cyclase. Nutrition 2015; 31:1025-30. [PMID: 26059378 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), recently has become popular for the amelioration of depression; however the molecular mechanism of DHA action remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the antidepressant effect of DHA by evaluating Gsα localization in lipid raft and the activity of adenylate cyclase in an in vitro glioma cell model. METHODS Lipid raft fractions from C6 glioma cells treated chronically with DHA were isolated by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The content of Gsα in lipid raft was analyzed by immunoblotting and colocalization of Gsα with lipid raft was subjected to confocal microscopic analysis. The intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level was determined by cAMP immunoassay kit. RESULTS DHA decreased the amount of Gsα in lipid raft, whereas whole cell lysate Gsα was not changed. Confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that colocalization of Gsα with lipid raft was decreased, whereas DHA increased intracellular cAMP accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, we found that DHA increased the lipid raft level, instead of disrupting it. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that DHA may exert its antidepressant effect by translocating Gsα from lipid raft and potentiating the activity of adenylate cyclase. Importantly, the reduced Gsα in lipid raft by DHA is independent of disruption of lipid raft. Overall, the study provides partial preclinical evidence supporting a safe and effective therapy using DHA for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhoubin Tan
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Luo
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwu Hu
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yangling Mu
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanqiu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Liu JJ, Green P, John Mann J, Rapoport SI, Sublette ME. Pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acid utilization: implications for brain function in neuropsychiatric health and disease. Brain Res 2015; 1597:220-46. [PMID: 25498862 PMCID: PMC4339314 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have profound effects on brain development and function. Abnormalities of PUFA status have been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pathophysiologic mechanisms could involve not only suboptimal PUFA intake, but also metabolic and genetic abnormalities, defective hepatic metabolism, and problems with diffusion and transport. This article provides an overview of physiologic factors regulating PUFA utilization, highlighting their relevance to neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Pnina Green
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Decreased serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and folate, but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor, in childhood and adolescent females with depression. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:187-190. [PMID: 25466229 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from observational studies suggests that there is an association among depression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and folate; however, this association has yet to be examined in childhood and adolescent depression. The objective was to determine whether the BDNF, PUFAs, and folate in serum differ between first-episode childhood and adolescent depressed patients and healthy controls. We measured the serum levels of BDNF, PUFAs, and folate of cases admitted to the hospital for depression (n=24) and compared it to that of controls (n=26). Subjects and their parents were informed about the nature and the purpose of this study, and a consent form was signed by parents. The ethics committee of Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine approved the study protocol. There were significant differences in the docosahexanoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), and folate levels between cases and controls. Serum levels of DHA, AA, and folate levels in the patients group were statistically lower than those in the control group, while serum levels of BDNF were not different between cases and controls. These results are in line with findings of previous studies involving adult and elderly subjects, demonstrating lower levels of PUFAs and folate in patients with depression than healthy controls. However, further studies using larger sample size are warranted.
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Euteneuer F, Schwarz MJ, Schmidmaier R, Hennings A, Riemer S, Stapf TM, Selberdinger VB, Süssenbach P, Dannehl K, Rief W. Blunted exercise-induced mobilization of monocytes in somatization syndromes and major depression. J Affect Disord 2014; 166:156-64. [PMID: 25012425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research indicates that physical activity may alter the number of immune cells. We examined whether increasing or decreasing the level of physical activity affects circulating lymphocyte and monocyte counts in patients with somatization syndromes and patients with major depression. METHODS Thirty-eight participants with major depression, 26 participants with somatization syndromes and 47 healthy controls participated in the study. Using an experimental within-subject design, participants were involved in 1 week of increased physical activity (daily exercise sessions) and 1 week of reduced physical activity. Counts of total lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets and monocytes were determined before and after each trial. Linear mixed models adjusted for sex, body mass index, age, fitness status and the order of trials were used for longitudinal data analysis. RESULTS One week of exercise increases the number of monocytes in healthy controls (p<.05), but not in patients with somatization syndromes or patients with major depression. In addition, after 1 week of exercise, depressive symptoms were reduced in patients with major depression (p<.05) while somatoform symptoms were reduced (p<.05) in both clinical groups. Baseline comparisons and mixed models indicated reduced T helper cell counts in patients with somatization syndromes. LIMITATIONS Relatively small sample size. The time of physical activity was relatively short and restricted to low-graded exercise. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a blunted mobilization of monocytes by exercise in both patients with somatization syndromes and patients with major depression. In addition, even one week of exercise reduces somatoform and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Euteneuer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Markus J Schwarz
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmidmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Hennings
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riemer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Theresa M Stapf
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Süssenbach
- Division of Psychological Methods, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Dannehl
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Rief
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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Grosso G, Galvano F, Marventano S, Malaguarnera M, Bucolo C, Drago F, Caraci F. Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:313570. [PMID: 24757497 PMCID: PMC3976923 DOI: 10.1155/2014/313570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The changing of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the food supply of Western societies occurred over the last 150 years is thought to promote the pathogenesis of many inflammatory-related diseases, including depressive disorders. Several epidemiological studies reported a significant inverse correlation between intake of oily fish and depression or bipolar disorders. Studies conducted specifically on the association between omega-3 intake and depression reported contrasting results, suggesting that the preventive role of omega-3 PUFA may depend also on other factors, such as overall diet quality and the social environment. Accordingly, tertiary prevention with omega-3 PUFA supplement in depressed patients has reached greater effectiveness during the last recent years, although definitive statements on their use in depression therapy cannot be yet freely asserted. Among the biological properties of omega-3 PUFA, their anti-inflammatory effects and their important role on the structural changing of the brain should be taken into account to better understand the possible pathway through which they can be effective both in preventing or treating depression. However, the problem of how to correct the inadequate supply of omega-3 PUFA in the Westernized countries' diet is a priority in order to set food and health policies and also dietary recommendations for individuals and population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Marventano
- Department of "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 85, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Via Teatro Greco 84, 95124 Catania, Italy ; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S.-Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Via Conte Ruggiero 73, Enna, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Pase CS, Teixeira AM, Dias VT, Quatrin A, Emanuelli T, Bürger ME. Prolonged consumption of trans fat favors the development of orofacial dyskinesia and anxiety-like symptoms in older rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:713-9. [PMID: 24625052 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.898255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) are cell membrane components involved in brain functions. We hypothesized that long-term trans fat consumption is able to modify the membrane FAs composition impairing behavioral parameters related to aging. In this study, a comparison of behavioral parameters at 10 and 15 months of trans fat consumption by male Wistar rats was made. Animals were fed for 10 and 15 months from weaning with diets containing either 20% w/w soybean oil (SO), rich in n-6 PUFA, hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF), rich in trans FAs, or a standard diet (control - C). At both evaluation times, HVF-fed rats showed progressively increased parameters of orofacial dyskinesia, fear and anxiety-like symptoms. The HVF diet reduced locomotor and exploratory activities progressively over 10 and 15 months of supplementation, while the standard and SO diets did not. In this study, we showed that chronic trans FAs consumption from weaning is able to favor the development of neuromotor and neuropsychiatric diseases, whose intensity was time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Simonetti Pase
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Santa Maria, RS , Brazil
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Valkanova V, Ebmeier KP, Allan CL. CRP, IL-6 and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:736-44. [PMID: 23870425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory markers are raised in cross-sectional studies of depressed patients and may represent an important mediating factor for behaviour, neural plasticity and brain structure. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of longitudinal studies, investigating whether raised inflammatory markers indicate an increased risk of subsequent depressive symptoms. We searched three databases (1970-2012) for longitudinal studies with repeat data on CRP or IL-6 levels and subsequent depressive symptoms. We calculated effect sizes using a mixed-effects model, with separate meta-analyses for inflammatory markers and age groups. RESULTS We identified eight papers for CRP (14,832 participants) and three for IL-6 (3695 participants). There was a significant association between increased CRP and depressive symptoms (weighted-mean effect size 'unadjusted r'=0.069, p<0.0005; 'adjusted r'=0.046, p<0.0005), with moderate heterogeneity between studies (Q=11.21, p=0.08, I(2)=46.5). For IL-6 the weighted-mean effect size was smaller ('unadjusted r'=0.045, p-value=0.007; 'adjusted r'=0.097, p-value=0.06). LIMITATIONS The meta-analysis was based on a relatively small number of studies (particularly for IL-6) and only two inflammatory markers. There was moderate heterogeneity between studies and some evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Raised inflammatory markers have a small but significant association with the subsequent development of depressive symptoms. This is a robust effect which remains significant after adjustment for age and a wide range of factors associated with risk for depression. Our results support the hypothesis that there is a causal pathway from inflammation to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyara Valkanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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Maes M, Kubera M, Mihaylova I, Geffard M, Galecki P, Leunis JC, Berk M. Increased autoimmune responses against auto-epitopes modified by oxidative and nitrosative damage in depression: implications for the pathways to chronic depression and neuroprogression. J Affect Disord 2013; 149:23-9. [PMID: 22898471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that major depression is characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS). The aim of this study is to examine IgM-mediated autoimmune responses against a variety of modified neo-epitopes formed by O&NS damage to self-epitopes in chronic depression. METHODS Serum IgM antibodies directed against conjugated oleic and azelaic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), phosphatidyl inositol (Pi), and conjugated nitric-oxide (NO) adducts, i.e., NO-tryptophan, NO-tyrosine, NO-arginine, and NO-cysteinyl, were determined in 33 healthy controls and 74 depressed patients subdivided into 28 patients with chronic (duration >2 year) and 46 without chronic depression. RESULTS Serum IgM levels against all neoepitopes were significantly higher in depressed patients than in healthy controls. Moreover, the IgM levels were significantly higher, except Pi, in chronically depressed patients than in non-chronically depressed patients. CONCLUSIONS Depression is characterized by IgM-related autoimmune responses directed against neo-epitopes that are normally hidden from the immune system but that became immunogenic secondary to damage by O&NS. The results show that the generation of neoantigenic determinants that lead to (auto)immune responses is strongly associated with chronic depression. DISCUSSION The damage caused by O&NS to auto-epitopes and the consequent formation of O&NS modified neoantigenic determinants may increase the risk to develop depression and in particular chronic depression through transition to autoimmune reactions. This has implications for understanding the immuno-inflammatory and oxidative-autoimmune pathways that lead to chronic depression and neuroprogression in that illness.
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Liu JJ, Galfalvy HC, Cooper TB, Oquendo MA, Grunebaum MF, Mann JJ, Sublette ME. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74:732-8. [PMID: 23945451 PMCID: PMC3905735 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.12m07970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lower levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are found in major depressive disorder, less is known about PUFA status and anxiety disorders. METHOD Medication-free participants with DSM-IV-defined major depressive disorder (MDD), with (n = 18) and without (n = 41) comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorders, and healthy volunteers (n = 62) were recruited from October 2006 to May 2010 for mood disorder studies at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Participants were 18-73 years of age (mean age, 35.8 ± 12.6 years). Depression and anxiety severity was assessed using depression and anxiety subscales from the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Plasma PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) and the ratio of arachidonic acid (AA; 22:4n-6) to EPA (AA:EPA) were quantified. This secondary analysis employed analysis of variance with a priori planned contrasts to test for diagnostic group differences in log-transformed PUFA levels (logDHA, logEPA, and logAA:EPA). RESULTS Plasma levels of logDHA (F(2,118) = 4.923, P = .009), logEPA (F(2,118) = 6.442, P = .002), and logAA:EPA (F(2,118) = 3.806, P = .025) differed across groups. Participants with MDD had lower logDHA (t(118) = 2.324, P = .022) and logEPA (t(118) = 3.175, P = .002) levels and higher logAA:EPA levels (t(118) = -2.099, P = .038) compared with healthy volunteers. Lower logDHA (t(118) = 2.692, P = .008) and logEPA (t(118) = 2.524, P = .013) levels and higher logAA:EPA levels (t(118) = -2.322, P = .022) distinguished anxious from nonanxious MDD. Depression severity was not associated with PUFA plasma levels; however, anxiety severity across the entire sample correlated negatively with logDHA (r(p) = -0.22, P = .015) and logEPA (r(p) = -0.25, P = .005) levels and positively with logAA:EPA levels (r(p) = 0.18, P = .043). CONCLUSIONS The presence and severity of comorbid anxiety were associated with the lowest EPA and DHA levels. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether omega-3 PUFA supplementation may preferentially alleviate MDD with more severe anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J. Liu
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - Hanga C. Galfalvy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, NY, NY,Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, NY
| | - Thomas B. Cooper
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, NY,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, NY, NY,Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, NY
| | - Michael F. Grunebaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, NY, NY,Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, NY
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, NY, NY,Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, NY,Department of Radiology, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - M. Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, NY, NY,Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 42, NY, NY 10032, Tel: (212) 543 – 6241, Fax:(212) 543 – 6017,
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Pérez MÁ, Terreros G, Dagnino-Subiabre A. Long-term ω-3 fatty acid supplementation induces anti-stress effects and improves learning in rats. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2013; 9:25. [PMID: 23768007 PMCID: PMC3687561 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress leads to secretion of the adrenal steroid hormone corticosterone, inducing hippocampal atrophy and dendritic hypertrophy in the rat amygdala. Both alterations have been correlated with memory impairment and increased anxiety. Supplementation with ω-3 fatty acids improves memory and learning in rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ω-3 supplementation on learning and major biological and behavioral stress markers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: 1) Control, 2) Vehicle, animals supplemented with water, and 3) ω-3, rats supplemented with ω-3 (100 mg of DHA+25 mg of EPA). Each experimental group was divided into two subgroups: one of which was not subjected to stress while the other was subjected to a restraint stress paradigm. Afterwards, learning was analyzed by avoidance conditioning. As well, plasma corticosterone levels and anxiety were evaluated as stress markers, respectively by ELISA and the plus-maze test. Restraint stress impaired learning and increased both corticosterone levels and the number of entries into the open-arm (elevated plus-maze). These alterations were prevented by ω-3 supplementation. Thus, our results demonstrate that ω-3 supplementation had two beneficial effects on the stressed rats, a strong anti-stress effect and improved learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Pérez
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- Graduate Program in Biology and Ecology Applied, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Terreros
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
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Ferreira CF, Bernardi JR, Krolow R, Arcego DM, Fries GR, de Aguiar BW, Senter G, Kapczinski FP, Silveira PP, Dalmaz C. Vulnerability to dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency after exposure to early stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 107:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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McNamara RK, Strawn JR. Role of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Practice. PHARMANUTRITION 2013; 1:41-49. [PMID: 23607087 DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition plays a minor role in psychiatric practice which is currently dominated by a pharmacological treatment algorithm. An accumulating body of evidence has implicated deficits in the dietary essential long-chain omega-3 (LCn-3) fatty acids, eicosapenaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the pathophysiology of several major psychiatric disorders. LCn-3 fatty acids have an established long-term safety record in the general population, and existing evidence suggests that increasing LCn-3 fatty acid status may reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. LCn-3 fatty acid supplementation has been shown to augment the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant, mood-stabilizer, and second generation antipsychotic medications, and may additionally mitigate adverse cardiometabolic side-effects. Preliminary evidence also suggests that LCn-3 fatty acid supplementation may be efficacious as monotherapy for primary and early secondary prevention and for perinatal symptoms. The overall cost-benefit ratio endorses the incorporation of LCn-3 fatty acids into psychiatric treatment algorithms. The recent availability of laboratory facilities that specialize in determining blood LCn-3 fatty acid status and emerging evidence-based consensus guidelines regarding safe and efficacious LCn-3 fatty acid dose ranges provide the infrastructure necessary for implementation. This article outlines the rationale for incorporating LCn-3 fatty acid treatment into psychiatric practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0516
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McNamara RK. Deciphering the role of docosahexaenoic acid in brain maturation and pathology with magnetic resonance imaging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:33-42. [PMID: 22521863 PMCID: PMC3458176 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have found that deficits in brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) accrual during perinatal development leads to transient and enduring abnormalities in brain development and function. Determining the relevance of this evidence to brain disorders in humans has been hampered by an inability to determine antimortem brain DHA levels and limitations associated with a postmortem approach. Accordingly, there is a need for alternate or complementary approaches to better understand the role of DHA in cortical function and pathology, and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques may be ideally suited for this application. A major advantage of neuroimaging is that it permits prospective evaluation of the effects of manipulating DHA status on both clinical and neuroimaging variables. Emerging evidence from MRI studies suggest that greater DHA status is associated with cortical structural and functional integrity, and suggest that reduced DHA status and abnormalities in cortical function observed in psychiatric disorders may be interrelated phenomenon. Preliminary evidence from animal MRI studies support a critical role of DHA in normal brain development. Neuroimaging research in both human and animals therefore holds tremendous promise for developing a better understanding of the role of DHA status in cortical function, as well as for elucidating the impact of DHA deficiency on neuropathological processes implicated in the etiology and progression of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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Stryker JA, Fisher R, You Q, Or-Rashid MM, Boermans HJ, Quinton M, McBride BW, Karrow NA. Effects of dietary fish meal and soybean meal on the ovine innate and acquired immune response during pregnancy and lactation. Animal 2013; 7:151-9. [PMID: 23031339 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111200136x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, livestock producers have been supplementing animal diets with fish meal (FM) to produce value-added products for health conscious consumers. As components of FM have unique neuroendocrine-immunomodulatory properties, we hypothesize that livestock producers may be influencing the overall health of their animals by supplementing diets with FM. In this study, 40 pregnant ewes were supplemented with rumen protected (RP) soybean meal (SBM: control diet) or RP FM, commencing gestation day 100 (gd100), in order to evaluate the impact of FM supplementation on the innate and acquired immune response and neuroendocrine response of sheep during pregnancy and lactation. On gd135, half the ewes from each diet (n = 10 FM, n = 10 SBM) were challenged iv with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate a systemic bacterial infection and the febrile, respiratory and neuroendocrine responses were monitored over time; the other half (n = 10 FM, n = 10 SBM) of the ewes received a saline injection as control. On lactation day 20 (ld20), all ewes (n = 20 FM, n = 20 SBM) were sensitized with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and the serum haptoglobin (Hp) response was measured over time. The cutaneous hypersensitivity response (CHR) to HEWL challenge was measured on ld30 (n = 20 FM, n = 20 SBM), and blood samples were collected over time to measure the primary and secondary immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to HEWL. There was an attenuated trend in the LPS-induced febrile response by the FM treatment when compared with the SBM treatment (P = 0.06), as was also true for the respiratory response (P = 0.07), but significant differences in neuroendocrine function (serum cortisol and plasma ACTH) were not observed between treatments. Basal Hp levels were significantly lower in the FM supplemented ewes when compared with the SBM supplemented ewes (P < 0.01), and the Hp response to HEWL sensitization differed significantly over time between treatments (P < 0.01). The CHR to HEWL was also significantly attenuated in the FM treatment compared with the SBM (P < 0.01); however, treatment differences in the primary and secondary IgG responses to HEWL were not observed. These results indicate that FM supplementation differentially affects the innate and acquired immune responses in pregnant and lactating sheep compared with a typical SBM diet of commercial flocks. The long-term implications of this immunomodulation warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Stryker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Sustained medically unexplained physical symptoms in euthymic patients with recurrent depression: predictive value for recurrence and associations with omega 3- and 6 fatty acids and 5-HTTLPR? J Affect Disord 2012; 136:604-11. [PMID: 22100130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of potentially modifiable risk factors for recurrence in recurrent depression could provide opportunities to improve preventive interventions. In this study we aimed to examine the predictive value of medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) on time to recurrence in recurrent depression. Additionally, to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms that could explain the relations between MUPS and depression, we investigate the association between a sustained high level of MUPS, and (I) omega (ω)-3 and -6 fatty acid (FA)-status and (II) functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). METHODS Based on three Physical Symptom Checklist (PCS) scores over 12 months, we defined two groups of remitted recurrently depressed patients: 41 patients with a sustained high number of MUPS and 34 patients with a sustained low number or no MUPS. Patients were followed-up for 3.5 years while recurrence of their depression was monitored. In addition, we analyzed patients' erythrocyte's FA-profiles and triallelically genotyped their 5-HTTLPR. RESULTS A sustained high level of MUPS predicted consecutive depression recurrence over 3.5 years (adjusted relative risk 2.8). FA-status and distribution of 5-HTTLPR variant frequencies did not differ between patients with sustained high compared to low/absent MUPS-levels. LIMITATIONS Our sample was relatively small. CONCLUSION Remitted recurrently depressed patients with sustained MUPS have a considerably increased risk of recurrence. Having sustained MUPS is not associated with either erythrocyte ω-3 or -6 FA-levels or 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. Recognition and reducing MUPS in an early state could prevent a (depressive) relapse.
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Euteneuer F, Schwarz MJ, Hennings A, Riemer S, Stapf T, Selberdinger V, Rief W. Psychobiological aspects of somatization syndromes: contributions of inflammatory cytokines and neopterin. Psychiatry Res 2012; 195:60-5. [PMID: 21864915 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests a dysregulation of immune-to-brain communication in the pathophysiology of somatization syndromes (multiple somatoform symptoms). We compared blood levels of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neopterin between 23 patients with somatization syndromes (Somatoform Symptom Index-8, SSI-8), 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and 23 patients with major depression. No group differences were found for IL-1ra and IL-6. While TNF-α was increased in both clinical groups, neopterin was only increased in somatization syndromes. Correlational analyses revealed that neopterin tended to be related to somatoform pain complaints in patients with somatization syndromes. This study is the first to demonstrate increased levels of TNF-α and neopterin in patients with somatization syndromes without a diagnosis of depression, which may support a role of immune alterations in somatization syndromes. Neopterin is a reliable indicator for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) which was identified as the only cytokine that induces significant production of neopterin. Considering recent research indicating that IFN-γ can lead to increased neuronal responsiveness and body perceptions by reducing inhibitory tone in the dorsal horn, the observed association between somatization syndromes and neopterin might support the idea of central sensitization in the pathogenesis of somatoform symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Euteneuer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany.
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Li Y, Dai Q, Ekperi LI, Dehal A, Zhang J. Fish consumption and severely depressed mood, findings from the first national nutrition follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2011; 190:103-9. [PMID: 21628074 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The evidence obtained from prospective studies to support the hypothesis that fish consumption may improve mental status remains limited. The current study prospectively assessed a low frequency of fish consumption as a risk factor for depressed mood. Included were 5068 adults aged 25-74 years examined in 1971-1975 as the baseline of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study. Frequency of eating fish at baseline was obtained using a 3-month food frequency questionnaire. Severely depressed mood (SDM) was defined as the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores ≥22 or taking anti-depressants. After an average of 10.6 years of follow-up, among men (n=2039), the percentage of individuals with SDM was 11.7%. Compared with frequent consumers (more than once a week), the odds ratios (ORs) were 1.43 (95%CI=0.66-3.11) and 2.08 (1.08-4.09) respectively for the men eating fish once a week and less than once a week (p for trend=0.03). Among women (n=3029), the percentage of individuals with SDM was 17.89%. The ORs were 1 (reference), 0.91 (0.68-1.22) and 1.15 (0.83-1.59) respectively for the women eating fish more than once, once, and less than once a week. These estimates were obtained after adjustment for indicators of social deprivation and major physical diseases. The study concluded that independently from social deprivation and physical diseases, low fish consumption was a risk factor for SDM among men. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and elucidate mechanisms for the difference between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Hegarty BD, Parker GB. Marine omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders--linking the sea and the soul. 'Food for Thought' I. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 124:42-51. [PMID: 21480835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While there has long been interest in any nutritional contribution to the onset and treatment of mood disorders, there has been increasing scientific evaluation of several candidate nutritional and dietary factors in recent years. In this inaugural study of our 'Food for Thought' series, we will overview the evidence for any role of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) in regulating mood. METHOD Relevant literature was identified through online database searches and cross-referencing. RESULTS Plausible mechanisms exist by which omega-3 FA may influence neuronal function and mood. Cross-sectional studies demonstrate an association between omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and both depressive and bipolar disorders. Studies investigating the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for mood disorders have however provided inconsistent results. The proportion of treatment studies showing a significant advantage of omega-3 supplementation has dropped over the last 5 years. However, the vast heterogeneity of the trials in terms of constituent omega-3 FAs, dose and length of treatment makes comparisons of these studies difficult. CONCLUSION More research is required before omega-3 supplementation can be firmly recommended as an effective treatment for mood disorders. Whereas increased omega-3 FA intake may alleviate depressive symptoms, there is little evidence of any benefit for mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Hegarty
- Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
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Vines A, Delattre AM, Lima MMS, Rodrigues LS, Suchecki D, Machado RB, Tufik S, Pereira SIR, Zanata SM, Ferraz AC. The role of 5-HT₁A receptors in fish oil-mediated increased BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus and cortex: a possible antidepressant mechanism. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:184-91. [PMID: 21740919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and dietary studies show that nutritional deficit of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) is directly related to the prevalence and severity of depression. Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) during critical periods of development (pregnancy and lactation) is essential for cortical maturation, synaptogenesis and myelination, and may also mitigate the risk for cognitive deficits and psychopathologies in young adults. The present study was performed to evaluate the involvement of serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly of 5-HT(1A), and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the antidepressant effect of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. In Experiment 1, the antidepressant effects of fish oil were assessed by the modified forced swim test in adult rats. The data indicated a robust antidepressant effect produced by this supplementation and that treatment of the rats with WAY 100135 reversed this effect. In Experiment 2, cortical and hippocampal contents of BDNF, 5-HT, dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), were determined in animals subjected to the same protocol. Increased BDNF expression in the cortex and hippocampus of both age groups was detected. In 90 day-old rats, 5-HT content in the hippocampus was increased, whereas 5-HIAA formation was diminished in the fish oil group. We suggest the occurrence of a reciprocal involvement of 5-HT(1A) receptors activation and the hippocampal BDNF-increased expression mediated by fish oil supplementation. These data corroborate and expand the notion that supplementation with ω-3 PUFA produces antidepressant effects mediated by an increase in serotonergic neurotransmission, particularly in the hippocampus. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida Vines
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Depression, cytokines and experimental pain: evidence for sex-related association patterns. J Affect Disord 2011; 131:143-9. [PMID: 21167607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is robust evidence that altered neural-immune interactions including increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines are involved in both the pathogenesis of depression and altered pain processing. Proinflammatory cytokines induce sickness behavior, a constellation of symptoms that bears a strong similarity to those of depression. A feature of sickness behavior is enhanced pain sensitivity and it has been suggested that proinflammatory cytokines interact with pain processing directly and via several neurobiological pathways. Previous research indicates that depression and pain are closely related. We investigated the association between proinflammatory cytokines and experimental pain in major depression. METHODS Psychopathological variables, pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in 37 outpatients with major depression and 48 healthy controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, depressed patients exhibited significantly higher levels of TNF-α and significantly decreased PPT indicating enhanced pain sensitivity. The group differences were robust when adjusting for sex and body mass index, although sex was significantly related to PPT. No group difference was observed in IL-6. PPT correlated significantly with TNF-α in women but not in men. LIMITATIONS Because of the cross-sectional design, causality of the relation between TNF-α and pain cannot be determined. Results should be considered preliminary given the small sample size. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that increased pain sensitivity in depression may be linked to increased TNF-α concentration. The absence of this association in men is discussed in terms of pain-related psychobiological sex differences.
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Levant B. N-3 (omega-3) Fatty acids in postpartum depression: implications for prevention and treatment. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2011:467349. [PMID: 21151517 PMCID: PMC2989696 DOI: 10.1155/2011/467349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that low dietary intake and/or tissue levels of n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are associated with postpartum depression. Low tissue levels of n-3 PUFAs, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are reported in patients with either postpartum or nonpuerperal depression. Moreover, the physiological demands of pregnancy and lactation put childbearing women at particular risk of experiencing a loss of DHA from tissues including the brain, especially in individuals with inadequate dietary n-3 PUFA intake or suboptimal metabolic capabilities. Animal studies indicate that decreased brain DHA in postpartum females leads to several depression-associated neurobiological changes including decreased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and augmented hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Taken together, these findings support a role for decreased brain n-3 PUFAs in the multifactorial etiology of depression, particularly postpartum depression. These findings, and their implications for research and clinical practice, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, MS-1018, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids are not associated with the risk of severe depression in middle-aged Finnish men: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study. Eur J Nutr 2010; 50:89-96. [PMID: 20574779 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate whether serum n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or n - 6 to n - 3 ratio is associated with risk of severe depression in middle-aged Finnish men. METHODS The association between the serum concentrations of fatty acids and depression was investigated in 2077 men aged 42-60 years at baseline in a prospective follow-up setting. The population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study cohort was recruited between 1984 and 1989 and followed until the end of 2007. The baseline levels of serum total n - 3 PUFAs, n - 6 PUFAs and individual fatty acids were determined. Data on hospital treatments due to major depressive disorder were derived from the national hospital discharge register. RESULTS During the average follow-up time of 18 years, 46 men received a discharge diagnosis of depression. When the Cox proportional hazards model was adjusted for age, examination year, baseline socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption, smoking, maximal oxygen uptake and body mass index, there was no association between serum total n - 3 PUFAs and the risk of depression [relative risk (RR) in the highest compared to the lowest tertile 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38; 1.43]. Serum concentrations of n - 6 PUFAs, n6/n3 PUFA ratio, or individual fatty acids were not associated with the risk of severe depression, either. CONCLUSIONS We did not find evidence that serum n - 3 PUFA concentration or n - 6/n - 3 ratio would be associated with risk of severe depression in middle-aged Finnish men.
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