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Zalai M, Voltzenlogel V, Cuervo-Lombard CV. Self-Concept and Temporality in Institutionalized Elders. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1844-1863. [PMID: 36411075 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221141305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The current investigation examined the self-concept and temporality in institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly. Sixty-two participants divided into two groups according to their place of residence participated in the study. The analysis focused on psychopathological scales, on self-concept assessment, its positive or negative valence, its development and the time perspective. The results showed that the institutionalized group was defined more with descriptive evaluations, emotional states, and peripheral information. The non-institutionalized group described themselves more with traits and specific attributes. For some identity statements, the emotional valence between the two groups was significantly different. The institutionalized group is not turned towards a particular temporal perspective, unlike the non-institutionalized who is more forward-looking. Findings suggest that there are differences in self-expression and temporality in our sample. This exploratory study emphasizes the importance of taking into account the self of institutionalized elderly and the temporality in which they are projected upon entering an institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Zalai
- Psychology Department, University of Toulouse 2 Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
- Centre D'Études et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé (CERPPS, EA7411), University of Toulouse 2 Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Voltzenlogel
- Psychology Department, University of Toulouse 2 Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
- Centre D'Études et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé (CERPPS, EA7411), University of Toulouse 2 Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine-Vanessa Cuervo-Lombard
- Psychology Department, University of Toulouse 2 Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
- Centre D'Études et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé (CERPPS, EA7411), University of Toulouse 2 Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
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Stolarski M, Czajkowska-Łukasiewicz K, Styła R, Zajenkowska A. Time matters for mental health: a systematic review of quantitative studies on time perspective in psychiatric populations. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:309-319. [PMID: 38770908 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The ability to perform mental time travels and to develop representations of the past, the present, and the future is one of the distinctive capacities of the human mind. Despite its pronounced consequences for motivation, cognition, affect, and subjective well being, time perspective (TP) has been outside mainstream psychiatry and clinical psychology. We highlight the role of psychological-temporal phenomena in various disorders and summarize the current research on TP and psychopathology. RECENT FINDINGS Our review ultimately comprised 21 articles, including 18 unique datasets. It revealed that persons with different psychiatric diagnoses (attention defict hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), alcohol dependence, anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia) display different temporal profiles than control groups. We also found marked associations between temporal features and psychiatric symptom severity. The effects of specific TPs vary across different psychiatric diagnoses and to some extent between various age groups, with a consistent, widespread, and nonspecific effect of past-negative and less balanced, inflexible TP profile. SUMMARY Based on the review, TP biases are crucial factors in symptom development, while adaptive temporal profiles can serve as protective features against mental disorders. Understanding cognitive-temporal processes can enhance comprehension of psychopathological conditions and facilitate the development of temporality-focused clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Zajenkowska
- The University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Barzigar S, Homaei R. Effects of positivity training on character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness in women with depression. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 85:101974. [PMID: 38795568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Depression exerts significant negative impacts across various life domains, including social interactions, occupational functioning, and economic well-being. These effects permeate both personal and interpersonal spheres. However, it seems that character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness play a critical role in promoting mental well-being. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positivity training on character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness in depressed women. METHOD Purposive sampling was employed to select 50 participants with depression based on the cut-off point (a score of 20 or greater) in Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II). They were then randomly assigned to a control group (n = 25) and an experimental group (n = 25). This quasi-experimental research adopted a pretest-posttest control group design. The experimental group received eight weekly 90-min sessions of positivity training. The control group participants did not receive any specific intervention related to depression management. The character strength scale, time perspective scale, self-awareness scale, and BDI-II were used to collect data. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANCOVA). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. RESULTS The study included a sample of 50 women diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The participants' mean age was 38.03 years (SD = 7.96). Positivity training enhanced character strengths in women with depression. Moreover, the positivity intervention affected the time perspective factors of those women. It reduced "past negative" and "present fatalistic" and increased "past positive," "present hedonistic," and "future." Finally, positivity training significantly increased self-awareness in women with depression (p < 0.01). LIMITATIONS The sample size was relatively small, which limits the statistical inferences. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study provides promising initial evidence for the potential of positivity training as an intervention to improve character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness in women with MDD. Further research is warranted to confirm and expand upon these findings, ultimately informing the development of more comprehensive treatment approaches for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Barzigar
- Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Rezvan Homaei
- Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Jahja E, Papajorgji P, Moskowitz H, Margioukla I, Nasto F, Dedej A, Pina P, Shella M, Collaku M, Kaziu E, Gjoni K. Measuring the perceived wellbeing of hemodialysis patients: A Mind Genomics cartography. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302526. [PMID: 38739575 PMCID: PMC11090323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease patients under hemodialysis have high morbidity rate, which tends to considerably affect their health-related quality of life. Multiple studies that have made use of different questionnaries report the poor life quality of this patient group. The research in hand implemented the Mind Genomics Approach as a method to asses the health-related quality of life of hemodialysis patients, while relying on conjoint measurements to group individuals with similar patterns of responses to a certain mindset. The study is conducted in 3 clinics with 219 patients. It uncovers three clusters or mindsets: Mindset 1- Feels guardedly optimistic but worried about money, Mindset 2-Feels strongly positive because the state guarantees and the family supports, Mindset 3-Feels positive only about money. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the findings of this study suggest that the quality of life in hemodialysis patients is highly correlated to their financial status. The current study is one of the few first attempts to apply Mind Genomics in medical settings and the first, to our knowledge, in hemodialysis centers. This technology might enable healthcare proffesionals to provide personalized psychological treatment and additional social support to patients, which in turn could improve their clinical outcomes. The study is an example of using technology as a service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermira Jahja
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Western Balkans University, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Howard Moskowitz
- World Institute of Competitive Excellence, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Fjona Nasto
- Department of Nephrology, American Hospital, Tirana, Albania
- Diavita Dialysis Center, Elbasan, Albania
| | - Arjeta Dedej
- Department of Nephrology, American Hospital, Tirana, Albania
| | - Paola Pina
- Diavita Dialysis Center, Elbasan, Albania
| | | | - Manjola Collaku
- Faculty of Technical Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Western Balkans University, Tirana, Albania
| | - Erjona Kaziu
- Department of Nephrology, American Hospital, Tirana, Albania
| | - Kristela Gjoni
- Department of Nephrology, American Hospital, Tirana, Albania
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Pyszkowska A, Åström E, Rönnlund M. Deviations from the balanced time perspective, cognitive fusion, and self-compassion in individuals with or without a depression diagnosis: different mean profiles but common links to depressive symptoms. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1290676. [PMID: 38250112 PMCID: PMC10796795 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1290676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prior research indicates that depressive symptoms in unselected or sub-clinical samples are associated with time perspective biases, including a more negative view of the past and a more fatalistic attitude toward the present. In the current study, we compared time perspective profiles for a clinical sample, with a depression diagnosis with that of a control group. Additionally, we considered a measure known as deviations from the balanced time perspective (DBTP) that capture deviations across time frames, not considered in previous studies. A second obejctive was to test a model involving DPTP as a mediator of the links between cognitive fusion and self-compassion with depressive symptoms. Method In total, 300 individuals participated in the study, 150 participants with a depression diagnosis and 150 without a depression diagnoses. All participants filled in questions regarding background variables together with Polish adaptations of ZTPI, CFQ, SCS-S, and DASS-21 using a web-survey. Results The results showed significantly higher scores on Past Negative and Present Fatalistic in the clinical sample. In line with the hypothesis the clinical group also displayed elevated DBTP scores (d = 0.75), a difference that remained significant when current symptoms were adjusted for. The results of structural equation modeling moreover indicate a major role of cognitive fusion (which, as expected, was strongly associated with DBTP) in predicting symptom burden, regardless of the clinical/non-clinical distinction, but. Still, DBTP accounted for significant (unique) variance in depressive symptoms. By contrast, the inclusion of cognitive fusion and DBTP eliminated the association of self-compassion and depressive symptoms. Conclusion Taken together, the results indicate that levels of DBTP/fusion for persons with depression diagnosis is present regardless of current symptom burden. Thus, DBTP could be regarded as a risk factor of developing depression. Prospective research designs are needed to further evaluate the associations of the main constructs in this study and the extent to which they are predictive of future diagnosis and changes in symptom level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pyszkowska
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Elisabeth Åström
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Rönnlund
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Chahine A, El Zouki CJ, Mhanna M, Hallit S, Obeid S. Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:906. [PMID: 38053111 PMCID: PMC10696690 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness may serve as a component of metacognitive beliefs and can also be viewed as a form of time perspective. The interplay between time perspective and metacognitive beliefs remains understudied. Both aspects, however, display considerable stability over time and significantly influence an individual's life and well-being. Lebanon, marked by its diverse and complex history, struggles with various political, social, and economic challenges. This study offers a valuable and unprecedented opportunity to examine these connections within a distinct cultural context, shedding light on the unique experiences of the Lebanese population. Therefore, our research aims to investigate the connection between time perspective and metacognition, with a focus on the role of mindfulness as a mediator. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2022 and involved participants from various regions of Lebanon. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data and scales such as the Arabic versions of the 15-item Short Form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Metacognitions Questionnaire, the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-2). RESULTS Our investigation recruited 423 participants. The analysis showed that individuals with a positive stance on their past, a hedonistic present, or a future-oriented outlook exhibited heightened levels of mindfulness. This elevated state of mindfulness, in turn, demonstrated a significant link to augmented cognitive self-consciousness (An increased introspection into one's own thoughts). We also observed a direct association between a future-focused time perspective and high scores of cognitive self-consciousness. Furthermore, mindfulness emerged as a crucial mediator in the relationships between time perspectives and negative beliefs about the danger of worry. Similarly, individuals with a positive view on their past, a hedonistic present orientation, or a future-focused mindset demonstrated elevated levels of mindfulness, which was correlated with less negative beliefs about the danger of worry. Notably, a positive past perspective was directly associated with less negative views on worry and the subsequent loss of control, whereas higher future focused time perspective scores was significantly and directly associated with more negative beliefs about worry, whereas more future focused time perspective was significantly and directly associated with more negative beliefs about worry. CONCLUSION Our findings found several meaningful associations between our variables, but it primarily underscored the significance of considering distinct subcomponents within mindfulness and psychopathological metacognition that may overlap, shedding light on their differential impacts on psychological well-being. We were also able to mirror the dual pathway theory of time perspective suggested in previous studies. These insights carry notable implications for the development and refinement of mindfulness-based and metacognitive interventions, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches that consider varying time perspectives. Continued investigation in this area promises to advance our understanding of these constructs and refine their practical applications in mental health interventions and well-being enhancement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Chahine
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Christian-Joseph El Zouki
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 Rue des Louvels, Amiens, 80037, France
- Faculté d'Ingénierie et de Management de la Santé, 42 rue Ambroise Paré, 59120, LOOS, France
| | - Mariam Mhanna
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon.
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Damiani S, Zarbo C, Stolarski M, Zamparini M, Casiraghi L, Rocchetti M, Starace F, Fusar-Poli P, de Girolamo G. Time will tell: Associations between unbalanced time perspectives and symptom severity in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2023; 261:116-124. [PMID: 37717509 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) experience disrupted temporality on the immediate timescale. However, insufficient information is available for longer time frames, and the interaction of temporal perspectives with the clinical manifestations of SSD is unknown. We explored the association between unbalanced time perspectives and symptom severity. Thirty-seven Italian mental health services participating in the DiAPAson project recruited 620 patients with DSM-5 SSD (68 % males, mean age = 41.3 ± 9.5 years). Time perspective biases were measured using the Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective-revisited (DBTP-r) indicator, based on Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scores. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Brief Negative Symptoms Scale (BNSS). Preliminary analyses examined the associations between ZTPI/DBTP-r and BPRS/BNSS total scores. In secondary analyses, we first tested the associations between the ZTPI/DBTP-r and BPRS/BNSS subscales and then compared ZTPI differences between patients with and without hallucinations, delusions, and conceptual disorganisation. Statistical significance was set at Holm-Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05. Low-to-moderate positive correlations were found between the DBTP-r and BPRS/BNSS total scores (r = 0.29/0.22). The strongest associations were between DBTP-r/ZTPI_Past-Negative and anxiety/depression (r = 0.34/0.36), followed by DBTP-r/ZTPI_Present-Fatalistic with thought disturbances (r = 0.22/0.20). DBTP-r was associated with BNSS anhedonia and avolition (r = 0.21/0.24). DBTP-r was higher in patients with hallucinations (ES = 0.391) and conceptual disorganisation (ES = 0.397) than in those without these symptoms. Unbalanced time perspective was positively associated with the severity of primary and secondary SSD features. These findings provide a rationale for empirical tests focused on balancing time perspectives in patients with SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Damiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Zarbo
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Zamparini
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Letizia Casiraghi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Mental Health and Dependence, ASST of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Rocchetti
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Mental Health and Dependence, ASST of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Starace
- Department of Mental Health and Dependence, AUSL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; OASIS service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Giovanni de Girolamo
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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Ren H, Zhang Q, Ren Y, Zhou Q, Fang Y, Huang L, Li X. Characteristics of psychological time in patients with depression and potential intervention strategies. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1173535. [PMID: 37304430 PMCID: PMC10248015 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1173535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological time reveals information about an individual's psychological state and psychopathological traits and, thus, has become a new perspective through which the occurrence and development of depression can be examined. Psychological time includes time perception, time perspective, circadian rhythms, and passage of time. Patients with depression are characterized by inaccurate time interval estimation, habitual negative thoughts about the past and future, evening-type circadian rhythms, and slow passage of time. Habitual negative thoughts about the past and future and evening-type circadian rhythms influence the formation of depression, and poor time interval estimation and slow passage of time may result from depression. Further study is needed accurately exploring psychological time and influencing factors in patients with depression, and prospective cohort studies could further clarify this complex relationship. In addition, the study of psychological time has important implications for developing effective interventions to reduce depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Ren
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Applied Cognition and Personality, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Foreign Studies, Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yanzhen Ren
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Applied Cognition and Personality, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Chahine A, Mhanna M, El Zouki CJ, Obeid S, Hallit S. Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the briefest version of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI-15). BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:338. [PMID: 37173681 PMCID: PMC10176805 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-perceived temporal perspectives has been shown to vary across cultures. Although cross-cultural differences may be blurred by the globalization, accelerated pace-of-life worldwide and spread of multitasking; the way Arab individuals deal with time has its specificities. However, research in this area is scant in the Arab world. One of the main reasons for this scarcity of research is the lack of psychometrically sound and convenient-to-use measures. We aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the briefest version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZPTI-15). METHODS A sample of community Arabic-speaking Adults from Lebanon (N = 423, 68.6% females, mean age 29.19 ± 12.54 years) were administered the Arabic ZPTI-15. The forward and backward translation method was adopted. RESULTS Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) revealed that the five-factor model exhibited a good fit to the data. The five ZTPI-15 subscales yielded a McDonald's omega ranging from 0.43 to 0.84. Multi-group CFA ascertained the invariance of the Arabic ZTPI-15 across gender at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. Our findings support divergent validity of the scale by showing positive correlations between past negative, present fatalistic, present hedonistic dimensions, and psychological distress; as well as negative correlations between past positive, future focused dimensions, and distress. CONCLUSION The Arabic ZTPI-15 is easy-to-use, valid, reliable, and will hopefully enable the conduction of future research in the field to purposively provide comprehensive insight into the time perspective patterns and correlates in Arab countries, and the broad Arabic-speaking community globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdallah Chahine
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Mhanna
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Christian Joseph El Zouki
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
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Adamczak A, Płotek W, Głowińska A, Sobol M, Wysocka E, Polak G, Dymanowska-Dyjak I, Spaczyńska J, Adamczak Ł, Banaszewska B. Time Perspective as a Mediator of Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11070993. [PMID: 37046920 PMCID: PMC10094433 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic endocrinopathy characterized by oligo- or anovulation, clinical and/or biochemical markers of hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries, and it is associated with an increased prevalence of depression. Research conducted on psychiatric patients has shown correlations between depression and decreased cognitive function. The aim of this study was to examine the possible mediation of the time perspective (TP) in the development of depressive symptoms in patients with PCOS. Methods: A study was conducted on 83 patients with PCOS and 65 healthy women. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory—BDI-II) and time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory—ZTPI). Results: Our study revealed an indirect influence of depressive symptoms on PCOS through the positive future time perspective. In the logistic regression model, which included depression and a given time perspective as predictors of PCOS, only the future TP (β = −0.004, p < 0.003, OR = 1.004, 95% CI [1.001, 1.008]) was significantly independently related to the occurrence of PCOS. Conclusions: Our result is another argument for the role of psychoeducation and appropriate communication with a patient from the risk group in a way that builds hope and allows to regain influence on life situation.
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Wyszomirska J, Bąk-Sosnowska M. Time Goes Back-Time Perspective in Polish Men with Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder and Risky Sexual Behavior. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4954. [PMID: 36981863 PMCID: PMC10048791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many relationships between time perspective and a propensity to engage in risky behaviors or developing addictions have been demonstrated. The aim of our study was to determine the differences in intensity of individual time perspectives in people with compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) and risky sexual behavior (RSB). The analysis includes 425 men: 98 CSBD (age M = 37.99 years), 63 RSB (age M = 35.70 years), 264 without CSBD and RSB features constituting the control group (age M = 35.08 years). We used the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Sexual Addiction Screening Test-Revised, the Risky Sexual Behavior Scale and a self-constructed survey. The comparative analysis showed a higher intensity of past-negative (p = 0.040), a lower of past-positive (p < 0.001) and a present-fatalistic (p = 0.040) outlook in the CSBD group compared to the control group. Compared to the participants with RSB, the CSBD group was characterized by a higher intensity of past-negative (p = 0.010), a lower of past-positive (p = 0.004) and a present-hedonistic perspective (p = 0.014). The RSB group also achieved higher results from the present-hedonistic perspective (p = 0.046) compared to the control group. The CSBD patients indicate a stronger tendency to focus on negative past compared to non-CSBD men, both taking and not taking RSB. The time perspective profiles of RSB men are similar to those who do not engage in RSB. The distinguishing feature of men with RSB without CSBD is a greater ability to enjoy current experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wyszomirska
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Bąk-Sosnowska
- Center for Psychosomatics and Preventive Healthcare, WSB University in Dąbrowa Górnicza, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
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12
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Moon J, Lieber RJ, Bayazitli I, Mello ZR. An Examination of Multidimensional Time Perspective and Mental Health Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4688. [PMID: 36981597 PMCID: PMC10048536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined the associations between time perspective and mental health outcomes (N = 337; Mage = 22.74, SDage = 5.59; 76% female). Time perspective included multiple dimensions (feelings, frequency, orientation, and relation) and time periods (past, present, and future). Mental health outcomes included depressive symptoms, anxiety, and rumination. To demonstrate the reliability of the time perspective scales, test-retest analyses were completed. Multivariate analyses showed that (a) positive feelings about time were associated with lower anxiety; (b) negative feelings about time were associated with greater anxiety; and (c) more frequent thoughts about the past were associated with greater depressive symptoms and anxiety. Associations remained when controlling for anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. Moreover, (a) positive feelings about time were associated with lower rumination; (b) negative feelings about time were associated with greater rumination; and (c) more frequent thoughts about the past were associated with greater rumination. Time perspective scales yielded scores that were moderate to high in test-retest reliability. Findings demonstrate the value of examining separate time perspective dimensions and time periods. Results highlight the role of time perspective in mental health interventions for adults.
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Kent L, Nelson B, Northoff G. Can disorders of subjective time inform the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders? A transdiagnostic taxonomy of time. Early Interv Psychiatry 2023; 17:231-243. [PMID: 36935204 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Time is a core aspect of psychopathology with potential for clinical use and early intervention. Temporal experience, perception, judgement and processing are distorted in various psychiatric disorders such as mood (depression and mania), anxiety, autistic, impulse-control, dissociative and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Can these disorders of time be used as early diagnostic or predictive markers? To answer this question, we develop a Transdiagnostic Taxonomy of (disordered) Time (TTT) that maps on to the symptomatological, phenomenal, perceptual and functional descriptions of each underlying disorder in a 2 × 2 × 2 state space. Temporal distortions may precede functional decline, and so assist efforts at early detection and intervention in at-risk groups. METHOD Firstly, this article integrates a psychological model of how time is processed with a subjective or phenomenological model of how time is experienced or perceived. Secondly, the integrated combined model of time is then used to heuristically map major psychiatric disorders on to the basic elements of temporal flow and integration. RESULTS The TTT systematically describes the basic temporal nature of eight diagnostic categories of psychiatric illness. It differentiates between diagnoses primarily associated with distorted "macro-level" phenomenal temporal experiences (i.e. anxiety, dissociation/PTSD, depression, and mania) from those primarily related to distorted 'micro-level' temporal processing (i.e. psychotic, impulse-control, autistic and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders). CONCLUSIONS The TTT allows differential diagnostic classification of various psychiatric disorders in terms of a possible underlying time disorder, making it useful for future diagnostic and predictive purposes using novel techniques of temporal processing, time perception, passage of time, and time perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kent
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Broomhall AG, Phillips WJ. Upward counterfactual thinking and state depression: investigating a causal relationship. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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15
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Cultural specificity of time perspective: Development and construct validation of the Thai Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (TH-ZTPI). CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Wang H, Zhu Y, Shi J, Huang X, Zhu X. Time perspective and family history of alcohol dependence moderate the effect of depression on alcohol dependence: A study in Chinese psychiatric clinics. Front Psychol 2022; 13:903535. [PMID: 36389504 PMCID: PMC9650961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and alcohol dependence (AD) are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders that commonly co-occur. Therefore, gaining a better grasp of factors related to this comorbidity is particularly interesting for clinicians. Past research has highlighted the significant role that time perspective and family history of alcohol dependence (FH) play in the occurrence of depression and AD. However, much remains unexplored in the understanding of the association between them. This study explored how temporal profile and other sociodemographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with AD impact the severity of depression and AD in them. METHODS This study was multi-centered, including 381 patients. Cross-sectional information was collected from both inpatient and outpatient psychiatric clinics in China. Data were acquired using validated self-report scales, including Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese version. Multiple linear regression analyzes were conducted to control social demographic variables and construct prediction models to inspect the influence factors of variables. Moderation models were constructed to inspect further interplay between variables using hierarchical regression and PROCESS Macro. RESULTS Results showed that of all the patients in Chinese psychiatry clinics diagnosed with AD according to the International Classification of Diseases-10, 59.9% met the criteria of depression according to the questionnaire, and time perspective was correlated with the severity of depression. Furthermore, using regression analysis, we found that time perspective and depression could predict AD severity. The moderating role of a past negative time perspective and FH was confirmed between depression and AD. We found that, in our study, only in patients with FH and relatively moderate to high scores of past negative time perspective could the severity of depression predict the severity of AD. Therefore, during the treatment and care of patients with AD, their depression level, time perspective score, and FH should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jie Shi
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Wyszomirska J, Bąk-Sosnowska M, Modrzejewska A. "All Hands on Deck": Psychological Characteristics of Women with Experience of Oncological Disease Participating in Sailing Cruise-A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13133. [PMID: 36293712 PMCID: PMC9603798 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to searching for effective methods of treatment, interventions are sought to support well-being, quality of life, mental health, and recovery. Sailing has its specific features, including task orientation, challenges, contact with people, and nature. This specificity may be treated as a potential therapeutic factor, but it is also likely that people with certain psychological characteristics are involved in it. Therefore, the study aimed to assess some psychological features of women with cancer experience who decided to take part in the Onco-Cruise (Polish: Onko-Rejs). METHODS Participants were 56 women (M = 46.73; SD = 9.21). We used NEO-FFI, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. RESULTS Onco-Cruises participants were characterized by a high level of extraversion (M = 32.48; SD = 7.02; sten score M = 7.21; Mo = 7), openness (M = 31.50; SD = 6.31; sten score M = 7.41; Mo = 8), low neuroticism (M = 21.62; SD = 9.33; sten score M = 4.96), predominance of present hedonistic (M = 12.55, SD = 1.46) and future time perspective (M = 11.39; SD = 2.67), and the internal health locus of control (M = 23.25, SD = 5.43). CONCLUSION Group sailing can be favorable for broadly understood health and cancer recovery, but people who choose this activity have certain psychological predispositions, especially indicating high needs for stimulation. Permanent features should be taken into account when proposing various interventions for oncology patients to best suit them to their natural possibilities and preferences and, thus, make them most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wyszomirska
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Adriana Modrzejewska
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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18
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Carswell C, Brown JVE, Lister J, Ajjan RA, Alderson SL, Balogun-Katung A, Bellass S, Double K, Gilbody S, Hewitt CE, Holt RIG, Jacobs R, Kellar I, Peckham E, Shiers D, Taylor J, Siddiqi N, Coventry P. The lived experience of severe mental illness and long-term conditions: a qualitative exploration of service user, carer, and healthcare professional perspectives on self-managing co-existing mental and physical conditions. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:479. [PMID: 35850709 PMCID: PMC9295434 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with severe mental illness (SMI), such as schizophrenia, have higher rates of physical long-term conditions (LTCs), poorer health outcomes, and shorter life expectancy compared with the general population. Previous research exploring SMI and diabetes highlights that people with SMI experience barriers to self-management, a key component of care in long-term conditions; however, this has not been investigated in the context of other LTCs. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experience of co-existing SMI and LTCs for service users, carers, and healthcare professionals. METHODS A qualitative study with people with SMI and LTCs, their carers, and healthcare professionals, using semi-structured interviews, focused observations, and focus groups across the UK. Forty-one interviews and five focus groups were conducted between December 2018 and April 2019. Transcripts were coded by two authors and analysed thematically. RESULTS Three themes were identified, 1) the precarious nature of living with SMI, 2) the circularity of life with SMI and LTCs, and 3) the constellation of support for self-management. People with co-existing SMI and LTCs often experience substantial difficulties with self-management of their health due to the competing demands of their psychiatric symptoms and treatment, social circumstances, and access to support. Multiple long-term conditions add to the burden of self-management. Social support, alongside person-centred professional care, is a key facilitator for managing health. An integrated approach to both mental and physical healthcare was suggested to meet service user and carer needs. CONCLUSION The demands of living with SMI present a substantial barrier to self-management for multiple co-existing LTCs. It is important that people with SMI can access person-centred, tailored support for their LTCs that takes into consideration individual circumstances and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Carswell
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - J. V. E. Brown
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - J. Lister
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - R. A. Ajjan
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Clinical and Population Sciences Department, Leeds institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - S. L. Alderson
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Leeds Institute of Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A. Balogun-Katung
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - S. Bellass
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - K. Double
- grid.498142.2Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - S. Gilbody
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK ,grid.413631.20000 0000 9468 0801Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - C. E. Hewitt
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK ,grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - R. I. G. Holt
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ,grid.430506.40000 0004 0465 4079National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - R. Jacobs
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - I. Kellar
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - E. Peckham
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - D. Shiers
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Trust, Manchester, UK ,grid.5379.80000000121662407Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,grid.9757.c0000 0004 0415 6205School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - J. Taylor
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - N. Siddiqi
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK ,grid.498142.2Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK ,grid.413631.20000 0000 9468 0801Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - P. Coventry
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK ,grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, UK
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Olivera-Figueroa LA, Papastamatelou J, Unger A, Jimenez-Torres GJ, Cuebas López KA, López-Córdova NM, Barkil-Oteo A. The role of time perspective and acculturative stress on adaptive and maladaptive stress coping strategies of Puerto Ricans living in the island of Puerto Rico and the state of Connecticut in mainland United States. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-20. [PMID: 35854704 PMCID: PMC9283842 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the role of Time Perspective (TP) and acculturative stress on adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, across healthy and treatment-seeking Puerto Ricans living in the island of Puerto Rico (PR), as well as at the state of Connecticut in mainland United States (US). Participants were comprised of 197 adults from the island of PR, as well as 138 adults from Connecticut. TP was measured through five categories assessed by the Zimbardo TP Inventory (Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future), the Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective-revisited (DBTPr) coefficient, and the Deviation from the Negative Time Perspective (DNTP) coefficient. Acculturative stress was measured with the Acculturative Distress Scale. Adaptive and maladaptive stress-coping were measured through the Brief COPE Inventory. DNTP predicted adaptive coping, whereas acculturative stress, Present Hedonistic, and DBTPr predicted maladaptive coping. Puerto Ricans living in Connecticut engaged more often in maladaptive coping than those in PR. Acculturative stress partially mediated the influence of DBTPr on maladaptive coping. DNTP mediated the influence of state on adaptive coping. DBTPr and acculturative stress totally mediated the influence of state on maladaptive coping. These findings suggest that assessing TP, levels of acculturative stress, and coping strategies could assist in tailoring evidence-based interventions to the specific needs of Puerto Rican populations. Doing so could be effective in promoting a Balanced Time Perspective, reducing acculturative stress, increasing adaptive coping, and improving mental as well as physical health, on Puerto Ricans living in PR or mainland US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lening A. Olivera-Figueroa
- Yale University School of Medicine-Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street # 901, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs-Connecticut Healthcare System (VACHS), West Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Alexander Unger
- East-Asia Institute, Ludwigshafen University of Business and Society, Rheinpromenade 12, Ludwigshafen, 67061 Germany
| | - Gladys Janice Jimenez-Torres
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX Houston, USA
| | | | | | - Andres Barkil-Oteo
- Yale University School of Medicine-Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street # 901, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC USA
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20
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Carpenter RK, Horton JC, Alloway TP. Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link? THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:414-434. [PMID: 35737895 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2078948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-clinical depression is a major issue on college campuses, with some surveys estimating that 30% of college students have experienced a major depressive episode. One theoretical framework of depression is Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) time perspective model, which posits that our perspectives on time impact different aspects of life including our emotions, judgments, and decision making. The current study seeks to determine the role of this time perspectives model and a range of cognitive constructs including hope, rumination, and working memory on their influence in depression. Currently enrolled college students and participants not currently enrolled in college completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Adult Hope Scale, the Rumination Reflection Questionnaire, and the Automated Working Memory Assessment. Linear regression analysis revealed that, for the college students, Rumination and Past Negative scores predicted depressive symptoms. For the non-college students, Rumination, Present Fatalism, Hope Agency and Verbal Working Memory scores predicted depressive symptoms. The current results reiterate the importance of rumination in depression symptomology and that current cognitive depression models and treatments may benefit from including time perspective measures. Further implications of the results are discussed.
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21
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Simon E, Zsidó AN, Birkás B, Gács B, Csathó Á. Negative time perspective predicts the self-perceived affective and physical components of pain independently from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 224:103536. [PMID: 35192995 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
People's attitudes toward time, the time perspectives (TPs) rooted in past experiences, might be crucial for the emotional evaluation of life events, such as painful situations. In a survey-based study (N = 353), we investigated the relationship of TPs with the self-perceived affective and physical aspects of pain. Specifically, we hypothesised that past-negative TP would be associated with a negative emotional appraisal of pain characterised by higher pain-related catastrophizing, fear, and physical sensitivity to pain. We tested this hypothesis with hierarchical regression models, adding depression, anxiety, and variables of early life circumstances to the model stepwise. Early life circumstances (i.e., socioeconomic status, household unpredictability, and family resources) were measured retrospectively using questionnaires. In addition, based on the results of the regression analyses, we built a structural equation model (SEM) and tested whether past-negative mediates the effect of household unpredictability toward emotional and physical appraisal of pain. We found that individuals scoring high on past-negative TP had greater pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear, and sensitivity to pain. Further, there was evidence that these associations are independent from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Finally, SEM analysis suggested that unpredictable early life circumstances were directed toward intense, negatively emotionalised pain perception via the mediation of the past-negative TP. The findings generally support the view that pain behaviour is formed by emotional states and attitudes that are linked to past experiences that are not necessarily specific to the context of pain.
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22
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Deep cascaded multitask framework for detection of temporal orientation, sentiment and emotion from suicide notes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4457. [PMID: 35292695 PMCID: PMC8923342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With the upsurge in suicide rates worldwide, timely identification of the at-risk individuals using computational methods has been a severe challenge. Anyone presenting with suicidal thoughts, mainly recurring and containing a deep desire to die, requires urgent and ongoing psychiatric treatment. This work focuses on investigating the role of temporal orientation and sentiment classification (auxiliary tasks) in jointly analyzing the victims’ emotional state (primary task). Our model leverages the effectiveness of multitask learning by sharing features among the tasks through a novel multi-layer cascaded shared-private attentive network. We conducted our experiments on a diversified version of the prevailing standard emotion annotated corpus of suicide notes in English, CEASE-v2.0. Experiments show that our proposed multitask framework outperforms the existing state-of-the-art system by 3.78% in the Emotion task, with a cross-validation Mean Recall (MR) of 60.90%. From our empirical and qualitative analysis of results, we observe that learning the tasks of temporality and sentiment together has a clear correlation with emotion recognition.
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23
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Zajenkowska A, Nowakowska I, Kaźmierczak I, Rajchert J, Bodecka-Zych M, Jakubowska A, Anderson JL, Sellbom M. The interplay between disinhibition and Present-Hedonistic time perspective in the relation between Borderline Personality Organization and depressive symptoms. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The Efficacy of Time Perspective Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Females with Breast Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the biggest risk factor that endangers women's health. It is considered the highest stress-causing disease due to the unpleasant effects of disease on different aspects of patients’ life. Breast cancer is commonly associated with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress and its comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. It appears that time perspective therapy (TPT), as a new psychological treatment, can reduce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in females with breast cancer. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial conducted from February to September 2019. A total of 30 patients with breast cancer were selected through a convenience sampling technique and were randomly divided into the control and treatment groups. The latter group attended 6-week sessions (each session lasted 90 minutes long) to receive TPT. To conduct pretest and posttest, all participants in the two groups were asked to fill out the following questionnaires: (1) Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI); (2) The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL); (3) Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); and (4) the second version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the effects of treatment. A P-value smaller than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Data analysis of 28 patients from the experimental and control groups showed that TPT significantly reduced the symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in the treatment group (P < 0.001 for symptoms of post-traumatic stress and anxiety, and P = 0.002 for depression). Such a difference was not seen in the control group. Conclusions: TPT may be an effective approach to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in Iranian women with breast cancer. Further investigations are required to confirm these findings, which may in turn help heath care professionals use TPT to promote the mental health of females with breast cancer.
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25
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Hill PL, Allemand M. Associations between depressive symptoms with perceived future time and opportunities: tests of unique prediction and moderation. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:33-39. [PMID: 33345600 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1855107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Having a broadened perspective on one's future has been associated with better affective well-being, including reduced reports of depressive symptoms. However, research is limited regarding which aspect of future time perspective is associated with depressive symptoms, and whether these findings are consistent across individuals. METHODS The current study employed data from a nationally representative sample of Swiss adults (n = 1774; mean age: 49.90 years; 51.8% female). Participants completed measures of future time perspective - both perceptions of future time and future opportunities - and depressive symptoms, in addition to reporting on their age, sex, health, and socioeconomic status (the moderators of interest). RESULTS Perceived future time and future opportunities were uniquely predictive of depressive symptoms, even when controlling for chronological age and other covariates, though future opportunities held a stronger association with depressive symptoms. Limited evidence was found for moderation, though opportunities may matter more for predicting depressive symptoms among adults in worse health and those with fewer resources. DISCUSSION Future time perspective appears moderately associated with depressive symptoms in adulthood, and researchers need to consider multiple aspects of future time perspective rather than as a unitary construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mathias Allemand
- Department of Psychology and University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jung H, Lee D, Lee D. Longitudinal transitions in patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychological distress among South Korean adults with traumatic experiences. Stress Health 2021; 37:871-886. [PMID: 33740290 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate transitions in patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and psychological distress among South Koreans with traumatic experiences. This study consists of two parts: In Part 1 the time since trauma ranged between 0 and 41 years, while in Part 2 participants experienced at least one traumatic event within the previous three years. We identified subgroups and transitions between classes over a one-year period using latent profile analysis and latent transition analysis. First, in Part 1, four classes were identified at T1 and T2. Second, we explored whether age, sex, time since trauma, and time perspective (TP) predicted class membership at T1. Age, past-negative (PN), present-fatalistic, and future TPs were significant predictors of class membership at T1. Finally, sex, PN, and future TPs were identified as significant predictors of class transition over time. The same analysis was conducted in Part 2 with individuals chosen from the Part 1 participants. Differential effects of TP on class membership and transitions in PTSD symptoms and psychological distress indicated the need for intervention programs that consider the TP profiles of individuals with traumatic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Jung
- Department of Education, College of Education, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - DongHun Lee
- Department of Education, College of Education, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Deokhee Lee
- Department of Education, College of Education, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
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Wang Y, Hu X, Han J, Scalabrini A, Hu Y, Hu Z, Tan Z, Zhang J, Northoff G. Time is of essence - Abnormal time perspectives mediate the impact of childhood trauma on depression severity. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:534-541. [PMID: 33153758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifaceted mental disorder where participants, in addition to various symptoms, often suffer from increased focus on past time perspective and higher incidence of childhood trauma. Whether the abnormal time perspective is a result of the depressive symptoms or, alternatively, mediates between childhood trauma and depression remains unclear. AIMS To examine the triangular relationship between early life trauma, time perspective, and depressive symptoms. METHOD We investigated a large-scale MDD sample (n = 93) and healthy subject sample (n = 69) with Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck hopelessness scale (BHS), childhood traumatic questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI). RESULTS The MDD patients reported more childhood trauma experiences, and were featured by abnormal time perspectives on past and future when compared to healthy control. By applying two alternative mediation models, we observed that the time perspective acted as a mediator between childhood trauma and depressive symptom severity, rather than as a consequence of depressive symptom. Furthermore, this abnormal time perspective was a risk factor to MDD, as the childhood trauma only mediated the time perspective in MDD. Finally, we showed that time perspective was a long-term personal trait and unchanged after the remission of depression symptoms under five-day transcranial magnetic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal time perspective mediates the impact of early childhood trauma on depressive symptomatology. Besides better understanding of the temporal basis of depressive symptoms, we highlight the importance of preventive time perspective therapy in subjects with childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Hu
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfang Han
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d'Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 33, 66100, Chieti, CH, Italy
| | - Yuting Hu
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zhiguo Hu
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Tan
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Georg Northoff
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Fritsch A, Cuervo-Lombard C. Échelle de temporalité : validation française d’une version courte de la Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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McKay MT, Cole JC. Does deviation from a balanced time perspective meaningfully relate to alcohol use and symptoms of anxiety and depression? Comparing results using DBTP and DBTP-r. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTime perspective research examines the way in which thoughts and/or feelings about the past, present, and future influence behavior, and deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) has been suggested to be functionally disadvantageous. Recently a revised formula (DBTP-r) was suggested for the derivation of DBTP scores. The present study examined the relationship between self-reported alcohol use and both symptoms of anxiety and depression, with scores on the DBTP and the DBTP-r. Participants (N = 940, 48.09% Male) were recruited as part of a University project and completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. In analyses adjusted for age and sex, DBTP and DBTP-r performed similarly in relation to mental health symptomatology, while only DBTP-r was significantly related to alcohol use. In more adjusted models, more variance was explained in DBTP-r models although neither DBTP score was significantly related to either alcohol use or symptomatology scores when they were operationalised categorically. DBTP-r appears to discriminate better than DBTP, with the caveat that this is the first study to compare them.
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Docteur A, Mirabel-Sarron C, Kaya Lefèvre H, Sala L, Husky M, Swendsen J, Gorwood P. Role of autobiographical memory in the impact of MBCT on dysfunctional attitudes, depressive symptoms and anxiety in bipolar I patients. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:907-913. [PMID: 32739709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature suggests that cognitive reactivity in bipolar patients can increase relapse vulnerability, is enhanced by depressive mood and dysfunctional attitudes, and could be improved with MBCT. Autobiographical memory (AM) could be involved in cognitive reactivity, and improved with MBCT training. This study aims to investigate the effect of MBCT for bipolar patients on depressive and anxious symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes and AM, and the predictive versus mediating role of AM in the impact of MBCT on clinical symptoms. METHODS Sixty-two outpatients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder were assigned to MBCT and were compared to 37 bipolar patients on a waiting list. Affective symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes were explored using self-report inventories (BDI, BAI, DAS) and AM was assessed using the Autobiographical Memory Test. RESULTS Patients receiving MBCT demonstrated significantly decreased depressive symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes, overgeneral memories and omissions, and increased specific memories. General AM and omissions at baseline respectively predicted lower anxiety and dysfunctional attitudes improvement following therapy, but the improvement of AM did not explain the impact of MBCT on depression and dysfunctional attitudes improvement. LIMITS Further studies should consider patients' therapeutic adherence and mechanisms involved in MBCT in order to better apprehend how MBCT may reduce dysfunctional attitudes and improve AM in bipolar patients. CONCLUSION Results are consistent with the hypothesis that MBCT reduces cognitive reactivity and AM impairment in bipolar disorders. Findings suggest that AM training prior to MBCT may influence MBCT efficacy, but that MBCT efficacy on AM and clinical symptoms are non-related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Docteur
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, F-75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Héline Kaya Lefèvre
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, F-75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, LPPS, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Loretta Sala
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Husky
- Laboratoire de Psychologie EA4139, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joel Swendsen
- INCIA, UMR 5287, CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, F-75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
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McKay MT, Cole JC. The relationship between balanced and negative time perspectives, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113383. [PMID: 32866793 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated how time perspective, and in particular scores on the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), is significantly related to measures of Anxiety and Depression. However, ZTPI scores have been operationalized in multiple ways, including as composite scores, taking simultaneous account of mean values on all five dimensions. The present study examined if two of these composite approaches, Deviation from a Negative and/or a Balanced Time Perspective (DNTP/DBTP) scores, were significantly related to self-reported symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. Data were in two independent University samples (N = 530; N = 410), including ZTPI data, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale data. While path models revealed significant relationships between DBTP, DNTP and both HADS-A and HADS-D scores, these did not always survive the inclusion of direct paths between ZTPI dimensions and HADS score. In other words, some individual ZTPI dimensions, in particular past negative, appear to be more important than overall composite score. Scores were self-reported, and both samples were gathered in the same geography, making generalizability of findings difficult. On the basis of these results, further studies across different samples and age groups using DNTP and DBTP are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McKay
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
| | - Jon C Cole
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, UK
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Altan-Atalay A, Özarslan I, Biriz B. Negative urgency and time perspective: interactive associations with anxiety and depression. The Journal of General Psychology 2020; 147:293-307. [PMID: 32228227 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2020.1745139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Time perspective, which refers to a mechanism of automatically assigning experiences into temporal categories (as past, present, and future), is argued to be a fundamental dimension in the construction of psychological time in addition to acting as a vulnerability factor for psychological disorders. Negative urgency is another vulnerability factor for psychological disorders that are characterized by engaging in impulsive actions when one is under the influence of negative emotions. The current study aimed to examine how the interaction of different dimensions of time perspective and negative urgency are connected with anxiety and depression. Data were gathered from 404 (255 women) individuals between ages 18 and 65 through measures of time perspective, negative urgency, anxiety, and depression. The results showed that while the interaction of negative urgency with past negative time perspective was associated with depression, a similar pattern was not observed for other dimensions of time perspective. Particularly, negative urgency appeared to boost the negative impact of being past-oriented. Similarly, only the interaction of future time perspective with negative urgency was associated with anxiety, indicating that tending to focus on the events that are likely to take place in the future is associated with elevated levels of anxiety in individuals with high levels of negative urgency.
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