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Ogbodo SC, Onyekwum CA. Social determinants of health, religiosity, and tobacco use in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from the global adult tobacco surveys in seven countries. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-023-01882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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Sajid M, Srivastava S, Yadav RK, Joshi L, Bharadwaj M. Fungal Community Composition and Function Associated with Loose Smokeless Tobacco Products. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:131. [PMID: 36894760 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products (STPs) contain several microbial communities which are responsible for the formation of carcinogens, like tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNAs). A majority of STPs are sold in loose/unpackaged form which can be loaded with a diverse microbial population. Here, the fungal population and mycotoxins level of three popular Indian loose STPs, Dohra, Mainpuri Kapoori (MK), and loose leaf-chewing tobacco (LCT) was examined using metagenomic sequencing of ITS1 DNA segment of the fungal genome and LC-MS/MS, respectively. We observed that Ascomycota was the most abundant phylum and Sterigmatomyces and Pichia were the predominant fungal genera in loose STPs. MK displayed the highest α-diversity being enriched with pathogenic fungi Apiotrichum, Aspergillus, Candida, Fusarium, Trichosporon, and Wallemia. Further, FUNGuild analysis revealed an abundance of saprotrophs in MK, while pathogen-saprotroph-symbiotroph were abundant in Dohra and LCT. The level of a fungal toxin (ochratoxins A) was high in the MK product. This study caution that loose STPs harbor various harmful fungi that can infect their users and deliver fungal toxins or disrupt the oral microbiome of SLT users which can contribute to several oral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajid
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi K Yadav
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lata Joshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Sreeramareddy CT, Manoharan A. Smokeless tobacco consumption and its association with tobacco control factors in the Western Pacific Region: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2015-2019. Epidemiol Health 2022; 44:e2022103. [PMID: 36397245 PMCID: PMC10185971 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We estimated the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (ST) consumption and its associations with tobacco control factors among school-going youth in 18 Western Pacific Region (WPR) countries. METHODS We analyzed school-based Global Youth Tobacco Survey (2014-2019) microdata from 18 WPR countries and estimated weighted prevalence rates of ST consumption, cigarette smoking, and dual use. We used multilevel binary logistic regression to examine the associations of ST consumption and dual use with demographic variables, exposure to pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco factors, national income, and MPOWER indicators. RESULTS Data from 58,263 school-going youth were analyzed. The prevalence of past 30-day ST consumption was highest in Kiribati (42.1%), the Marshall Islands (26.1%), Micronesia (21.3%), Palau (16.0%), and Papua New Guinea (15.2%). In adjusted multilevel models, ST consumption and dual use were significantly associated with sex, age, parental smoking, pro-tobacco factors, national income, and MPOWER score. For each unit increase in score for cessation programs, we observed approximately 1.4-fold increases in the odds of youth ST consumption (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 1.66) and dual use (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.86). Similarly, for each unit increase in score for health-related warnings, the odds of both ST consumption (aOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.53) and dual use (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.42) decreased by approximately 60%. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of youth ST consumption was substantial in the Pacific Islands, exceeding that of cigarette smoking in some countries. Implementing MPOWER measures for ST products could help reduce ST consumption.
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Solhi M, Fattahi E, Manzari ZS, Gupta PC, Kargar M, Kasmaei P, Barati H. The Reasons for Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:492-501. [PMID: 34178796 PMCID: PMC8214603 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem in some parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to investigate the reasons and factors of consumption. Methods: A content analysis was conducted on articles for the past thirty years (1989–2019). We reviewed and selected 400 abstracts of original articles from PubMed databases by the search strategy, and reviewed one by one. Among these, 45 abstracts were selected, in which the patterns of use, the reasons for using, and the determinants and predictors were described. Eleven papers were selected based on the results and related to the research objectives. The results of these articles were evaluated precisely word by word and phrase by phrase with content analysis method and inductive approach. Results: The reasons for the use of smokeless tobacco fell in two main themes: socio-cultural structure; and, beliefs, each contained Sub-themes such as “culture and living conditions”, “laws”, “family and peer relationships”, “beliefs related to psychological” and “beliefs related to physical influences”, “beliefs”, “The role of harm perceptions “. Conclusion: There was a difference between beliefs, cultures and social conditions among the people about using of smokeless tobacco and the association of these factors is investigated in future studies. We also suggest for the prevention and control of smokeless tobacco use, cultural norms and beliefs will need to address adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Solhi
- Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Fattahi
- Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Manzari
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mehdi Kargar
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Kasmaei
- Health and Environment Research Center, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hadis Barati
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Predictors of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke among
non-smoking in-school adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. POPULATION MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18332/popmed/125362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Edwards KC, Kasza KA, Tang Z, Stanton CA, Sharma E, Halenar MJ, Taylor KA, Donaldson EA, Hull LC, Bansal-Travers M, Limpert J, Zandberg I, Gardner LD, Borek N, Kimmel HL, Compton WM, Hyland A. Correlates of tobacco product reuptake and relapse among youth and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1-3 (2013-2016). Tob Control 2020; 29:s216-s226. [PMID: 32321855 PMCID: PMC7517708 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines sociodemographic and tobacco use correlates of reuptake and relapse to tobacco use across a variety of tobacco products (cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems, cigars, hookah and smokeless tobacco) among the US population. DESIGN Data were drawn from the first three waves (2013-2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of US youth (ages 12-17) and adults (ages 18+). Reuptake (past 30-day use among previous tobacco users) and relapse (current use among former established users; adults only) were examined among previous users of at least one type of tobacco product at Wave 1 (W1) or Wave 2 (W2) (n=19 120 adults, n=3039 youth). Generalised estimating equations were used to evaluate the association between demographic and tobacco use characteristics at baseline, with reuptake/relapse at follow-up, over two 1-year periods (W1-W2 and W2-Wave 3). RESULTS Any tobacco product reuptake occurred in 7.8% of adult previous users and 30.3% of youth previous users. Correlates of any tobacco reuptake included being male, non-Hispanic black and bisexual in adults, but race and sexual orientation were not consistent findings in youth. Among recent former users, relapse rates were greater (32.9%). Shorter time since last use and greater levels of tobacco dependence showed the strongest association with any tobacco relapse. DISCUSSION Continued clinical and public health efforts to provide adults with tools to cope with tobacco dependence symptoms, especially within the first year or two after quitting, could help prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Edwards
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Karin A Kasza
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zhiqun Tang
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Cassandra A Stanton
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eva Sharma
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Halenar
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kristie A Taylor
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Elisabeth A Donaldson
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lynn C Hull
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jean Limpert
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Izabella Zandberg
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lisa D Gardner
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Sharma E, Edwards KC, Halenar MJ, Taylor KA, Kasza KA, Day H, Gardner LD, Anic G, Bansal-Travers M, Limpert J, Hammad HT, Borek N, Kimmel HL, Compton WM, Hyland A, Stanton CA. Longitudinal pathways of exclusive and polytobacco smokeless use among youth, young adults and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1-3 (2013-2016). Tob Control 2020; 29:s170-s177. [PMID: 32321851 PMCID: PMC7534605 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) with other tobacco products is growing, yet gaps in understanding transitions among SLT and other product use remain. The aim of this study is to examine cross-sectional prevalence and longitudinal pathways of SLT use among US youth (12-17 years), young adults (18-24 years) and adults 25+ (25 years and older). DESIGN Data were drawn from the first three waves (2013-2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of US youth and adults. Respondents with data at all three waves (youth, n=11 046; young adults, n=6478; adults 25+, n=17 188) were included in longitudinal analyses. RESULTS Young adults had the highest current SLT use compared with other age groups. Among Wave 1 (W1) past 30-day youth and young adult SLT users, most were SLT and cigarette polytobacco users compared with adults 25+, who more often used SLT exclusively. Among W1 exclusive SLT users, persistent exclusive use across all three waves was more common among adults 25+, while transitioning from exclusive SLT use to SLT polytobacco use at Wave 2 or Wave 3 was more common among youth and young adults. Among W1 SLT and cigarette polytobacco users, a common pathway was discontinuing SLT use but continuing other tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed distinct longitudinal transitions among exclusive and SLT polytobacco users. Deeper understanding of these critical product transitions will allow for further assessment of population health impact of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sharma
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn C Edwards
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Halenar
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kristie A Taylor
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Karin A Kasza
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hannah Day
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lisa D Gardner
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Gabriella Anic
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jean Limpert
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hoda T Hammad
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Cassandra A Stanton
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Chen X, Li H, Lucero-Prisno DE, Abdullah AS, Huang J, Laurence C, Liang X, Ma Z, Mao Z, Ren R, Wu S, Wang N, Wang P, Wang T, Yan H, Zou Y. What is global health? Key concepts and clarification of misperceptions: Report of the 2019 GHRP editorial meeting. Glob Health Res Policy 2020; 5:14. [PMID: 32289081 PMCID: PMC7136700 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-020-00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The call for "Working Together to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind" requires us to improve people's health across the globe, while global health development entails a satisfactory answer to a fundamental question: "What is global health?" To promote research, teaching, policymaking, and practice in global health, we summarize the main points on the definition of global health from the Editorial Board Meeting of Global Health Research and Policy, convened in July 2019 in Wuhan, China. The meeting functioned as a platform for free brainstorming, in-depth discussion, and post-meeting synthesizing. Through the meeting, we have reached a consensus that global health can be considered as a general guiding principle, an organizing framework for thinking and action, a new branch of sciences and specialized discipline in the large family of public health and medicine. The word "global" in global health can be subjective or objective, depending on the context and setting. In addition to dual-, multi-country and global, a project or a study conducted at a local area can be global if it (1) is framed with a global perspective, (2) intends to address an issue with global impact, and/or (3) seeks global solutions to an issue, such as frameworks, strategies, policies, laws, and regulations. In this regard, global health is eventually an extension of "international health" by borrowing related knowledge, theories, technologies and methodologies from public health and medicine. Although global health is a concept that will continue to evolve, our conceptualization through group effort provides, to date, a comprehensive understanding. This report helps to inform individuals in the global health community to advance global health science and practice, and recommend to take advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Chen
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abu S. Abdullah
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Jiayan Huang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xiaohui Liang
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Ma
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zongfu Mao
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Ren
- Global Health Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shaolong Wu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peigang Wang
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yan
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuliang Zou
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Lawal FB, Fagbule OF. Knowledge of School-Going Adolescents About the Oral Effects of Tobacco Usage in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2019; 40:337-343. [PMID: 31865853 DOI: 10.1177/0272684x19896730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The individual knowledge of the effects of tobacco usage on health plays an important role in its uptake. Tobacco consumption usually starts during adolescence, and lack of knowledge about the oral problems of tobacco usage probably plays a role in it. AIM To determine the knowledge of adolescents about the effect of tobacco usage on oral health. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,465 adolescents aged 12 to 20 years who attended senior secondary schools in a major city in Nigeria. Data were obtained through a semistructured questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed with SPSS. RESULTS The mean age of respondents was 15.2 (±1.4) years. Only 40 (2.7%) of them used tobacco at the time of study and 992 (67.7%) said that tobacco usage has effect(s) on oral health. The main effects mentioned were mouth odor: 338 (34.1%); teeth discoloration: 297 (29.9%); tooth decay: 138 (13.9%); damage to teeth: 72 (7.3%); lip discoloration: 39 (3.9%); and oral cancer: 11 (1.1%). It was found that female respondents (72.1%, odds ratio = 1.4, confidence interval = 1.1-1.7, p = .005); those aged 12 to 15 years (73.6%, odds ratio = 2.0, confidence interval = 1.6-2.5, p < .001); and children of skilled workers (73.4%, odds ratio = 1.9, confidence interval = 1.2-3.0, p = .008) were more likely to mention that tobacco has adverse effect(s) on oral health. CONCLUSION Although two thirds of the students knew that tobacco usage has effects on oral health, there were gross inadequacies in the knowledge and misconceptions about those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake B Lawal
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Nigeria
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Omotayo F Fagbule
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Pediatric Sarcoidosis: A Review with Emphasis on Early Onset and High-Risk Sarcoidosis and Diagnostic Challenges. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040160. [PMID: 31731423 PMCID: PMC6963233 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory syndrome with multisystemic manifestations. We performed a systematic review of sarcoidosis in the pediatric population with particular emphases on early onset sarcoidosis, high-risk sarcoidosis, and newly reported or unusual sarcoid-related diseases. Blau Syndrome and early onset sarcoidosis/ BS-EOS are seen in children younger than five years old presenting with extra-thoracic manifestations but usually without lymphadenopathy and/or pulmonary involvement. The prevalence of high-risk sarcoidosis is very low in children and is further limited by the difficulty of diagnosis in symptomatic children and underdiagnosis in subclinical or asymptomatic patients. Reports of sarcoidal syndromes in users of E-cigarette/marijuana/other flavorings and their induction in cancer immunotherapies are of interests and may be challenging to differentiate from metastatic malignancy. The diagnostic considerations in pediatric sarcoidosis are to support a compatible clinicoradiographic presentation and the pathologic findings of non-necrotizing granulomas by ruling out granulomas of infective etiology. There is no absolutely reliable diagnostic test for sarcoidosis at present. The use of endoscopic bronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBNA) sampling of intrathoracic lymph nodes and lung, and for superficially accessible lesions, with cytopathological assessment and pathological confirmations provide fair diagnostic yield and excellent patient safety profile in children.
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Mohammed M, Cheung KL, Winkens B, de Vries N, de Vries H. Factors associated with smoking initiation among Saudi male adolescents: A longitudinal study. Tob Prev Cessat 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 32411884 PMCID: PMC7205146 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knowing country-specific predictors of smoking behaviour for adolescents is crucial for successful smoking prevention programs. This study aims to assess demographic and socio-cognitive variables related to smoking initiation among Saudi male adolescents. METHODS Longitudinal data were collected at T1 (baseline) and at T2 (followup at 6 months) using a self-administered questionnaire. We assessed smoking behaviour and related demographic variables and socio-cognitive variables. Chi-squared tests and independent-samples t-tests were used to identify differences in baseline characteristics between smokers and non-smokers at T1. Furthermore, non-smokers at T1 were included in logistic regression analyses to examine the predictors of smoking initiation between T1 and T2. RESULTS At T1, the non-smokers who were included in further analysis were 523 (84.9%) of whom 48 (9.2%) had initiated smoking at T2. They differed significantly from non-initiators, including having a more positive attitude towards smoking, reporting more social norms, modelling and pressure to smoke, having a lower self-efficacy to refrain from smoking and higher intention to smoke in the future (all p<0.001). The regression analysis revealed that: adolescents with disrupted-families, being of low academic achievement, with relatively high monthly-income families, having more smoking-peers, high-perceived pressure to smoke from parents (p=0.002) and teachers (p=0.001), have smoking supportive-norms of parents and having high intention to smoke in the future (p<0.001) were at higher risk of being smokers. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that health-promoting programs should address strengthening of self-efficacy and enhancing refusal skills against modelling of peers, pressure and norms of parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutaz Mohammed
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kei Long Cheung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bjorn Winkens
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nanne de Vries
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hein de Vries
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Hamrah MH, Hamrah MS, Hamrah MH, Dahi T, Fotouhi A, Sakamoto J, Hamrah MH. Nass use and associated factors among outpatients in northern Afghanistan: A cross-sectional study in Andkhoy City. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:36. [PMID: 31516435 PMCID: PMC6659476 DOI: 10.18332/tid/93574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Nass is a form of smokeless tobacco. It is used most commonly in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, and is significantly associated with oral and oesophageal cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nass use and its associated factors among patients attending an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed in an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan, from April to July 2017. The study included 387 consecutive patients. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, which includes three main items: demographic, physical, and biomedical measurements. We performed binary logistic regression to identify independent risk factors of nass use. RESULTS The study included 387 participants, of whom 225 were males (58.1%) and 162 were females (41.9%). The overall prevalence of nass use was 48.8% (95% CI: 43.8–53.9%), with the Turkmen ethnic group having significantly higher prevalence than other ethnic groups (58.2%, 95% CI: 50.8–65.3% vs 41.8%, 95% CI: 34.7–49.2%). The mean and standard deviation of the age was 63.9 (17.2) years for nass users and 42.3 (17.4) years for non-users. Based on a multivariate analysis, family history of nass use (OR=31.4, 95% CI: 12.5–78.5), illiteracy (OR=8.9, 95% CI: 2.5–31.2), rural residence (OR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.0–3.9), and unemployment (OR=5.4, 95% CI: 1.4–21.4) were associated with nass use. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that about half of the participants were nass users, and nass use associated factors were family history of nass use, illiteracy, unemployment, and rural residency in outpatient clinics in Afghanistan. More surveillance data are needed on a national level to inform the development of strategies for the prevention and control of nass consumption in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasssan Hamrah
- Mohammad Hashem Hamrah's Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Afghanistan.,Faculty of Stomatology, Kunduz University, Kunduz, Afghanistan
| | | | - Mohammad Hussain Hamrah
- Mohammad Hashem Hamrah's Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Afghanistan.,Arya University Faculty of Medicine, Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan
| | - Toba Dahi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Mohammad Hashem Hamrah's Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Afghanistan
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Almahdi HM, Ali RW, Nasir EF, Åstrøm AN. Socio-cognitive correlates of intention to use Toombak: a cross-sectional study among students (13-16 years) in Khartoum State, Sudan. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:88. [PMID: 28768494 PMCID: PMC5541648 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toombak is a form of smokeless tobacco, locally made and consumed in Sudan. It is associated with a number of health hazards, particularly oral cancer. This study was set out to assess the prevalence and socio-demographic distribution of its use, and to explore the socio-cognitive factors affecting the intention to use Toombak among secondary school students in Khartoum State, Sudan. METHODS A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted in 2013-2014 where schools were randomly selected using a one-stage stratified sampling procedure. The sample size was calculated to consist of 1526 students. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, which contained some cognitive constructs; information received, social image, attitudes, normative social influence, accessibility to Toombak, socio-demographics and Toombak use related variables. RESULTS A total of 1670 secondary school students participated in the study. More than half of them 53.4% were <15-years-old and 53.6% were females. Only 5.3% of the students reported intention to use Toombak. Among the students 10.9% were ever Toombak users, 81.6% reported a positive attitude towards its use and 60.7% had received information about its harmful effects. A total of 72.6% reported normative social influence towards using Toombak and 62.5% perceived a negative social image attached to its use. Most of the students, 70.8% reported exposure to anti-Toombak information, 41.8% confirmed exposure to Toombak advertisement and 87.5% reported indirect access to its sale. Younger students reported ever use of Toombak less frequently than their older counterparts (38.4% versus 61.6%), p < 0.001. Males reported ever use of Toombak more frequently than did females (74.3% versus 25.7%), p < 0.001. According to the regression model, individuals who perceived a positive social image of Toombak users and had past experience were more likely to intend to its use. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that the prevalence of Toombak use among Sudanese secondary school students is low and that male and older students are more frequent users. Students' decision to use Toombak was based upon past experience with Toombak use and the social image attached to its use. Easy access to Toombak and encouragement from friends and classmates were among the factors which support intention to use Toombak but only in the unadjusted analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rouf Wahab Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Elwalid Fadul Nasir
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan.,Centre for oral health expertise, Hordaland-West, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Nordrehaug Åstrøm
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sinha DN, Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Sharma S, Gupta PC, Singh H, Mehrotra R. Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Adolescents in Global Perspective. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1395-1396. [PMID: 28180905 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra N Sinha
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Deeksha Bhartiya
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Harpreet Singh
- Bioinformatics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
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Leon ME, Lugo A, Boffetta P, Gilmore A, Ross H, Schüz J, La Vecchia C, Gallus S. Smokeless tobacco use in Sweden and other 17 European countries. Eur J Public Health 2016; 26:817-821. [PMID: 27048433 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to report prevalence and determinants of use of smokeless tobacco in a representative sample of men and women from Sweden, where Swedish snus sales are legal, and from 17 other European countries, where sales of smokeless tobacco are restricted. METHODS In 2010, a face-to-face survey including information on current smokeless tobacco use was conducted in a representative sample of around 1000 individuals aged ≥15 years per country in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden. RESULTS In Sweden, the overall prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was 12.3% (20.7% in men, 3.5% in women). The corresponding estimate for other European countries combined was 1.1% (1.2% in men, 1.1% in women). Compared with never smokers, former smokers in Sweden were significantly more likely to use smokeless tobacco (odds ratio, OR: 2.67), whereas no difference in use was observed in other countries (OR: 1.04). Use of smokeless tobacco was similar among current smokers in Sweden (OR: 1.96) and in other countries (OR: 2.40) when contrasted to never smokers. In Sweden there were no differences in the number of cigarettes/day between smokers who also use smokeless tobacco (13.3 cigarettes/day) and exclusive cigarette smokers (12.9 cigarettes/day; P = 0.785). CONCLUSIONS Excluding Sweden, current oral tobacco use was not commonly reported in the European countries surveyed and was similarly rare both in men and in women. In Sweden, however, use of smokeless tobacco was about 10-fold higher than the rest of Europe and more prevalent in men than in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Leon
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Alessandra Lugo
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, New York, USA
| | - Anna Gilmore
- Department for Health and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Hana Ross
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple levels of influence interplay to impact youth tobacco use. We work towards understanding important policy and environmental strategies that are associated with youth tobacco use behaviors. METHODS We utilized data from participants of the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study and linked national data from multiple sources to assess correlates of youth tobacco use behaviors across individual, family, school, community, and state-level policy influences. RESULTS Higher cigarette prices had the strongest association with youth tobacco use behaviors. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics at the individual, familial, and community/school-levels were associated with youth tobacco use behaviors. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we confirm that higher cigarette prices could help to reduce youth tobacco use behaviors. Several states are still lagging behind in terms of their low cigarette tax and they should enact tax policies to reduce youth tobacco use.
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Use of electronic cigarettes and alternative tobacco products among Romanian adolescents. Int J Public Health 2016; 61:199-207. [PMID: 26729271 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-015-0774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess socio-demographic and smoking-related correlates of e-cigarette and alternative tobacco products (ATPs) use in a multi-ethnic group of adolescents in Tîrgu Mures, Romania. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 1835 high school students from Tirgu Mures, Romania. Socio-demographic variables and data about smoking and e-cigarettes and ATP use were collected using an online questionnaire. Chi-square tests or one-way ANOVA were applied to compare never smokers, non-current smokers, and current smokers. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to determine the correlates of e-cigarettes and ATP use. RESULTS The most frequently tried non-cigarette nicotine and tobacco products were e-cigarette (38.5 %), cigar (31.4 %) and waterpipe (21.1 %). Ever trying and current use of cigarettes were the most important correlates of e-cigarette and ATPs use. Sex, ethnicity, sensation seeking and perceived peer smoking were correlates of several ATPs use. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study may inform the development of tailored tobacco control programs.
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18
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Correlates of gambling on high-school grounds. Addict Behav 2015; 51:57-64. [PMID: 26232102 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined adolescent gambling on school grounds (GS+) and how such behavior was associated with gambling-related attitudes. Further, we examined whether GS+ moderated associations between at-risk problem-gambling (ARPG) and gambling behaviors related to gambling partners. METHOD Participants were 1988 high-school students who completed survey materials. Demographic, perceptions, attitudes, and gambling variables were stratified by problem-gambling severity (ARPG versus recreational gambling) and GS+ status. Chi-square and adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine relationships among study variables. RESULTS Nearly 40% (39.58%) of students reported past-year GS+, with 12.91% of GS+ students, relative to 2.63% of those who did not report gambling on school grounds (GS-), meeting DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling (p<0.0001). In comparison to GS- students, GS+ students were more likely to report poorer academic achievement and more permissive attitudes towards gambling behaviors. Weaker links in GS+ students, in comparison with GS-, students, were observed between problem-gambling severity and gambling with family members (interaction odds ratio (IOR)=0.60; 95% CI=0.39-0.92) and gambling with friends (IOR=0.21; 95% CI=0.11-0.39). CONCLUSIONS GS+ is common and associated with pathological gambling and more permissive attitudes towards gambling. The finding that GS+ (relative to GS-) youth show differences in how problem-gambling is related to gambling partners (friends and family) warrants further investigation regarding whether and how peer and familial interactions might be improved to diminish youth problem-gambling severity. The high frequency of GS+ and its relationship with ARPG highlights a need for school administrators and personnel to consider interventions that target school-based gambling.
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Williams RJ, Knight RA, Wills TA. Why Children Smoke in 2015 and Prospects for Stopping Them: a Review of Current Literature. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Caleyachetty R, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Tait CA, Schilsky S, Forrester T, Kengne AP. Prevalence of behavioural risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:535-44. [PMID: 25957731 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although overt manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) rarely emerge before adulthood, CVD risk factors are often present in adolescents. However, the prevalence and magnitude of behavioural CVD risk factors in adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries remains unclear. We estimated the magnitude and co-occurrence of behavioural CVD risk factors in adolescents aged 12-15 years for 65 low-income and middle-income countries between 2003 and 2011. METHODS We extracted Global School-Based Student Health Surveys (GSHS) datasets from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. Pooled prevalence estimates of current tobacco use, alcohol use, low fruit and vegetable intake, low physical activity, obesity and co-occurrence of CVD risk factors for WHO regions and overall, was calculated with random-effects meta-analysis. We explored potential sources of heterogeneity for each CVD risk factor through random-effects meta-regression analysis. FINDINGS Between 2003 and 2011, of 169 369 adolescents, 12·1% (95% CI 10·2-14·1) used tobacco, 15·7% (12·3-19·5) used alcohol, 74·3% (71·9 -76·5) had low fruit and vegetable intake, 71·4% (69·5-73·3) reported low physical activity and 7·1% (5·6-8·7) were obese. The pooled regional prevalence of exposure to three or more CVD risk factors was lowest in the southeast Asian region (3·8%, 95% CI 1·2-7·5) and highest in the western Pacific region (18·6%, 12·8-25·3). Substantial heterogeneities within and across regions were not fully explained by major study characteristics. INTERPRETATION In low-income and middle-income countries, adolescents carry a substantial burden of behavioural CVD risk factors, which tend to co-occur. Surveillance, prevention, detection, and control initiatives are a global health priority. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Caleyachetty
- Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Port Louis, Republic of Mauritius; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK; National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, UK
| | - Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sam Schilsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Terrence Forrester
- University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica; The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre P Kengne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Smoking among Saudi students: a review of risk factors and early intentions of smoking. J Community Health 2015; 39:901-7. [PMID: 24984600 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to determine the prevalence of smoking among Saudi students and to study and to identify, synthesize and summarize the predictors that initiate smoking among students in different ages in Saudi Arabia. Different databases were searched (Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pub Med and Science Direct) with keywords. This search was carried out in October 2013. Studies that included were evaluated for methodological soundness by giving a quality score based on Russell and Gregory's criteria. A total 12 relevant articles were included in this review. The findings show that the prevalence of smoking is still in higher rates. The age of smoking was started among adolescents ranged from 10 to 15 years old while from university students were from 16 years old. The main reason for smoking among adolescents was influenced by friends. Among college students were peer pressure followed by the stress, media and imitation of others. Curiosity was a reason for having tried smoking and parents was perceived to be the first source for smoking. Religion was considered the main factor against smoking among the adolescent non-smokers and health consideration among college students. Appropriate smoking control programs on adolescent should be initiated they become the future professionals of the society. Smoking control programs should be considered in this group.
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Cadmium increases the sensitivity of adolescent female mice to nicotine-related behavioral deficits. Behav Neurol 2014; 2014:360978. [PMID: 25477708 PMCID: PMC4247978 DOI: 10.1155/2014/360978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates spatial and nonspatial working memory, anxiety related behavior, and motor activities in cadmium and/or nicotine exposed female adolescent mice. P28 female adolescent mice (albino strain) were divided into four groups of five (n = 5) mice each. A set of mice (Nic) received subcutaneous nicotine (2.0 mg/kg) while a separate set (Cd) was treated with 2.0 mg/kg cadmium (subcutaneous). For the combined treatments of cadmium and nicotine, we administered 2.0 mg/kg Nicotine and 2.0 mg/kg of Cd. Subsequently, a separate group of animals (n = 5; control) received normal saline. The total duration of treatment for all groups was 28 days (P28–P56). At P56, the treatment was discontinued, after which the animals were examined in behavioural tests. Nicotine and cadmium increased the metabolism and food intake in the female adolescent mice. This also corresponded to an increase in weight when compared with the control. However, a combined nicotine-cadmium treatment induced a decline in weight of the animals versus the control. Also, nicotine administration increased the motor function, while cadmium and nicotine-cadmium treatment caused a decline in motor activity. Both nicotine and cadmium induced a reduction in memory index; however, nicotine-cadmium treatment induced the most significant decrease in nonspatial working memory.
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Kamath KP, Mishra S, Anand PS. Smokeless tobacco use as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Front Public Health 2014; 2:195. [PMID: 25368861 PMCID: PMC4202691 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha P Kamath
- Department of Oral Pathology, People's Dental Academy , Bhopal , India
| | - Supriya Mishra
- Department of Periodontics, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre , Anjora , India
| | - Pradeep S Anand
- Department of Dentistry, ESIC Medical College Hospital , Parippally , India
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Lam DC, Nana A, Eastwood PR. Electronic cigarettes: ‘Vaping’ has unproven benefits and potential harm. Respirology 2014; 19:945-7. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C.L. Lam
- Department of Medicine; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Arth Nana
- Division of Respiratory Disease and Tuberculosis; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Thailand
| | - Peter R. Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science; School of Anatomy; Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
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Understanding the development and perception of global health for more effective student education. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 87:231-40. [PMID: 25191139 PMCID: PMC4144278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The concept of "global health" that led to the establishment of the World Health Organization in the 1940s is still promoting a global health movement 70 years later. Today's global health acts first as a guiding principle for our effort to improve people's health across the globe. Furthermore, global health has become a branch of science, "global health science," supporting institutionalized education. Lastly, as a discipline, global health should focus on medical and health issues that: 1) are determined primarily by factors with a cross-cultural, cross-national, cross-regional, or global scope; 2) are local but have global significance if not appropriately managed; and 3) can only be efficiently managed through international or global efforts. Therefore, effective global health education must train students 1) to understand global health status; 2) to investigate both global and local health issues with a global perspective; and 3) to devise interventions to deal with these issues.
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