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Lanfranco RC, Dos Santos Sousa F, Wessel PM, Rivera-Rei Á, Bekinschtein TA, Lucero B, Canales-Johnson A, Huepe D. Slow-wave brain connectivity predicts executive functioning and group belonging in socially vulnerable individuals. Cortex 2024; 174:201-214. [PMID: 38569258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Important efforts have been made to describe the neural and cognitive features of healthy and clinical populations. However, the neural and cognitive features of socially vulnerable individuals remain largely unexplored, despite their proneness to developing neurocognitive disorders. Socially vulnerable individuals can be characterised as socially deprived, having a low socioeconomic status, suffering from chronic social stress, and exhibiting poor social adaptation. While it is known that such individuals are likely to perform worse than their peers on executive function tasks, studies on healthy but socially vulnerable groups are lacking. In the current study, we explore whether neural power and connectivity signatures can characterise executive function performance in healthy but socially vulnerable individuals, shedding light on the impairing effects that chronic stress and social disadvantages have on cognition. We measured resting-state electroencephalography and executive functioning in 38 socially vulnerable participants and 38 matched control participants. Our findings indicate that while neural power was uninformative, lower delta and theta phase synchrony are associated with worse executive function performance in all participants, whereas delta phase synchrony is higher in the socially vulnerable group compared to the control group. Finally, we found that delta phase synchrony and years of schooling are the best predictors for belonging to the socially vulnerable group. Overall, these findings suggest that exposure to chronic stress due to socioeconomic factors and a lack of education are associated with changes in slow-wave neural connectivity and executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo C Lanfranco
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Musa Wessel
- Department of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Rivera-Rei
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (SCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tristán A Bekinschtein
- Cambridge Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Lucero
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Andrés Canales-Johnson
- Cambridge Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - David Huepe
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (SCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common and disabling mental health disorder and has detrimental effects on affected individuals across multiple domains. We aimed to investigate whether individuals with BPD differ from control subjects in terms of cognitive functions, and to see if there is a relationship between cognitive functions, impulsivity, and BPD symptom severity. METHODS BPD individuals (n = 26; mean age = 26.7; 69.2% female) and controls (n = 58; mean age = 25.3; 51.7% female) were enrolled. Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shift (IED) and One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were used to assess cognitive functions. Barratt Impulsivity Scale-version 11 (BIS-11) was administered to measure impulsivity and both the Zanarini Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder self-report and the clinician-administered versions were used to assess BPD symptom severity. RESULTS BPD group showed significantly impaired cognitive performance on the IED task versus controls, but there was not a significant difference in the OTS task. BPD symptom severity was positively correlated with trait (BIS-11) impulsivity and no correlation was found between BPD symptom severity and cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests people with BPD experience impaired cognitive flexibility and heightened impulsivity. Only impulsivity appeared to be directly related to symptom severity, perhaps indicating that cognitive inflexibility could be a vulnerability marker. Future research should focus on a longitudinal approach to extend clinical and theoretical knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim H Aslan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Albermann M, Emery S, Baumgartner N, Strumberger M, Erb S, Wöckel L, Müller-Knapp U, Rhiner B, Contin-Waldvogel B, Bachmann S, Schmeck K, Berger G, Häberling I. Executive functions and borderline personality features in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:957753. [PMID: 37425294 PMCID: PMC10325791 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.957753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Executive functions (EF) consolidate during adolescence and are impaired in various emerging psychiatric disorders, such as pediatric Major Depressive Disorder (pMDD) and Borderline Personality Disorder. Previous studies point to a marked heterogeneity of deficits in EF in pMDD. We examined the hypothesis that deficits in EF in adolescents with pMDD might be related to comorbid Borderline Personality features (BPF). Methods We examined a sample of 144 adolescents (15.86 ± 1.32) diagnosed with pMDD. Parents rated their child's EF in everyday life with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and BPF with the Impulsivity and Emotion Dysregulation Scale (IED-27). The adolescents completed equivalent self-rating measures. Self- and parent-ratings of the BRIEF scores were compared with paired t-Tests. Correlation and parallel mediation analyses, ICC, and multiple regression analyses were used to assess symptom overlap, parent-child agreement, and the influence of depression severity. Results Over the whole sample, none of the self- or parent-rated BRIEF scales reached a mean score above T > 65, which would indicate clinically impaired functioning. Adolescents tended to report higher impairment in EF than their parents. Depression severity was the strongest predictor for BPF scores, with Emotional Control predicting parent-rated BPF and Inhibit predicting self-rated BPF. Furthermore, the Behavioral Regulation Index, which includes EF closely related to behavioral control, significantly mediated the relationship between depression severity and IED-27 factors emotional dysregulation and relationship difficulties but not non-suicidal self-injuries. Conclusion On average, adolescents with depression show only subtle deficits in executive functioning. However, increased EF deficits are associated with the occurrence of comorbid borderline personality features, contributing to a more severe overall psychopathology. Therefore, training of executive functioning might have a positive effect on psychosocial functioning in severely depressed adolescents, as it might also improve comorbid BPF. Clinical trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03167307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Albermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Emery
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Strumberger
- Research Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Erb
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lars Wöckel
- Research Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clienia Littenheid AG, Littenheid, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruno Rhiner
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Thurgau, Weinfelden, Switzerland
| | | | - Silke Bachmann
- University Clinic of the Martin-Luther University Halle – Wittenberg’s Medical Faculty, Halle, Germany
- Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Research Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Häberling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Martin S, Del-Monte J. Metacognition and insight dynamics exploration in borderline personality disorder: Exploring the underlying dynamics. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:225-231. [PMID: 36863299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Metacognition and Insight are related to hard-to-treat disorders and among them is Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). We recruited 190 BPD patients and measured Insight, Metacognition, Impulsivity, and BPD traits. Results showed BPD's significant links with Insight and Metacognition. Metacognition significantly correlated with two Impulsivity dimensions, whereas Insight significantly correlated with most of them. Regressions analysis revealed a significant relationship between Insight and Metacognition on Impulsivity and Borderline traits. Mediation analysis proved the indirect effect of Metacognition/Insight on Borderline traits through Impulsivity at a significative level. Both seem relevant for research and therapeutic application in BPD following different dynamics even if the limitation of our study stands in its gender ratio and possible comorbidity issues. Urgency appears as a critical factor to assess, notably with Positive emotion-based impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Martin
- Center for Research and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan Del-Monte
- Nîmes University, Department of Clinical Psychology, France; Psychosocial Laboratory, Aix-Marseille University, France
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Developmental predictors of young adult borderline personality disorder: a prospective, longitudinal study of females with and without childhood ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:106. [PMID: 36793031 PMCID: PMC9930262 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the precursors of borderline personality disorder (BPD) reveals numerous child and adolescent risk factors, with impulsivity and trauma among the most salient. Yet few prospective longitudinal studies have examined pathways to BPD, particularly with inclusion of multiple risk domains. METHODS We examined theory-informed predictors of young-adult BPD (a) diagnosis and (b) dimensional features from childhood and late adolescence via a diverse (47% non-white) sample of females with (n = 140) and without (n = 88) carefully diagnosed childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESULTS After adjustment for key covariates, low levels of objectively measured executive functioning in childhood predicted young adult BPD diagnostic status, as did a cumulative history of childhood adverse experiences/trauma. Additionally, both childhood hyperactivity/impulsivity and childhood adverse experiences/trauma predicted young adult BPD dimensional features. Regarding late-adolescent predictors, no significant predictors emerged regarding BPD diagnosis, but internalizing and externalizing symptoms were each significant predictors of BPD dimensional features. Exploratory moderator analyses revealed that predictions to BPD dimensional features from low executive functioning were heightened in the presence of low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS Given our sample size, caution is needed when drawing implications. Possible future directions include focus on preventive interventions in populations with enhanced risk for BPD, particularly those focused on improving executive functioning skills and reducing risk for trauma (and its manifestations). Replication is required, as are sensitive measures of early emotional invalidation and extensions to male samples.
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The Role of Cognitive Deficits in Borderline Personality Disorder with Early Traumas: A Mediation Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030787. [PMID: 36769436 PMCID: PMC9917894 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: although studies of cognitive functions are still limited in borderline personality disorder (BPD), the initial evidence suggested that BPD patients have deficits of executive functions and social cognition. In addition, patients who report physical and psychic traumatic experiences in childhood and adolescence show considerable neurocognitive impairment and severe BPD symptoms. The present study has a twofold aim: (1) to evaluate the differences in neurocognitive performances between BPD patients and healthy controls and (2) to verify in the BPD patients group whether neurocognitive deficits have the role of mediating the effect of early traumas on BPD psychopathology. (2) Methods: 69 subjects were enrolled: 38 outpatients with a diagnosis of BPD (DSM-5) and 31 healthy controls. BPD patients were tested with the Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index (BPDSI), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). All subjects were evaluated with the Iowa Gambling task (IGT), the Berg card sorting test (BCST), the Tower of London task (ToL), and the Reading-the-mind-in-the-eyes-test (RMET). Statistical analysis was performed with the analysis of variance to compare the cognitive performances between BPD patients and controls. A mediation analysis was conducted with the Sobel Test in the BPD patients group. The significance level was p ≤ 0.05. (3) Results: significant differences between the two groups were found for several parameters of all the cognitive tests examined: BCST, IGT, ToL, and RMET. Mediation analysis with the Sobel test demonstrated that the percentage of correct answers in the BCST (BCSTc) and the RMET score significantly mediated the relation between the CTQ total score and BPDSI total score. (4) Conclusions: BPD patients showed an impairment of the following executive functions: set shifting, decision making, planning and problem solving, and social cognition abilities, in comparison with controls. Our results suggested that the effect of early trauma on BPD psychopathology was mediated by a deficit in two cognitive domains: cognitive flexibility and social cognition.
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Guillén V, Bolo S, Fonseca-Baeza S, Pérez S, García-Alandete J, Botella C, Marco JH. Psychological assessment of parents of people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and comparison with parents of people without psychological disorders. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1097959. [PMID: 36710828 PMCID: PMC9880188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1097959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTo date, several evidence-based interventions have been created to help relatives of people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), but few studies have analyzed the clinical situation of the family members. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to explore the clinical symptomatology in a sample of parents of people diagnosed with BPD and compare them with a sample of a sample of people without a relative with a personality disorder, (2) to explore whether the parents of people diagnosed with BPD have psychopathology related to personality disorders (PD) or meet the diagnostic criteria for PD.MethodParticipants were 42 (39.6%) fathers and 64 (60.4%) were mothers and mothers (n = XX, −%) of people diagnosed with BPD, who were selected from a specialized PD unit for treatment. The sample of people without a relative with a PD was obtained from social network announcements. To test for differences between the two groups, Student’s t tests were performed for quantitative variables, and Chi-square tests were performed for categorical variables. Cohen’s d was calculated as a measure of the effect size.ResultsParents of people with BPD showed greater depressive and anxious symptomatology, higher levels of expressed emotion, and worse quality of life than the sample of people without a relative with a personality disorder. In addition, a high percentage of the parents of people diagnosed with BPD (50%) met the diagnostic criteria for different PD.ConclusionParents of people diagnosed with BPD may need psychological help in various aspects. Therapists are therefore advised to bear in mind the importance of carrying out a psychological assessment of family members and, if necessary, to offer psychological intervention. It is crucial to invite the family to be part of the treatment, since they can be part of the solution.Clinical Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04160871 (registered November 15, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Guillén
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Carlos, Spain,*Correspondence: Verónica Guillén,
| | - Sara Bolo
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Fonseca-Baeza
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín García-Alandete
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Carlos, Spain,Department of Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universidad Jaime I de Castellón, Plana, Spain
| | - José Heliodoro Marco
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Carlos, Spain
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Basharpoor S, Zakibakhsh Mohammadi N, Heidari F, Azarkolah A, Vicario CM, Salehinejad MA. Emotional working memory training improves cognitive inhibitory abilities in individuals with borderline personality trait: A randomized parallel-group trial. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:181-188. [PMID: 36155238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive inhibition impairment is one of the causes of impulsive behaviors in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of emotional working memory training (EWMT) on cognitive inhibition in individuals with a clinically significant borderline personality trait. METHODS In a randomized, parallel-group trial, 40 individuals with borderline personality trait, were selected out of 1000 screened individuals and were randomly assigned to the experimental (N = 20) and waiting-list control (N = 20) groups based on the score on the Borderline Personality Scale and the follow-up Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of EWMT and the control group did not receive any intervention (waiting list). Participants completed the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) and Go/No-Go task Before and after the intervention. RESULTS EWMT significantly reduced reaction time of incongruent trials in the SCWT and commission errors in the Go/No-Go task after the intervention only in the experimental group. Furthermore, the interference score in SCWT and commission error rate at the post-intervention time were significantly lower for the experimental vs the waitlist group. LIMITATIONS The single-blind design and absence of follow-up measures. CONCLUSIONS EWMT can improve cognitive inhibition in individuals with borderline personality trait and could be used for therapeutic purposes of impulsivity behavior in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Basharpoor
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Nasim Zakibakhsh Mohammadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fazeleh Heidari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Anita Azarkolah
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carmelo M Vicario
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mohammad Ali Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.
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Folesani F, Belvederi Murri M, Biancosino B, Costa S, Zerbinati L, Caruso R, Nanni MG, Toffanin T, Ferrara M, Purdon SE, Grassi L. The screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry in patients with borderline personality disorder. Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:279-289. [PMID: 35146968 PMCID: PMC9788074 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are common in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and appear to be associated with psychopathology, functioning and outcome. The availability of a cognitive screening instrument could be of use in clinical settings in order to assess neurocognition in BPD patients. The Screen for Cognitive Impairment for Psychiatry (SCIP) proved to be reliable in different psychiatric populations, but it has not yet been validated in personality disorders. The purpose of this study is therefore to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of 58 BPD patients. The SCIP was validated against the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B). The receiver operator curve analysis displayed an acceptable convergent validity (total score AUC: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70-0.86; Se: 75%, Sp: 72%). A cut-off total score of 80 identified 81% of patients as cognitively impaired. The exploratory factor analysis displayed a one-factor solution explaining 55.8% of the total variance. The SCIP displayed adequate psychometric properties in BPD and could be integrated in the routine clinical assessment to provide a preliminary evaluation of cognitive features for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Folesani
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martino Belvederi Murri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bruno Biancosino
- Department of Mental Health and Addictive Disorders, Health Trust Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Costa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luigi Zerbinati
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosangela Caruso
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Nanni
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Toffanin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Scot E Purdon
- Alberta Hospital Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Koudys JW, Ruocco AC. Executive functioning in adults with borderline personality disorder and first-degree biological relatives. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:387-400. [PMID: 34913833 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2012396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Behavioural dysregulation is a heritable core symptom domain in borderline personality disorder (BPD) that is likely influenced by the integrity of executive functions (EFs). However, the extent to which familial risk for BPD confers decrement to EFs has yet to be comprehensively studied. METHODS In this family study, probands with BPD (n = 73), first-degree biological relatives (n = 65), and healthy controls without psychiatric diagnoses (n = 77) were assessed in abstraction, attentional vigilance, working memory, cognitive flexibility, interference resolution, planning, problem solving, and response inhibition. RESULTS In univariate analyses, probands demonstrated lower response inhibition than relatives. Comparatively, discriminant function analyses revealed that lower interference resolution and response inhibition jointly discriminated probands from relatives and controls, whereas a combination of less efficient problem solving and difficulty manipulating mental information discriminated probands and relatives from controls. Moreover, the subset of psychiatrically non-affected relatives demonstrated a pattern of resilience to psychiatric morbidity substantiated by stronger response inhibition and abstraction abilities despite less efficient problem solving. CONCLUSIONS Familial risk for BPD is represented predominantly by a pattern of problem-solving and working memory deficits. Resilience to a psychiatric disorder in non-affected relatives reflects both EF weaknesses and strengths, highlighting potential protective factors that should be considered in future neurocognitive research on BPD families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Koudys
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony C Ruocco
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
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Theory of Mind in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Possible Endophenotypic Factor? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063193. [PMID: 33808735 PMCID: PMC8003401 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine whether theory of mind (ToM) is an endophenotypic marker of borderline personality disorder (BPD), thus constituting an etiopathogenic factor of the disease. This would suggest familial vulnerability to BPD. This was a case-control study involving 146 individuals with 57 BPD patients, 32 first-degree relatives, and 57 controls (median age of BPD and control = 33.4 years; relatives = 52.9 years; BPD females and controls = 91.2%; female relatives = 62.5%). All the participants completed the Spanish version of the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition test to evaluate the ToM subclassification: interpretation of emotions, thoughts and intentions. BPD patients and their healthy first-degree relatives exhibited significant deficits in the correct interpretation of emotions and intentions compared to healthy controls. Both patients with BPD and their healthy first-degree relatives exhibited significant deficits in ToM, which suggests that it may be an etiopathogenic factor of BPD, and ToM (interpretation of emotions, thoughts and intentions) is a possible endophenotypic marker of BPD, suggesting a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Therefore, ToM could be considered as an indicator for the early detection of the disorder of and intervention for BPD.
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12
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Molavi P, Aziziaram S, Basharpoor S, Atadokht A, Nitsche MA, Salehinejad MA. Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive functions, cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation, and control over emotional processing in borderline personality disorder: A randomized, sham-controlled, parallel-group study. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:93-102. [PMID: 32469838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is primarily characterized by deficient emotion regulation. Impaired cognitive control over negative emotions is central to emotion dysregulation in BPD. Respective executive dysfunctions are associated with hypoactivation of prefrontal regions, and consecutive alterations of fronto-limbic network functionality. Here, we investigated the effect of increasing activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on (1) executive dysfunctions and (2) whether improving cognitive control affects emotion dysregulation and emotional processing in BPD. METHODS Thirty-two patients diagnosed with BPD were randomly assigned to active stimulation (N = 16) or sham stimulation (N = 16) group in a randomized, sham-controlled, parallel-group design. They received 10 sessions of active (2 mA, 20 min, anodal left- cathodal right DLPFC) or sham tDCS over 10 days. Major executive functions, emotion regulation strategies, and emotional processing of the patients were assessed before and immediately after the intervention. RESULTS The active stimulation group showed a significant improvement in major executive function domains. Importantly, cognitive reappraisal strategy of emotion regulation and several factors of emotional processing involved in the control of emotion significantly improved in the active stimulation group after the intervention. Factors related to emotional expression were, however, not affected. LIMITATIONS The single-blind design, absence of follow-up measures, and the intrinsically limited focality of tDCS are limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS Increasing activity of the DLPFC improves executive functioning in BPD and improves ´cognitive control over negative emotions. Cognitive control interventions could be a potential, symptom-driven therapeutic approach in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Molavi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fatemi Hospital, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aziziaram
- Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sajjad Basharpoor
- Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Akbar Atadokht
- Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Institute for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Department of Neurology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mohammed Ali Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Institute for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Ruhr-University Bochum, International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Bochum, Germany.
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13
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Zargar F, Haghshenas N, Rajabi F, Tarrahi MJ. Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy on Executive Function, Emotional Control and Severity of Symptoms in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder. Adv Biomed Res 2019; 8:59. [PMID: 31673532 PMCID: PMC6796294 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_42_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bipolar disorder is a disabling illness characterized by recurrent episodes of mania, hypomania, and depression. The dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is basically designed to help regulate excitement, tolerance of discomfort, mindfulness and interpersonal relationships. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of DBT on executive function, emotional control and symptom relief in patients with type 1 bipolar disorder. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients with type 1 bipolar disorder. These patients were divided into two 25 populated groups of controls and intervention. The control group did not receive any other alternative therapy apart from routine medications, but in the intervention group, in addition to routine medications, DBT treatment was also done as complementary therapy in 12 sessions based on Dick's protocol. Then, Mania severity, emotional control and their executive functions were evaluated before and after the intervention and compared in two groups. Results: After the intervention, the scores of mania and depression mood with the mean of 2.12 ± 3.09 and 31.08 ± 8.98 respectively in intervention group were significantly lower than control group with the mean of 4.24 ± 4.11 and 39.92 ± 9.05 respectively (P < 0.05). Depression and executive function of the patients had no significant difference between the two groups in the post-intervention period and had a modest and non-significant change. Conclusion: DBT has been effective in decreasing the intensity of mania, but, it cannot be used to reduce the emotional instability and impulsivity of these patients along with drug therapy although it has improved the executive functions and depression of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zargar
- Department of Health Psychology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Naimeh Haghshenas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajabi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Tarrahi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Ruocco AC, Daros AR, Chang J, Rodrigo AH, Lam J, Ledochowski J, McMain SF. Clinical, personality, and neurodevelopmental phenotypes in borderline personality disorder: a family study. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2069-2080. [PMID: 30303056 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical phenotype that emerges from interactions among genetic, biological, neurodevelopmental, and psychosocial factors. In the present family study, we evaluated the familial aggregation of key clinical, personality, and neurodevelopmental phenotypes in probands with BPD (n = 103), first-degree biological relatives (n = 74; 43% without a history of psychiatric disorder), and non-psychiatric controls (n = 99). METHODS Participants were assessed on DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses, symptom dimensions of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity, 'big five' personality traits, and neurodevelopmental characteristics, as part of a larger family study on neurocognitive, biological, and genetic markers in BPD. RESULTS The most common psychiatric diagnoses in probands and relatives were major depression, substance use disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder. There was evidence of familial aggregation for specific dimensions of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation, and the big five traits neuroticism and conscientiousness. Both probands and relatives reported an elevated neurodevelopmental history of attentional and behavioral difficulties. CONCLUSIONS These results support the validity of negative affectivity- and impulse-spectrum phenotypes associated with BPD and its familial risk. Further research is needed to investigate the aggregation of neurocognitive, neural and genetic factors in families with BPD and their associations with core phenotypes underlying the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Ruocco
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Alexander R Daros
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Achala H Rodrigo
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jaeger Lam
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Justine Ledochowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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15
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Kalpakci A, Ha C, Sharp C. Differential relations of executive functioning to borderline personality disorder presentations in adolescents. Personal Ment Health 2018; 12:93-106. [PMID: 29388349 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescents is highly complex and heterogeneous. Within the disorder, research has suggested the existence of at least two subgroups: one with predominantly internalizing psychopathology features and one with predominantly externalizing psychopathology features. One process that may differentiate these groups is executive functioning (EF), given that poor EF is linked to externalizing psychopathology. Against this background, the current study used a multi-informant approach to examine whether adolescent patients with predominantly externalizing BPD presentations experience greater deficits in EF than adolescent patients with predominantly internalizing presentations. The sample included inpatient adolescents ages 12-17 (M = 15.26; SD = 1.51). Analyses revealed that multiple EF domains distinguished the BPD subgroups. More specifically, adolescents with externalizing presentations exhibited greater difficulties in broad domains related to global executive functioning, metacognition and behavioural regulation and specific domains related to inhibitory control, working memory, planning/organizing, monitoring and organization of materials. While this study is the first to examine EF and adolescent BPD in the context of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, alternative approaches to examining this question are discussed. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kalpakci
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carolyn Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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17
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Executive Functioning Correlates of DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Traits: Initial Evidence from an Italian Sample of Consecutively Admitted Adult Outpatients. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Profiling Online Poker Players: Are Executive Functions Correlated with Poker Ability and Problem Gambling? J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:823-851. [PMID: 29330827 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poker playing and responsible gambling both entail the use of the executive functions (EF), which are higher-level cognitive abilities. This study investigated if online poker players of different ability showed different performances in their EF and if so, which functions were the most discriminating for their playing ability. Furthermore, it assessed if the EF performance was correlated to the quality of gambling, according to self-reported questionnaires (PGSI, SOGS, GRCS). Three poker experts evaluated anonymized poker hand history files and, then, a trained professional administered an extensive neuropsychological test battery. Data analysis determined which variables of the tests correlated with poker ability and gambling quality scores. The highest correlations between EF test results and poker ability and between EF test results and gambling quality assessment showed that mostly different clusters of executive functions characterize the profile of the strong(er) poker player and those ones of the problem gamblers (PGSI and SOGS) and the one of the cognitions related to gambling (GRCS). Taking into consideration only the variables overlapping between PGSI and SOGS, we found some key predictive factors for a more risky and harmful online poker playing: a lower performance in the emotional intelligence competences (Emotional Quotient inventory Short) and, in particular, those grouped in the Intrapersonal scale (emotional self-awareness, assertiveness, self-regard, independence and self-actualization).
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19
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Thomsen MS, Ruocco AC, Uliaszek AA, Mathiesen BB, Simonsen E. Changes in Neurocognitive Functioning After 6 Months of Mentalization-Based Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder. J Pers Disord 2017; 31:306-324. [PMID: 27064851 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2016_30_250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have deficits in neurocognitive function that could affect their ability to engage in psychotherapy and may be ameliorated by improvements in symptom severity. In the current study, 18 patients with BPD completed neurocognitive tests prior to beginning mentalization-based therapy and again after 6 months of treatment. Twenty-eight nonpsychiatric controls were tested over the same period of time but received no intervention. Before starting treatment, patients performed lower than controls on tests assessing sustained attention and visuospatial working memory. After 6 months of treatment, patients showed significantly greater increases in sustained attention and perceptual reasoning than controls, with initial deficits in sustained attention among patients resolving after treatment. Improved emotion regulation over the follow-up period was associated with increased auditory-verbal working memory capacity, whereas interpersonal functioning improved in parallel with perceptual reasoning. These findings suggest that changes in neurocognitive functioning may track improvements in clinical symptoms in mentalization-based treatment for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S Thomsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Psychiatric Clinic, Psychiatry Roskilde, Region Zealand, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony C Ruocco
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amanda A Uliaszek
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Erik Simonsen
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Liu Y, Zhong M, Xi C, Jin X, Zhu X, Yao S, Yi J. Event-Related Potentials Altered in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder during Working Memory Tasks. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 28458633 PMCID: PMC5394125 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas some studies have demonstrated impaired working memory (WM) among patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), these findings have not been consistent. Furthermore, there is a lack of neurophysiological evidence about WM function in patients with BPD. The goal of this study was to examine WM function in patients with BPD by using event-related potentials (ERPs). An additional goal was to explore whether characteristics of BPD (i.e., impulsiveness and emotional instability) are associated with WM impairment. A modified version of the N-back task (0- and 2-back) was used to measure WM. ERPs were recorded in 22 BPD patients and 21 age-, handedness-, and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) while they performed the WM task. The results revealed that there were no significant group differences for behavioral variables (reaction time and accuracy rate) or for latencies and amplitudes of P1 and N1 (all p > 0.05). BPD patients had lower P3 amplitudes and longer N2 latencies than HC, independent of WM load (low load: 0-back; high load: 2-back). Impulsiveness was not correlated with N2 latency or P3 amplitude, and no correlations were found between N2 latency or P3 amplitude and affect intensity scores in any WM load (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, the lower P3 amplitudes and longer N2 latencies in BPD patients suggested that they might have some dysfunction of neural activities in sub-processing in WM, while impulsiveness and negative affect might not have a close relationship with these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Mingtian Zhong
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chang Xi
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Xinhu Jin
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Jinyao Yi
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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21
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Dysfunctional personality traits in adolescence: effects on alerting, orienting and executive control of attention. Cogn Process 2017; 18:183-193. [PMID: 28285372 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-017-0797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined attentional networks performance in 39 adolescents with dysfunctional personality traits, split into two group, Group < 10 and Group ≥ 10, according to the number of criteria they met at the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders. The attentional performance has been tested by means of a modified version of the Attentional Network Test (ANTI-V) which allows testing both phasic and tonic components of the alerting system, the exogenous aspect of the orienting system, the executive network and their interactions. Results showed that the orienting costs of having an invalid spatial cue were reduced in the Group ≥ 10 criteria compared to the Group < 10. Moreover, adolescents included in the Group ≥ 10 showed lower conflict when attention was cued to the target location (valid trials) but showed normal interference when there was no overpowering focus of attention (invalid trials). The results found with ANOVA after splitting the sample into two categorical groups were also observed in a complementary correlation analysis keeping intact the continuous nature of such variables. These findings are consistent with the notion that dysfunctional features of personality disorders may represent the psychological manifestations of a neuropsychological abnormality in attention and executive functioning. Finally, we discuss the implications of this attentional anomaly for dysfunctional personality traits and behaviour.
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22
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Holzman JB, Bridgett DJ. Heart rate variability indices as bio-markers of top-down self-regulatory mechanisms: A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:233-255. [PMID: 28057463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical perspectives posit that heart-rate variability (HRV) reflects self-regulatory capacity and therefore can be employed as a bio-marker of top-down self-regulation (the ability to regulate behavioral, cognitive, and emotional processes). However, existing findings of relations between self-regulation and HRV indices are mixed. To clarify the nature of such relations, we conducted a meta-analysis of 123 studies (N=14,347) reporting relations between HRV indices and aspects of top-down self-regulation (e.g., executive functioning, emotion regulation, effortful control). A significant, albeit small, effect was observed (r=0.09) such that greater HRV was related to better top-down self-regulation. Differences in relations were negligible across aspects of self-regulation, self-regulation measurement methods, HRV computational techniques, at-risk compared with healthy samples, and the context of HRV measurement. Stronger relations were observed in older relative to younger samples and in published compared to unpublished studies. These findings generally support the notion that HRV indices can tentatively be employed as bio-markers of top-down self-regulation. Conceptual and theoretical implications, and critical gaps in current knowledge to be addressed by future work, are discussed.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent executive functions research to better delineate the nosology of personality disorders. RECENT FINDINGS This review indicates that there are consistent impairments in executive functioning in people with personality disorders as compared with matched controls. Only five disorders were considered: borderline, obsessive-compulsive, antisocial, narcissistic, and schizotypal. Significant deficits are observed in decision-making, working memory, inhibition, and flexibility. Relevant data for the remaining personality disorders have not yet been published in relation to the executive functions. SUMMARY People with personality disorders could present a pattern of neurocognitive alterations that suggest a specific impairment of the prefrontal areas. The executive dysfunctions could partially explain the behavioral alterations in people with personality disorders.Further research should adopt broader considerations of effects of comorbidity and clinical heterogeneity, include community samples and, possibly, longitudinal designs with samples of youth.
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24
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Feroz FS, Leicht G, Steinmann S, Andreou C, Mulert C. The Time Course of Activity within the Dorsal and Rostral-Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Emotional Stroop Task. Brain Topogr 2016; 30:30-45. [PMID: 27659288 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from neuroimaging studies suggest that emotional and cognitive processes are interrelated. Anatomical key structures in this context are the dorsal and rostral-ventral anterior cingulate cortex (dACC and rvACC). However, up to now, the time course of activations within these regions during emotion-cognition interactions has not been disentangled. In the present study, we used event-related potentials (ERP) and standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) region of interest (ROI) source localization analyses to explore the time course of neural activations within the dACC and rvACC using a modified emotional Stroop paradigm. ERP components related to Stroop conflict (N200, N450 and late negativity) were analyzed. The time course of brain activations in the dACC and rvACC was strikingly different with more pronounced initial responses in the rvACC followed by increased dACC activity mainly at the late negativity window. Moreover, emotional valence modulated the earlier N450 stage within the rvACC region with higher neural activations in the positive compared to the negative and neutral conditions. Emotional arousal modulated the late negativity stage; firstly in the significant arousal × congruence ERP effect and then the significant higher current density in the low arousal condition within the dACC. Using sLORETA source localization, substantial differences in the activation time courses in the dACC and rvACC could be found during the emotional Stroop task. We suggest that during late negativity, within the dACC, emotional arousal modulated the processing of response conflict, reflected in the correlation between the ex-Gaussian µ and the current density in the dACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Shahnaz Feroz
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Machine Learning and Signal Processing Research Group, Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Gregor Leicht
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Steinmann
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Andreou
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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25
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Vita A, Deste G, Barlati S, Poli R, Cacciani P, De Peri L, Sacchetti E. Feasibility and effectiveness of cognitive remediation in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2016; 28:416-428. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1148054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Deste
- Department of Psychiatry, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Barlati
- Department of Psychiatry, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Poli
- Department of Psychiatry, Istituti Ospitalieri of Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Paolo Cacciani
- Department of Psychiatry, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca De Peri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Sacchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
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26
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McClure G, Hawes DJ, Dadds MR. Borderline personality disorder and neuropsychological measures of executive function: A systematic review. Personal Ment Health 2016; 10:43-57. [PMID: 26381859 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The notion that neurocognitive deficits may be core to the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD) has received considerable attention in recent years, with growing evidence pointing to cognitive deficits in executive function (EF). A relationship between EF and BPD has long been suggested by evidence of high comorbidity between BPD and disorders characterized by poor EF (e.g. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder); however, despite a marked increase in studies of EF and BPD in recent years, the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear. We provide a systematic review of this emerging evidence base, with respect to (1) studies of participants diagnosed with BPD in which EF has been indexed in isolation from broader cognitive processes; (2) the specific domains of EF that have been most robustly associated with BPD; and (3) whether deficits in EF are uniquely associated with BPD, independent of comorbid psychopathology. Key directions for future research are discussed with respect to strategies for measuring EF and the need for research designs that control for phenotypic overlap between BPD and related forms of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia McClure
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark R Dadds
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Gvirts H, Braw Y, Harari H, Lozin M, Bloch Y, Fefer K, Levkovitz Y. Executive dysfunction in bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:959-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe boundary between bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder is a controversial one. Despite the importance of the topic, few studies have directly compared these patient groups. The aim of the study was to compare the executive functioning profile of BD and BPD patients.MethodExecutive functioning (sustained attention, problem-solving, planning, strategy formation, cognitive flexibility and working memory) was assessed in BD (n= 30) and BPD outpatients (n= 32) using a computerized assessment battery (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, CANTAB). The groups were compared to one another as well as to healthy controls.ResultsBD patients showed deficits in strategy formation and in planning (indicated by longer execution time in the ToL task) in comparison to BPD patients and healthy controls. BPD patients showed deficits in planning (short deliberation time in the ToL task) in comparison to BD patients and in comparison to healthy controls. In comparison to healthy controls, BPD patients displayed deficits in problem-solving.ConclusionsDifferences in executive dysfunction between BD and BPD patients suggest that this cognitive dimension may be relevant for the clarification of the boundary between the disorders.
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28
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Viddal KR, Berg-Nielsen TS, Wan MW, Green J, Hygen BW, Wichstrøm L. Secure attachment promotes the development of effortful control in boys. Attach Hum Dev 2015; 17:319-35. [PMID: 25659572 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2014.999098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although effortful control (EC), a regulatory aspect of temperament, is associated with a wide range of developmental outcomes, knowledge about EC promoters is scarce. This study explored whether secure attachment promoted the development of EC from preschool to school age in a community sample of 903 Norwegian children. EC was measured using the parent-reported Children's Behavior Questionnaire at four (T1) and six (T2) years of age, and attachment was measured using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task at T1. Previous research has indicated that a child's gender and socioeconomic status are possible covariates of EC; hence, these factors were included in the analyses. Despite considerable rank-order stability in EC, secure attachment contributed to an increase in EC. Furthermore, gender moderated the effect of attachment: secure attachment promoted EC in boys only. These findings emphasize preschool boys' need for emotional security to facilitate effortful capacities in their transition to school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Rensvik Viddal
- a Department of Psychology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
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29
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Soeiro-DE-Souza MG, Dias VV, Missio G, Balanzá-Martinez V, Valiengo L, Carvalho AF, Moreno RA. Role of quetiapine beyond its clinical efficacy in bipolar disorder: From neuroprotection to the treatment of psychiatric disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:643-652. [PMID: 25667608 PMCID: PMC4316978 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to discuss the following aspects of treatment with quetiapine in psychiatric disorders: i) Neurocognition and functional recovery in bipolar disorder (BD); ii) neuroprotective profile in different models; and iii) potential off-label indications. A PubMed search was conducted of articles published in English between 2000 and 2012 on quetiapine, cross-referenced with the terms ‘anxiety’, ‘attention deficit disorder’, ‘borderline personality disorder’, ‘dementia’, ‘insomnia’, ‘major depressive disorder’ (MDD), ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’, ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’, ‘remission’, ‘cognition’, ‘neurobiology’, ‘neuroprotection’, ‘efficacy’ and ‘effectiveness’. Articles were selected from meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and open trials, and the results were summarized. Quetiapine, when studied in off-label conditions, has shown efficacy as a monotherapy in MDD and general anxiety disorder. Quetiapine also appears to exhibit a small beneficial effect in dementia. The review of other conditions was affected by methodological limitations that precluded any definitive conclusions on the efficacy or safety of quetiapine. Overall, the present review shows evidence supporting a potential role for quetiapine in improving cognition, functional recovery and negative symptoms in a cost-effective manner in BD. These benefits of quetiapine are potentially associated with its well-described neuroprotective effects; however, further studies are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio G Soeiro-DE-Souza
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vasco Videira Dias
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Missio
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martinez
- University Hospital Doctor Peset and Section of Psychiatry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; CIBER Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Valiengo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André F Carvalho
- Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alberto Moreno
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ruocco AC, Lam J, McMain SF. Subjective cognitive complaints and functional disability in patients with borderline personality disorder and their nonaffected first-degree relatives. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:335-44. [PMID: 25007408 PMCID: PMC4079146 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the contributions of subjective cognitive complaints to functional disability in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and their nonaffected relatives. METHOD Patients with BPD (n = 26), their first-degree biological relatives (n = 17), and nonpsychiatric control subjects (n = 31) completed a self-report measure of cognitive difficulties and rated the severity of their functional disability on the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. RESULTS After accounting for group differences in age and severity of depressive symptoms, patients and relatives endorsed more inattention and memory problems than control subjects. Whereas probands reported greater disability than relatives and control subjects across all functional domains, relatives described more difficulties than control subjects in managing multiple life activities, including domestic activities and occupational and academic functioning, and participating in society. For both probands and relatives, inattention and memory problems were linked primarily to difficulties with life activities, independent of depression and other comorbid psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS Problems with inattention and forgetfulness may lead to difficulties carrying out activities of daily living and occupational or academic problems in patients with BPD, as well as their nonaffected first-degree relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Ruocco
- Director, Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario; Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Jaeger Lam
- Clinical Research Coordinator, Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Shelley F McMain
- Head, Borderline Personality Disorder Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario; Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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31
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Baez S, Marengo J, Perez A, Huepe D, Font FG, Rial V, Gonzalez‐Gadea ML, Manes F, Ibanez A. Theory of mind and its relationship with executive functions and emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder. J Neuropsychol 2014; 9:203-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires Argentina
- UDP‐INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN) Diego Portales University Santiago Chile
| | - Juan Marengo
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ana Perez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - David Huepe
- UDP‐INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN) Diego Portales University Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience Universidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
| | - Fernanda Giralt Font
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Veronica Rial
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María Luz Gonzalez‐Gadea
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
- UDP‐INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN) Diego Portales University Santiago Chile
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
- UDP‐INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN) Diego Portales University Santiago Chile
- Australian Research Council (ACR) Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders New South Wales Australia
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN) Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) & Institute of Neuroscience Favaloro University Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
- UDP‐INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN) Diego Portales University Santiago Chile
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Barranquilla Colombia
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Hagenhoff M, Franzen N, Koppe G, Baer N, Scheibel N, Sammer G, Gallhofer B, Lis S. Executive functions in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:224-31. [PMID: 23764434 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Different domains of executive function such as working memory and response inhibition were investigated together with elementary cognitive processes in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Patients with BPD (N=28) were compared to nonpatient controls (NP, N=28) on eight tasks (e.g. n-back, Go/NoGo, CPT-AX). In order to separate impairments in different cognitive domains and to assess the influence of more elementary cognitive processes on executive functioning, tasks were embedded in a reaction-time-decomposition approach. BPD patients solved tasks with accuracies comparable to those of nonpatients. The only exception was the n-back task, for which working memory is required: here, error rates were higher and increased more prominently in BPD patients depending on working memory load. In most tasks, movement times were shorter for BPD patients than for nonpatients, while the quality of task-solving was comparable. The faster processing in the BPD group was observable starting with the simplest task, i.e. a simple reaction-time task. These findings suggest that domains of executive functioning are differentially affected in BPD. In contrast to load-dependent deficits in working memory, response inhibition processes were unimpaired. Faster action-related processes could be observed in BPD patients in a variety of tasks; however, these did not influence executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hagenhoff
- Centre for Psychiatry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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