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Hughes H, Brady LJ, Schoonover KE. GABAergic dysfunction in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: implications for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1440834. [PMID: 39381500 PMCID: PMC11458443 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1440834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The microcircuitry within superficial layers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), composed of excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, has been suggested as the neural substrate of working memory performance. In schizophrenia, working memory impairments are thought to result from alterations of microcircuitry within the DLPFC. GABAergic interneurons, in particular, are crucially involved in synchronizing neural activity at gamma frequency, the power of which increases with working memory load. Alterations of GABAergic interneurons, particularly parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) subtypes, are frequently observed in schizophrenia. Abnormalities of GABAergic neurotransmission, such as deficiencies in the 67 kDA isoform of GABA synthesis enzyme (GAD67), vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), and GABA reuptake transporter 1 (GAT1) in presynaptic boutons, as well as postsynaptic alterations in GABA A receptor subunits further contribute to impaired inhibition. This review explores GABAergic abnormalities of the postmortem DLPFC in schizophrenia, with a focus on the roles of interneuron subtypes involved in cognition, and GABAergic neurotransmission within presynaptic boutons and postsynaptic alterations. Where available, comparisons between schizophrenia and affective disorders that share cognitive pathology such as bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder will be made. Challenges in directly measuring GABA levels are addressed, emphasizing the need for innovative techniques. Understanding GABAergic abnormalities and their implications for neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hughes
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Lillian J. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Tuskegee, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Kirsten E. Schoonover
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Tuskegee, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Tuskegee, AL, United States
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
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Han QQ, Shen SY, Liang LF, Chen XR, Yu J. Complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling pathway mediates abnormal microglial phagocytosis of synapses in a mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:454-464. [PMID: 38642614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both functional brain imaging studies and autopsy reports have indicated the presence of synaptic loss in the brains of depressed patients. The activated microglia may dysfunctionally engulf neuronal synapses, leading to synaptic loss and behavioral impairments in depression. However, the mechanisms of microglial-synaptic interaction under depressive conditions remain unclear. METHODS We utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce a mouse model of depression, examining the effects of LPS on behaviors, synapses, microglia, microglial phagocytosis of synapses, and the C1q/C3-CR3 complement signaling pathway. Additionally, a C1q neutralizing antibody was employed to inhibit the C1q/C3-CR3 signaling pathway and assess its impact on microglial phagocytosis of synapses and behaviors in the mice. RESULTS LPS administration resulted in depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, synaptic loss, and abnormal microglial phagocytosis of synapses in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of mice. We found that the C1q/C3-CR3 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in this abnormal microglial activity. Treatment with the C1q neutralizing antibody moderated the C1q/C3-CR3 pathway, leading to a decrease in abnormal microglial phagocytosis, reduced synaptic loss, and improved behavioral impairments in the mice. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the C1q/C3-CR3 complement signaling pathway, which mediates abnormal microglial phagocytosis of synapses, presents a novel potential therapeutic target for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Qin Han
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China.
| | - Shi-Yu Shen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Feng Liang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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3
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Ugursu B, Sah A, Sartori S, Popp O, Mertins P, Dunay IR, Kettenmann H, Singewald N, Wolf SA. Microglial sex differences in innate high anxiety and modulatory effects of minocycline. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:465-481. [PMID: 38552926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia modulate synaptic refinement in the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously shown that a mouse model with innate high anxiety-related behavior (HAB) displays higher CD68+ microglia density in the key regions of anxiety circuits compared to mice with normal anxiety-related behavior (NAB) in males, and that minocycline treatment attenuated the enhanced anxiety of HAB male. Given that a higher prevalence of anxiety is widely reported in females compared to males, little is known concerning sex differences at the cellular level. Herein, we address this by analyzing microglia heterogeneity and function in the HAB and NAB brains of both sexes. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed ten distinct microglia clusters varied by their frequency and gene expression profile. We report striking sex differences, especially in the major microglia clusters of HABs, indicating a higher expression of genes associated with phagocytosis and synaptic engulfment in the female compared to the male. On a functional level, we show that female HAB microglia engulfed a greater amount of hippocampal vGLUT1+ excitatory synapses compared to the male. We moreover show that female HAB microglia engulfed more synaptosomes compared to the male HAB in vitro. Due to previously reported effects of minocycline on microglia, we finally administered oral minocycline to HABs of both sexes and showed a significant reduction in the engulfment of synapses by female HAB microglia. In parallel to our microglia-specific findings, we further showed an anxiolytic effect of minocycline on female HABs, which is complementary to our previous findings in the male HABs. Our study, therefore, identifies the altered function of synaptic engulfment by microglia as a potential avenue to target and resolve microglia heterogeneity in mice with innate high anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Ugursu
- Psychoneuroimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, ChariteUniversitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anupam Sah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Sartori
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Popp
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Mertins
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Psychoneuroimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, ChariteUniversitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Bansal Y, Codeluppi SA, Banasr M. Astroglial Dysfunctions in Mood Disorders and Rodent Stress Models: Consequences on Behavior and Potential as Treatment Target. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6357. [PMID: 38928062 PMCID: PMC11204179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte dysfunctions have been consistently observed in patients affected with depression and other psychiatric illnesses. Although over the years our understanding of these changes, their origin, and their consequences on behavior and neuronal function has deepened, many aspects of the role of astroglial dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the known astroglial dysfunctions associated with MDD and PTSD, highlight the impact of chronic stress on specific astroglial functions, and how astroglial dysfunctions are implicated in the expression of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, focusing on behavioral consequences of astroglial manipulation on emotion-related and fear-learning behaviors. We also offer a glance at potential astroglial functions that can be targeted for potential antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Bansal
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sierra A. Codeluppi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C8, Canada
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2J 4A6, Canada
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Liu H, Wang C, Lan X, Li W, Zhang F, Hu Z, Ye Y, Ning Y, Zhou Y. Functional connectivity of the amygdala subregions and the antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in major depressive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2024; 67:e33. [PMID: 38572583 PMCID: PMC11059247 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amygdala subregion-based network dysfunction has been determined to be centrally implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). Little is known about whether ketamine modulates amygdala subarea-related networks. We aimed to investigate the relationships between changes in the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of amygdala subregions and ketamine treatment and to identify important neuroimaging predictors of treatment outcomes. METHODS Thirty-nine MDD patients received six doses of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg). Depressive symptoms were assessed, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed before and after treatment. Forty-five healthy controls underwent one MRI scan. Seed-to-voxel RSFC analyses were performed on the amygdala subregions, including the centromedial amygdala (CMA), laterobasal amygdala (LBA), and superficial amygdala subregions. RESULTS Abnormal RSFC between the left LBA and the left precuneus in MDD patients is related to the therapeutic efficacy of ketamine. There were significant differences in changes in bilateral CMA RSFC with the left orbital part superior frontal gyrus and in changes in the left LBA with the right middle frontal gyrus between responders and nonresponders following ketamine treatment. Moreover, there was a difference in the RSFC of left LBA and the right superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG) between responders and nonresponders at baseline, which could predict the antidepressant effect of ketamine on Day 13. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism by which ketamine improves depressive symptoms may be related to its regulation of RSFC in the amygdala subregion. The RSFC between the left LBA and right STG/MTG may predict the response to the antidepressant effect of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibo Hu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxiang Ye
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Zhou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
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Yu S, Zhao Y, Luo Q, Gu B, Wang X, Cheng J, Wang Z, Liu D, Ho RCM, Ho CSH. Early life stress enhances the susceptibility to depression and interferes with neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of adolescent mice via regulating miR-34c-5p/SYT1 axis. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:262-276. [PMID: 38181539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Early life events are major risk factors for the onset of depression and have long-term effects on the neurobiological changes and behavioral development of rodents. However, little is known about the specific mechanisms of early life adversity in the susceptibility to subsequent stress exposure in adolescence. This study characterized the effect of maternal separation (MS), an animal model of early life adversity, on the behavioral responses to restraint stress in mice during adolescence and investigated the molecular mechanism underlying behavioral vulnerability to chronic stress induced by MS. Our results showed that MS exposure could further reinforce the depressive vulnerability to restraint stress in adolescent mice. In addition, miR-34c-5p expression was obviously up-regulated in the hippocampi of MS mice at postnatal day (P) 14 and P42. Further, synaptotagmin-1 (SYT1) was deemed as a target gene candidate of miR-34c-5p on the basis of dual luciferase assay. It was found that the downregulation of miR-34c-5p expression in the hippocampi of MS mice could ameliorate dysfunction of synaptic plasticity by targeting molecule SYT1, effects which were accompanied by alleviation of depressive and anxious behaviors in these mice. The results demonstrated that the miR-34c-5p/SYT1 pathway was involved in the susceptibility to depression induced by MS via regulating neuroplasticity in the hippocampi of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Jiao Cheng
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
| | - Roger C M Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyrus S H Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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di Michele F. Neurosteroids and their Therapeutic Potential: Remembering the Contribution of Dr. Sabina Luchetti, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2895-2899. [PMID: 38904159 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673270157231120072205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
This article traces the career of Dr. Sabina Luchetti (1969-2021), a noted physician (medical doctor, specialized in Neurology at Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy), a dedicated neuroscientist (Ph.D. in Neuroscience at Tor Vergata University and IRCCS Santa Lucia of Rome), and a member of a renowned Netherlands group (senior researcher at Professor Swaab Laboratory of the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands), working in the field of brain function and diseases. She is particularly involved in the study of natural compounds, such as neurosteroids and their biosynthetic pathways in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammation- related disorders, working on post-mortem human brains. This editorial outlines Dr. Luchetti's wide range of interests, discloses her superior fund of knowledge, and recollects her humanitarian spirit, all of which contribute to creating a great sense of belonging to any group of researchers whom she worked with. The impact of Dr. Luchetti's work will continue to be felt for many years. From the bench to the bedside, her work has indirectly contributed to shedding light on the neurosteroids' potential therapeutic effects, considering that neurosteroids and their analogues (some of which are over-the-counter) are now used to treat depression, epilepsy, and substance abuse disorders. Moreover, the potential therapeutic effects of allopregnanolone with respect to its capability to promote neuroregeneration and neuroprotection are a promising basis for future treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Slabe Z, Balesar RA, Verwer RWH, Van Heerikhuize JJ, Pechler GA, Zorović M, Hoogendijk WJ, Swaab DF. Alterations in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and comorbid depression in Alzheimer's disease in the human hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7537-7549. [PMID: 37226771 PMCID: PMC10755247 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is involved in the stress response and may play a key role in mood disorders, but no information is available on PACAP for the human brain in relation to mood disorders. METHODS PACAP-peptide levels were determined in a major stress-response site, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), of people with major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and of a unique cohort of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with and without depression, all with matched controls. The expression of PACAP-(Adcyap1mRNA) and PACAP-receptors was determined in the MDD and BD patients by qPCR in presumed target sites of PACAP in stress-related disorders, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). RESULTS PACAP cell bodies and/or fibres were localised throughout the hypothalamus with differences between immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation. In the controls, PACAP-immunoreactivity-(ir) in the PVN was higher in women than in men. PVN-PACAP-ir was higher in male BD compared to the matched male controls. In all AD patients, the PVN-PACAP-ir was lower compared to the controls, but higher in AD depressed patients compared to those without depression. There was a significant positive correlation between the Cornell depression score and PVN-PACAP-ir in all AD patients combined. In the ACC and DLPFC, alterations in mRNA expression of PACAP and its receptors were associated with mood disorders in a differential way depending on the type of mood disorder, suicide, and psychotic features. CONCLUSION The results support the possibility that PACAP plays a role in mood disorder pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Slabe
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rawien A. Balesar
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald W. H. Verwer
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. Van Heerikhuize
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwyneth A. Pechler
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Zorović
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Witte J.G. Hoogendijk
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Navarro D, Marín-Mayor M, Gasparyan A, García-Gutiérrez MS, Rubio G, Manzanares J. Molecular Changes Associated with Suicide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16726. [PMID: 38069051 PMCID: PMC10706600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a serious global public health problem, with a worrying recent increase in suicide rates in both adolescent and adult populations. However, it is essential to recognize that suicide is preventable. A myriad of factors contributes to an individual's vulnerability to suicide. These factors include various potential causes, from psychiatric disorders to genetic and epigenetic alterations. These changes can induce dysfunctions in crucial systems such as the serotonergic, cannabinoid, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes. In addition, early life experiences of abuse can profoundly impact an individual's ability to cope with stress, ultimately leading to changes in the inflammatory system, which is a significant risk factor for suicidal behavior. Thus, it is clear that suicidal behavior may result from a confluence of multiple factors. This review examines the primary risk factors associated with suicidal behavior, including psychiatric disorders, early life adversities, and epigenetic modifications. Our goal is to elucidate the molecular changes at the genetic, epigenetic, and molecular levels in the brains of individuals who have taken their own lives and in the plasma and peripheral mononuclear cells of suicide attempters and how these changes may serve as predisposing factors for suicidal tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (D.N.); (A.G.); (M.S.G.-G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Marta Marín-Mayor
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ani Gasparyan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (D.N.); (A.G.); (M.S.G.-G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (D.N.); (A.G.); (M.S.G.-G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (D.N.); (A.G.); (M.S.G.-G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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10
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Guerrin CG, Prasad K, Vazquez-Matias DA, Zheng J, Franquesa-Mullerat M, Barazzuol L, Doorduin J, de Vries EF. Prenatal infection and adolescent social adversity affect microglia, synaptic density, and behavior in male rats. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100580. [PMID: 37920548 PMCID: PMC10618826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy and childhood social trauma have been associated with neurodevelopmental and affective disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder and depression. These disorders are characterized by changes in microglial cells, which play a notable role in synaptic pruning, and synaptic deficits. Here, we investigated the effect of prenatal infection and social adversity during adolescence - either alone or in combination - on behavior, microglia, and synaptic density. Male offspring of pregnant rats injected with poly I:C, mimicking prenatal infection, were exposed to repeated social defeat during adolescence. We found that maternal infection during pregnancy prevented the reduction in social behavior and increase in anxiety induced by social adversity during adolescence. Furthermore, maternal infection and social adversity, alone or in combination, induced hyperlocomotion in adulthood. Longitudinal in vivo imaging with [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography revealed that prenatal infection alone and social adversity during adolescence alone induced a transient increase in translocator protein TSPO density, an indicator of glial reactivity, whereas their combination induced a long-lasting increase that remained until adulthood. Furthermore, only the combination of prenatal infection and social adversity during adolescence induced an increase in microglial cell density in the frontal cortex. Prenatal infection increased proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β protein levels in hippocampus and social adversity reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 protein levels in hippocampus during adulthood. This reduction in IL-10 was prevented if rats were previously exposed to prenatal infection. Adult offspring exposed to prenatal infection or adolescent social adversity had a higher synaptic density in the frontal cortex, but not hippocampus, as evaluated by synaptophysin density. Interestingly, such an increase in synaptic density was not observed in rats exposed to the combination of prenatal infection and social adversity, perhaps due to the long-lasting increase in microglial density, which may lead to an increase in microglial synaptic pruning. These findings suggest that changes in microglia activity and cytokine release induced by prenatal infection and social adversity during adolescence may be related to a reduced synaptic pruning, resulting in a higher synaptic density and behavioral changes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprien G.J. Guerrin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel A. Vazquez-Matias
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Franquesa-Mullerat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F.J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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11
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Li T, Yuan L, Zhao Y, Jiang Z, Gai C, Xin D, Ke H, Guo X, Chen W, Liu D, Wang Z, Ho CSH. Blocking osteopontin expression attenuates neuroinflammation and mitigates LPS-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. J Affect Disord 2023; 330:83-93. [PMID: 36842657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). Osteopontin (OPN) is one of the key molecules involved in neuroinflammation. We demonstrate here for the first time a key role of OPN in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavioral syndrome. METHODS Systemic administration of LPS (5 mg/kg) mimics distinct depressive-like behavior, which could significantly upregulate OPN expression in microglia/macrophage in the hippocampus. The neurobehavioral assessments, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry cell staining and Golgi staining were performed. RESULTS Similar to fluoxetine treatment (the positive control), OPN knockdown with shRNA lentivirus markedly reversed LPS-induced depressive-like behavior. Moreover, knockdown of OPN suppressed LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression, microglial activation, dendritic spines loss, as well as unregulated PSD-95 and BDNF in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that targeting OPN expression in microglia/macrophage might help to rescue LPS-induced depressive-like behavior. The underlying mechanism may relate to the modulation of neuroinflammation, BDNF signaling and synaptic structural complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zige Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Gai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Hongfei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| | - Cyrus S H Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Han QQ, Shen SY, Chen XR, Pilot A, Liang LF, Zhang JR, Li WH, Fu Y, Le JM, Chen PQ, Yu J. Minocycline alleviates abnormal microglial phagocytosis of synapses in a mouse model of depression. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109249. [PMID: 36115588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As antidepressants commonly used in the clinic have proved to be problematic, it is urgent to gain an updated understanding of the pathogenesis of depression and find potential therapeutic targets. Since both functional brain imaging studies and autopsy reports indicated that there is indeed a loss of synapses in depressed patients, it is necessary to explore the mechanism of this process. METHODS We firstly investigated the effect of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a mouse model of depression, on behaviors, synapses, microglia, and microglial phagocytosis of synapses in mice. Then, as it is unclear whether microglial phagocytosis leads to synaptic loss, or synaptic loss induces the microglial clearance in CSDS mice, we used minocycline, a microglial activation inhibitor, to inhibit the microglial phagocytosis of synapses and study its effect on synapses and behaviors in CSDS mice. RESULTS Our results showed that the expression levels of PSD-95 in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of CSDS mice were significantly reduced, while the microglia were significantly activated and the Iba1+CD68+ cell (phagocytic microglia) density was increased. We co-labeled the synaptic protein PSD-95 with the microglia marker Iba1 and found that the microglia in the hippocampal DG of CSDS mice contained significantly more PSD-95 engulfed puncta, which revealed that microglia in CSDS mice abnormally phagocytized synapses. Moreover, our results indicated that minocycline treatment dampened microglial activation, decreased the phagocytic microglia density, reduced abnormal microglial phagocytosis of synapses, reversed synaptic loss, and alleviated behavioral impairment in CSDS mice. CONCLUSIONS Under depressive pathological conditions, the activated microglia may abnormally engulf neuronal synapses causing synaptic loss and behavioral impairments. Thus, microglial phagocytosis may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Qin Han
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China; Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Shi-Yu Shen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China.
| | - Adam Pilot
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ling-Feng Liang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Rui Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jia-Mei Le
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Pei-Qing Chen
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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13
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Distinct proteomic profiles in prefrontal subareas of elderly major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder patients. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:275. [PMID: 35821008 PMCID: PMC9276790 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated for the first time the proteomic profiles both in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Cryostat sections of DLPFC and ACC of MDD and BD patients with their respective well-matched controls were used for study. Proteins were quantified by tandem mass tag and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system. Gene Ontology terms and functional cluster alteration were analyzed through bioinformatic analysis. Over 3000 proteins were accurately quantified, with more than 100 protein expressions identified as significantly changed in these two brain areas of MDD and BD patients as compared to their respective controls. These include OGDH, SDHA and COX5B in the DLPFC in MDD patients; PFN1, HSP90AA1 and PDCD6IP in the ACC of MDD patients; DBN1, DBNL and MYH9 in the DLPFC in BD patients. Impressively, depending on brain area and distinct diseases, the most notable change we found in the DLPFC of MDD was 'suppressed energy metabolism'; in the ACC of MDD it was 'suppressed tissue remodeling and suppressed immune response'; and in the DLPFC of BD it was differentiated 'suppressed tissue remodeling and suppressed neuronal projection'. In summary, there are distinct proteomic changes in different brain areas of the same mood disorder, and in the same brain area between MDD and BD patients, which strengthens the distinct pathogeneses and thus treatment targets.
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14
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Subramanian S, Lopez R, Zorumski CF, Cristancho P. Electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434:120095. [PMID: 34979372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment modality for patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD), defined as failure of two adequate antidepressant medication trials. We provide a qualitative review of ECT's effectiveness for TRD, methods to optimize ECT parameters to improve remission rates and side effect profiles, and ECT's proposed neurobiological mechanisms. Right unilateral (RUL) electrode placement has been shown to be as effective for major depression as bilateral ECT, and RUL is associated with fewer cognitive side effects. There is mixed evidence on how to utilize ECT to sustain remission (i.e., continuation ECT, psychotropic medications alone, or a combination of ECT and psychotropic medications). Related to neurobiological mechanisms, an increase in gray matter volume in the hippocampus-amygdala complex is reported post-ECT. High connectivity between the subgenual anterior cingulate and the middle temporal gyrus before ECT is associated with better treatment response. Rodent models have implicated changes in neurotransmitters including glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and dopamine in ECT's efficacy; however, findings in humans are limited. Altogether, while ECT remains a highly effective therapy, the neurobiological underpinnings associated with improvement of depression remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Subramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX, USA.
| | - Ruthzaine Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX, USA
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX, USA
| | - Pilar Cristancho
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX, USA
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15
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Leung E, Lau EW, Liang A, de Dios C, Suchting R, Östlundh L, Masdeu JC, Fujita M, Sanches M, Soares JC, Selvaraj S. Alterations in brain synaptic proteins and mRNAs in mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of postmortem brain studies. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1362-1372. [PMID: 35022529 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bipolar (BD) and major depressive disorders (MDD) are multifactorial but likely involve synaptic dysfunction and dysregulation. There are multiple synaptic proteins but three synaptic proteins, namely SNAP-25, PSD-95, and synaptophysin, have been widely studied for their role in synaptic function in human brain postmortem studies in BD and MDD. These studies have yielded contradictory results, possibly due to the small sample size and sourcing material from different cortical regions of the brain. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the role of these three synaptic proteins and other synaptic proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA) and their regional localizations in BD and MDD. A systematic literature search was conducted and the review is reported in accordance with the MOOSE Guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed to compare synaptic marker levels between BD/MDD groups and controls separately. 1811 papers were identified in the literature search and screened against the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 72 studies were screened in the full text, of which 47 were identified as eligible to be included in the systematic review. 24 of these 47 papers were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated that SNAP-25 protein levels were significantly lower in BD. On average, PSD-95 mRNA levels were lower in BD, and protein levels of SNAP-25, PSD-95, and syntaxin were lower in MDD. Localization analysis showed decreased levels of PSD-95 protein in the frontal cortex. We found specific alterations in synaptic proteins and RNAs in both BD and MDD. The review was prospectively registered online in PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews, registration no. CRD42020196932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Leung
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Depression Research Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ethan W Lau
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andi Liang
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Constanza de Dios
- Depression Research Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- Depression Research Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda Östlundh
- The National Medical Library, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,PET Core Facility, Houston Methodist Research Insitute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marsal Sanches
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Depression Research Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Depression Research Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. .,Depression Research Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Barki M, Xue H. GABRB2, a key player in neuropsychiatric disorders and beyond. Gene 2022; 809:146021. [PMID: 34673206 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The GABA receptors represent the main inhibitory system in the central nervous system that ensure synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and the regulation of neuronal plasticity and learning. GABAA receptors are pentameric in structure and belong to the Cys-loop superfamily. The GABRB2 gene, located on chromosome 5q34, encodes the β2 subunit that combines with the α and γ subunits to form the major subtype of GABAA receptors, which account for 43% of all GABAA receptors in the mammalian brain. Each subunit probably consists of an extracellular N-terminal domain, four membrane-spanning segments, a large intracellular loop between TM3 and TM4, and an extracellular C-terminal domain. Alternative splicing of the RNA transcript of the GABRB2 gene gives rise at least to four long and short isoforms with dissimilar electrophysiological properties. Furthermore, GABRB2 is imprinted and subjected to epigenetic regulation and positive selection. It has been associated with schizophrenia first in Han Chinese, and subsequently validated in other populations. Gabrb2 knockout mice also exhibited schizophrenia-like behavior and neuroinflammation that were ameliorated by the antipsychotic drug risperidone. GABRB2 was also associated with other neuropsychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, substance dependence, depression, internet gaming disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Recently, it has been postulated that GABRB2 might be a potential marker for different cancer types. As GABRB2 has a pivotal role in the central nervous system and is increasingly recognized to contribute to human diseases, further understanding of its structure and function may expedite the generation of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Barki
- Center for Cancer Genomics, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Xue
- Center for Cancer Genomics, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Lu J, Huang ML, Li JH, Jin KY, Li HM, Mou TT, Fronczek R, Duan JF, Xu WJ, Swaab D, Bao AM. Changes of Hypocretin (Orexin) System in Schizophrenia: From Plasma to Brain. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1310-1319. [PMID: 33974073 PMCID: PMC8379539 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypocretin (also called orexin) regulates various functions, such as sleep-wake rhythms, attention, cognition, and energy balance, which show significant changes in schizophrenia (SCZ). We aimed to identify alterations in the hypocretin system in SCZ patients. We measured plasma hypocretin-1 levels in SCZ patients and healthy controls and found significantly decreased plasma hypocretin-1 levels in SCZ patients, which was mainly due to a significant decrease in female SCZ patients compared with female controls. In addition, we measured postmortem hypothalamic hypocretin-1-immunoreactivity (ir), ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 levels, and hypocretin receptor (Hcrt-R) mRNA expression in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in SCZ patients and controls We observed a significant decrease in the amount of hypothalamic hypocretin-1 ir in SCZ patients, which was due to decreased amounts in female but not male patients. Moreover, Hcrt-R2 mRNA in the SFG was decreased in female SCZ patients compared with female controls, while male SCZ patients showed a trend of increased Hcrt-R1 mRNA and Hcrt-R2 mRNA expression compared with male controls. We conclude that central hypocretin neurotransmission is decreased in SCZ patients, especially female patients, and this is reflected in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Man-Li Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Hui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Rehabilitation, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang-Yu Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Mei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Mou
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jin-Feng Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Juan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dick Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; tel: +86 571 88208789, fax: +86 571 88208094, e-mail:
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18
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Distinct epigenetic signatures between adult-onset and late-onset depression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2296. [PMID: 33504850 PMCID: PMC7840753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD) is attributed to the fact that diagnostic criteria (e.g., DSM-5) are only based on clinical symptoms. The discovery of blood biomarkers has the potential to change the diagnosis of MDD. The purpose of this study was to identify blood biomarkers of DNA methylation by strategically subtyping patients with MDD by onset age. We analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation of patients with adult-onset depression (AOD; age ≥ 50 years, age at depression onset < 50 years; N = 10) and late-onset depression (LOD; age ≥ 50 years, age at depression onset ≥ 50 years; N = 25) in comparison to that of 30 healthy subjects. The methylation profile of the AOD group was not only different from that of the LOD group but also more homogenous. Six identified methylation CpG sites were validated by pyrosequencing and amplicon bisulfite sequencing as potential markers for AOD in a second set of independent patients with AOD and healthy control subjects (N = 11). The combination of three specific methylation markers achieved the highest accuracy (sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 91%; accuracy, 77%). Taken together, our findings suggest that DNA methylation markers are more suitable for AOD than for LOD patients.
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Huang J, Shen C, Ye R, Shi Y, Li W. The Effect of Early Maternal Separation Combined With Adolescent Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress on Behavior and Synaptic Plasticity in Adult Female Rats. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:539299. [PMID: 33746787 PMCID: PMC7973020 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.539299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aims were to evaluate the depression model of early maternal separation (MS) combined with adolescent chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in female adult SD rats to observe the behavior and the expressions of synaptic proteins in rats and to provide a reference for the screening of antidepressant drug activity. In our study, MS and CUMS were conducted to establish a dual stress model on female rats. Behavioral tests, including the sucrose preference test, open field test, and zero maze test, were used to detect depression-like and anxiety-like behavior of animals. Nissl staining was used to detect the number of neuronal cells in the hippocampus CA1 and DG regions of rats from each group. Synaptophysin (SYN), postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expressions in the hippocampus were detected by western blot. Expression of the hippocampus SYN protein was further detected by immunohistochemistry. Rats in the MS+CUMS group presented more serious depression-like and anxiety-like behavior than in the MS group. Also, few Nissl bodies in the hippocampus CA1 and DG regions, less percentage of SYN-positive cells, and downregulated expressions of SYN, PSD-95, and GAP43 were found in the hippocampus of rats in MS+CUMS group. In conclusion, adult female rats that underwent MS and CUMS performed more critical depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors, and this process may be resulted from synaptic plasticity impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongkun Shen
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Ye
- Heyuan People's Hospital, Heyuan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Kim YK, Kim OY, Song J. Alleviation of Depression by Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Through the Regulation of Neuroinflammation, Neurotransmitters, Neurogenesis, and Synaptic Function. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1270. [PMID: 32922295 PMCID: PMC7456867 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has emerged as a major cause of mortality globally. Many studies have reported risk factors and mechanisms associated with depression, but it is as yet unclear how these findings can be applied to the treatment and prevention of this disorder. The onset and recurrence of depression have been linked to diverse metabolic factors, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Recent studies have suggested that depression is accompanied by memory loss as well as depressive mood. Thus, many researchers have highlighted the relationship between depressive behavior and metabolic alterations from various perspectives. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is secreted from gut cells and hindbrain areas, has been studied in metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, and was shown to control glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Recently, GLP-1 was highlighted as a regulator of diverse pathways, but its potential as the therapeutic target of depressive disorder was not described comprehensively. Therefore, in this review, we focused on the potential of GLP-1 modulation in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea.,Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, South Korea
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21
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Shen C, Cao K, Cui S, Cui Y, Mo H, Wen W, Dong Z, Lin H, Bai S, Yang L, Zhang R, Shi Y. SiNiSan ameliorates depression-like behavior in rats by enhancing synaptic plasticity via the CaSR-PKC-ERK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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22
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Herman FJ, Simkovic S, Pasinetti GM. Neuroimmune nexus of depression and dementia: Shared mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3558-3584. [PMID: 30632147 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional immune activity is a physiological component of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The extent to which altered immune activity influences the development of their respective cognitive symptoms and neuropathologies remains under investigation. It is evident, however, that immune activity affects neuronal function and circuit integrity. In both disorders, alterations are present in similar immune networks and neuroendocrine signalling pathways, immune responses persist in overlapping neuroanatomical locations, and morphological and structural irregularities are noted in similar domains. Epidemiological studies have also linked the two disorders, and their genetic and environmental risk factors intersect along immune-activating pathways and can be synonymous with one another. While each of these disorders individually contains a large degree of heterogeneity, their shared immunological components may link distinct phenotypes within each disorder. This review will therefore highlight the shared immune pathways of AD and MDD, their overlapping neuroanatomical features, and previously applied, as well as novel, approaches to pharmacologically manipulate immune pathways, in each neurological condition. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Herman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sherry Simkovic
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Giulio M Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.,Geriatrics Research. Education, and Clinical Center, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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23
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Trofimiuk E, Wielgat P, Braszko JJ, Car H. Stress and Ketamine, Bimodal Influence on Cognitive Functions. Behav Brain Res 2018; 360:354-364. [PMID: 30562568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) non-selective antagonist, ketamine, has been recently repurposed as a rapidly acting antidepressant, catalyzing the vigorous investigation of glutamate-signaling modulators as novel therapeutic agents for depressive disorders. Beneficial effects of this drug in the quick-acting treatment of depression are recognized. The long-term effects of ketamine have not been known, including the cognitive sphere. It is well acknowledged that prolonged exposure to stress induces depression and cognitive impairment. It seemed reasonable to ask how the long-term ketamine administration would affect stressed animals in the aspect of cognitive functions. In the current study we tested whether it is possible for ketamine, used in prolonged-regimen in rats, to alleviate stress-evoked memory deficits? Stressed (restraint 2 h daily for 21 days) and non-stressed rats (6-weeks-old) were treated with ketamine for 21 days and next subjected to a battery of behavioral tests: for the assessment of working and reference spatial memory (Morris water maze (MWM) and Barnes maze (BM)), stereotypy (stereotypy test - ST), locomotor functions (Open field - OF) and anxiety behavior (Elevated plus maze - EPM). Ketamine administration resulted in a significant stereotype behaviour in rats tested in ST. Stressed rats displayed a significant decline in the spatial working and reference memory. The effect of chronic ketamine administration depended on the type of test and differed between control rats and animals simultaneously exposed to chronic stress. However, in the MWM the impact was quite unequivocal, as we observed an improvement in spatial memory in stressed animals and a deterioration in non-stressed animals after ketamine administration. In the BM, the effect of ketamine changed in successive attempts, from favorable in the initial period to negative at the end of the test in the group of stressed animals and without a significant impact on control animals. We found no significant effects of ketamine on locomotor performance and on the level of anxiety. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that ketamine potently abolishes or prevents some kinds of stress-induced memory impairments and cognitive decline in rats, although in some circumstances, it could even increase damage to memory, especially in unstressed animals. It seems that the prolonged use of ketamine in the prevention of stress-induced memory declines can fulfill its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Trofimiuk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Wielgat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan J Braszko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
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24
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Wang Z, Liu S, Pan W, Guo Y, Shen Z. Bafilomycin A1 alleviates depression‑like symptoms in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4587-4594. [PMID: 30221667 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a multifactorial disease. Emerging evidence has suggested that autophagy is involved in the pathological process of depressive disorders. Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1), is an inhibitor of vacuolar H+‑ATPase that is frequently used at high concentrations to block late‑phase autophagy. However, whether Baf A1 has antidepressant effects remains to be elucidated. The current study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant effects of Baf A1 in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and its potential mechanism. The CUMS animal model was established. The sucrose preference test, open‑field test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST) were applied to evaluate the depressive behavior. Synaptic plasticity‑associated proteins synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis‑ and autophagy‑associated proteins in addition to pro‑inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‑1β and tumor necrosis factor‑α, were detected by western blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction or ELISA. A 4‑week treatment period with Baf A1 markedly ameliorated CUMS‑induced behavioral abnormalities, including increasing sucrose intake, improving locomotor activity in the OFT, and decreasing immobility time in the FST. In addition, treatment with Baf A1 restored the dysregulation of synaptic plasticity and inhibited neuroinflammation in rats exposed to CUMS. Furthermore, Baf A1 decreased the levels of apoptosis‑ and autophagy‑associated proteins induced by CUMS. The present study demonstrated that Bafilomycin A1 resulted in antidepressant effects in rats, which may be mediated by the reversal of apoptosis, autophagy and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Shengbing Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongfei Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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25
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Rajkumar R, Dawe GS. OBscure but not OBsolete: Perturbations of the frontal cortex in common between rodent olfactory bulbectomy model and major depression. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 91:63-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Zhao J, Verwer RWH, Gao SF, Qi XR, Lucassen PJ, Kessels HW, Swaab DF. Prefrontal alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic gene expression in relation to depression and suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:261-274. [PMID: 29753198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
People that committed suicide were reported to have enhanced levels of gene transcripts for synaptic proteins in their prefrontal cortex (PFC). Given the close association of suicide with major depressive disorder (MDD), we here assessed whether these changes are related to suicide or rather to depression per se. We used quantitative PCR to determine mRNA levels of 32 genes encoding for proteins directly involved in glutamatergic or GABAergic synaptic transmission in postmortem samples of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC). Seventy-two brain samples from 3 groups of subjects were derived from the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI): i) patients with MDD who committed suicide (MDD-S), ii) MDD patients who died of non-suicidal causes (MDD-NS) and iii) age-matched, non-psychiatric control subjects. In the ACC, a significantly enhanced expression of genes related to glutamatergic or GABAergic synaptic transmission was found only in MDD-S patients, whereas in MDD-NS patients, decreased levels for these transcripts were found. Moreover, in the DLPFC, expression of these genes was decreased in MDD-S, relative to MDD-NS patients, whereas both groups showed increased expression compared to control subjects. In conclusion, our findings indicate that MDD is associated with increases in GABA and glutamate related genes in the DLPFC (irrespective of suicide), while in the ACC, the increase in GABA and glutamate related genes may relate to suicide, rather than to MDD per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R W H Verwer
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S-F Gao
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - X-R Qi
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Lucassen
- Center for Neuroscience, SILS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H W Kessels
- Synaptic Plasticity & Behavior Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D F Swaab
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Oxytocin Signaling in the Lateral Septum Prevents Social Fear during Lactation. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1066-1078.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Horner AE, McLaughlin CL, Afinowi NO, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM, Komiyama NH, Grant SGN, Kopanitsa MV. Enhanced cognition and dysregulated hippocampal synaptic physiology in mice with a heterozygous deletion of PSD-95. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:164-176. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine L. McLaughlin
- Genes to Cognition Programme; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Timothy J. Bussey
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- The MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Molecular Medicine Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; London ON Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Lisa M. Saksida
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- The MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Molecular Medicine Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; London ON Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Noboru H. Komiyama
- Genes to Cognition Programme; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Seth G. N. Grant
- Genes to Cognition Programme; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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29
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Gazzina S, Benussi A, Premi E, Paternicò D, Cristillo V, Dell’Era V, Cosseddu M, Archetti S, Alberici A, Gasparotti R, Padovani A, Borroni B. Neuroanatomical Correlates of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Presymptomatic Granulin Mutation Carriers. Brain Topogr 2017; 31:488-497. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Jiang Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Lian B, Sun H, Wang G, Du Z, Li Q, Sun L. Short- and long-term antidepressant effects of ketamine in a rat chronic unpredictable stress model. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00749. [PMID: 28828210 PMCID: PMC5561310 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research was aimed to evaluate the behaviors of short- or long-term antidepressant effects of ketamine in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). BACKGROUND Ketamine, a glutamate noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, regulates excitatory amino acid functions, such as anxiety disorders and major depression, and plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. METHODS After 42 days of CUS model, male rats received either a single injection of ketamine (10 mg/kg; day 43) or 15 daily injections (days 43-75). The influence of ketamine on behavioral reactivity was assessed 24 hr (short-term) or 7 weeks after ketamine treatment (long-term). Behavioral tests used to assess the effects of these treatments included the sucrose preference (SP), open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swimming (FS), and water maze (WM) to detect anxiety-like behavior (OF and EPM), forced swimming (FS), and water maze (WM). Results: Short-term ketamine administration resulted in increases of body weight gain, higher sensitivity to sucrose, augmented locomotor activity in the OF, more entries into the open arms of the EPM, along increased activity in the FS test; all responses indicative of reductions in depression/despair in anxiety-eliciting situations. No significant differences in these behaviors were obtained under conditions of long-term ketamine administration (p > .05). The CUS + Ketamine group showed significantly increased activity as compared with the CUS + Vehicle group for analysis of the long-term effects of ketamine (*p < .05). Nor were significant differences obtained in learning and memory performance in rats receiving ketamine (p > .05). CONCLUSION Taken together these findings demonstrate that a short-term administration of ketamine induced rapid antidepressant-like effects in adult male rats exposed to CUS conditions, effects that were not observed in response to the long-term treatment regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Jiang
- Department of PsychologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Yiqiang Wang
- School of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Xiaoran Sun
- Department of PsychologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Bo Lian
- School of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of PsychologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Gang Wang
- Laboratory for Cognitive NeuroscienceWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Zhongde Du
- Department of NeurologyChinese People's Liberation Army eighty‐nine HospitalShandongChina
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Reproduction Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Hong KongHongKongChina
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of PsychologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
- Laboratory for Cognitive NeuroscienceWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
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31
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Lu J, Zhao J, Balesar R, Fronczek R, Zhu QB, Wu XY, Hu SH, Bao AM, Swaab DF. Sexually Dimorphic Changes of Hypocretin (Orexin) in Depression. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:311-319. [PMID: 28377228 PMCID: PMC5405188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurophysiological and behavioral processes regulated by hypocretin (orexin) are severely affected in depression. However, alterations in hypocretin have so far not been studied in the human brain. We explored the hypocretin system changes in the hypothalamus and cortex in depression from male and female subjects. Methods We quantified the differences between depression patients and well-matched controls, in terms of hypothalamic hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity (ir) and hypocretin receptors (Hcrtr-receptors)-mRNA in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, we determined the alterations in the hypocretin system in a frequently used model for depression, the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat. Results i) Compared to control subjects, the amount of hypocretin-immunoreactivity (ir) was significantly increased in female but not in male depression patients; ii) hypothalamic hypocretin-ir showed a clear diurnal fluctuation, which was absent in depression; iii) male depressive patients who had committed suicide showed significantly increased ACC Hcrt-receptor-2-mRNA expression compared to male controls; and iv) female but not male CUMS rats showed a highly significant positive correlation between the mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and prepro-hypocretin in the hypothalamus, and a significantly increased Hcrt-receptor-1-mRNA expression in the frontal cortex compared to female control rats. Conclusions The clear sex-related change found in the hypothalamic hypocretin-1-ir in depression should be taken into account in the development of hypocretin-targeted therapeutic strategies. Hypocretin (orexin) changes were studied in human postmortem brain in depression. A clear sex-related change was found in the hypothalamic hypocretin-1-immunoreactivity in depression. A rat depression model did not reflect the changes in the hypocretin system in the human brain in depression.
The stress systems of depressed patients are put into a higher gear by genetic and developmental factors. Over-reaction of these systems to stressful environmental situations makes people vulnerable to depression and suicide. This is the first postmortem study on changes in a relatively novel stress system in depression, consisting of the hypothalamic hypocretin neurons and hypocretin receptors in the prefrontal cortex. A clear sex-related change was found in the hypothalamic hypocretin-1-immunoreactivity in depression. Evaluation of the hypocretin system in a frequently used depression animal model, i.e. chronic unpredictable mild stress rats, did not replicate changes found in the hypocretin systems in the human brain in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Juan Zhao
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rawien Balesar
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiong-Bin Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xue-Yan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Shao-Hua Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Prefrontal changes in the glutamate-glutamine cycle and neuronal/glial glutamate transporters in depression with and without suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:8-15. [PMID: 27450072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are indications for changes in glutamate metabolism in relation to depression or suicide. The glutamate-glutamine cycle and neuronal/glial glutamate transporters mediate the uptake of the glutamate and glutamine. The expression of various components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle and the neuronal/glial glutamate transporters was determined by qPCR in postmortem prefrontal cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were selected from young MDD patients who had committed suicide (MDD-S; n = 17), from MDD patients who died of non-suicide related causes (MDD-NS; n = 7) and from matched control subjects (n = 12). We also compared elderly depressed patients who had not committed suicide (n = 14) with matched control subjects (n = 22). We found that neuronal located components (EAAT3, EAAT4, ASCT1, SNAT1, SNAT2) of the glutamate-glutamine cycle were increased in the ACC while the astroglia located components (EAAT1, EAAT2, GLUL) were decreased in the DLPFC of MDD-S patients. In contrast, most of the components in the cycle were increased in the DLPFC of MDD-NS patients. In conclusion, the glutamate-glutamine cycle - and thus glutamine transmission - is differentially affected in depressed suicide patients and depressed non-suicide patients in an area specific way.
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Zhang MW, Zhang SF, Li ZH, Han F. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone reverses the depressive symptoms in mouse chronic mild stress. Neurosci Lett 2016; 635:33-38. [PMID: 27773794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a naturally-occurring flavone which possesses good bioavailability. Due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, previous studies have demonstrated that 7,8-DHF was a potent tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) agonist, and produced antidepressant-like effects in mouse forced swimming test and tail suspension test. However, it has not been evaluated in chronic mild stress (CMS), a classical depression model modulating the processes of major depression in human. In the present study, we not only evaluated the depressive-like behaviors, but also measured the key proteins of TrkB signaling in mice exposed to CMS. Our results firstly found that long term but not single injection of 7,8-DHF restored the depressive-like behaviors in sucrose preference test and novelty suppressed feeding test. In addition, 7,8-DHF not only increased TrkB phosphorylation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, but also activated the expression of TrkB downstream synaptic proteins such as PSD95 and synaptophysin. Furthermore, the TrkB antagonist K252a blocked the antidepressant-like effects of 7,8-DHF. In summary, the present results demonstrated that chronic 7,8-DHF treatment exerted significant antidepressant-like effects, which were likely attributed to regulating TrkB signaling and thus promoting synaptic protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Wang Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy (II), Zhengzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450007, Henan province, PR China
| | - She-Feng Zhang
- Henan Province Chinese medicine research institute, Zhengzhou 450004, Henan province, PR China
| | - Zhen-Hua Li
- Department of Encephalopathy (II), Zhengzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450007, Henan province, PR China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Encephalopathy (II), Zhengzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450007, Henan province, PR China.
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Zamzow DR, Elias V, Acosta VA, Escobedo E, Magnusson KR. Higher levels of phosphorylated Y1472 on GluN2B subunits in the frontal cortex of aged mice are associated with good spatial reference memory, but not cognitive flexibility. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:50. [PMID: 27094400 PMCID: PMC5005925 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) is particularly vulnerable to aging. The GluN2B subunit of the NMDAr, compared to other NMDAr subunits, suffers the greatest losses of expression in the aging brain, especially in the frontal cortex. While expression levels of GluN2B mRNA and protein in the aged brain are well documented, there has been little investigation into age-related posttranslational modifications of the subunit. In this study, we explored some of the mechanisms that may promote differences in the NMDAr complex in the frontal cortex of aged animals. Two ages of mice, 3 and 24 months, were behaviorally tested in the Morris water maze. The frontal cortex and hippocampus from each mouse were subjected to differential centrifugation followed by solubilization in Triton X-100. Proteins from Triton-insoluble membranes, Triton-soluble membranes, and intracellular membranes/cytosol were examined by Western blot. Higher levels of GluN2B tyrosine 1472 phosphorylation in frontal cortex synaptic fractions of old mice were associated with better reference learning but poorer cognitive flexibility. Levels of GluN2B phosphotyrosine 1336 remained steady, but there were greater levels of the calpain-induced 115 kDa GluN2B cleavage product on extrasynaptic membranes in these old good learners. There was an age-related increase in calpain activity, but it was not associated with better learning. These data highlight a unique aging change for aged mice with good spatial learning that might be detrimental to cognitive flexibility. This study also suggests that higher levels of truncated GluN2B on extrasynaptic membranes are not deleterious to spatial memory in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Val Elias
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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35
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Rial D, Lemos C, Pinheiro H, Duarte JM, Gonçalves FQ, Real JI, Prediger RD, Gonçalves N, Gomes CA, Canas PM, Agostinho P, Cunha RA. Depression as a Glial-Based Synaptic Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:521. [PMID: 26834566 PMCID: PMC4722129 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies combining pharmacological, behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular approaches indicate that depression results from maladaptive neuroplastic processes occurring in defined frontolimbic circuits responsible for emotional processing such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and ventral striatum. However, the exact mechanisms controlling synaptic plasticity that are disrupted to trigger depressive conditions have not been elucidated. Since glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) tightly and dynamically interact with synapses, engaging a bi-directional communication critical for the processing of synaptic information, we now revisit the role of glial cells in the etiology of depression focusing on a dysfunction of the “quad-partite” synapse. This interest is supported by the observations that depressive-like conditions are associated with a decreased density and hypofunction of astrocytes and with an increased microglia “activation” in frontolimbic regions, which is expected to contribute for the synaptic dysfunction present in depression. Furthermore, the traditional culprits of depression (glucocorticoids, biogenic amines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) affect glia functioning, whereas antidepressant treatments (serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, electroshocks, deep brain stimulation) recover glia functioning. In this context of a quad-partite synapse, systems modulating glia-synapse bidirectional communication—such as the purinergic neuromodulation system operated by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine—emerge as promising candidates to “re-normalize” synaptic function by combining direct synaptic effects with an ability to also control astrocyte and microglia function. This proposed triple action of purines to control aberrant synaptic function illustrates the rationale to consider the interference with glia dysfunction as a mechanism of action driving the design of future pharmacological tools to manage depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rial
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SCBrazil
| | - Cristina Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Pinheiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana M Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Q Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana I Real
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
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Sex differences in glutamate receptor gene expression in major depression and suicide. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1057-68. [PMID: 26169973 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data indicate that the glutamate system is disrupted in major depressive disorder (MDD), and recent clinical research suggests that ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor (GluR), has rapid antidepressant efficacy. Here we report findings from gene expression studies of a large cohort of postmortem subjects, including subjects with MDD and controls. Our data reveal higher expression levels of the majority of glutamatergic genes tested in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in MDD (F21,59=2.32, P=0.006). Posthoc data indicate that these gene expression differences occurred mostly in the female subjects. Higher expression levels of GRIN1, GRIN2A-D, GRIA2-4, GRIK1-2, GRM1, GRM4, GRM5 and GRM7 were detected in the female patients with MDD. In contrast, GRM5 expression was lower in male MDD patients relative to male controls. When MDD suicides were compared with MDD non-suicides, GRIN2B, GRIK3 and GRM2 were expressed at higher levels in the suicides. Higher expression levels were detected for several additional genes, but these were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. In summary, our analyses indicate a generalized disruption of the regulation of the GluRs in the DLPFC of females with MDD, with more specific GluR alterations in the suicides and in the male groups. These data reveal further evidence that, in addition to the NMDA receptor, the AMPA, kainate and the metabotropic GluRs may be targets for the development of rapidly acting antidepressant drugs.
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37
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Zhao J, Qi XR, Gao SF, Lu J, van Wamelen DJ, Kamphuis W, Bao AM, Swaab DF. Different stress-related gene expression in depression and suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:176-85. [PMID: 26228417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide occurs in some, but not all depressed patients. So far, it remains unknown whether the studied stress-related candidate genes change in depression, suicide or both. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in, among other things, impulse control and inhibitory behavior and plays an important role in both suicide and depression. METHODS We have employed qPCR to study 124 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) brain samples, obtained from two brain banks, from: i) young depressed patients (average age 43 years) who committed suicide (MDD-S) and depressed patients who died from causes other than suicide (MDD-NS) and from ii) elderly depressed patients (average age 75 years) who did not commit suicide (DEP). Both cohorts were individually matched with non-psychiatric non-suicide control subjects. We determined the transcript levels of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-regulating molecules (corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptors, CRH binding protein, mineralocorticoid receptor/glucocorticoid receptor), transcription factors that regulate CRH expression, CRH-stimulating cytokines, chaperone proteins, retinoid signaling, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin-related kinase B, cytochrome proteins, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and monoamines. RESULTS In the MDD-S group, expression levels of CRH and neuronal NOS-interacting DHHC domain-containing protein with dendritic mRNA (NIDD) were increased. Other changes were only present in the DEP group, i.e. decreased NIDD, and increased and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) expression levels. Changes were found to be more pronounced in the anterior cingulate cortex than in the dorsolateral PFC. CONCLUSION Depressed patients who committed suicide have different gene expression patterns than depressed patients who died of causes other than suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - X-R Qi
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S-F Gao
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - J Lu
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - D J van Wamelen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A-M Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - D F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Donev R, Alawam K. Alterations in Gene Expression in Depression: Prospects for Personalize Patient Treatment. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:97-124. [PMID: 26572977 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The number of people around the world suffering from depression has dramatically increased in last few decades. It has been predicted that by 2020 depression will become the second most common cause of disability. Furthermore, depression is often misdiagnosed and confused with other psychiatric disorders showing similar symptoms, i.e., anxiety and bipolar disorder, due to the fact that diagnosing is often carried out by medical workers who are not psychiatrically trained. These facts prompt us to prepare this review which focuses on alterations in gene expression in depression. We believe that an in-depth knowledge of molecular bases of behavior in depression and other mood disorders would be of a great benefit for the correct diagnosing of these disorders, as well as for prescribing a treatment that best suits each individual depending on expression alterations in depression-related genes. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to promote further translational research on the biochemistry of mood disorders and take the results further for the design of new targeted therapeutics that can be used for personalized treatment with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Alawam
- Forensic Medicine Department, Ministry of Interior, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Oltedal L, Kessler U, Ersland L, Grüner R, Andreassen OA, Haavik J, Hoff PI, Hammar Å, Dale AM, Hugdahl K, Oedegaard KJ. Effects of ECT in treatment of depression: study protocol for a prospective neuroradiological study of acute and longitudinal effects on brain structure and function. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:94. [PMID: 25927716 PMCID: PMC4422607 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression can be a serious and debilitating condition. For some patients in a treatment resistant depressive episode, electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) is the only treatment that is effective. Although ECT has shown efficacy in randomized controlled trials, the treatment is still controversial and stigmatized. This can in part be attributed to our lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of action. Some reports also suggest potential harmful effects of ECT treatment and memory related side effects have been documented. METHODS/DESIGN The present study will apply state of the art radiology through advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to investigate structural and functional brain effects of ECT. As a multi-disciplinary collaboration, imaging findings will be correlated to psychiatric response parameters, neuropsychological functioning as well as neurochemical and genetic biomarkers that can elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The aim is to document both treatment effects and potential harmful effects of ECT. SAMPLE n = 40 patients in a major depressive episode (bipolar and major depressive disorder). Two control groups with n = 15 in each group: age and gender matched healthy volunteers not receiving ECT and patients undergoing electrical cardioversion (ECV) for atrial fibrillation (AF). Observation time: six months. DISCUSSION The study will contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of major depression as well as mechanisms of action for the most effective treatment for the disorder; ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Oltedal
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ute Kessler
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Renate Grüner
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Per Ivar Hoff
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders M Dale
- Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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40
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Matosin N, Fernandez-Enright F, Frank E, Deng C, Wong J, Huang XF, Newell KA. Metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR2/3 and mGluR5 binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in psychotic and nonpsychotic depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: implications for novel mGluR-based therapeutics. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:407-16. [PMID: 24949866 PMCID: PMC4214875 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.130242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3 (mGluR2/3) and 5 (mGluR5) are novel therapeutic targets for major depression (MD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. We aimed to determine whether mGluR2/3 and mGluR5 binding in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain region essential for the regulation of mood, cognition and emotion, were differentially altered in these pathologies. METHODS Using postmortem human brains derived from 2 cohorts, [(3)H]LY341495 binding to mGluR2/3 and [(3)H]MPEP binding to mGluR5 were measured by receptor autoradiography in the ACC. The first cohort comprised samples from individuals who had MD with psychosis (MDP), MD without psychosis (MDNP) and matched controls (n = 11-12 per group). The second cohort comprised samples from individuals who had MDNP, BD, schizophrenia and matched controls (n = 15 per group). RESULTS No differences in mGluR2/3 or mGluR5 binding were observed in the MDP, MDNP, BD or schizophrenia groups compared with the control group (all p > 0.05). Importantly, there were also no differences in binding densities between the psychiatric disorders (p > 0.05). We did, however, observe age-related effects, with consistent negative associations between mGluR2/3 and age in the control group (r < -0.575, p < 0.025) and the psychotic disorder groups (MDP and schizophrenia: r = -0.765 to -0.515, p < 0.05), but not in the mood disorder groups (MDNP, BD). LIMITATIONS Replication in larger independent cohorts and medication-naive individuals would strengthen these findings. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that mGluRs are unaltered in the ACC; however, the presence of altered receptor function cannot be discounted and requires further investigation. Taken together with previous studies, which report differential changes in mGluR2, 3 and 5 across these disorders, we suggest mGluRs may be affected in a brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly A. Newell
- Correspondence to: K.A. Newell, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
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Frey A, Popp S, Post A, Langer S, Lehmann M, Hofmann U, Sirén AL, Hommers L, Schmitt A, Strekalova T, Ertl G, Lesch KP, Frantz S. Experimental heart failure causes depression-like behavior together with differential regulation of inflammatory and structural genes in the brain. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:376. [PMID: 25400562 PMCID: PMC4215623 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are common and independent outcome predictors in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, it is unclear whether CHF causes depression. Thus, we investigated whether mice develop anxiety- and depression-like behavior after induction of ischemic CHF by myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS In order to assess depression-like behavior, anhedonia was investigated by repeatedly testing sucrose preference for 8 weeks after coronary artery ligation or sham operation. Mice with large MI and increased left ventricular dimensions on echocardiography (termed CHF mice) showed reduced preference for sucrose, indicating depression-like behavior. 6 weeks after MI, mice were tested for exploratory activity, anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function using the elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB), open field (OF), and object recognition (OR) tests. In the EPM and OF, CHF mice exhibited diminished exploratory behavior and motivation despite similar movement capability. In the OR, CHF mice had reduced preference for novelty and impaired short-term memory. On histology, CHF mice had unaltered overall cerebral morphology. However, analysis of gene expression by RNA-sequencing in prefrontal cortical, hippocampal, and left ventricular tissue revealed changes in genes related to inflammation and cofactors of neuronal signal transduction in CHF mice, with Nr4a1 being dysregulated both in prefrontal cortex and myocardium after MI. CONCLUSIONS After induction of ischemic CHF, mice exhibited anhedonic behavior, decreased exploratory activity and interest in novelty, and cognitive impairment. Thus, ischemic CHF leads to distinct behavioral changes in mice analogous to symptoms observed in humans with CHF and comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Frey
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandy Popp
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Post
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Langer
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lehmann
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Leena Sirén
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leif Hommers
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Georg Ertl
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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Fatemi SH, Reutiman TJ, Folsom TD, Rustan OG, Rooney RJ, Thuras PD. Downregulation of GABAA receptor protein subunits α6, β2, δ, ε, γ2, θ, and ρ2 in superior frontal cortex of subjects with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:1833-45. [PMID: 24668190 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We measured protein and mRNA levels for nine gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor subunits in three brain regions (cerebellum, superior frontal cortex, and parietal cortex) in subjects with autism versus matched controls. We observed changes in mRNA for a number of GABAA and GABAB subunits and overall reduced protein expression for GABAA receptor alpha 6 (GABRα6), GABAA receptor beta 2 (GABRβ2), GABAA receptor delta (GABRδ), GABAA receptor epsilon (GABRε), GABAA receptor gamma 2 (GABRγ2), GABAA receptor theta (GABRθ), and GABAA receptor rho 2 (GABRρ2) in superior frontal cortex from subjects with autism. Our data demonstrate systematic changes in GABAA&B subunit expression in brains of subjects with autism, which may help explain the presence of cognitive abnormalities in subjects with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossein Fatemi
- Division of Neuroscience Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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Why are cortical GABA neurons relevant to internal focus in depression? A cross-level model linking cellular, biochemical and neural network findings. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:966-977. [PMID: 25048001 PMCID: PMC4169738 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a complex and severe psychiatric disorder whose symptomatology encompasses a critical shift in awareness, especially in the balance from external to internal mental focus. This is reflected by unspecific somatic symptoms and the predominance of the own cognitions manifested in increased self-focus and rumination. We posit here that sufficient empirical data has accumulated to build a coherent biologic model that links these psychologic concepts and symptom dimensions to observed biochemical, cellular, regional and neural network deficits. Specifically, deficits in inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid regulating excitatory cell input/output and local cell circuit processing of information in key brain regions may underlie the shift that is observed in depressed subjects in resting-state activities between the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This regional dysbalance translates at the network level in a dysbalance between default-mode and executive networks, which psychopathologically surfaces as a shift in focus from external to internal mental content and associated symptoms. We focus here on primary evidence at each of those levels and on putative mechanistic links between those levels. Apart from its implications for neuropsychiatric disorders, our model provides for the first time a set of hypotheses for cross-level mechanisms of how internal and external mental contents may be constituted and balanced in healthy subjects, and thus also contributes to the neuroscientific debate on the neural correlates of consciousness.
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Effects of L-theanine on posttraumatic stress disorder induced changes in rat brain gene expression. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:419032. [PMID: 25165739 PMCID: PMC4137547 DOI: 10.1155/2014/419032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the occurrence of a traumatic event that is beyond the normal range of human experience. The future of PTSD treatment may specifically target the molecular mechanisms of PTSD. In the US, approximately 20% of adults report taking herbal products to treat medical illnesses. L-theanine is the amino acid in green tea primarily responsible for relaxation effects. No studies have evaluated the potential therapeutic properties of herbal medications on gene expression in PTSD. We evaluated gene expression in PTSD-induced changes in the amygdala and hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were assigned to PTSD-stressed and nonstressed groups that received either saline, midazolam, L-theanine, or L-theanine + midazolam. Amygdala and hippocampus tissue samples were analyzed for changes in gene expression. One-way ANOVA was used to detect significant difference between groups in the amygdala and hippocampus. Of 88 genes examined, 17 had a large effect size greater than 0.138. Of these, 3 genes in the hippocampus and 5 genes in the amygdala were considered significant (P < 0.05) between the groups. RT-PCR analysis revealed significant changes between groups in several genes implicated in a variety of disorders ranging from PTSD, anxiety, mood disorders, and substance dependence.
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Ruan J, Hu K, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhou A, Zhao Y, Yang X. Distribution and quantitative detection of GABAA receptor in Carassius auratus gibelio. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1301-1311. [PMID: 24687758 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, is synthesized from glutamate and metabolized to succinic semialdehyde by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA transaminase (GABA-T), respectively. The fast inhibitory effect of GABA is mediated by GABA type A (GABAA) receptors that are associated with several neurological disorders, and GABAA receptors are targets of several therapeutic agents. To date, information on the distribution and quantity of GABAA receptors in Carassius auratus gibelio is still limited. We investigated for the first time, the tissue-specific distribution of GABAARβ2a and GABAARβ2b, the two subunits of the predominant GABAA receptor subtype (α1β2γ2), and then, the expression of GABAARβ2a, GABAARβ2b, GAD, and quantified GABA-T genes in different tissues by quantitative real-time PCR method and compared different expressions between two developmental stages of C. auratus gibelio. Results showed that GABAARβ2a and GABAARβ2b genes expressed in both brain and peripheral organs using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the majority of GABAARβ2a, GABAARβ2b, GAD, and GABA-T were mainly synthesized in brain; however, a considerable amount of GABA-T was secreted from the peripheral tissues, especially in the liver. Moreover, the expression of GABAARβ2a and GABAARβ2b genes in different tissues varied with body weight change. This study provides a reference for further studies on GABA and GABAA receptors subunits and an insight on the possible pharmacological properties of the GABAA receptor in C. auratus gibelio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Ruan
- National Center for Aquatic Pathogen Collection, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
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Ninan I. Synaptic regulation of affective behaviors; role of BDNF. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt C:684-95. [PMID: 23747574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin essential for nervous system development and synaptic plasticity, has been found to have a significant influence on affective behaviors. The notion that an impairment in BDNF signaling might be involved in affective disorders is originated primarily from the opposing effects of antidepressants and stress on BDNF signaling. Antidepressants enhance BDNF signaling and synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, negative environmental factors such as severe stress suppress BDNF signaling, impair synaptic activity and increase susceptibility to affective disorders. Postmortem studies provided strong support for decreased BDNF signaling in depressive disorders. Remarkably, studies in humans with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the BDNF gene, the BDNF Val66Met which affects regulated release of BDNF, showed profound deficits in hippocampal and prefrontal cortical (PFC) plasticity and cognitive behaviors. BDNF regulates synaptic mechanisms responsible for various cognitive processes including attenuation of aversive memories, a key process in the regulation of affective behaviors. The unique role of BDNF in cognitive and affective behaviors suggests that cognitive deficits due to altered BDNF signaling might underlie affective disorders. Understanding how BDNF modulates synapses in neural circuits relevant to affective behaviors, particularly the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC)-hippocampus-amygdala pathway, and its interaction with development, sex, and environmental risk factors might shed light on potential therapeutic targets for affective disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'BDNF Regulation of Synaptic Structure, Function, and Plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipe Ninan
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, SKI 5-3, 540 1st Ave, NY 10016, United States.
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Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Schott BH, Gorny X, Becker V, Steiner J, Seidenbecher CI, Bogerts B. Increased density of AKAP5-expressing neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of subjects with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:699-705. [PMID: 23462372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain anatomical abnormalities as well as cognitive and emotional processing deficits have been reported for the prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder, which are in part attributable to cellular and laminar abnormalities in postsynaptic protein expression. A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 5/79 plays a key role in postsynaptic signalling of excitatory synapses. We aimed to reveal if the cellular expression of AKAP5/79 protein is altered in the anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder. Ten subjects with bipolar disorder and ten control cases were investigated by use of immunohistochemical and morphometric techniques. Compared with controls in subjects with bipolar disorder, the numerical density of AKAP5-expressing neurons was significantly increased in the left (p = 0.002) and right (p = 0.008) anterior cingulate cortex. Layer-specific counting revealed that left side layers II (p = 0.000), III (p = 0.001) and V (p = 0.005) as well as right side layers III (p = 0.007), IV (p = 0.007) and V (p = 0.004) had significantly increased AKAP5-positive cell densities in bipolar disorder. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were found for the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. However, we observed a more intense intraneuronal immunostaining in both prefrontal areas in bipolar disorder patients. Elevated cell numbers and increased intracellular expression of AKAP, together with the altered expression patterns of most intracellular interaction partners of this protein in bipolar disorder as known from the literature, might point to disease-related abnormalities of the AKAP-associated signalosome in prefrontal cortex neurons.
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Qi XR, Kamphuis W, Wang S, Wang Q, Lucassen PJ, Zhou JN, Swaab DF. Aberrant stress hormone receptor balance in the human prefrontal cortex and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:863-70. [PMID: 23137715 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis regarding stress response and possibly also depression. We used quantitative real-time PCR to determine the mRNA levels of 17 stress-related genes in the human postmortem anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) of patients with mood disorder and of well-matched controls. The correlation between the expression of these DLPFC genes and their earlier measured expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the same subjects was also determined. Transcript level of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was significantly decreased, while the ratio of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) α to MR mRNA level was increased in the ACC/DLPFC, both in the bipolar and major depressive disorder subgroups and also in the pooled depression group. Significantly inverse correlations were found for MR mRNA level and for GRα/MR ratio between the DLPFC and PVN. A selective disturbance of MR and of the GRα/MR ratio thus seems to exist in the ACC/DLPFC in depression, which was inversely correlated with the corresponding levels in the PVN. These changes may contribute to HPA-axis hyperactivity and hence to depression etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Qi
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wiebking C, Duncan NW, Tiret B, Hayes DJ, Marjaǹska M, Doyon J, Bajbouj M, Northoff G. GABA in the insula - a predictor of the neural response to interoceptive awareness. Neuroimage 2013; 86:10-8. [PMID: 23618604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The insula has been identified as a key region involved in interoceptive awareness. Whilst imaging studies have investigated the neural activation patterns in this region involved in intero- and exteroceptive awareness, the underlying biochemical mechanisms still remain unclear. In order to investigate these, a well-established fMRI task targeting interoceptive awareness (heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (tone counting) was combined with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Controlling for physiological noise, neural activity in the insula during intero- and exteroceptive awareness was confirmed in an independent data sample using the same fMRI design. Focussing on MRS values from the left insula and combining them with neural activity during intero- and exteroceptive awareness in the same healthy individuals, we demonstrated that GABA concentration in a region highly involved in interoceptive processing is correlated with neural responses to interoceptive stimuli, as opposed to exteroceptive stimuli. In addition, both GABA and interoceptive signal changes in the insula predicted the degree of depressed affect, as measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale. On the one hand, the association between GABA concentration and neural activity during interoceptive awareness provides novel insight into the biochemical underpinnings of insula function and interoception. On the other, through the additional association of both GABA and neural activity during interoception with depressed affect, these data also bear potentially important implications for psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety, where GABAergic deficits, altered insula function and abnormal affect coincide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wiebking
- Department of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Brice Tiret
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit and Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Dave J Hayes
- Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Małgorzata Marjaǹska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julien Doyon
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit and Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion" and Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion (D.I.N.E.), Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Glutamate concentration in the medial prefrontal cortex predicts resting-state cortical-subcortical functional connectivity in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60312. [PMID: 23573246 PMCID: PMC3616113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cortical and subcortical regions is integral to a wide range of psychological processes and has been implicated in a number of psychiatric conditions. Studies in animals have provided insight into the biochemical and connectivity processes underlying such communication. However, to date no experiments that link these factors in humans in vivo have been carried out. To investigate the role of glutamate in individual differences in communication between the cortex--specifically the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)--and subcortical regions in humans, a combination of resting-state fMRI, DTI and MRS was performed. The subcortical target regions were the nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsomedial thalamus (DMT), and periaqueductal grey (PAG). It was found that functional connectivity between the mPFC and each of the NAc and DMT was positively correlated with mPFC glutamate concentrations, whilst functional connectivity between the mPFC and PAG was negatively correlated with glutamate concentration. The correlations involving mPFC glutamate and FC between the mPFC and each of the DMT and PAG were mirrored by correlations with structural connectivity, providing evidence that the glutamatergic relationship may, in part, be due to direct connectivity. These results are in agreement with existing results from animal studies and may have relevance for MDD and schizophrenia.
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