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Wendler D. Pediatric Research without Parental Permission. J Pediatr 2023; 273:113896. [PMID: 38154520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Wendler
- Department of Bioethics, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD.
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2
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MacDonald KR, Enane LA, McHenry MS, Davis NL, Whipple EC, Ott MA. Ethical Aspects of Involving Adolescents in HIV Research: A Systematic Review of the Empiric Literature. J Pediatr 2023; 262:113589. [PMID: 37399918 PMCID: PMC11119419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ethics of involving adolescents in HIV research, we conducted a systematic review of the empiric literature. METHODS Electronic databases Ovid Medline, Embase, and CINAHL were systematically searched using controlled vocabulary terms related to ethics, HIV, specified age groups, and empiric research studies. We reviewed titles and abstracts, including studies that collected qualitative or quantitative data, evaluated ethical issues in HIV research, and included adolescents. Studies were appraised for quality, data were extracted, and studies were analyzed using narrative synthesis. RESULTS We included 41 studies: 24 qualitative, 11 quantitative, 6 mixed methods; 22 from high-income countries (HIC), 18 from low- or middle-income countries (LMIC), and 1 from both HIC and LMIC. Adolescent, parent, and community perspectives assert the benefits of involving minors in HIV research. Participants in LMIC expressed mixed views regarding parental consent requirements and confidentiality, given adolescents' both increasing autonomy and continued need for adult support. In studies in HIC, sexual or gender minority youth would not participate in research if parental consent were required or if there were confidentiality concerns. There was variation in the comprehension of research concepts, but adolescents generally demonstrated good comprehension of informed consent. Informed consent processes can be improved to increase comprehension and study accessibility. Vulnerable participants face complex social barriers that should be considered in study design. CONCLUSIONS Data support the inclusion of adolescents in HIV research. Empiric research can inform consent processes and procedural safeguards to ensure appropriate access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Leslie A Enane
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Megan S McHenry
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Neilkant L Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Elizabeth C Whipple
- Ruth Lilly Medical Library, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mary A Ott
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Kreniske P, Hoffman S, Ddaaki W, Nakyanjo N, Spindler E, Ssekyewa C, Isabirye D, Nakubulwa R, Proscovia N, Daniel L, Haba N, Maru M, Thompson J, Chen IS, Nalugoda F, Ssekubugu R, Lutalo T, Ott MA, Santelli JS. Capacity to Consent to Research Among Adolescent-Parent Dyads in Rakai, Uganda. J Pediatr 2023; 257:113271. [PMID: 36402433 PMCID: PMC10202026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the cognitive capacity of early, middle, and late adolescents and their parents or guardians to provide informed consent to a population-based cohort study. STUDY DESIGN Adolescent-parent/guardian dyads including 40 early (n = 80; 10-14 years), 20 middle (15-17 years), and 20 late (18-19 years) adolescents were recruited from the Rakai Community Cohort Study, an open demographic cohort in Uganda. Participants were administered the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research, a structured open-ended assessment; interviews were recorded and transcribed. Twenty transcripts were scored independently by two coders; the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.89. The remaining interviews were scored individually. We compared mean scores for early and middle/late adolescents using a one-sided t test and score differences between parent/guardian and adolescent dyads using two-sided paired t tests. RESULTS Early adolescents (mean score, 28.8; 95% CI, 27.1-30.5) scored significantly lower (P < .01) than middle/late adolescents (32.4; 31.6-33.1). In paired dyad comparisons, we observed no statistically significant difference in scores between parents/guardians and middle/late adolescents (difference, -0.2; 95% CI, -1.0-0.6). We found a statistically significant difference in scores between parents/guardians and early adolescents (difference, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2-4.8). CONCLUSIONS The capacity of adolescents-of different ages and in diverse settings-to comprehend risks, benefits, and other elements of informed consent is a critical but understudied area in research ethics. Our findings support the practice of having middle and late adolescents provide independent informed consent for sexual and reproductive health studies. Early adolescents may benefit from supported decision-making approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kreniske
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY.
| | - Susie Hoffman
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Esther Spindler
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | - Lee Daniel
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Nao Haba
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Mahlet Maru
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Julia Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Ivy S Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Tom Lutalo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Mary A Ott
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - John S Santelli
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
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4
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Neilan AM, Salvant Valentine S, Knopf AS. Case 27-2021: A 16-Year-Old Boy Seeking Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:1034-1041. [PMID: 34496178 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1909626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Neilan
- From the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (A.M.N.); the Division of HIV-AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (S.S.V.); and Community and Health Systems, Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis (A.S.K.)
| | - Sheila Salvant Valentine
- From the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (A.M.N.); the Division of HIV-AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (S.S.V.); and Community and Health Systems, Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis (A.S.K.)
| | - Amelia S Knopf
- From the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (A.M.N.); the Division of HIV-AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (S.S.V.); and Community and Health Systems, Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis (A.S.K.)
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5
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Landers SE, Francis JKR, Morris MC, Mauro C, Rosenthal SL. Adolescent and Parent Perceptions about Participation in Biomedical Sexual Health Trials. Ethics Hum Res 2020; 42:2-11. [PMID: 32421948 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given the burden of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among adolescents who are legal minors, it is critical that they be included in biomedical sexual health trials to ensure that new prevention and treatment interventions are safe, effective, and acceptable for their use. However, adolescents are often not well represented in clinical trials. We provide an overview of the available evidence regarding adolescent and parent willingness for adolescents to participate in biomedical sexual health trials, parental involvement in the permission-consent process, management of differences and discord among adolescents and parents, and parental involvement throughout the study period. We also outline recommendations for current practice and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Landers
- Research coordinator in the Department of Pediatrics at Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Jenny K R Francis
- Assistant professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Marilyn C Morris
- Associate professor in the Department of Pediatrics at Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Christine Mauro
- Assistant professor in the Department of Biostatistics at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Susan L Rosenthal
- Professor of medical psychology in the Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry at Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University Irving Medical Center
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Abstract
The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine emphasizes the need for research to focus on the health outcomes of sexual minority youth (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer). However, sexual minority youth (SMY) are often less willing to participate in research studies where parental consent is required due to potential victimization and discrimination. This is a major concern given that more research is needed to understand the health needs of this population, especially in terms of suicide, substance use, and HIV prevention. The National Suicide Prevention Strategy classifies SMY as a high-risk group, emphasizing the need to explore suicide risks (along with other health outcomes) among this group. However, this high-risk classification also increases the safeguards necessary to conduct research with this population. Many researchers have argued for waivers of parental consent, but such waivers present with several ethical implications. This article discusses ethical principles, risks, benefits, safeguards, and potential alternative approaches to waivers of parental consent for SMY. We conclude by emphasizing the need for policy changes to allow parental consent waivers for research targeting SMY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel U Smith
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA
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Groves AK, Hallfors DD, Iritani BJ, Rennie S, Odongo FS, Kwaro D, Amek N, Luseno WK. "I think the parent should be there because no one was born alone": Kenyan adolescents' perspectives on parental involvement in HIV research. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2018; 17:227-239. [PMID: 30319046 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2018.1504805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite a pressing need for adolescent HIV research in sub-Saharan Africa, ethical guidance for conducting research among minor adolescents is lacking. One ethical issue is the degree to which parents should be involved in the research process. The existing discourse is predominantly speculative and focuses on negative consequences of parental involvement. We use empirical data to describe the perspectives of Kenyan adolescents on parental involvement in consent and disclosure of HIV test results within a research study context. We conducted two rounds of focus group discussions with 40 adolescents in western Kenya to ask about minor adolescent participation in HIV research. We analysed data using codes and matrices. Kenyan adolescents were largely in favour of parental involvement during the research process. Half felt adolescent minors should solicit parental consent to participate, and nearly all said parents should learn the HIV test results of adolescent minors in order to provide necessary support. From their perspective, involvement of parents in research extends beyond obtaining their consent to providing essential support for youth, regardless of HIV status, both during and beyond the research study. Ethical guidelines that prioritise adolescent autonomy in research must consider reasons to involve parents considered important by adolescents themselves, particularly in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Groves
- a Department of Community Health and Prevention , Drexel University , Philadelphia , USA
| | | | - Bonita J Iritani
- b Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Stuart Rennie
- c Department of Social Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Fredrick S Odongo
- d Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya
| | - Daniel Kwaro
- d Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya
| | - Nyaguara Amek
- d Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya
| | - Winnie K Luseno
- b Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation , Chapel Hill , USA
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8
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Tsevat RK, Breitkopf CR, Landers SE, de Roche AM, Mauro C, Ipp LS, Catallozzi M, Rosenthal SL. Adolescents' and Parents' Attitudes Toward Adolescent Clinical Trial Participation: Changes Over One Year. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 13:383-390. [PMID: 30103655 PMCID: PMC6146060 DOI: 10.1177/1556264618790889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how adolescents' and parents' thoughts about participation in clinical trials change over time. In this study, adolescent (14-17 years)-parent dyads were asked about willingness to participate in a hypothetical reproductive health study. A year later, they were asked how their thoughts about the study had changed. Qualitative responses were coded and analyzed using framework analysis. Thirty-two percent of adolescents and 18% of parents reported changes in thoughts; reasons included general changes in perception, clearer understanding, new knowledge or experiences, increased maturity/age of adolescents, and changes in participants independent of the study. Adolescents and parents may benefit from learning about studies multiple times, and investigators should account for development and new experiences to optimize adolescent research enrollment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Tsevat
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (USA)
| | | | - Sara E. Landers
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (USA)
| | - Ariel M. de Roche
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (USA)
| | | | - Lisa S. Ipp
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital (USA)
- Weill Cornell Medical College (USA)
| | - Marina Catallozzi
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (USA)
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health (USA)
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital (USA)
| | - Susan L. Rosenthal
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (USA)
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital (USA)
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9
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Rosenthal SL, Morris MC, Hoffman LF, Zimet GD. Inclusion of Adolescents in STI/HIV Biomedical Prevention Trials: Autonomy, Decision Making, and Parental Involvement. CLINICAL PRACTICE IN PEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 6:299-307. [PMID: 30393589 DOI: 10.1037/cpp0000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States.,NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Marilyn C Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States.,NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lily F Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gregory D Zimet
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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10
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Flores D, McKinney R, Arscott J, Barroso J. Obtaining waivers of parental consent: A strategy endorsed by gay, bisexual, and queer adolescent males for health prevention research. Nurs Outlook 2018; 66:138-148. [PMID: 28993074 PMCID: PMC5857413 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Requiring parental consent in studies with sexual minority youth (SMY) can sometimes be problematic as participants may have yet to disclose their sexual orientation, may not feel comfortable asking parents' permission, and may promote a self-selection bias. PURPOSE We discuss rationale for waiving parental consent, strategies to secure waivers from review boards, and present participants' feedback on research without parents' permission. METHODS We share our institutional review board proposal in which we made a case that excluding SMY from research violates ethical research principles, does not recognize their autonomy, and limits collection of sexuality data. DISCUSSION Standard consent policies may inadvertently exclude youth who are at high risk for negative health outcomes or may potentially put them at risk because of forced disclosure of sexual orientation. Securing a waiver addresses these concerns and allows for rich data, which is critical for providers to have a deeper understanding of their unique sexual health needs. CONCLUSION To properly safeguard and encourage research informed by SMY, parental consent waivers may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross McKinney
- Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC
| | | | - Julie Barroso
- Medical University of South Carolina School of Nursing, Charleston, SC
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11
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Knopf AS, Ott MA, Liu N, Kapogiannis BG, Zimet GD, Fortenberry JD, Hosek SG. Minors' and Young Adults' Experiences of the Research Consent Process in a Phase II Safety Study of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV. J Adolesc Health 2017; 61:747-754. [PMID: 28967541 PMCID: PMC5701834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a persistent HIV epidemic among sexual and gender minority adolescents in the U.S. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an efficacious prevention strategy, but not yet approved for minors. Minors' access to biomedical HIV prevention technologies is impeded by the ethical and legal complexities of consent to research participation. We explore autonomous consent and study experiences among minor and adult participants in Project PrEPare, a Phase II safety study of PrEP for HIV prevention. METHODS Data for this mixed-methods descriptive study were collected via self-administered web-survey and in-depth telephone interviews in early 2016. Eligible participants were previously enrolled in Project PrEPare. We attempted to contact 191 participants; 74 were reached and expressed interest in participating and 58 enrolled. RESULTS Participants nearly universally felt well informed, understood the study, and freely volunteered with the clear understanding they could withdraw any time. All felt supported by study staff, but a small minority wished for more support during enrollment. Minors were more likely than adults to indicate a wish for more support in decision-making, and adults expressed higher satisfaction with their decision compared to minors. There was no association between elements of consent and Project PrEPare study outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Participants had an overwhelmingly positive experience in a Phase II safety study of PrEP for HIV prevention. Some minors wished for more support during the decision-making process, but none consulted their parents about the decision. Our results support the inclusion of decisional supports in consent processes for adolescents, while also protecting their privacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia S. Knopf
- Indiana University School of Nursing, 600 Barnhill Drive, W425, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mary A. Ott
- Adolescent Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; 410 West 10th Street, Suite 1001; Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nancy Liu
- Westat, 1 600 Research Blvd. Rockville, MD 20850-3129
| | - Bill G. Kapogiannis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 6100 Executive Boulevard, Room 4B11J; Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gregory D. Zimet
- Adolescent Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; 410 West 10th Street, Suite 1001; Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - J. Dennis Fortenberry
- Adolescent Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; 410 West 10th Street, Suite 1001; Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sybil G. Hosek
- Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Department of Psychiatry; 1900 Polk Street, #854; Chicago, IL 60612
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Knopf AS, Gilbert AL, Zimet GD, Kapogiannis BG, Hosek SG, Fortenberry JD, Ott MA. Moral conflict and competing duties in the initiation of a biomedical HIV prevention trial with minor adolescents. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2017; 8:145-152. [PMID: 28949893 PMCID: PMC5618718 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2016.1251506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomedical HIV prevention research with minors is complicated by the requirement of parental consent, which may disclose sensitive information to parents. We examine the experience of principal investigators (PIs) and study personnel who faced this complex ethical issue in the first biomedical HIV prevention study that allowed minors to self-consent for enrollment. METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews with PIs and study personnel from 13 medical trial sites in cities across the United States. Data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis. RESULTS Participants experienced moral conflict as they struggled to fulfill conflicting duties in this trial involving minor adolescents with multiple vulnerabilities. Our participants experienced conflict between the two types of duties-protective and scientific-previously identified by Merritt. Protective duties were owed to the child, the parents, and the institution, and participants expressed tension between the actions that would protect these subgroups and the actions necessary to fulfill their scientific duties. CONCLUSIONS Moral conflict was resolved in a variety of ways, including reflecting on the protocol's alignment with federal regulations, modifying consent language, considering each individual for enrollment carefully, and accepting institutional review board (IRB) decisions. Potential solutions for future studies are discussed, and include flexible protocol consent procedures and centralized IRB reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory D Zimet
- b Department of Pediatrics , Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Bill G Kapogiannis
- c Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Sybil G Hosek
- d Department of Psychiatry, Stroger Hospital of Cook County
| | | | - Mary A Ott
- b Department of Pediatrics , Indiana University School of Medicine
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Avuvika E, Masese LN, Wanje G, Wanyonyi J, Nyaribo B, Omoni G, Baghazal A, McClelland RS. Barriers and Facilitators of Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Mombasa, Kenya: A Qualitative Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169388. [PMID: 28046104 PMCID: PMC5207488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Young women bear the greatest burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to identify and address barriers to STI screening in this population. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the feasibility of STI screening among adolescent girls and young women in Mombasa, Kenya. METHODS We conducted 17 in-depth interviews (IDIs) (8 with adolescent girls and 9 with young women) and 6 focus group discussions (FGDs) (4 with adolescent girls and 2 with young women, total 55 participants). The audio recordings for the IDIs and FGDs were translated and transcribed into English. Transcripts were independently reviewed by two researchers, and a set of codes was designed to help analyze the data using the content analysis approach. Data content was then analyzed manually and digitally using ATLAS.ti, and consensus was reached on central and specific emergent themes discussed by the research team. RESULTS Adolescent girls and young women in Mombasa, Kenya expressed willingness to participate in STI screening. A major incentive for screening was participants' desire to know their STI status, especially following perceived high-risk sexual behavior. Lack of symptoms and fear of positive test results were identified as barriers to STI screening at the individual level, while parental notification and stigmatization from parents, family members and the community were identified as barriers at the community level. Uncomfortable or embarrassing methods of specimen collection were an additional barrier. Thus, urine-based screening was felt to be the most acceptable. CONCLUSION Kenyan adolescent girls and young women seem willing to participate in screening for STIs using urine testing. Addressing stigmatization by parents, health care workers and the community could further facilitate STI screening in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Avuvika
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical & Infectious Diseases (UNITID), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linnet N. Masese
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - George Wanje
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical & Infectious Diseases (UNITID), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juliet Wanyonyi
- Student Services, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Grace Omoni
- School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - R. Scott McClelland
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical & Infectious Diseases (UNITID), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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14
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Hoffman LF, Francis NK, Catallozzi M, Francis JKR, Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Inclusion of Adolescents in Clinical Trials for Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Review of Existing Registered Studies. J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:576-8. [PMID: 26976148 PMCID: PMC4844784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite their heightened risk of sexually transmitted infections, minor adolescents (<18 years old) are often excluded from clinical trials. The results of trials of adults should not be assumed to generalize to minors. METHODS Two public clinical trial registries were first searched using microbicide or PrEP with STD, STI, HIV, or HSV and with gel, ring, or film, and then searched using prevention/sexually transmitted diseases with gel. Studies were classified based on the information provided in the registry. RESULTS The searches yielded 111 unique studies. Only 9.0% (n = 10) included minors. They were under-represented in Phase 0-II studies and over-represented in studies of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. CONCLUSIONS Minor adolescents should be included during all stages of development and before they have acquired an infection. Future studies should examine the challenges of including minor adolescents in trials and how to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily F. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Neferterneken K. Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Marina Catallozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States,Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Columbia University Medical Center – Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jenny K. R. Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Stanberry
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Susan L. Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
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15
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Fisher CB, Arbeit MR, Dumont MS, Macapagal K, Mustanski B. Self-Consent for HIV Prevention Research Involving Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: Reducing Barriers Through Evidence-Based Ethics. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 11:3-14. [PMID: 26956988 PMCID: PMC4842126 DOI: 10.1177/1556264616633963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This project examined the attitudes of sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) toward guardian permission for a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence trial and their preparedness to provide informed, rational, and voluntary self-consent. Sixty sexually active SGMY (ages 14-17) participated in online survey and asynchronous focus group questions after watching a video describing a PrEP adherence study. Youth responses highlighted guardian permission as a significant barrier to research participation, especially for those not "out" to families. Youth demonstrated understanding of research benefits, medical side effects, confidentiality risks, and random assignment and felt comfortable asking questions and declining participation. Reasoning about participation indicated consideration of health risks and benefits, personal sexual behavior, ability to take pills every day, logistics, and post-trial access to PrEP. Results demonstrate youth's ability to self-consent to age- and population-appropriate procedures, and underscore the value of empirical studies for informing institutional review board (IRB) protections of SGMY research participants.
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16
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Abstract
Pharmacological research in the adolescent population is not meeting adolescents' needs. Medication is still frequently prescribed off label, and studies especially in sensitive areas of adolescent health care are underrepresented. Adolescents did not benefit from the new knowledge gained in cancer research, and their outcome has essentially not improved during the last two decades in comparison to younger children and adults. There are many obstacles that make it challenging to enroll adolescents in pharmacological research. Access can be difficult. Confidentiality plays an essential role for minors and may be a hindrance, notably to studying sexual and mental health matters. Pharmaceutical companies may exclude the adolescent patient because of a lack of profit and in fear of a complex study design. Research concepts should be explained to the adolescent in a comprehensive manner, and assent and consent forms should be clear and understandable. New laws and incentives have been developed to encourage pharmaceutical companies to engage adolescents in their research projects. Centralization and collaboration of all parties involved may make the whole approach to adolescent research more efficient and uniform. The mature minor doctrine has facilitated the enrollment process. Parental consent may be waived for low-risk medical trials to promote recruitment. Ethics committees therefore play a major role in protecting the adolescent from harm from participating in research. In conclusion, pharmacological research in adolescents has to be encouraged. This will increase the safety of current medical treatment regimens and will allow this population to benefit from therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Welisch
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Western University, LHSC, 800 Commissioners Rd. E, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada,
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17
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Comparing patterns of sexual risk among adolescent and young women in a mixed-method study in Tanzania: implications for adolescent participation in HIV prevention trials. J Int AIDS Soc 2014; 17:19149. [PMID: 25224611 PMCID: PMC4163993 DOI: 10.7448/ias.17.3.19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the disproportionate impact of HIV on women, and adolescents in particular, those below age 18 years are underrepresented in HIV prevention trials due to ethical, safety and logistical concerns. This study examined and compared the sexual risk contexts of adolescent women aged 15–17 to young adult women aged 18–21 to determine whether adolescents exhibited similar risk profiles and the implications for their inclusion in future trials. Methods We conducted a two-phase, mixed-method study to assess the opportunities and challenges of recruiting and retaining adolescents (aged 15–17) versus young women (18–21) in Tanzania. Phase I, community formative research (CFR), used serial in-depth interviews with 11 adolescent and 12 young adult women from a range of sexual risk contexts in preparation for a mock clinical trial (MCT). For Phase II, 135 HIV-negative, non-pregnant adolescents and young women were enrolled into a six-month MCT to assess and compare differences in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes, including risky sexual behaviour, incident pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and HIV. Results In both research phases, adolescents appeared to be at similar, if not higher, risk than their young adult counterparts. Adolescents reported earlier sexual debut, and similar numbers of lifetime partners, pregnancy and STI/RTI rates, yet had lower perceived risk. Married women in the CFR appeared at particular risk but were less represented in the MCT. In addition, adolescents were less likely than their older counterparts to have accessed HIV testing, obtained gynaecological exams or used protective technologies. Conclusions Adolescent women under 18 are at risk of multiple negative SRH outcomes and they underuse preventive services. Their access to new technologies such as vaginal microbicides or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may similarly be compromised unless greater effort is made to include them in clinical trial research.
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18
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Ott MA. Vulnerability in HIV prevention research with adolescents, reconsidered. J Adolesc Health 2014; 54:629-30. [PMID: 24726714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Ott
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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