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Bhatt IS, Washnik NJ, Kingsbury S, Deshpande AK, Kingsbury H, Bhagavan SG, Michel K, Dias R, Torkamani A. Identifying Health-Related Conditions Associated with Tinnitus in Young Adults. Audiol Res 2023; 13:546-562. [PMID: 37489384 PMCID: PMC10366783 DOI: 10.3390/audiolres13040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the epidemic of tinnitus in college-aged young adults. Our first objective was to identify health conditions associated with tinnitus in young adults. The second objective was to evaluate the predictive utility of some known risk factors. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for tinnitus. SETTING A questionnaire was distributed, reaching out to a large college-aged population. A total of 2258 young adults aged 18-30 years were recruited from April 2021 to February 2022. INTERVENTIONS A questionnaire was administered to investigate the epidemiology of tinnitus in a population of college-aged young adults. RESULTS About 17.7% of young adults reported bothersome tinnitus perception lasting for ≥5 min in the last 12 months. The prevalence of chronic tinnitus (bothersome tinnitus for ≥1 year) and acute tinnitus (bothersome tinnitus for <1 year) was 10.6% and 7.1%, respectively. About 19% of the study sample reported at least one health condition. Individuals reporting head injury, hypertension, heart disease, scarlet fever, and malaria showed significantly higher odds of reporting chronic tinnitus. Meningitis and self-reported hearing loss showed significant associations with bothersome tinnitus. The prevalence of chronic tinnitus was significantly higher in males reporting high noise exposure, a positive history of reoccurring ear infections, European ethnic background, and a positive health history. Risk modeling showed that noise exposure was the most important risk factor for chronic tinnitus, followed by sex, reoccurring ear infections, and a history of any health condition. A positive history of COVID-19 and self-reported severity showed no association with tinnitus. Individuals reporting reoccurring ear infections showed a significantly higher prevalence of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS While young adults with health conditions are at a higher risk of reporting tinnitus, the predictive utility of a positive health history remains relatively low, possibly due to weak associations between health conditions and tinnitus. Noise, male sex, reoccurring ear infections, European ethnicity, and a positive health history revealed higher odds of reporting chronic tinnitus than their counterparts. These risk factors collectively explained about 16% variability in chronic tinnitus, which highlights the need for identifying other risk factors for chronic tinnitus in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Sunilkumar Bhatt
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nilesh J Washnik
- Department of Hearing Speech and Language Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sarah Kingsbury
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Aniruddha K Deshpande
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Hailey Kingsbury
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Srividya Grama Bhagavan
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Klayre Michel
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Raquel Dias
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Ali Torkamani
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Engdahl B, Aarhus L. Personal Music Players and Hearing Loss: The HUNT Cohort Study. Trends Hear 2021; 25:23312165211015881. [PMID: 34181492 PMCID: PMC8245669 DOI: 10.1177/23312165211015881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the current average use of personal music players (PMPs)
including mobile phones has affected hearing in the general population. The
association between the use of PMPs and hearing loss was assessed in a large
population cross-sectional and follow-up study with the following distribution:
cross-sectional (2018): n = 26,606, 56% women, mean age
54 years and 20-year follow-up (baseline 1998): n = 12,115, 57%
women, mean age at baseline 43 years. Hearing threshold was determined as
pure-tone average over the frequencies 3, 4, and 6 kHz. We used linear
regression to assess relationships between hearing threshold and PMP use (yes),
duration (1–2/2–6/>6 h per week), or sound volume (low/medium/high), with
nonuse as reference. The PMP use increased from 8% in 1998 to 30% in 2018.
Compared with nonusers, neither use nor duration was related to hearing
threshold. As to sound volume, listening at low levels was associated with
better thresholds (−2.5 dB [−4.1 to −0.8]), while listening at high levels was
associated with worse thresholds (1.4 dB [0.1 to 2.8]). We adjusted for age,
sex, baseline hearing threshold, education, noise exposure, ear infections, head
injury, and daily smoking. The association with sound volume was nearly twice as
strong when adjusting for hearing threshold at baseline. Accordingly, the
possibility of reverse causality was reduced although not eliminated by the
follow-up design. This large population study showed no association between
normal PMP use and 20-year progression in hearing; however users listening to
high levels increased their hearing threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Engdahl
- Department of Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Aarhus
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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Sanchez TG, Roberts LE. Total remission or persistence of tinnitus and decreased sound level tolerance in adolescents with normal audiograms: A follow-up study. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 260:253-268. [PMID: 33637221 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinnitus may reflect hidden cochlear synaptic injury that does not express in the audiogram, but leads to neuroplastic changes in auditory pathways that, in turn, reduce tolerance to sounds. Such injury may follow the exposure to loud sounds. The aim of this study was to follow-up adolescents enrolled in a private school to evaluate the prevalence of tinnitus and reduced sound level tolerance (SLT) with 1-year interval, as well as to observe rates of tinnitus persistence, remission and incidence of new cases by repeat measurements. METHODS In Study 1 (Sanchez et al., 2016), we evaluated 170 adolescents by a questionnaire about tinnitus and reduced tolerance to ordinary sounds and by measurements in a sound booth: audiometry (0.25-16kHz), Loudness Discomfort Levels (LDL, 0.5-4kHz) and tinnitus pitch/loudness matching (if present). Tinnitus measured in the booth was then called "confirmed tinnitus." In Study 2, we revaluated 54 adolescents who returned voluntarily 1 year later to repeat all measurements. RESULTS From Study 1 to 2, the prevalence of confirmed tinnitus reduced from 28.8% (49/170) to 14.9% (8/54) in retested subjects, which includes the cases of persisting tinnitus (confirmed tinnitus in both studies, n=6/54=11.2%) and the new cases of tinnitus (confirmed tinnitus just at Study 2, n=2/54=3.7%). Among the 15 adolescents with confirmed tinnitus at Study 1 who returned for Study 2, 40% had persistent tinnitus (n=6) and 60% did not (remitted tinnitus, n=9). SLT was reduced by 17.3dB in cases with persistent tinnitus (P<0.0002), similar to the findings of Study 1, and returned to normal levels in subjects with remitted tinnitus. Hearing thresholds averaged 4.37dBHL and were <20dBHL in 97% of ears and all frequencies. At 14 and 16kHz thresholds were bilaterally elevated at Study 1 (5.07dB) and 2 (5.56dB) in adolescents with confirmed tinnitus. CONCLUSIONS Tinnitus and reduced sound tolerance could feature early signals of hidden synaptic injury that is prevalent among adolescents and hidden from the audiogram. The strong relationship between both symptoms, in addition to low-level increases in hearing thresholds at high frequencies in the extended audiogram, poses a challenge for future hearing health and should be further evaluated as a possible intrinsic vulnerability for lesions following exposure to loud sounds. Moreover, the relationship between their spontaneous remissions may signal a possible synaptic repair, which has been reported in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanit Ganz Sanchez
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Ganz Sanchez, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Larry E Roberts
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Park E, Kim H, Choi IH, Han HM, Han K, Jung HH, Im GJ. Psychiatric Distress as a Common Risk Factor for Tinnitus and Joint Pain: A National Population-Based Survey. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 13:234-240. [PMID: 31842535 PMCID: PMC7435435 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the relationship between tinnitus and joint pain from representative samples of Koreans. METHODS The demographics and the responses to a questionnaire about tinnitus and joint pain severity and mental health status of adults aged ≥50 years in the 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. RESULTS Among 9,032 individuals, 26.7% reported experiencing tinnitus within the past year. Participants with tinnitus were more frequently older, hearing loss, and had lower education levels, income, and body weight. Participants with regular exercise and sleep had a lower tinnitus prevalence. The incidences of stress, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation were significantly higher in the tinnitus group and participants with joint pain. The rates of participants with tinnitus according to the number of joint pain sites (zero, one, two, and three) was 22.1%, 31.4%, 33.3%, and 44.2%, and those of participants with severely annoying tinnitus according to the number of joint pain sites (zero, one, two, and three) were 3.3%, 6.8%, 7.9%, and 10.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION Tinnitus prevalence and severity were significantly related to joint pain, and both conditions were related to psychiatric distress. Thus, the authors suggest that psychiatric distress as a common risk factor for tinnitus and joint pain should be considered when deciding treatment strategies and in guiding public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euyhyun Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hak Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Min Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Hyun Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Jung Im
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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le Clercq CMP, Goedegebure A, Jaddoe VWV, Raat H, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, van der Schroeff MP. Association Between Portable Music Player Use and Hearing Loss Among Children of School Age in the Netherlands. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 144:668-675. [PMID: 29902307 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Importance Portable music player use may have harmful effects on hearing. The magnitude and effect of frequent music exposure, especially at younger ages, on hearing are unclear. Objectives To examine the prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss in a 9- to 11-year-old population and associations with portable music player use and sociodemographic factors. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study within an ongoing, prospective, birth cohort study within Rotterdam, the Netherlands was conducted. Between ages 9 and 11 years, 5355 children underwent their first audiometric evaluation. Children were excluded if they had missing or failed tympanometry results. The study was conducted from April 16, 2012, to October 25, 2015. Exposures Portable music player (PMP) use and sociodemographic factors assessed via parental questionnaires. Main Outcomes and Measures Hearing acuity measured by pure-tone audiometry at 0.5 to 8 kHz. Possible noise-induced hearing loss was contingent on a high-frequency notch and/or high-frequency hearing loss in the audiogram, or reported hearing-related symptoms. Results The final sample included 3116 participants who were a mean (interquartile range) age of 9.7 (9.6-9.9) years and equally distributed between boys (1550 [49.7%]) and girls (1566 [50.3%]). Of these, 1244 (39.9%) reported no PMP use, 577 (18.5%) reported use 1 or 2 days per week, 254 (8.2%) reported use 3 or more days per week, and for 1041 (33.4%), PMP use was not reported. Audiometric notches and high-frequency hearing loss were present in 443 (14.2%) of all children; 140 (4.5%) fulfilled the criteria of a notch, 238 (7.6%) of high-frequency hearing loss, and 65 (2.1%) of both. Of the cohort, 52 (1.7%) showed bilateral impairment. Hearing-related symptoms were reported for 232 (11.3%) of the respondents, and 831 (40.0%) of the respondents used portable music players. Portable music player use was associated with high-frequency hearing loss (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% CI, 1.36-6.980 for 1 or 2 days per week and OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.22-6.96 for ≥3 days per week), but listening time and duration were not. There was no association of music exposure with high-frequency notches. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, 14.2% of school-aged children showed audiometric notches or high-frequency hearing loss. This hearing impairment is already present prior to exposure to known noise hazards, such as club and concert attendance, and may have lifelong consequences. Repeated measurements are needed to confirm the association of portable music player use with hearing impairment in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn M P le Clercq
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André Goedegebure
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Raat
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc P van der Schroeff
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Prevalence of Hearing Loss Among a Representative Sample of Canadian Children and Adolescents, 3 to 19 Years of Age. Ear Hear 2018; 38:7-20. [PMID: 27556530 PMCID: PMC5181131 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: There are no nationally representative hearing loss (HL) prevalence data available for Canadian youth using direct measurements. The present study objectives were to estimate national prevalence of HL using audiometric pure-tone thresholds (0.5 to 8 kHz) and or distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) for children and adolescents, aged 3 to 19 years. Design: This cross-sectional population-based study presents findings from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey, entailing an in-person household interview and hearing measurements conducted in a mobile examination clinic. The initial study sample included 2591 participants, aged 3 to 19 years, representing 6.5 million Canadians (3.3 million males). After exclusions, subsamples consisted of 2434 participants, aged 3 to 19 years and 1879 participants, aged 6 to 19 years, with valid audiometric results. Eligible participants underwent otoscopic examination, tympanometry, DPOAE, and audiometry. HL was defined as a pure-tone average >20 dB for 6- to 18-year olds and ≥26 dB for 19-year olds, for one or more of the following: four-frequency (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) pure-tone average, high-frequency (3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz) pure-tone average, and low-frequency (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) pure-tone average. Mild HL was defined as >20 to 40 dB (6- to 18-year olds) and ≥26 to 40 dB (19-year olds). Moderate or worse HL was defined as >40 dB (6- to 19-year olds). HL in 3- to 5-year olds (n = 555) was defined as absent DPOAEs as audiometry was not conducted. Self-reported HL was evaluated using the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 hearing questions. Results: The primary study outcome indicates that 7.7% of Canadian youth, aged 6 to 19, had any HL, for one or more pure-tone average. Four-frequency pure-tone average and high-frequency pure-tone average HL prevalence was 4.7 and 6.0%, respectively, whereas 5.8% had a low-frequency pure-tone average HL. Significantly more children/adolescents had unilateral HL. Mild HL was significantly more common than moderate or worse HL for each pure-tone average. Among Canadians, aged 6 to 19, less than 2.2% had sensorineural HL. Among Canadians, aged 3 to 19, less than 3.5% had conductive HL. Absent DPOAEs were found in 7.1E% of 3- to 5-year olds, and in 3.4E% of 6- to 19-year olds. Among participants eligible for the hearing evaluation and excluding missing data cases (n = 2575), 17.0% had excessive or impacted pus/wax in one or both ears. Self-reported HL in Canadians, aged 6 to 19, was 0.6 E% and 65.3% (aged 3 to 19) reported never having had their hearing tested. E indicates that a high sampling variability is associated with the estimate (coefficient of variation between 16.6% and 33.3%) and should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions: This study provides the first estimates of audiometrically measured HL prevalence among Canadian children and adolescents. A larger proportion of youth have measured HL than was previously reported using self-report surveys, indicating that screening using self-report or proxy may not be effective in identifying individuals with mild HL. Results may underestimate the true prevalence of HL due to the large number excluded and the presentation of impacted or excessive earwax or pus, precluding an accurate or complete hearing evaluation. The majority of 3- to 5-year olds with absent DPOAEs likely had conductive HL. Nonetheless, this type of HL which can be asymptomatic, may become permanent if left untreated. Future research will benefit from analyses, which includes the slight HL category, for which there is growing support, and from studies that identify factors contributing to HL in this population.
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Śliwińska-Kowalska M, Zaborowski K. WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Permanent Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101139. [PMID: 28953238 PMCID: PMC5664640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hearing loss is defined as worsening of hearing acuity and is usually expressed as an increase in the hearing threshold. Tinnitus, defined as "ringing in the ear", is a common and often disturbing accompaniment of hearing loss. Hearing loss and environmental exposures to noise are increasingly recognized health problems. Objectives: The objective was to assess whether the exposure-response relationship can be established between exposures to non-occupational noise and permanent hearing outcomes such as permanent hearing loss and tinnitus. Methods: Information sources: Computer searches of all accessible medical and other databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) were performed and complemented with manual searches. The search was not limited to a particular time span, except for the effects of personal listening devices (PLDs). The latter was limited to the years 2008-June 2015, since previous knowledge was summarized by SCENIHR descriptive systematic review published in 2008. Study eligibility criteria: The inclusion criteria were as follows: the exposure to noise was measured in sound pressure levels (SPLs) and expressed in individual equivalent decibel values (LEX,8h), the studies included both exposed and reference groups, the outcome was a permanent health effect, i.e., permanent hearing loss assessed with pure-tone audiometry and/or permanent tinnitus assessed with a questionnaire. The eligibility criteria were evaluated by two independent reviewers. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: The risk of bias was assessed for all of the papers using a template for assessment of quality and the risk of bias. The GRADE (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation) approach was used to assess the overall quality of evidence. Meta-analysis was not possible due to methodological heterogeneity of included studies and the inadequacy of data. Results: Out of 220 references identified, five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All of them were related to the use of PLDs and comprised in total of 1551 teenagers and young adults. Three studies used hearing loss as the outcome and three tinnitus. There was a positive correlation between noise level and hearing loss either at standard or extended high frequencies in all three of the studies on hearing loss. In one study, there was also a positive correlation between the duration of PLD use and hearing loss. There was no association between prolonged listening to loud music through PLDs and tinnitus or the results were contradictory. All of the evidence was of low quality. Limitations: The studies are cross-sectional. No study provides odds ratios of hearing loss by the level of exposure to noise. Conclusions: While using very strict inclusion criteria, there is low quality GRADE evidence that prolonged listening to loud music through PLDs increases the risk of hearing loss and results in worsening standard frequency audiometric thresholds. However, specific threshold analyses focused on stratifying risk according to clearly defined levels of exposure are missing. Future studies are needed to provide actionable guidance for PLDs users. No studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria related to other isolated or combined exposures to environmental noise were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Śliwińska-Kowalska
- Clinic of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Sw.Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kamil Zaborowski
- Department of Physical Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Sw.Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
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Sampson J, Thompson H. Youth hearing impairment: Early detection is key. Nursing 2017; 47:52-56. [PMID: 28328777 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000512877.14257.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Sampson
- At California State University, Sacramento, Janice Sampson is an assistant professor in the School of Nursing and Heather Thompson is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders
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da Silva VG, de Oliveira CACP, Tauil PL, de Castro Silva IM, Sampaio ALL. Amplified music exposure carries risks to hearing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 93:117-122. [PMID: 28109481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between changes in the outer hair cells and exposure to amplified music in a group of high-school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective, case-control study, 86 subjects underwent audiometry, immittance audiometry, and distortion-product otoacoustic emission tests. The subjects were questioned about their listening habits and divided into 2 groups: exposed and unexposed. RESULTS Most of the subjects had reduced function in their outer hair cells, mainly beginning at 8 kHz. Among 60 subjects-30 cases and 30 controls-75% were considered exposed and 25% unexposed. The exposed subjects were 9.33 times more likely to have altered outer hair cells than the unexposed subjects were. CONCLUSION Exposure to amplified music is associated with reduced function in the hair cells.
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Twardella D, Raab U, Perez-Alvarez C, Steffens T, Bolte G, Fromme H. Usage of personal music players in adolescents and its association with noise-induced hearing loss: A cross-sectional analysis of Ohrkan cohort study data. Int J Audiol 2016; 56:38-45. [DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2016.1211762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Twardella
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany,
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Centre for Early Cancer Detection and Cancer Registration, Nuremberg, Germany,
| | - Ulla Raab
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany,
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Centre of Prevention and Health Promotion, Munich, Germany,
| | - Carmelo Perez-Alvarez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany,
| | - Thomas Steffens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany,
| | - Gabriele Bolte
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany,
- Department of Social Epidemiology, University of Bremen, Institute of Public Health and Nursing Research, Bremen, Germany, and
| | - Hermann Fromme
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Safety, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
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Sanchez TG, Moraes F, Casseb J, Cota J, Freire K, Roberts LE. Tinnitus is associated with reduced sound level tolerance in adolescents with normal audiograms and otoacoustic emissions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27109. [PMID: 27265722 PMCID: PMC4893619 DOI: 10.1038/srep27109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroscience research suggests that tinnitus may reflect synaptic loss in the cochlea that does not express in the audiogram but leads to neural changes in auditory pathways that reduce sound level tolerance (SLT). Adolescents (N = 170) completed a questionnaire addressing their prior experience with tinnitus, potentially risky listening habits, and sensitivity to ordinary sounds, followed by psychoacoustic measurements in a sound booth. Among all adolescents 54.7% reported by questionnaire that they had previously experienced tinnitus, while 28.8% heard tinnitus in the booth. Psychoacoustic properties of tinnitus measured in the sound booth corresponded with those of chronic adult tinnitus sufferers. Neither hearing thresholds (≤15 dB HL to 16 kHz) nor otoacoustic emissions discriminated between adolescents reporting or not reporting tinnitus in the sound booth, but loudness discomfort levels (a psychoacoustic measure of SLT) did so, averaging 11.3 dB lower in adolescents experiencing tinnitus in the acoustic chamber. Although risky listening habits were near universal, the teenagers experiencing tinnitus and reduced SLT tended to be more protective of their hearing. Tinnitus and reduced SLT could be early indications of a vulnerability to hidden synaptic injury that is prevalent among adolescents and expressed following exposure to high level environmental sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanit Ganz Sanchez
- University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Ganz Sanchez, São Paulo, Brazil.,Association of Interdisciplinary Research and Divulgation of Tinnitus, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jaci Cota
- Instituto Ganz Sanchez, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katya Freire
- Association of Interdisciplinary Research and Divulgation of Tinnitus, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larry E Roberts
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Jiang W, Zhao F, Guderley N, Manchaiah V. Daily music exposure dose and hearing problems using personal listening devices in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. Int J Audiol 2016; 55:197-205. [DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2015.1122237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Johnson K, Tabangin M, Meinzen-Derr J, Cohen AP, Greinwald JH. High-frequency sensorineural hearing loss in children. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:1236-40. [PMID: 26266337 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Determine the prevalence of high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (HFSNHL) in our hearing loss population and a diagnostic algorithm for these patients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS We identified patients diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at our pediatric tertiary care institution from 1981 to 2010. Based on audiometric profiles, these patients were subdivided into those with a flat SNHL configuration and those with HFSNHL. Imaging and genetic testing data and data regarding age at diagnosis, laterality, and risk factors were obtained for both groups. Comparisons were then made between the two groups. RESULTS Of 2,867 patients included in the study, 7.6% had HFSNHL. Age at diagnosis was significantly higher in HFSNHL patients (8.3 years vs. 6.1 years; P < .0001). These patients also had a significantly higher proportion of unilateral versus bilateral loss (49.1% vs. 26.1%; P < .0001); unilateral losses were also less severe. Genetic testing showed no significant difference between groups in the proportion of patients tested or in those who tested positive. Similarly, imaging data revealed no difference in the proportion of patients tested in the two groups; however, overall diagnostic yield was significantly higher in flat SNHL patients (29.5% vs.17.3; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS The positive predictive value of simple genetic testing is similar to that of imaging studies. However, given cost differences between genetic testing and imaging, it is prudent to perform genetic testing as the initial diagnostic test. Determination of whether high-throughput, multigene diagnostic platforms offer an added benefit in the evaluation of children requires further study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 126:1236-1240, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaalan Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Meredith Tabangin
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Jareen Meinzen-Derr
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Ear and Hearing Center, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Aliza P Cohen
- Ear and Hearing Center, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - John H Greinwald
- Ear and Hearing Center, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
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Sanchez TG, Oliveira JC, Kii MA, Freire K, Cota J, Moraes FVD. Tinnitus in adolescents: the start of the vulnerability of the auditory pathways. Codas 2015; 27:5-12. [PMID: 25885191 DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20152013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although tinnitus is an increasingly common symptom, few studies have assessed its prevalence or incidence among adolescents. PURPOSE To assess whether the presence of tinnitus in adolescents is associated with minimal hearing damage, evaluated through high-frequency audiometry (HFA), otoacoustic emission (OAE), and loudness discomfort level (LDL). METHODS The sample comprised 168 adolescents of a private school (61.3% boys; mean age 14.1 years old; standard deviation=2). All of them completed a questionnaire about tinnitus and hypersensitivity to sounds (sound intolerance), and then underwent otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry, HFA, LDL, transient and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (TOAE and DPOAE), and tinnitus pitch/loudness matching (the latter only in those with tinnitus). Participants were later divided into three groups: with no tinnitus (n=73, 43.4%), with sporadic tinnitus (n=47, 28%), and with constant tinnitus (n=48, 28.6%). RESULTS No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding audiometry thresholds in frequencies from 0.25 to 16 kHz, or TOAE and DPOAE. However, the LDL in adolescents with constant tinnitus was significantly lower than that in other groups, suggesting hypersensitivity to sounds. CONCLUSION There was no evidence of minimal hearing damage in the audiometry and OAE. Nonetheless, the decreased LDL in adolescents with constant tinnitus suggests that their auditory system is more sensitive. Therefore, this may be the first sign of vulnerability to sounds. Future medium- to long-term monitoring of these students may show whether they will begin a process of functional impairment, altering hearing thresholds, and OAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katya Freire
- Associação de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar e Divulgação do Zumbido, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaci Cota
- Instituto Ganz Sanchez, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Vasconcellos AP, Kyle ME, Gilani S, Shin JJ. Personally Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Pediatric Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151:14-28. [PMID: 24671457 PMCID: PMC4472569 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814526560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric hearing loss is an increasingly recognized problem with significant implications. Increasing our quantitative understanding of potentially modifiable environmental risk factors for hearing loss may form the foundation for prevention and screening programs. OBJECTIVE To determine whether specific threshold exposure levels of personally modifiable risk factors for hearing loss have been defined, with the overarching goal of providing actionable guidance for the prevention of pediatric hearing loss. DATA SOURCES A systematic review was performed. Computerized searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were completed and supplemented with manual searches. REVIEW METHODS Inclusion/exclusion criteria were designed to determine specific threshold values of personally modifiable risk factors on hearing loss in the pediatric population. Searches and data extraction were performed by independent reviewers. RESULTS There were 38 criterion-meeting studies, including a total of 50,651 subjects. Threshold noise exposures significantly associated with hearing loss in youth included: (1) more than 4 hours per week or more than 5 years of personal headphone usage, (2) more than 4 visits per month to a discotheque, and (3) working on a mechanized farm. Quantified tobacco levels of concern included any level of in utero smoke exposure as well as secondhand exposure sufficient to elevate serum cotinine. CONCLUSIONS Specific thresholds analyses are limited. Future studies would ideally focus on stratifying risk according to clearly defined levels of exposure, in order to provide actionable guidance for children and families.
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Park MJ, Scott JT, Adams SH, Brindis CD, Irwin CE. Adolescent and young adult health in the United States in the past decade: little improvement and young adults remain worse off than adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:3-16. [PMID: 24815958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence and young adulthood are unique developmental periods that present opportunities and challenges for improving health. Health at this age can affect health throughout the lifespan. This review has two aims: (1) to examine trends in key indicators in outcomes, behaviors, and health care over the past decade for U.S. adolescents and young adults; and (2) to compare U.S. adolescents and young adults on these indicators. The review also assesses sociodemographic differences in trends and current indicators. Guided by our aims, previous reviews, and national priorities, the present review identified 21 sources of nationally representative data to examine trends in 53 areas and comparisons of adolescents and young adults in 42 areas. Most health and health care indicators have changed little over the past decade. Encouraging exceptions were found for adolescents and young adults in unintentional injury, assault, and tobacco use, and, for adolescents, in sexual/reproductive health. Trends in violence and chronic disease and related behaviors were mixed. Review of current indicators demonstrates that young adulthood continues to entail greater risk and worse outcomes than adolescence. Young adults fared worse on about two-thirds of the indicators examined. Differences among sociodemographic subgroups persisted for both trends and current indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jane Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Jazmyn T Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sally H Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Claire D Brindis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Charles E Irwin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Vasconcellos AP, Colello S, Kyle ME, Shin JJ. Societal-level Risk Factors Associated with Pediatric Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151:29-41. [PMID: 24671458 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814526561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the current body of evidence describes specific threshold values of concern for modifiable societal-level risk factors for pediatric hearing loss, with the overarching goal of providing actionable guidance for the prevention and screening of audiological deficits in children. DATA SOURCES Three related systematic reviews were performed. Computerized PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library searches were performed from inception through October 2013 and were supplemented with manual searches. REVIEW METHODS Inclusion/exclusion criteria were designed to determine specific threshold values of societal-level risk factors on hearing loss in the pediatric population. Searches and data extraction were performed by independent reviewers. RESULTS There were 20 criterion-meeting studies with 29,128 participants. Infants less than 2 standard deviations below standardized weight, length, or body mass index were at increased risk. Specific nutritional deficiencies related to iodine and thiamine may also increase risk, although data are limited and threshold values of concern have not been quantified. Blood lead levels above 10 µg/dL were significantly associated with pediatric sensorineural loss, and mixed findings were noted for other heavy metals. Hearing loss was also more prevalent among children of socioeconomically disadvantaged families, as measured by a poverty income ratio less than 0.3 to 1, higher deprivation category status, and head of household employment as a manual laborer. CONCLUSIONS Increasing our understanding of specific thresholds of risk associated with causative factors forms the foundation for preventive and targeted screening programs as well as future research endeavors.
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Lalwani AK, Katz K, Liu YH, Kim S, Weitzman M. Obesity is associated with sensorineural hearing loss in adolescents. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:3178-84. [PMID: 23754553 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Childhood obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95%, is a significant health problem associated with a variety of disorders, and in adults it has been found to be a risk factor for hearing loss. We investigated the hypothesis that obese children are at increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). STUDY DESIGN A complex, multistage, stratified geographic area design for collecting representative data from noninstitutionalized U.S. population. METHODS Relevant cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2006, for 1,488 participants 12 to 19 years of age was examined. Subjects were classified as obese if their BMI ≥ 95 th percentile. SNHL was defined as average pure-tone level greater than 15 dB for 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz (low frequency) and 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz (high frequency). RESULTS Compared to normal weight participants (BMI 5%-85%), obesity in adolescents was associated with elevated pure tone hearing thresholds and greater prevalence of unilateral low-frequency SNHL (15.2 vs. 8.3%, P = 0.01). In multivariate analyses, obesity was associated with a 1.85 fold increase in the odds of unilateral low-frequency SNHL (95% CI: 1.10-3.13) after controlling for multiple hearing-related covariates. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that obesity in childhood is associated with higher hearing thresholds across all frequencies and an almost 2-fold increase in the odds of unilateral low-frequency hearing loss. These results add to the growing literature on obesity-related health disturbances and also add to the urgency in instituting public health measures to reduce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Lalwani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, U.S.A
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Mahboubi H, Oliaei S, Kiumehr S, Dwabe S, Djalilian HR. The prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus in the youth population of the United States. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:2001-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mahboubi
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California-Irvine; California; U.S.A
| | - Sepehr Oliaei
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California-Irvine; California; U.S.A
| | - Saman Kiumehr
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California-Irvine; California; U.S.A
| | - Sami Dwabe
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California-Irvine; California; U.S.A
| | - Hamid R. Djalilian
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California-Irvine; California; U.S.A
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Prevalence of Leisure Noise-Induced Tinnitus and the Attitude Toward Noise in University Students. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33:899-906. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e31825d640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marcoux AM, Feder K, Keith SE, Marro L, James ME, Michaud DS. Audiometric thresholds among a Canadian sample of 10 to 17 year old students. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 131:2787-2798. [PMID: 22501057 DOI: 10.1121/1.3689550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A total of 237 students, 10 to 17 years of age, from 14 schools underwent hearing evaluations. Otoscopic examination, tympanometry and air-conduction pure tone audiometry was conducted at low (0.5, 1, 2 kHz) and high (4 and 8 kHz) frequencies. In all schools, hearing thresholds were measured with headphones in a portable audiometric booth. Socio-demographic information from students and their parents were collected using questionnaires. Overall, the prevalence of any hearing loss greater than 15 dB was 22.3% for low or high frequency pure tone averages. Self-reported symptoms of hearing loss, such as tinnitus, difficulty following a conversation with background noise, and having to turn up the TV/radio more than in the past, were associated with audiometric thresholds, most notably at 4 kHz. These study findings are among the first to provide a detailed characterization of hearing status in a sample of youth in a Canadian demographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Marcoux
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H8M5
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Schlauch RS, Carney E. The challenge of detecting minimal hearing loss in audiometric surveys. Am J Audiol 2012; 21:106-19. [PMID: 22271907 DOI: 10.1044/1059-0889(2012/11-0012)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This tutorial provides framework and context for understanding the complex interaction of hearing measurement methodology and cohort social factors, as well as their relation to approaches to data interpretation and identification of minimal hearing loss (HL) in audiometric surveys. METHOD Pertinent archival studies were reviewed, and an original analysis on U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) audiometric survey data from children (ages 6-19) was performed. CONCLUSION The definition of an otologically normal individual, the pass-fail criterion representing the upper limit of the range of normal hearing, and the quality of the audiometry affect the percentage of persons who are falsely identified as having a minimal HL. An upper limit of normal hearing of 15 dB HL yields an unacceptably high false-positive rate, particularly when the more variable higher audiometric frequencies are examined. When air-conduction thresholds are assessed in isolation to estimate potential noise damage, the failure to exclude persons who have possible middle and external ear problems, including earwax, results in high false-positive rates. When these factors and other limitations are considered, audiograms from teens from a recent CDC survey do not show evidence consistent with widespread noise-induced HL. Suggestions are made to improve the effectiveness of pure-tone audiometry and the identification of minimal HL.
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Teeuw M, Elshout G. Hearing loss among low-SES adolescent girls. J Adolesc Health 2011; 49:334; author reply 334. [PMID: 21856530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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