1
|
Kline AC, Otis N, Panza KE, McCabe CT, Glassman L, Campbell JS, Walter KH. PTSD, depression, and treatment outcomes: A latent profile analysis among active duty personnel in a residential PTSD program. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:71-79. [PMID: 38508035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Depression frequently co-occurs with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including among active duty service members. However, symptom heterogeneity of this comorbidity is complex and its association with treatment outcomes is poorly understood, particularly among active duty service members in residential treatment. This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify symptom-based subgroups of PTSD and depression among 282 male service members in a 10-week, residential PTSD treatment program with evidence-based PTSD psychotherapies and adjunctive interventions. The PTSD Checklist-Military Version and Patient Health Questionnaire-8 were completed by service members at pre- and posttreatment and weekly during treatment. Multilevel models compared subgroups on PTSD and depression symptom change across treatment. LPA indicated four subgroups provided optimal fit: Depressive (high depression severity, low PTSD avoidance; n = 33, 11.7%), Avoidant (high PTSD avoidance, moderate depression severity; n = 89, 31.6%), Moderate (moderate PTSD and depression severity; n = 27, 9.6%), and Distressed (high PTSD and depression severity; n = 133, 47.2%). Treatment response differed across classes for both PTSD and depression outcomes (time × LPA class interaction ps < 0.001). In PTSD models, post-hoc comparisons indicated the Moderate class was associated with less PTSD symptom improvement relative to the other classes (ps < 0.006). In depression models, symptom reduction was greatest for the Distressed and Depressive subgroups relative to the other two classes (ps < 0.009). Study results provide an initial model for two prevalent, impairing disorders among service members and show how these symptom-based subgroups may differentially respond to residential PTSD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Kline
- Psychological Health and Readiness, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Otis
- Psychological Health and Readiness, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Panza
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cameron T McCabe
- Psychological Health and Readiness, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Glassman
- Psychological Health and Readiness, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristen H Walter
- Psychological Health and Readiness, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Relyea MR, Presseau C, Runels T, Humbert MM, Martino S, Brandt CA, Haskell SG, Portnoy GA. Understanding Veterans' intimate partner violence use and patterns of healthcare utilization. Health Serv Res 2023; 58:1198-1208. [PMID: 37452496 PMCID: PMC10622301 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the association between Veterans' healthcare utilization and intimate partner violence (IPV) use (i.e., perpetration) in order to (1) identify conditions comorbid with IPV use and (2) inform clinical settings to target for IPV use screening, intervention, and provider training. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING We examined survey data from a national sample of 834 Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) Veterans. STUDY DESIGN We assessed associations between past-year IPV use and medical treatment, health issues, and use of Veterans Health Administration (VA) and non-VA services using chi-square tests and logistic regression. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Data were derived from the Department of Defense OEF/OIF/OND Roster. Surveys were sent to all women Veterans and a random sample of men from participating study sites. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Half (49%) of the Veterans who reported utilizing VA healthcare in the past year indicated using IPV. Q values using a 5% false discovery rate indicated that Veterans who used IPV were more likely than Veterans who did not use IPV to have received treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 39% vs. 27%), chronic sleep problems (36% vs. 26%), anxiety or depression (44% vs. 36%), severe chronic pain (31% vs. 22%), and stomach or digestive disorders (24% vs. 16%). Veterans who used IPV were also more likely than Veterans who did not use IPV to have received medical treatment in the past year (86% vs. 80%), seen psychiatrists outside VA (39% vs. 20%), and have outpatient healthcare outside VA (49% vs. 41%). IPV use was not related to whether Veterans received care from VA or non-VA providers. CONCLUSIONS Veterans' IPV use was related to greater utilization of services for mental health, chronic pain, and digestive issues. Future research should examine whether these are risk factors or consequences of IPV use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Relyea
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Candice Presseau
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Tessa Runels
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Steve Martino
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Cynthia A. Brandt
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Sally G. Haskell
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Galina A. Portnoy
- VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Richerson JT, Wagner TH, Abrams T, Skelton K, Biswas K, Illarmo S, McSherry F, Fallon MT, Frakt A, Pizer S, Magruder KM, Groer S, Dorn PA, Huang GD, Stock EM. Therapeutic and Economic Benefits of Service Dogs Versus Emotional Support Dogs for Veterans With PTSD. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:790-800. [PMID: 36718602 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the therapeutic and economic benefits of service dogs versus emotional support dogs for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Veterans with PTSD (N=227) participating in a multicenter trial were randomly assigned to receive a service or emotional support dog; 181 veterans received a dog and were followed up for 18 months. Primary outcomes included overall functioning (assessed with World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II [WHODAS 2.0]) and quality of life (Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey [VR-12]). Secondary outcomes included PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), suicidal ideation, depression, sleep quality, health care costs and utilization, medication adherence, employment, and productivity. RESULTS Participants paired with a dog had a mean±SD age of 50.6±13.6 years (range 22-79), and most were male (80%), White (66%), and non-Hispanic (91%). Adjusted linear mixed repeated-measures models indicated no difference between the two groups on WHODAS 2.0 or VR-12 scores. Participants with service dogs had a 3.7-point greater reduction in PTSD symptoms versus participants with emotional support dogs (p=0.036). No reduced health care utilization or cost was associated with receiving a service dog. Veterans with service dogs had an increase of 10 percentage points in antidepressant adherence compared with those with emotional support dogs (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Both groups appeared to benefit from having a service or emotional support dog. No significant differences in improved functioning or quality of life were observed between the groups. Those in the service dog group had a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms and better antidepressant adherence, improvements that should be explored further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan T Richerson
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Todd H Wagner
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Thad Abrams
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Kelly Skelton
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Kousick Biswas
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Samantha Illarmo
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Frances McSherry
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Michael T Fallon
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Austin Frakt
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Steven Pizer
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Kathryn M Magruder
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Shirley Groer
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Patricia A Dorn
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Grant D Huang
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| | - Eileen M Stock
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville (Richerson); VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California (Wagner, Illarmo); Center for Access Delivery Research and Evaluation, VA Iowa City Healthcare System, and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Abrams); Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta (Skelton, Fallon); Perry Point/Baltimore Coordinating Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, VA, Perry Point, Maryland (Biswas, McSherry, Stock); Partnered Evidence-Based Policy Resource Center, Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (Frakt, Pizer); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Military Sciences Division, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Magruder); VA Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (Groer, Dorn, Huang)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walter KH, Hunt WM, Otis NP, Kline AC, Miggantz EL, Thomsen CJ, Glassman LH. Comparison of behavioral activation-enhanced cognitive processing therapy and cognitive processing therapy among U.S. service members: A randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115330. [PMID: 37418778 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occur and can cause significant impairment. Data are lacking as to whether interventions targeting both PTSD and MDD may improve treatment outcomes among individuals with this comorbidity compared with existing evidence-based PTSD treatments alone. This randomized trial compared the effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) enhanced with behavioral activation (BA+CPT) versus CPT among 94 service members (52 women and 42 men; age M = 28.5 years) with comorbid PTSD and MDD. The primary outcome was clinician-administered depression symptom severity on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) from pretreatment through 3-month follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses using multilevel models showed statistically and clinically significant decreases in MADRS scores for both conditions over time, with no significant differences between BA+CPT and CPT. Secondary depression and PTSD symptom outcomes followed a similar pattern of results. For diagnostic MDD and PTSD outcomes using available data, no statistically significant differences between treatments emerged at posttreatment or 3-month follow-up. Sessions attended, dropout rate, and treatment satisfaction did not significantly differ between treatments. Outcomes were comparable for both treatments, suggesting that BA+CPT and CPT were similarly effective psychotherapy options for comorbid PTSD and MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Walter
- Health and Behavioral Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - W Michael Hunt
- Directorate of Mental Health, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Otis
- Health and Behavioral Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander C Kline
- Health and Behavioral Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin L Miggantz
- Health and Behavioral Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia J Thomsen
- Health and Behavioral Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa H Glassman
- Health and Behavioral Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hawn SE, Hawrilenko M, McDowell Y, Campbell S, Garcia NM, Simpson TL. An in-depth look at latent classes of DSM-5 psychiatric comorbidity among individuals with PTSD: Clinical indicators and treatment utilization. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:2214-2244. [PMID: 35973077 PMCID: PMC9561047 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with high comorbidity rates across the full range of psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about how psychiatric comorbidity manifests among people with PTSD, particularly with regard to concurrent diagnoses. METHOD Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to characterize discrete classes of PTSD comorbidity using past year DSM-5 diagnostic standards among a large nationally representative epidemiologic sample of U.S. adults. Follow-up analyses compared participant characteristics across latent classes. RESULTS The LCA was best characterized by five classes: low comorbidity, distress-fear, distress-externalizing, mania-fear-externalizing, and mania-externalizing. Excluding the low comorbidity class, proportions of borderline and schizotypal personality disorder were high across classes. CONCLUSION Participant characteristics across classes of past year PTSD comorbidity are explored through the lens of case conceptualization and treatment planning utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sage E. Hawn
- National Center for PTSD, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Hawrilenko
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Sarah Campbell
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Tracy L. Simpson
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Artin H, Bentley S, Mehaffey E, Liu FX, Sojourner K, Bismark AW, Printz D, Lee EE, Martis B, De Peralta S, Baker DG, Mishra J, Ramanathan D. Effects of intranasal ( S)-ketamine on Veterans with co-morbid treatment-resistant depression and PTSD: A retrospective case series. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 48:101439. [PMID: 35706484 PMCID: PMC9092498 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (S)-ketamine is a glutamatergic drug with potent and rapid acting effects for the treatment of depression. Little is known about the effectiveness of intranasal (S)-ketamine for treating patients with comorbid depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS We performed a retrospective case series analysis of clinical outcomes in 35 Veterans with co-morbid depression and PTSD who were treated with intranasal (S)-ketamine treatments at the VA San Diego Neuromodulation Clinic between Jan 2020 and March 2021. Veterans were not randomized or blinded to treatment. The primary outcome measured was a change in patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) scores across the first 8 treatments (induction period) using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). In a smaller sub-group (n = 19) of Veterans who received at least 8 additional treatments, we analyzed whether intranasal (S)-ketamine continued to show treatment effects. Finally, we performed a sub-group and correlation analyses to understand how changes in PHQ-9 and PCL-5 scores were related across treatments. FINDINGS During the induction phase of treatment there was an absolute reduction of 5.1 (SEM 0.7) on the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) rating scale for depression, from 19.8 (SEM 0.7) at treatment 1 to 14.7 (SEM 0.8) at treatment 8 (week 4) (F(7238) = 8.3, p = 1e-6, partial η2 = 0.2). Five Veterans (14%) showed a clinically meaningful response (50% reduction in PHQ-9 score) at treatment 8. There was an absolute reduction of 15.5 +/- 2.4 on the patient checklist 5 (PCL-5) rating scale for PTSD, from 54.8 (SEM 2) at treatment 1 down to 39.3 (SEM 2.5) at treatment 8 (F(7238) = 15.5, p = 2e-7, partial η2 = 0.31). Sixteen Veterans (46%) showed a clinically meaningful response (reduction in PCL-5 of > 30%) in PTSD. Change in PHQ-9 correlated with change in PCL-5 at treatment 8 (r = 0.47, p = 0.005), but a decrease in PTSD symptoms were observable in some individuals with minimal anti-depressant response. INTERPRETATIONS While this is an open-label retrospective analysis, our results indicate that both depression and PTSD symptoms in Veterans with dual-diagnoses may improve with repeated intranasal (S)-ketamine treatment. The effects of (S)-ketamine on PTSD symptoms were temporally and individually distinct from those on depression, suggesting potentially different modes of action on the two disorders. This work may warrant formal randomized controlled studies on the effects of intranasal (S)-ketamine for individuals with co-morbid MDD and PTSD. FUNDING VA Center of Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA ORD (Career Development Award to DSR), Burroughs-Wellcome Fund Award (DSR), NIMH (EL).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hewa Artin
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sean Bentley
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eamonn Mehaffey
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fred X. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin Sojourner
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Andrew W. Bismark
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Printz
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian Martis
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sharon De Peralta
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dewleen G. Baker
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Forbes CN, Tull MT, Chapman AL, Dixon-Gordon KL, Gratz KL. Implicit Associations of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Relief in Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Disorders. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:565-580. [PMID: 32866425 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1811182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although once considered a defining feature of borderline personality disorder, research has found high rates of NSSI among individuals with other psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders. A recent study from our research team found that lifetime PTSD and depressive disorders were associated with unique self-reported NSSI motives. Given well-established limitations of assessing motives via self-report measures, the present study sought to extend this line of research by using a novel laboratory measure of the implicit NSSI-relief association to examine NSSI emotional relief motives. METHOD A subset of participants from our previous study (N = 109) completed diagnostic interviews and the laboratory-based DSH-Relief Implicit Association Test (IAT). RESULTS Findings indicated that individuals with lifetime PTSD evidenced stronger NSSI-relief associations than those without PTSD. Further, this main effect was qualified by a PTSD by depressive disorder interaction, such that stronger NSSI-relief associations were found among individuals with lifetime PTSD but no lifetime depressive disorder than among individuals without a history of either PTSD or a depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of investigating NSSI motives associated with different symptom profiles using a multi-method approach.
Collapse
|
8
|
Carmassi C, Pedrinelli V, Dell'Oste V, Bertelloni CA, Grossi C, Gesi C, Cerveri G, Dell'Osso L. PTSD and Depression in Healthcare Workers in the Italian Epicenter of the COVID-19 Outbreak. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2022; 17:242-252. [PMID: 35173794 PMCID: PMC8728562 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence highlights the susceptibility of Healthcare Workers to develop psychopathological sequelae, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression, in the current COronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, but little data have been reported in the acute phase of the pandemic. Objective: To explore Healthcare Workers’ mental health reactions in the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first European epicenter (Lodi/Codogno, Italy), with particular attention to post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms and their interplay with other psychological outcomes. Methods: 74 Healthcare Workers employed at the Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Lodi (Lombardy, Italy) were recruited and assessed by means of the Impact of Event Scale- Revised, the Professional Quality of Life Scale-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item, the Resilience Scale and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were compared across three subgroups of the sample (No PTSD, PTSD only, PTSD and depression). Results: A total of 31% of subjects endorsed a diagnosis of PTSD and 28.4% reported PTSD comorbid with major depression. Females were more prone to develop post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Subjects with PTSD and depression groups showed high levels of PTSD, depression, burnout and impairment in functioning. Anxiety symptoms were higher in both PTSD and depression and PTSD groups rather than in the No PTSD group. Conclusion: Our results showed high rates of PTSD and depression among Healthcare Workers and their comorbidity overall being associated with worse outcomes. Current findings suggest that interventions to prevent and treat psychological implications among Healthcare Workers facing infectious outbreaks are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Pedrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Dell'Oste
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Grossi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Lodi, Lodi, Italy
| | - Camilla Gesi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Joormann J, Ziobrowski HN, King A, Gildea SM, Lee S, Sampson NA, House SL, Beaudoin FL, An X, Stevens JS, Zeng D, Neylan TC, Clifford GD, Linnstaedt SD, Germine LT, Bollen KA, Rauch SL, Haran JP, Storrow AB, Musey PI, Hendry PL, Sheikh S, Jones CW, Punches BE, McGrath ME, Hudak LA, Pascual JL, Seamon MJ, Chang AM, Pearson C, Peak DA, Domeier RM, Rathlev NK, O’Neil BJ, Sanchez LD, Bruce SE, Miller MW, Pietrzak RH, Barch DM, Pizzagalli DA, Harte SE, Elliott JM, Koenen KC, McLean SA, Kessler RC. Prior histories of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression and their onset and course in the three months after a motor vehicle collision in the AURORA study. Depress Anxiety 2022; 39:56-70. [PMID: 34783142 PMCID: PMC8732322 DOI: 10.1002/da.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of the extent to which prior occurrences of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE) predict psychopathological reactions to subsequent traumas might be useful in targeting posttraumatic preventive interventions. METHODS Data come from 1306 patients presenting to 29 U.S. emergency departments (EDs) after a motor vehicle collision (MVC) in the advancing understanding of recovery after trauma study. Patients completed self-reports in the ED and 2-weeks, 8-weeks, and 3-months post-MVC. Associations of pre-MVC probable PTSD and probable MDE histories with subsequent 3-months post-MVC probable PTSD and probable MDE were examined along with mediation through intervening peritraumatic, 2-, and 8-week disorders. RESULTS 27.6% of patients had 3-month post-MVC probable PTSD and/or MDE. Pre-MVC lifetime histories of these disorders were not only significant (relative risk = 2.6-7.4) but were dominant (63.1% population attributable risk proportion [PARP]) predictors of this 3-month outcome, with 46.6% prevalence of the outcome among patients with pre-MVC disorder histories versus 9.9% among those without such histories. The associations of pre-MVC lifetime disorders with the 3-month outcome were mediated largely by 2- and 8-week probable PTSD and MDE (PARP decreasing to 22.8% with controls for these intervening disorders). Decomposition showed that pre-MVC lifetime histories predicted both onset and persistence of these intervening disorders as well as the higher conditional prevalence of the 3-month outcome in the presence of these intervening disorders. CONCLUSIONS Assessments of pre-MVC PTSD and MDE histories and follow-ups at 2 and 8 weeks could help target early interventions for psychopathological reactions to MVCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Hannah N. Ziobrowski
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrew King
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah M. Gildea
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sue Lee
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nancy A. Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stacey L. House
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Francesca L. Beaudoin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02930, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine & Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02930, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02930, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, 02930, USA
| | - Xinming An
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Thomas C. Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gari D. Clifford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sarah D. Linnstaedt
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Laura T. Germine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- The Many Brains Project, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Bollen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - John P. Haran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Alan B. Storrow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Paul I. Musey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Phyllis L. Hendry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA
| | - Sophia Sheikh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Brittany E. Punches
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Meghan E. McGrath
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Lauren A. Hudak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jose L. Pascual
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark J. Seamon
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anna M. Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jefferson University Hospitals, Pennsylvania, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Claire Pearson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MA, 48202, USA
| | - David A. Peak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Robert M. Domeier
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Niels K. Rathlev
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, 01107, USA
| | - Brian J. O’Neil
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MA, 48202, USA
| | - Leon D. Sanchez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven E. Bruce
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- National Center for PTSD, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Steven E. Harte
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James M. Elliott
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Northern Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samuel A. McLean
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gupta S, Guleria RS, Szabo YZ. MicroRNAs as biomarker and novel therapeutic target for posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans. Psychiatry Res 2021; 305:114252. [PMID: 34739954 PMCID: PMC8857765 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric disorder for military Veterans, characterized by hyperarousal, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, hypervigilance, and distress after experiencing traumatic events. Some of the known physiological effects of PTSD include hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis imbalance, a cortical function resulting in neuronal deficit and changes in behavior. Moreover, excessive discharge of inflammatory molecules and a dysregulated immune system are implicated in the pathophysiology of PTSD. Due to complex nature of this disorder, the biological underpinnings of PTSD remain inexplicable. Investigating novel biomarkers to understanding the pathogenesis of PTSD may reflect the underlying molecular network for therapeutic use and treatment. Circulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) and exosomes are evolving biomarkers that have shown a key role in psychiatric and neurological disorders including PTSD. Given the unique nature of combat trauma, as well as evidence that a large portion of Veterans do not benefit from frontline treatments, focus on veterans specifically is warranted. In the present review, we delineate the identification and role of several miRNAs in PTSD among veterans. An association of miRNA with HPA-axis regulation through FKBP5, a key modulator in PTSD is discussed as an emerging molecule in psychiatric diseases. We conclude that miRNAs may be used as circulatory biomarker detection in Veterans with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhiranjan Gupta
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Biomarkers & Genetics Core, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4800 Memorial Drive (151C), Waco, TX, 76711, USA.
| | - Rakeshwar S. Guleria
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Biomarkers & Genetics Core, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4800 Memorial Drive (151C), Waco, Texas, 76711
| | - Yvette Z. Szabo
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Biomarkers & Genetics Core, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4800 Memorial Drive (151C), Waco, Texas, 76711
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Community Survey of Quality of Life and Psychiatric Disorders among Residents Following the Kaohsiung Gas Explosion: a 5-Year Cross-Sectional Follow-Up Study. Psychiatr Q 2021; 92:1-12. [PMID: 33765285 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-021-09911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate factors associated with quality of life (QoL) and disaster-related psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE), in the survivors of a gas explosion in Taiwan 5 years after the event. A community-based cross-sectional study of residents from an area that experienced a gas explosion was conducted 5 years after the event. The Short Form 12v2 (SF-12v2) was used to screen 2511 participants. The Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) was used to assess probable MDE and PTSD. A total of 2511 participants, including 604 males and 1907 females, completed the QoL survey. The average age was 56.02 ± 16.78 years, and most participants were in the ≧65 age group (39.7%). The males had better QoL in the physical dimensions. Lifestyle was significantly positively associated with QoL. A total of 894 participants completed the DRPST, which showed some individuals with probable MDE (n = 93, 10.4%), probable PTSD (n = 22, 2.5%), or probable MDE and PTSD (n = 49, 5.5%); most people had no MDE or PTSD (n = 730, 81.7%). Those in the probable PTSD or MDE groups were significantly more likely to be female or to be experiencing stressors (p < 0.001). The participants continued to be affected by the disaster based on their QoL, even 5 years later. Females had a higher risk of probable psychiatric disorders and poorer QoL in the physical dimensions. Long-term follow-up, interventions and investigations after a disaster are needed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Differential Effects of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders on Treatment Outcome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from Childhood Trauma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163708. [PMID: 34442005 PMCID: PMC8397108 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently have comorbid diagnoses such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (AD). Studies into the impact of these comorbidities on the outcome of PTSD treatment have yielded mixed results. The different treatments investigated in these studies might explain the varied outcome. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of these comorbidities on the outcome of two specific PTSD treatments. MDD and AD were analyzed as predictors and moderators in a trial comparing 12 sessions of either eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or imagery rescripting (IR) in 155 adult patients with PTSD from childhood trauma. The primary outcome was reduction of PTSD symptoms (clinician-administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5, CAPS-5) assessed at eight-week follow-up and a secondary outcome was self-report PTSD symptoms (Impact of Event Scale, IES-R). MDD was not a predictor of treatment outcome but did have a significant moderator effect. Patients with MDD showed a better outcome if they were treated with IR, whereas patients without MDD improved more in the EMDR condition. No impact of AD emerged. It seems essential to consider comorbid MDD when planning PTSD treatment to improve treatment outcomes. More research is needed to replicate our findings and focus on different kinds of PTSD treatments and other comorbidities.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ziobrowski HN, Leung LB, Bossarte RM, Bryant C, Keusch JN, Liu H, Puac-Polanco V, Pigeon WR, Oslin DW, Post EP, Zaslavsky AM, Zubizarreta JR, Kessler RC. Comorbid mental disorders, depression symptom severity, and role impairment among Veterans initiating depression treatment through the Veterans Health Administration. J Affect Disord 2021; 290:227-236. [PMID: 34004405 PMCID: PMC8508583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric comorbidities may complicate depression treatment by being associated with increased role impairments. However, depression symptom severity might account for these associations. Understanding the independent associations of depression severity and comorbidity with impairments could help in treatment planning. This is especially true for depressed Veterans, who have high psychiatric comorbidity rates. METHODS 2,610 Veterans beginning major depression treatment at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) were administered a baseline self-report survey that screened for diverse psychiatric comorbidities and assessed depression severity and role impairments. Logistic and generalized linear regression models estimated univariable and multivariable associations of depression severity and comorbidities with impairments. Population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) estimated the relative importance of depression severity and comorbidities in accounting for role impairments. RESULTS Nearly all patients (97.8%) screened positive for at least one comorbidity and half (49.8%) for 4+ comorbidities. The most common positive screens were for generalized anxiety disorder (80.2%), posttraumatic stress disorder (77.9%), and panic/phobia (77.4%). Depression severity and comorbidities were significantly and additively associated with impairments in multivariable models. Associations were attenuated much less for depression severity than for comorbidities in multivariable versus univariable models. PARPs indicated that 15-60% of role impairments were attributable to depression severity and 5-32% to comorbidities. LIMITATIONS The screening scales could have over-estimated comorbidity prevalence. The cross-sectional observational design cannot determine either temporal or causal priorities. CONCLUSIONS Although positive screens for psychiatric comorbidity are pervasive among depressed VHA patients, depression severity accounts for most of the associations of these comorbidities with role impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucinda B. Leung
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation,
Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles,
CA, USA,Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services
Research, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert M. Bossarte
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West
Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA
Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA
| | - Corey Bryant
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor, Ann
Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Janelle N. Keusch
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor, Ann
Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard Liu
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, USA,Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA
Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA
| | - Victor Puac-Polanco
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman
School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wilfred R. Pigeon
- Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA
Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical
Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David W. Oslin
- VISN 4 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical
Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward P. Post
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor, Ann
Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan M. Zaslavsky
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, USA,Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge,
MA, USA
| | - Jose R. Zubizarreta
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, USA,Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge,
MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burton MS, Cooper AA, Mello PG, Feeny NC, Zoellner LA. Latent Profiles of Comorbid Depression as Predictors of PTSD Treatment Outcome. Behav Ther 2021; 52:970-981. [PMID: 34134835 PMCID: PMC8543494 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occurs with major depressive disorder, and empirically supported PTSD treatments consistently improve depression. However, both diagnoses are heterogeneous and specific patterns of symptom overlap may be related to worse treatment outcome. Two hundred individuals with chronic PTSD participated in a doubly randomized preference trial comparing prolonged exposure and sertraline. Latent Profile Analysis was used to identify classes based on PTSD and depression symptoms prior to starting treatment. A three-class model best fit the data, with a high depression and PTSD severity class (distressed), a moderate depression and low PTSD avoidance class (depressive), and a low depression and high PTSD avoidance class (avoidant). The avoidant class showed the lowest rates of major depressive disorder diagnosis and transdiagnostic vulnerabilities to depression. Patients in the distressed class experienced more robust PTSD treatment response, with no differences between prolonged exposure and sertraline. These findings highlight the role of avoidance in nondepressed PTSD presentations while also demonstrating that co-occurring depression is not contraindicated in evidence-based PTSD treatment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kartal D, Arjmand HA, Varker T, Cowlishaw S, O'Donnell M, Phelps A, Howard A, Hopwood M, McFarlane A, Bryant RA, Forbes D, Cooper J, Hinton M. Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Insomnia and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Treatment-Receiving Veterans. Behav Ther 2021; 52:982-994. [PMID: 34134836 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is a risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while it is also plausible that PTSD symptoms can maintain insomnia symptoms. The present study examined longitudinal bidirectional relationships between insomnia and PTSD symptoms in treatment-seeking veterans. Participants were 693 ex-serving members of the Australian Defence Force who participated in an accredited, hospital-based outpatient PTSD program. Participants completed self-reported assessments of PTSD and insomnia symptoms at four time points: intake, discharge, 3-month, and 9-months posttreatment follow-up. Cross-lagged pathway analyses indicated significant bi-directional pathways between insomnia symptoms and PTSD symptoms at most time points. A final cross-lagged model between insomnia symptoms and the PTSD symptom clusters indicated that the PTSD symptom paths on insomnia symptoms, between intake and discharge, were attributable to reexperiencing PTSD symptoms. In contrast, across posttreatment follow-up time points there were significant paths of insomnia symptoms on all PTSD symptom clusters except from insomnia at 3-months to avoidance symptom at 9-months. PTSD symptoms and insomnia symptoms have bidirectional associations over time that may lead to the mutual maintenance or exacerbation of each condition following PTSD treatment. Where residual insomnia symptoms are present post-treatment, a sleep-focussed intervention is indicated and a sequenced approach to treatment recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dzenana Kartal
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne.
| | | | - Tracey Varker
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| | - Andrea Phelps
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| | - Alexandra Howard
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| | | | | | | | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| | - John Cooper
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| | - Mark Hinton
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and University of Melbourne
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rassu FS, Sansgiry S, Hundt NE, Kunik ME, Cully JA. Presence of PTSD is Associated with Clinical and Functional Impact in Veterans with Depression Treated in Community-Based Clinics. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2021; 29:220-229. [PMID: 34156589 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-021-09796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Providers in non-traditional mental health settings (e.g., primary care, community medical clinics) face challenges involving patients who often present with multiple mental health conditions, but require rapid assessment and treatment. To help address this challenge, this study characterized differences in health symptom severity and mental health treatment perceptions between depressed Veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) served in community medical clinics. Relative to depressed Veterans without PTSD (N = 62), depressed Veterans with PTSD (N = 122) endorsed greater depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, pain, and insomnia symptoms, as well as lower functioning. Veterans with depression and PTSD also reported greater mental health needs, prior utilization of mental health services, and higher perceived importance of mental health treatment. Results highlight the complexity of comorbid mental health conditions frequently seen in community medical care clinics and suggest that patients with comorbid mental health difficulties may present with a complex array of mental health symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenan S Rassu
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd., Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Shubhada Sansgiry
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie E Hundt
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd., Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark E Kunik
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd., Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cully
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd., Suite 400, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meng J, Tang C, Xiao X, Välimäki M, Wang H. Co-occurrence Pattern of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in People Living With HIV: A Latent Profile Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:666766. [PMID: 34025528 PMCID: PMC8131520 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression is common among people living with the HIV (PLWH). Given the high prevalence and serious clinical consequences of the comorbidity of these two disorders, we conducted a latent profile analysis to examine the co-occurrence pattern of PTSD and depression in PLWH. Methods: The data for this cross-sectional study of PLWH were collected from 602 patients with HIV in China. A secondary analysis using latent profile analysis was conducted to examine HIV-related PTSD and depression symptoms. Results: A four-class solution fits the data best, with the four classes characterized as asymptomatic (42.9%), mild symptoms (33.9%), low to moderate symptoms (19.8%), and high to moderate symptoms (3.4%). The severity of PTSD and depression symptoms was comparable in this solution, and no group was dominated by PTSD or depression. Conclusion: The absence of a distinct subcluster of PLWH with only PTSD or depression symptoms supports that PTSD and depression in PLWH are psychopathological manifestations after traumatic exposures. Health care staff should pay more attention to the existence of comorbid symptoms of individuals, develop integrated interventions for the symptoms cluster, and evaluate their effectiveness in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chulei Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xueling Xiao
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Maritta Välimäki
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Honghong Wang
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hilliard W, Gerardi MB, Jimenez RR. Options for Veterans Experiencing Sleep Impairment. J Nurse Pract 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Duek O, Spiller TR, Pietrzak RH, Fried EI, Harpaz-Rotem I. Network analysis of PTSD and depressive symptoms in 158,139 treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD. Depress Anxiety 2021; 38:554-562. [PMID: 33190348 DOI: 10.1002/da.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, a new framework for analyzing and understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was introduced; the network approach. Up until now, network analysis studies of PTSD were largely conducted on small to medium sample sizes (N < 1,000), which might be a possible cause of variability in main findings. Moreover, only a limited number of network studies investigated comorbidity. METHODS In this study, we utilized a large sample to conduct a network analysis of 17 symptoms of PTSD (DSM-IV), and compared it to the result of a second network consisting of symptoms of PTSD and depression (based on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]). Our sample consisted of 502,036 treatment-seeking veterans, out of which 158,139 had fully completed the assessment of symptoms of PTSD and a subsample of 32,841 with valid PCL and PHQ-9 that was administered within 14 days or less. RESULTS Analyses found that in the PTSD network, the most central symptoms were feeling distant or cut off from others, followed by feeling very upset when reminded of the event, and repeated disturbing memories or thoughts of the event. In the combined network, we found that concentration difficulties and anhedonia are two of the five most central symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings replicate the centrality of intrusion symptoms in PTSD symptoms' network. Taking into account the large sample and high stability of the network structure, we believe our study can answer some of the criticism regarding stability of cross-sectional network structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Or Duek
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut, Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tobias Raphael Spiller
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut, Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eiko I Fried
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilan Harpaz-Rotem
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut, Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ney LJ, Akhurst J, Bruno R, Laing PAF, Matthews A, Felmingham KL. Dopamine, endocannabinoids and their interaction in fear extinction and negative affect in PTSD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110118. [PMID: 32991952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There currently exist few frameworks for common neurobiology between reexperiencing and negative cognitions and mood symptoms of PTSD. Adopting a dopaminergic framework for PTSD unites many aspects of unique symptom clusters, and this approach also links PTSD symptomology to common comorbidities with a common neurobiological deficiency. Here we review the dopamine literature and incorporate it with a growing field of research that describes both the contribution of endocannabinoids to fear extinction and PTSD, as well as the interactions between dopaminergic and endocannabinoid systems underlying this disorder. Based on current evidence, we outline an early, preliminary model that links re-experiencing and negative cognitions and mood in PTSD by invoking the interaction between endocannabinoid and dopaminergic signalling in the brain. These interactions between PTSD, dopamine and endocannabinoids may have implications for future therapies for treatment-resistant and comorbid PTSD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Ney
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Jane Akhurst
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Patrick A F Laing
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia
| | | | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar RG, Jayasinghe N, Walker RL, Gibbons LE, Power MC, Larson EB, Crane PK, Dams-O'Connor K. Association of remote traumatic brain injury and military employment with late-life trajectories of depressive symptom severity. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:376-383. [PMID: 33348181 PMCID: PMC8887889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and military service are common lifetime exposures among current older adults that may affect late-life mental health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC) and military employment and late-life depressive symptom severity trajectory. METHODS 1445 males and 2096 females adults at least 65 years old without dementia or recent TBI were enrolled and followed biennially for up to 10 years in the Adult Changes in Thought study from Kaiser Permanente Washington in Seattle, Washington. RESULTS Using group-based trajectory modeling, we documented four distinct depressive symptom severity trajectories that followed a similar course in males and females (Minimal, Decreasing, Increasing, and Persistent). In multinomial regression analyses, TBI with LOC in males was associated with greater likelihood of Persistent versus Minimal depressive symptom severity compared to individuals without TBI (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.27; p=0.046). Males reporting past military employment had greater likelihood of Decreasing versus Minimal depressive symptom severity compared to individuals without past military employment (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.31; p=0.035). There was no association between TBI or military employment and depression trajectories in females, and no evidence of effect modification by age or between exposures. LIMITATIONS Lifetime history of TBI was ascertained retrospectively and may be subject to recall bias. Also, past military employment does not presuppose combat exposure. CONCLUSIONS Remote TBI and past military employment are relevant to late-life trajectories of depressive symptom severity in dementia-free older males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj G Kumar
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Nimali Jayasinghe
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Rod L Walker
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
| | | | - Melinda C Power
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. kristen.dams-o'
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Seol JH, Park Y, Choi J, Sohn YW. The Mediating Role of Meaning in Life in the Effects of Calling on Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Growth: A Longitudinal Study of Navy Soldiers Deployed to the Gulf of Aden. Front Psychol 2021; 11:599109. [PMID: 33574782 PMCID: PMC7870474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.599109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the mediating role of meaning in life in the effect of calling on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among navy soldiers of the Republic of Korea deployed to the Gulf of Aden, Somalia. Participants responded to the questionnaire survey three times (pre-deployment, deployment, and post-deployment) at 4-month intervals. From the first, second, and third surveys, data were collected for 223, 195, and 103 respondents, respectively. Results showed that calling had a negative effect on PTSD, fully mediated by meaning in life, whereas calling had a positive effect on PTG, partially mediated by meaning in life. Our findings suggest that calling acts as a positive psychological resource for maintaining the meaning in life throughout stressful events experienced during deployment, thereby reducing posttraumatic stress symptoms and promoting post-deployment psychological growth. Finally, theoretical and practical implications and the need for follow-up studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Young Woo Sohn
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roberts AL, Kubzansky LD, Chibnik LB, Rimm EB, Koenen KC. Association of Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms With Mortality in Women. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2027935. [PMID: 33275156 PMCID: PMC7718604 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Consistent evidence has found associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and increased risk of chronic disease and greater prevalence of health risk factors. However, the association between PTSD and all-cause mortality has not been thoroughly investigated in civilians. Objective To investigate the association between PTSD symptoms, with or without comorbid depressive symptoms, and risk of death. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study was conducted using data on female US nurses in the Nurses' Health Study II followed up from 2008 to 2017. Women who responded to a 2008 questionnaire querying PTSD and depressive symptoms were included. Data were analyzed from September 2018 to November 2020. Exposures Symptoms of PTSD, measured using the short screening scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) PTSD, and depression symptoms, measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10 in 2008. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause mortality was determined via National Death Index, US Postal Service, or report of participant's family. The hypothesis being tested was formulated after data collection. Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were jointly coded as no trauma exposure (reference), trauma and no PTSD symptoms, 1 to 3 PTSD symptoms (subclinical), 4 to 5 PTSD symptoms (moderate), and 6 to 7 PTSD symptoms (high). Results Among 51 602 women (50 137 [97.2%] White individuals), the mean (range) age was 53.3 (43-64) years at study baseline in 2008. PTSD and probable depression were comorbid; of 4019 women with high PTSD symptoms, 2093 women (52.1%) had probable depression, while of 10 105 women with no trauma exposure, 1215 women (12.0%) had probable depression. Women with high PTSD symptoms and probable depression were at nearly 4-fold greater risk of death compared with women with no trauma exposure and no depression (hazard ratio [HR], 3.80; 95% CI, 2.65-5.45; P < .001). After adjustment for health factors, women with these conditions had a more than 3-fold increased risk (HR, 3.11; 95% CI, 2.16-4.47, P < .001). Women with subclinical PTSD symptoms without probable depression had increased risk of death compared with women with no trauma exposure and no depression (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.06-1.93; P = .02). Among 7565 women with PTSD symptoms and probable depression, 109 deaths (1.4%) occurred for which we obtained cause of death information, compared with 124 such deaths (0.6% ) among 22 215 women with no depression or PTSD symptoms. Women with PTSD symptoms and probable depression, compared with women with no PTSD or depression, had higher rates of death from cardiovascular disease (17 women [0.22%] vs 11 women [0.05%]; P < .001), diabetes (4 women [0.05%] vs 0 women; P < .001), unintentional injury (7 women [0.09%] vs 7 women [0.03%]; P = .03), suicide (9 women [0.12%] vs 1 woman [<0.01%]; P < .001), and other causes of death (14 women [0.19%] vs 17 women [0.08%]; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that at midlife, women with high PTSD symptoms and co-occurring probable depression are at increased risk of death compared with women without these disorders. Treatment of PTSD and depression in women with symptoms of both disorders and efforts to improve their health behaviors may reduce their increased risk of mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lori B. Chibnik
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ndungu J, Ramsoomar L, Willan S, Washington L, Ngcobo-Sithole M, Gibbs A. Depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their comorbidity: Implications of adversity amongst young women living in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
25
|
Theal R, Kerin JL, Romaniuk M. Psychosocial Outcomes of Australian Male and Female Veterans Following Participation in Peer-Led Adventure-Based Therapy. JOURNAL OF VETERANS STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v6i2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
26
|
Lin CC, Cheng PY, Liu YP. Effects of early life social experience on fear extinction and related glucocorticoid profiles - behavioral and neurochemical approaches in a rat model of PTSD. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112686. [PMID: 32428628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
People may agonize over an intrusive fear-inducing memory even when the traumatic event has passed, which is the principle manifestation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, many traumatized people do not present symptoms of PTSD, implying that certain hidden factors help those individuals to cope with the traumatic stress. Increasing evidence suggests that early life experience may serve as a predisposing factor in the development of PTSD. For example, early life social deprivation disrupts the glucocorticoid system, one of the biological abnormalities of PTSD. By employing isolation rearing (IR) with a subsequent single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm, we examined the hypothesis that early-life social experience may change the outcome of traumatic stress in both behavioral and neurochemical profiles. Behaviorally, the performance of rats on a Pavlovian fear conditioning test was measured to evaluate their retrieval ability of fear memory extinction. Neurochemically, plasma corticosterone levels and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), FK506-binding proteins 4 and 5 (FKBP4 and FKBP5) and early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression were measured in GR-abundant brain areas, including the hypothalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Our results demonstrated an area-dependent IR effect on the SPS outcomes. IR prevented the SPS-impaired fear extinction retrieval ability and averted the SPS-elevated expression of GR, FKBP4, and Egr-1 in the hippocampus, whereas it did not change the SPS-reduced plasma corticosterone levels and SPS-enhanced GR activity in the mPFC and hypothalamus. The present study provides some new insights to support the hypothesis that early-life experience may play a role in the occurrence of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Cheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yia-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang X, Wu X, Gao M, Wang W, Quan L, Zhou X. Heterogeneous patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression in cancer patients. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:203-209. [PMID: 32421604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) and depression are common psychological outcomes in cancer patients and have high co-occurring prevalence. However, it is unclear whether PTSSs and depression always co-occur in cancer patients. This study aimed to clarify these co-occurring patterns. METHODS Participants were 270 cancer patients who completed self-report questionnaires. Latent profile analysis was used to examine co-occurring patterns of PTSSs and depression. RESULTS The results indicated four patient types: a low symptom group (n = 34, 13.0%), a depression symptom group (n = 99, 37.8%), a moderate co-occurring symptom group (n = 97, 37.0%), and a severe co-occurring symptom group (n = 32, 12.2%). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the role of social support, core belief challenge, and intrusive rumination in differentiating these groups. Intrusive rumination was more likely to be associated with depression symptoms, moderate co-occurring symptoms, and severe co-occurring symptoms. Core belief challenge was more likely to be associated with both moderate and severe co-occurring symptoms, and social support was less likely to be associated with moderate co-occurring symptoms. LIMITATIONS All variables were measured using self-report scales. CONCLUSIONS The coexisting patterns of PTSSs and depression in cancer patients are heterogeneous. Core belief challenge and intrusive rumination effectively differentiated PTSSs and depression patterns. Social support differentiated the low symptom group from the moderate co-occurring symptom group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xima Yang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengqi Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lijuan Quan
- Department of Psychology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jung YE, Kim MD. Prevalence and correlates of comorbid PTSD with depression among older people exposed to the Jeju April 3 incident. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:8-14. [PMID: 32379624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological consequences of the Jeju April 3 incident, which occurred almost 70 years ago, may be long-lasting. Thus, the present study investigated the prevalence and impact of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among older people exposed to this incident. METHODS A total of 110 survivors and 1,011 immediate family members of the victims of the Jeju April 3 incident completed a questionnaire that collected demographic information, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Comorbidity was defined as a combination of CES-D positivity and PCL-C positivity. To identify trends among clinical characteristics according to the severity of the comorbid PTSD and depression condition, linear-by-linear association tests were conducted. RESULTS Of the 1,121 older people included in the present study, 10.8% met the criteria for comorbid PTSD and depression, 3.0% had PTSD only, and 24.3% had depression only. Additionally, as the severity of the comorbid condition increased, there were trends for lower levels of socioeconomic status and perceived family support and higher suicidality. Compared to either disorder alone, individuals with the comorbid condition were 2.04 times more likely to have a higher suicidal risk. LIMITATIONS Standardized diagnostic tools for assessing the case findings were not employed in the present study. CONCLUSION Comorbid PTSD and depression was prevalent among older people exposed to the Jeju April 3 incident. Additionally, this comorbid condition was related to a serious clinical phenomenology, including a higher suicidal risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Moon-Doo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Forchuk C, Nazarov A, Hunt R, Davis B, St Cyr K, Richardson JD. The influence of depression-PTSD comorbidity on health-related quality of life in treatment-seeking veterans. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1748460. [PMID: 32922680 PMCID: PMC7448842 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1748460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression substantially impair health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for many Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) veterans. Although PTSD and depression are highly comorbid, little is known about whether the disorders may interact in their association with HRQOL. We sought to investigate whether depressive symptoms modify the relation between PTSD and HRQOL in treatment-seeking veterans. METHOD We accessed the clinical data of 545 CAF veterans aged 18 to 65 years who were seeking treatment at a specialized clinic in London, Ontario. We used hierarchical linear regression to assess the additive and multiplicative relations between depression and PTSD symptoms on HRQOL, controlling for age and alcohol/substance abuse. Simple slopes were examined to probe significant interactions. RESULTS Probable PTSD and major depression were present in 77.4% and 85.3% of the sample, respectively, and 73.0% of the sample presented with probable PTSD-depression comorbidity. Depression symptoms significantly modified the relation between PTSD symptoms and overall mental HRQOL (β = 0.12, p <0.001, ∆R2 = 0.014), and role impairment due to emotional difficulties (β = 0.20, p <0.001, ∆R2 = 0.035). Simple slope analyses revealed the impact of PTSD was greater among those with lower depression symptoms and became weaker with greater depression symptom severity. In adjusted models, only depression was significantly associated with all mental and physical HRQOL domains; PTSD was not associated with physical HRQOL, role emotional impairment, or vitality. CONCLUSIONS For those with severe comorbid depression, PTSD symptoms were no longer associated with mental HRQOL, particularly in areas related to emotional functioning. Findings suggest the importance of targeting depression in patients presenting with PTSD-depression comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callista Forchuk
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Nazarov
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renee Hunt
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brent Davis
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada.,Computer Science Department, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate St Cyr
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Don Richardson
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,OSI Clinic, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Double Trouble: Treatment Considerations for Patients with Comorbid PTSD and Depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40501-020-00213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
31
|
Malgaroli M, Hull TD, Wiltsey Stirman S, Resick P. Message Delivery for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Longitudinal Observational Study of Symptom Trajectories. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e15587. [PMID: 32347814 PMCID: PMC7221629 DOI: 10.2196/15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) face symptoms that can hinder access to treatment, such as avoidance and guilt. Telemedicine offers a technological solution to increase access to mental health care and overcome barriers to treatment. Although an increasing body of literature focused on synchronous telehealth (eg, live video), no studies have examined the delivery of PTSD treatment via two-way multimedia messages (ie, texting or messaging). Objective The aim of this study was to conduct a longitudinal observation of treatment for PTSD delivered using two-way asynchronous messaging. We also sought to identify individual and treatment characteristics that could predict the observed outcome differences. Methods Outpatients diagnosed with PTSD (N=475) received interventions from licensed therapists, which were delivered via messaging once or more than once per day, 5 days a week for 12 weeks. PTSD symptoms were assessed every 3 weeks using the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5. Trajectories of PTSD symptoms were identified using growth mixture modeling (GMM). Using logistic regression, the demographic, treatment, and messaging characteristics of patient groups that improved were compared with the characteristics of patient groups that did not improve. Results The GMM identified 4 trajectories of PTSD symptoms: moderate improvement (197/475, 41.4%), high symptoms (197/475, 41.4%), chronic symptoms (61/475, 12.9%), and acute improvement (20/475, 4.3%). Patients with a clinically significant reduction in PTSD symptoms (231/475, 48.6%) were more likely to communicate via video (odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.05; P=.03), have a higher working alliance with their therapist (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05; P=.02), and be at their first treatment experience (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.18-3.54; P=.01). Treatment adherence was associated with greater therapeutic alliance (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.10; P<.001), education (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.13-4.03; P=.02), and more patient-generated messages per week (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.13; P<.001). Conclusions Multimedia message delivery for PTSD treatment showed symptom-reduction rates similar to traditional forms of treatment delivery, suggesting further study of messaging as a treatment medium. Most patients completed an 8-week course, reflecting the acceptability of messaging interventions. Delivering treatment via two-way messaging offers increased opportunities for widespread access to mental health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Derrick Hull
- Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Talkspace, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shannon Wiltsey Stirman
- Standford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,National Center for PTSD, Washington DC, DC, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Contractor AA, Weiss NH, Schick MR, Natesan P, Forkus S, Sharma R. Comparison of latent typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms across military personnel from India and the US. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 70:102195. [PMID: 32035292 PMCID: PMC7074844 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has identified heterogeneous subgroups of individuals based on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms. Using data collected from military personnel in India (N = 146) and U.S. (N = 194), we examined (1) the best-fitting latent class solution; (2) multi-group invariance of the class solution; and (3) construct validity of optimal class solution. Results indicated that the optimal 4-class solution differed in severity and severity/type in the India and U.S. samples respectively. With similarity in the optimal number of classes across cultural samples, the meaning/nature of classes differed. In the India sample, anxiety severity predicted the Low Severity Class vs. all other classes, and the Moderately High Severity/High Severity Classes vs. the Moderately Low Severity Class; number of traumas predicted the High Severity Class vs. other classes; and resilience predicted the Moderately Low Severity Class vs. the Moderately High Severity Class. In the U.S. sample, alcohol use predicted the High Severity Class vs. all other classes, and the High Depression-Low PTSD Class vs. the Low Severity Class; rumination significantly predicted the High Severity and High Depression-Low PTSD Classes vs. each of the High PTSD-Low Depression and Low Severity Classes. Thus, meaning and nature of PTSD-depression subgroups may vary culturally; hence, culturally-sensitive interventions need to account for this heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachita Sharma
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, University of North Texas
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moore BA, Brock MS, Brager A, Collen J, LoPresti M, Mysliwiec V. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep, and Performance in Military Personnel. Sleep Med Clin 2020; 15:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
34
|
Clausen AN, Clarke E, Phillips RD, Haswell C, Morey RA. Combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and head injuries differentially relate to alterations in cortical thickness in military Veterans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:491-498. [PMID: 31600766 PMCID: PMC6969074 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Combat-exposed Veterans are at increased risk for developing psychological distress, mood disorders, and trauma and stressor-related disorders. Trauma and mood disorders have been linked to alterations in brain volume, function, and connectivity. However, far less is known about the effects of combat exposure on brain health. The present study examined the relationship between severity of combat exposure and cortical thickness. Post-9/11 Veterans (N = 337; 80% male) were assessed with structural neuroimaging and clinically for combat exposure, depressive symptoms, prior head injury, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Vertex-wide cortical thickness was estimated using FreeSurfer autosegmentation. FreeSurfer's Qdec was used to examine relationship between combat exposure, PTSD, and prior head injuries on cortical thickness (Monte Carlo corrected for multiple comparisons, vertex-wise cluster threshold of 1.3, p < 0.01). Covariates included age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, nonmilitary trauma, alcohol use, and prior head injury. Higher combat exposure uniquely related to lower cortical thickness in the left prefrontal lobe and increased cortical thickness in the left middle and inferior temporal lobe; whereas PTSD negatively related to cortical thickness in the right fusiform. Head injuries related to increased cortical thickness in the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex. Combat exposure uniquely contributes to lower cortical thickness in regions implicated in executive functioning, attention, and memory after accounting for the effects of PTSD and prior head injury. Our results highlight the importance of examining effects of stress and trauma exposure on neural health in addition to the circumscribed effects of specific syndromal pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Clausen
- VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VAHCS, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705 USA ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDuke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Emily Clarke
- VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VAHCS, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705 USA ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDuke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Rachel D. Phillips
- VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VAHCS, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705 USA ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDuke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Courtney Haswell
- VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VAHCS, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705 USA ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDuke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | | | - Rajendra A. Morey
- VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VAHCS, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705 USA ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDuke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nichter B, Haller M, Norman S, Pietrzak RH. Risk and protective factors associated with comorbid PTSD and depression in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 121:56-61. [PMID: 31765837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that veterans with co-occurring PTSD/MDD represent a high-risk group for poor mental health compared to those with PTSD alone. To date, however, little is known about the specific factors that may increase vulnerability for and buffer risk for comorbid PTSD/MDD. The purpose of this study was to provide a population-based characterization of sociodemographic, risk, and protective variables associated with comorbid PTSD/MDD among U.S. military veterans. Data were analyzed from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. military veterans (n = 2,732). Analyses (1) compared veterans with PTSD alone and co-occurring PTSD/MDD on sociodemographic, military, and psychosocial characteristics; and (2) examined variables independently associated with PTSD/MDD status. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that racial/ethnic minority status (odds ratio [OR] = 12.5), number of lifetime traumas (OR = 1.3), and time spent engaged in private religious/spiritual activities (OR = 1.8) were associated with PTSD/MDD status, while higher scores on measures of community integration (OR = 0.6) and dispositional optimism (OR = 0.7) were negatively associated with comorbid PTSD/MDD status. Relative importance analyses revealed that dispositional optimism (34%) and community integration (24%) explained the largest proportions of variance in PTSD/MDD comorbidity. Taken together, results of this study suggest that racial/ethnic minority status, greater lifetime trauma burden, and engagement in private religious/spiritual activities are key distinguishing characteristics of U.S. military veterans with comorbid PTSD/MDD vs. PTSD alone. They further underscore the need to study whether targeting community integration and optimism in prevention and treatment efforts may enhance clinical outcomes in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Nichter
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Moira Haller
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonya Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA; National Center for PTSD, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pencea I, Munoz AP, Maples-Keller JL, Fiorillo D, Schultebraucks K, Galatzer-Levy I, Rothbaum BO, Ressler KJ, Stevens JS, Michopoulos V, Powers A. Emotion dysregulation is associated with increased prospective risk for chronic PTSD development. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 121:222-228. [PMID: 31865212 PMCID: PMC6957226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While emotion dysregulation is associated with many psychological disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it remains uncertain whether pre-existing emotion dysregulation increases individual risk for prospectively developing PTSD in the aftermath of trauma exposure. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine whether emotion dysregulation could prospectively predict the development of chronic PTSD symptoms following a traumatic event above and beyond other known associated factors, including depressive symptoms, baseline PTSD symptoms, total traumas experienced, and exposure to interpersonal trauma. Participants (N = 135) were recruited from the emergency department (ED) at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta and follow-up assessments were conducted at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months following trauma exposure. Latent Growth Mixture Modeling was used to identify PTSD symptom trajectories based on symptoms assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months; three trajectories emerged: "chronic", "recovery", and "resilient". For the present study, probability of chronic PTSD symptoms was used as the outcome variable of interest. Linear regression modeling showed that emotion dysregulation was significantly associated with probability of developing chronic PTSD symptoms (p = 0.001) and accounted for an additional 7% of unique predictive variance when controlling for trauma exposure, baseline PTSD, and depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that emotion dysregulation can be used as both a predictor of chronic PTSD and as a treatment target. Thus, identifying individuals with high levels of emotion dysregulation at the time of trauma and implementing treatments designed to improve emotion regulation could aid in decreasing the development of chronic PTSD among these at-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Pencea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Adam P Munoz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jessica L Maples-Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Devika Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Isaac Galatzer-Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Mclean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sang Ok K. A Study on the Psychological Well-Being of North Korean Defectors. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1682335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Sang Ok
- Department of Social Welfare, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim MJ, Kim N, Shin D, Rhee SJ, Park CHK, Kim H, Cho SJ, Lee JW, Kim EY, Yang B, Ahn YM. The epidemiology of antidepressant use in South Korea: Does short-term antidepressant use affect the relapse and recurrence of depressive episodes? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222791. [PMID: 31553786 PMCID: PMC6760791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The duration of antidepressant use affects the treatment of depression. Using the National Health Insurance database, which covers almost the entire national population, we verified the factors associated with the inadequate short-term use of initially prescribed antidepressants and their effects on the relapse and recurrence of depressive episodes. Methods There were 752,190 patients included who had been newly prescribed antidepressants in 2012 with the diagnosis of depressive disorder. They were followed-up until December 31, 2015. They were classified as short-term and long-term antidepressant users depending on whether they used a specific initial antidepressant for at least four weeks. Sociodemographic, clinical, and medical utilization factors affecting the duration of antidepressant use were investigated. We also identified whether the duration of antidepressant use affected the risk of relapse and recurrence, which was defined by the restarting of antidepressants. Results Initial antidepressants were taken for less than 28 days by 458,057 (60.84%) patients. Tricyclic antidepressants were used as the initial antidepressant more frequently than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (64.5% versus 19.3%). The type of initial antidepressant, polypharmacy, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, type of insurance coverage, and type of medical institution visited were associated with short-term use. Short-term use marginally increased the risk of relapse and recurrence of depressive episodes (Hazard ratio: 1.06, 95% confidence intervals 1.048–1.075). Conclusions Short-term antidepressant use is widespread in Korea, and assessment in various aspects are necessary to set proper treatment plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namwoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daun Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Rhee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C. Hyung Keun Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Dept. of Psychiatry Seoul Metropolitan Eunpyeong Hospital, dept. of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Mental Health Center, Seoul National University Health Care Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Yang
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South-Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shahini M, Rescorla LA, Shala M, Ukshini S. Living on the Edge: Emotional and Behavioral Problems in a Sample of Kosovar Veterans and Wives of Veterans 16 Years Postwar. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:598. [PMID: 31572226 PMCID: PMC6753182 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to explore the effects of war traumatic exposure on emotional and behavioral problems in a sample of Kosovar war veterans and the wives of veterans 16 years after the 1998-1999 war, as well as whether the level of education, income, well-being, and substance use are predictors for emotional and behavioral problems. Methods: Self-report data were obtained from 373 adults, 247 male war veterans (66.2% of the sample) and 126 wives of other male war veterans (33.8% of the sample). The sample was recruited from a list of war veterans provided by the Kosovar National Association of War Veterans. The mean age of participants was 45.42 [standard deviation (SD), 7.64] years. Measurements comprised a sociodemographic brief structured interview, the Well-Being Index (WHO-5), the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and the Adult Self Report (ASR). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore if the demographic variables were predictors for ASR general scales and subscales. Multivariate analysis of covariance was performed by adding as covariates the continuous variables pointed out in the logistic regression analysis as discriminating factors between the groups. Post hoc analyses were corrected, and we estimated partial η2 to measure the effect size. Results: The higher traumatic exposure during the war, the greater the tendency to have emotional problems and behavioral problems for both kinds of participants. The result showed that there were no differences on the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems between the two groups, and both veterans and wives of veterans had no differences on seeking professional help for their emotional and behavioral problems. Wives of veterans living in rural areas showed higher scores on almost all ASR scales compared with those living in urban areas or even with those of veterans from urban and rural areas. Veterans with elementary education level had the highest scores compared with other groups. Veterans with poor well-being had the highest scores compared with other groups. Using Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems as outcome variables and trauma exposure, smoking, drinking alcohol, and well-being as predictors, we found that the model was a significant predictor for both male and female participants on these three scales. Conclusion: The relationship found between the level of exposure to traumatic events and emotional and behavior problems, as well as the factors that moderated such relations, in war veterans and their wives, should help global mental health researchers address the contextual dimensions of this relationship and identify better ways to prevent and treat those problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimoza Shahini
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Leslie A. Rescorla
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, United States
| | - Merita Shala
- Department of Education, Mitrovica University, Mitrovica, Kosovo
| | - Shqipe Ukshini
- Department of Psychology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Moring JC, Nason E, Hale WJ, Wachen JS, Dondanville KA, Straud C, Moore BA, Mintz J, Litz BT, Yarvis JS, Young-McCaughan S, Peterson AL, Resick PA. Conceptualizing comorbid PTSD and depression among treatment-seeking, active duty military service members. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:541-549. [PMID: 31280079 PMCID: PMC6750963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among active duty service members and veterans with PTSD, depression is the most commonly diagnosed comorbid psychiatric condition. More research is warranted to investigate the relationship between PTSD and depression to improve treatment approaches. Byllesby et al. (2017) used confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of trauma-exposed combat veterans with PTSD and found that only the general distress factor, and not any specific symptom cluster of PTSD, predicted depression. This study seeks to replicate Byllesby et al. (2017) in a sample of treatment-seeking active duty soldiers. METHODS Confirmatory factor analyses, bifactor modeling, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used with data gathered at pretreatment and posttreatment as part of a large randomized clinical trial. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses and bifactor modeling demonstrated that PTSD symptom clusters, Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood (NACM) and Alterations in Arousal and Reactivity (AAR), as well as the general distress factor significantly predicted depression at pretreatment and posttreatment. LIMITATIONS The current study was predominantly male, limiting the generalizability to female service members with PTSD. Also, self-report measures were used, which may introduce response-bias. CONCLUSIONS The current study did not replicate Byllesby et al. (2017). Results demonstrated that the relationship between PTSD and depression among active duty service members can be explained by both transdiagnostic factors and disorder-specific symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Moring
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Corresponding author: John C. Moring, Department
of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7550
IH-10 West, Suite 1325, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Tel.: +1 210-562-6700. Fax:
+1 210-562-6710. (J.C. Moring)
| | - Erica Nason
- School of Social Work, Texas State University, San Marcos,
TX, USA
| | - Willie J. Hale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Schuster Wachen
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System,
Boston, MA, USA,Deparment of Psychiatry, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A. Dondanville
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Casey Straud
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brian A. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jim Mintz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of
Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brett T. Litz
- Deparment of Psychiatry, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiological Research and
Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston
University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Yarvis
- Department of Behavioral Health, Carl R. Darnall Army
Medical Center, Fort Hood, TX, USA
| | - Stacey Young-McCaughan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alan L. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans
Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Patricia A. Resick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nichter B, Norman S, Haller M, Pietrzak RH. Psychological burden of PTSD, depression, and their comorbidity in the U.S. veteran population: Suicidality, functioning, and service utilization. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:633-640. [PMID: 31299445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (PTSD/MDD) may impose an even greater burden than either disorder alone. However, nearly all previous studies examining these associations have relied on treatment-seeking samples. This study examined the mental health burden associated with co-occurring PTSD/MDD compared to PTSD and MDD alone using a nationally representative sample of U.S. veterans. METHODS Data were analyzed from National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. veterans (n = 2,732). Analyses (a) estimated the current prevalence of PTSD only, MDD only, and comorbid PTSD/MDD; (b) compared demographic/military variables by PTSD/MDD status; and (c) examined associations between PTSD/MDD status and suicidality, functioning, psychiatric comorbidities, and service utilization. RESULTS The current prevalences of probable PTSD only, probable MDD only, and probable comorbid PTSD/MDD were 1.7%, 4.8%, and 3.4%. Compared to all other groups, the PTSD/MDD group was more likely to screen positive for current suicidal ideation, lifetime suicide attempts, probable generalized anxiety and social anxiety disorders, and ever utilize mental health services. They also scored lower on measures of mental health functioning (d = 1.49), cognitive functioning (d = 1.03), and quality of life (d = 0.84). Veterans with comorbid PTSD/MDD were more than twice as likely as those with PTSD only to have attempted suicide. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design of this study precludes causal inference. CONCLUSIONS Results provide a population-based characterization of the psychological burden of PTSD/MDD comorbidity in U.S. veterans. Findings further underscore the importance of screening, monitoring, and treatment of the comorbid manifestation of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Nichter
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Sonya Norman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA; National Center for PTSD, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Moira Haller
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
López CM, Lancaster CL, Wilkerson A, Gros DF, Ruggiero KJ, Acierno R. Residual Insomnia and Nightmares Postintervention Symptom Reduction Among Veterans Receiving Treatment for Comorbid PTSD and Depressive Symptoms. Behav Ther 2019; 50:910-923. [PMID: 31422847 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
While evidence-based interventions can help the substantial number of veterans diagnosed with comorbid PTSD and depression, an emerging literature has identified sleep disturbances as predictors of treatment nonresponse. More specifically, predicting effects of residual insomnia and nightmares on postintervention PTSD and depressive symptoms among veterans with comorbid PTSD and depression has remained unclear. The present study used data from a clinical trial of Behavioral Activation and Therapeutic Exposure (BA-TE), a combined approach to address comorbid PTSD and depression, administered to veterans (N = 232) to evaluate whether residual insomnia and nightmare symptoms remained after treatment completion and, if so, whether these residual insomnia and nightmare symptoms were associated with higher levels of comorbid PTSD and depression at the end of treatment. Participants (ages 21 to 77 years old; 47.0% Black; 61.6% married) completed demographic questions, symptom assessments, and engagement-related surveys. Hierarchical multiple linear regression models demonstrated that residual insomnia was a significant predictor of PTSD and depression symptom reduction above and beyond the influence of demographic and engagement factors (e.g., therapy satisfaction). Consistent with previous research, greater residual insomnia symptoms were predictive of smaller treatment gains. Findings illustrate the potential significance of insomnia during the course of transdiagnostic treatment (e.g., PTSD and depression), leading to several important clinical assessment and treatment implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia L Lancaster
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Daniel F Gros
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Ron Acierno
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
McCaskill GM, Clay OJ, Motl RW, Ball KK. Older Veterans EmpoweRed To Use Regular Exercise (OVERTURE) II: Design and methods of a randomized controlled trial among older veterans with chronic health conditions. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 15:100395. [PMID: 31338477 PMCID: PMC6626999 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M McCaskill
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, 35294-2100, USA.,Birmingham/Atlanta GRECC, Birmingham VA Medical Center, 700 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Olivio J Clay
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, 35294-2100, USA
| | - Robert W Motl
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Physical Therapy, SHPB 336, 1716 9th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Lakeshore Research Collaborative, 1716 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Karlene K Ball
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, 35294-2100, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kang B, Xu H, McConnell ES. Neurocognitive and psychiatric comorbidities of posttraumatic stress disorder among older veterans: A systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:522-538. [PMID: 30588665 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with neurocognitive and psychiatric comorbidities, and older adults experience comorbid illnesses disproportionately. Little is known about the comorbidities of PTSD among older veterans. This systematic review examines the prevalence, incidence, and patterns of neurocognitive and psychiatric comorbidities of PTSD among older veterans and explores the factors associated with these comorbidities. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 1980 to October 2018. Eligible studies examined the comorbid neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders of PTSD among veterans aged 60 and older. RESULTS Twenty-four studies met the criteria for inclusion. The risk for dementia was higher in veterans with PTSD than those without PTSD; hazard ratios ranged from 1.21 to 1.77. Depressive disorder was the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidity with estimates ranging from 33% to 52.3%, followed by generalized anxiety disorder (14%-15%) and substance use disorders (1.9%-11.3%). Factors consistently associated with PTSD comorbidities included age, combat-related exposures, clinical conditions, and health-related and psychosocial outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Despite heterogeneity in research designs and methodological limitations, this review highlights the need to consider comorbid neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders among older veterans with PTSD in order to individualize care approaches. Future research should incorporate factors associated with neurocognitive and psychiatric comorbidities of PTSD into study designs that can help improve prediction of comorbidity and generate evidence for developing and implementing tailored treatments in older veterans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bada Kang
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Durham Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hanzhang Xu
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eleanor S McConnell
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Durham Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
de Kruijff LGM, Moussault ORM, Plat MCJ, Hoencamp R, van der Wurff P. Coping strategies of Dutch servicemembers after deployment. Mil Med Res 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 30929640 PMCID: PMC6442403 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-019-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the relationship between coping strategies and symptoms of anxiety or depression among Dutch servicemembers deployed to Afghanistan. METHODS Coping strategies were assessed in 33 battlefield casualties (BCs) and the control group (CTRLs) of 33 uninjured servicemembers from the same combat units using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. A factor analysis was performed, and two clusters of coping strategies were derived, namely, adaptive and maladaptive coping. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the depression and anxiety subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Correlations between coping and symptoms of anxiety and between coping and symptoms of depression were calculated, and a logistic regression was performed. RESULTS A moderate correlation was observed between maladaptive coping and symptoms of anxiety in the BC group (r = 0.42) and among the CTRLs (r = 0.56). A moderate correlation was observed between maladaptive coping and symptoms of depression in both groups (r = 0.55). The statistical analysis for the total sample (BCs and CTRLs) demonstrated no association between coping and symptoms of anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS A correlation but no association was observed between maladaptive coping and mental health disorders in deployed Dutch servicemembers. Further research should focus on constructing cluster profiles of coping strategies and associating them with mental health outcomes and reintegration into society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loes G M de Kruijff
- Department of Research and Development, Military Rehabilitation Center Aardenburg, Doorn, 3941, PW, The Netherlands. .,De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, 3583, TM, The Netherlands. .,Department of Research and Development, Military Rehabilitation Center Aardenburg, P.O. box 185, Doorn, 3940, AD, The Netherlands.
| | - Olivia R M Moussault
- Military Mental Healthcare, Ministry of Defense, Zwolle, 8022, AE, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Christine J Plat
- Force Health Protection, Expert Center Force Health Protection, Ministry of Defense, Doorn, 3941, PW, The Netherlands
| | - Rigo Hoencamp
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Alrijne Medical Center, Leiderdorp, 2334, CK, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Central Military Hospital Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, 3584, EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Wurff
- Department of Research and Development, Military Rehabilitation Center Aardenburg, Doorn, 3941, PW, The Netherlands.,Institute of Human Movement Studies, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584, CS, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee JY, Brook JS, Finch SJ, Kim W, Brook DW. Single and dual diagnoses of major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder predicted by triple comorbid trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among urban adults. Subst Abus 2019; 40:221-228. [PMID: 30888260 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1572047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: The adverse consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affect a significant portion of the US population every year (i.e., 15 million for MDD; 8 million for PTSD) and are of public health concern. The current study examines tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use as possible longitudinal predictors of MDD and/or PTSD. Methods: A community sample of 674 participants (53% African Americans and 47% Puerto Ricans; 405 females and 269 males) were recruited from the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study. We used Mplus software to obtain the triple trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from mean age 14 to 36. Logistic regression analyses were then conducted to examine the associations between those triple trajectory groups and a single diagnosis of MDD or PTSD as well as a dual diagnosis of MDD with PTSD at age 36. Results: The observed percentages of MDD, PTSD, and the comorbidity of MDD and PTSD were 17%, 8%, and 5%, respectively. The heavy use of all 3 substances group was associated with an increased likelihood of having MDD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.14, P < .01), PTSD (AOR = 3.91, P < .05), and MDD with PTSD (AOR = 6.64, P < .01), as compared with the tobacco and alcohol use group. Conclusions: Treatment programs to quit or reduce the use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana may help decrease the prevalence of MDD and PTSD. This could lead to improvements in individualized treatments for patients who use tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana and who have both MDD and PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA.,Biostatistics Division, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA.,Division of Social Solutions and Services Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research , Orangeburg , New York , USA
| | - Judith S Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA
| | - Stephen J Finch
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York , USA
| | - Wonkuk Kim
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - David W Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pereira MG, Machado JC, Pereira M, Lopes C, Pedras S. Quality of life in elderly Portuguese war veterans with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Patient Relat Outcome Meas 2019; 10:49-58. [PMID: 30881162 PMCID: PMC6398397 DOI: 10.2147/prom.s163698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies show that post-traumatic stress symptoms among Portuguese veterans who participated in Colonial War (1961-75) are high, even though 43 years have gone by since the end of the war. Aims This study analyzed the role of family type, personality traits, and social support as predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life in war veterans, and whether satisfaction with social support was a mediator between neuroticism/post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted including 230 war veterans with a mean age of 60 years (SD=3.82). Results Results indicated a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms as well as high neuroticism, 16.5 (SD=4.41); 81% of veterans presented high psychological distress, suggesting emotional disturbance and 71% belonged to extreme families (families with cohesion and adaptability problems). Results showed that age (β=-0.166, p<0.05), social support (β=-0.184, p<0.01), and neuroticism (β=0.325, p<0.001) predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms. Age, professional status, social support, post-traumatic stress symptoms, family type, neuroticism, and extroversion predicted different dimensions of quality of life. Finally, a path analysis showed that satisfaction with social support was a mediator in the relationship between neuroticism and quality of life (β=-0.066; p<0.01) and between post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life (β=-0.108; p<0.01). Conclusion Four decades after the Colonial War have passed, there is still a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Screening elderly veterans who present post-traumatic stress symptoms, for the presence of neuroticism traits, and assessing family type and social support, should be a standard practice in health care services, especially in the oldest and those who are retired. Social support should be promoted in order to enhance quality of life in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Graça Pereira
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal,
| | - José C Machado
- Institute of Social Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Marta Pereira
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal,
| | - Cristiana Lopes
- Hospital of Braga, Sete Fontes - São Victor Braga 4710-243, Portugal
| | - Susana Pedras
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal,
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pereira MG, Pereira D, Pedras S. PTSD, psychological morbidity and marital dissatisfaction in colonial war veterans. J Ment Health 2019; 29:69-76. [PMID: 30661427 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2018.1487532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Forty years after Colonial War, veterans still show psychological disturbances affecting their marital and sexual satisfaction.Aims: This study analyzed the relationships between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), number of PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters, psychological morbidity, marital dissatisfaction and sexual dissatisfaction; the variables that contributed to marital dissatisfaction and the mediator role of marital dissatisfaction and sexual dissatisfaction, in a sample of colonial War Veterans.Method: The sample included 138 Portuguese war veterans who answered Index of Marital Satisfaction; Index of Sexual Satisfaction; Beck Depression Inventory; State Trait Anxiety Inventory; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale.Results: PTSD, number of PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters were associated with psychological morbidity, marital and sexual dissatisfaction. Age, depression symptoms and sexual dissatisfaction contributed to marital dissatisfaction and the model explained 55% of the variance. Marital dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between depression symptoms and sexual dissatisfaction, as well as between number of PTSD symptoms and sexual dissatisfaction.Conclusions: Health professionals need to take into consideration the veteran's marital and sexual relationship in clinical routine consultations. As such, treating the veteran in the couple' context seems warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Pereira
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Pedras
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kaup AR, Toomey R, Bangen KJ, Delano-Wood L, Yaffe K, Panizzon MS, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Interactive Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychiatric Symptoms on Cognition among Late Middle-Aged Men: Findings from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:338-347. [PMID: 29978738 PMCID: PMC6338572 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive symptoms each increase the risk for cognitive impairment in older adults. We investigated whether TBI has long-term associations with cognition in late middle-aged men, and examined the role of current PTSD/depressive symptoms. Participants were 953 men (ages 56-66) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA), who were classified by presence or absence of (1) history of TBI and (2) current elevated psychiatric symptoms (defined as PTSD or depressive symptoms above cutoffs). TBIs had occurred an average of 35 years prior to assessment. Participants completed cognitive testing examining nine domains. In mixed-effects models, we tested the effect of TBI on cognition including for interactions between TBI and elevated psychiatric symptoms. Models adjusted for age, pre-morbid cognitive ability assessed at average age 20 years, apolipoprotein E genotype, and substance abuse; 33% (n = 310) of participants had TBI, mostly mild and remote; and 23% (n = 72) of those with TBI and 18% (n = 117) without TBI had current elevated psychiatric symptoms. TBI and psychiatric symptoms had interactive effects on cognition, particularly executive functioning. Group comparison analyses showed that men with both TBI and psychiatric symptoms demonstrated deficits primarily in executive functioning. Cognition was largely unaffected in men with either risk factor in isolation. Among late middle-aged men, the combination of even mild and very remote TBI with current elevated psychiatric symptoms is associated with deficits in executive function and related abilities. Future longitudinal studies should investigate how TBI and psychiatric factors interact to impact brain aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Kaup
- Research Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Address correspondence to: Allison R. Kaup, PhD, Research Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street (116B), San Francisco, CA, 94121
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine J. Bangen
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, California
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Herbert MS, Malaktaris AL, Dochat C, Thomas ML, Wetherell JL, Afari N. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: Does Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Influence Treatment Outcomes? PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 20:1728-1736. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) moderates treatment outcomes in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain.DesignLongitudinal.SettingVeterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System.SubjectsA total of 126 veterans with chronic pain participating in an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention for chronic pain. A structured clinical interview was used at baseline to designate PTSD-positive (N = 43) and -negative groups (N = 83).MethodsLinear mixed-effects models to determine whether PTSD moderated change in pain interference, pain severity, pain acceptance, depressive symptoms, or pain-related anxiety at post-treatment and six-month follow-up.ResultsParticipants with co-occurring PTSD reported greater pain interference, pain severity, depressive symptoms, and pain-related anxiety at baseline. PTSD status did not moderate treatment effects post-treatment. Rather, there were significant improvements on all study measures across groups (P < 0.001). PTSD status moderated change in depressive symptoms at six-month follow-up (P < 0.05). Specifically, participants with chronic pain alone demonstrated improvement in depressive symptoms compared with pretreatment levels, whereas participants with PTSD regressed to pretreatment levels.ConclusionsPTSD status did not significantly affect treatment outcomes, with the exception of depressive symptoms at six-month follow-up. Overall, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain appears helpful for improving outcomes among veterans with co-occurring PTSD; however, veterans with co-occurring PTSD may experience fewer long-term gains compared with those with chronic pain alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Herbert
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, California
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Anne L Malaktaris
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, California
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Cara Dochat
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Julie Loebach Wetherell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Niloofar Afari
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, California
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|