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Rastmanesh A, Boruah JS, Lee MS, Park S. On-Site Bioaerosol Sampling and Airborne Microorganism Detection Technologies. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:122. [PMID: 38534229 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Bioaerosols are small airborne particles composed of microbiological fragments, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, pollens, and/or by-products of cells, which may be viable or non-viable wherever applicable. Exposure to these agents can cause a variety of health issues, such as allergic and infectious diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer. Therefore, detecting and identifying bioaerosols is crucial, and bioaerosol sampling is a key step in any bioaerosol investigation. This review provides an overview of the current bioaerosol sampling methods, both passive and active, as well as their applications and limitations for rapid on-site monitoring. The challenges and trends for detecting airborne microorganisms using molecular and immunological methods are also discussed, along with a summary and outlook for the development of prompt monitoring technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afagh Rastmanesh
- Complex Fluids Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayanta S Boruah
- Complex Fluids Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Lee
- Complex Fluids Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyung Park
- Complex Fluids Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhang Y, Yan T, Xu Z, Wang F, Wang Z, Xu X, Zhang X. Experimental study on the microwave radiation disinfection of E. coli on SiC composite filter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116659. [PMID: 37451575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Filter is an important component in the air-conditioning system. The airborne microorganisms can be intercepted and further multiply on the filter, which might cause a secondary pollution. The present work proposed a SiC composite filter (SCF), namely combining the filter with the absorbing material SiC. The disinfection efficiency (η) and mechanism of the microwave radiation method (MRM) on E. coli and S. aureus attached to the SCF were experimentally explored. The impacts of the microwave power (P) and disinfection time (t) on η were investigated. The results show that the SCF can be heated well by the microwave, but the normal filter (NF) cannot. The MRM can effectively and rapidly disinfect bacteria on the SCF at a sufficiently high P and an appropriate t. Generally, η increases with P and t. Under a specific P, η can be only increased with t at a certain range and a peak η might be reached. When this peak is achieved, η will not be further increased with t. The disinfection by the MRM is attributed to the thermal and non-thermal effects. Specially, at P = 600 W and t = 10 min, the non-thermal effect contributes about 89.6% to the disinfection of the E. coli and about 43.1% to the S. aureus. A universal relationship between η and temperature is given for E. coli and S. aureus to predict η at various P and t. Finally, the effective temperatures required by the MRM to satisfactorily disinfect bacteria on the SCF are identified, i.e., about 41 °C for E. coli and 71 °C for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment, Beijing, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment, Beijing, China
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Liu L, Wang N, Laghari AA, Li H, Wang C, Zhao Z, Gao X, Zeng Q. A Review and Perspective of Environmental Disinfection Technology Based on Microwave Irradiation. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2023; 9:46-59. [PMID: 36743476 PMCID: PMC9885074 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-022-00247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the context of COVID-19 sweeping the world, the development of microbial disinfection methods in gas, liquid, and solid media has received widespread attention from researchers. As a disinfection technology that can adapt to different environmental media, microwave-assisted disinfection has the advantages of strong permeability, no secondary pollution, etc. The purpose of this review is to put forward new development requirements for future microwave disinfection strategies by summarizing current microwave disinfection methods and effects. From the perspective of the interaction mechanism of microwave and microorganisms, this review provides a development direction for more accurate and microscopic disinfection mechanism research. RECENT FINDINGS Compared to other traditional environmental disinfection techniques, microwave-assisted disinfection means have the advantages of being more destructive, free of secondary contamination, and thorough. Currently, researchers generally agree that the efficiency of microwave disinfection is the result of a combination of thermal and non-thermal effects. However, the performance of microwave disinfection shows the differences in the face of different environmental media as well as different types of microorganisms. SUMMARY This review highlights the inactivation mechanism of microwave-assisted disinfection techniques used in different scenarios. Suggestions for promoting the efficiency and overcoming the limitations of low energy utilization, complex reactor design, and inaccurate monitoring methods are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Azhar Ali Laghari
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011 China
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Faridi-Majidi R, Norouz F, Boroumand S, Nasrollah Tabatabaei S, Faridi-Majidi R. Decontamination Assessment of Nanofiber-based N95 Masks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80411-80421. [PMID: 35716305 PMCID: PMC9206400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the world battles with the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, it also prepares for future global pandemics that threaten our health, economy, and survivor. During the outbreak, it became evident that use of personal protective equipment (PPE), specially face masks, can significantly slow the otherwise uncontrolled spread of the virus. Nevertheless, the outbreak and its new variants have caused shortage of PPE in many regions of the world. In addition, waste management of the enormous economical and environmental footprint of single use PPE has proven to be a challenge. Therefore, this study advances the theme of decontaminating used masks. More specifically, the effect of various decontamination techniques on the integrity and functionality of nanofiber-based N95 masks (i.e. capable of at least filtering 95% of 0.3 μm aerosols) were examined. These techniques include 70% ethanol, bleaching, boiling, steaming, ironing as well as placement in autoclave, oven, and exposure to microwave (MW) and ultraviolet (UV) light. Herein, filtration efficiency (by Particle Filtration Efficiency equipment), general morphology, and microstructure of nanofibers (by Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy) prior and after every decontamination technique were observed. The results suggest that decontamination of masks with 70% ethanol can lead to significant unfavorable changes in the microstructure and filtration efficiency (down to 57.33%) of the masks. In other techniques such as bleaching, boiling, steaming, ironing and placement in the oven, filtration efficiency dropped to only about 80% and in addition, some morphological changes in the nanofiber microstructure were seen. Expectedly, there was no significant reduction in filtration efficiency nor microstructural changes in the case of placement in autoclave and exposure to the UV light. It was concluded that, the latter methods are preferable to decontaminate nanofiber-based N95 masks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faezeh Norouz
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Nasrollah Tabatabaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Faridi-Majidi
- Fanavaran Nano-Meghyas (Fnm Co. Ltd.), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Hu Y, Wang L. Microwaves, a potential treatment for bacteria: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888266. [PMID: 35958124 PMCID: PMC9358438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have brought great harm to the public, especially after the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This has rendered traditional antibiotic therapy ineffective. In recent years, hyperthermia has offered new treatments to remove bacteria. Microwaves (MW) are a component of the electromagnetic spectrum and can rapidly heat materials. Taking advantage of this characteristic of MW, related studies have shown that both thermal and non-thermal effects of MW can inactivate various bacteria. Even though the understanding of MW in the field of bacteria is not sufficient for widespread use at present, MW has performed well in dealing with microorganisms and controlling infection. This review will focus on the application of MW in bacteria and discuss the advantages, prospects and challenges of using MW in the bacterial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yihe Hu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Long Wang,
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6
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Enderich DA, Hoff BW, Geiler M, Geiler A, Ottesen C, Cohick ZW, McConaha JW, Pohle HH, Franzi MA, Lepell PD, Montoya T, Schrock JA, Luginsland JW, Revelli D, Cox J, Irshad H. Nonlinear transmission line-driven apparatus for short-pulse microwave exposure of aerosolized pathogens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:064712. [PMID: 34243497 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A system capable of exposing a flowing aerosol stream to short duration (2-4 ns), high-power RF waveforms is described. The system utilizes a C-band gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line source having peak power outputs ranging as high as 80 kW at a center frequency of 4.2 GHz. RF electric field magnitudes of up to 280 kV/m ± 17% are achieved within the aerosol flow region of the RF exposure apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Enderich
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Brad W Hoff
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Michael Geiler
- Metamagnetics, Inc., Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, USA
| | - Anton Geiler
- Metamagnetics, Inc., Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, USA
| | - Casey Ottesen
- COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Zane W Cohick
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Jeremy W McConaha
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Hugh H Pohle
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Matthew A Franzi
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | | | - James A Schrock
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | - David Revelli
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Jason Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
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7
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Hoff BW, McConaha JW, Cohick ZW, Franzi MA, Enderich DA, Revelli D, Cox J, Irshad H, Pohle HH, Schmitt-Sody A, Schaub SC, Baros AE, Lewis NC, Luginsland JW, Lanagan MT, Perini S. Apparatus for controlled microwave exposure of aerosolized pathogens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:014707. [PMID: 33514240 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A set of three apparatus enabling RF exposure of aerosolized pathogens at four chosen frequencies (2.8 GHz, 4.0 GHz, 5.6 GHz, and 7.5 GHz) has been designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested. Each apparatus was intended to operate at high power without leakage of RF into the local environment and to be compact enough to fit within biocontainment enclosures required for elevated biosafety levels. Predictions for the range of RF electric field exposure, represented by the complex electric field vector magnitude, that an aerosol stream would be expected to encounter while passing through the apparatus are calculated for each of the chosen operating frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad W Hoff
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Jeremy W McConaha
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Zane W Cohick
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Matthew A Franzi
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Daniel A Enderich
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - David Revelli
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Jason Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Hugh H Pohle
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Andreas Schmitt-Sody
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Samuel C Schaub
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Anthony E Baros
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Naomi C Lewis
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | - Michael T Lanagan
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Steven Perini
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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8
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He W, Guo Y, Gao H, Liu J, Yue Y, Wang J. Evaluation of Regeneration Processes for Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Terms of the Bacteria Inactivation Efficiency and Influences on Filtration Performance. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13161-13171. [PMID: 32975412 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is of critical importance because of the severe shortage of FFRs during large-scale outbreaks of respiratory epidemics, such as COVID-19. Comprehensive experiments regarding FFR regeneration were performed in this study with model bacteria to illustrate the decontamination performance of the regeneration processes. The results showed that it is dangerous to use a contaminated FFR without any microbe inactivation treatment because the bacteria can live for more than 8 h. The filtration efficiency and surface electrostatic potential of 75% ethanol-treated FFRs were significantly reduced, and a most penetrating particle size of 200 nm was observed. Steam and microwave irradiation (MWI) showed promising decontamination performances, achieving 100% inactivation in 90 and 30 min, respectively. The filtration efficiencies of steam-treated FFRs for 50 and 100 nm particles decreased from 98.86% and 99.51% to 97.58% and 98.79%, respectively. Ultraviolet irradiation (UVI) effectively inactivated the surface bacteria with a short treatment of 5 min and did not affect the filtration performance. However, the UV dose reaching different layers of the FFP2 mask sample gradually decreased from the outermost layer to the innermost layer, while the model bacteria on the second and third layers could not be killed completely. UVI+MWI and steam were recommended to effectively decontaminate the used respirators and still maintain the respirators' filtration efficiency. The present work provides a comprehensive evaluation for FFR regeneration in terms of the filtration efficiencies for 50-500 nm particles, the electrostatic properties, mechanical properties, and decontamination effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong He
- Filter Test Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning CN-110819, China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Lab of Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Yinghe Guo
- Filter Test Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning CN-110819, China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Lab of Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Hanchao Gao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Lab of Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jingxian Liu
- Filter Test Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning CN-110819, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Lab of Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
- Lab of Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
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Fryczkowska B, Machnicka A, Biniaś D, Ślusarczyk C, Fabia J. The Influence of Graphene Addition on the Properties of Composite rGO/PAN Membranes and Their Potential Application for Water Disinfection. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E58. [PMID: 32235293 PMCID: PMC7231406 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a method of obtaining composite polyacrylonitrile-based (PAN) membranes with the addition of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The membranes were obtained using phase inversion method from a homogeneous rGO dispersion in a solution of PAN dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The impact of the amount of rGO addition to the PAN matrix on the physicochemical, structural, transport, and separation properties and on fouling resistance was studied. Composite membranes, due to the method of preparation used and the addition of rGO, are characterized by very good transport properties (~390 L/m2 h) and by a high degree of protein retention (85%). Reduced graphene oxide has biocidal properties, which, as we have shown, depend on the size of nanoparticles and the type of microorganism. rGO/PAN membranes, on the other hand, show biostatic properties against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcuc aureus) and fungi (Candida albicans). Thus, the obtained composite membranes can be potentially used in water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Fryczkowska
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland;
| | - Alicja Machnicka
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland;
| | - Dorota Biniaś
- Institute of Textile Engineering and Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland; (D.B.); (C.Ś.); (J.F.)
| | - Czesław Ślusarczyk
- Institute of Textile Engineering and Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland; (D.B.); (C.Ś.); (J.F.)
| | - Janusz Fabia
- Institute of Textile Engineering and Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland; (D.B.); (C.Ś.); (J.F.)
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10
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Wang C, Hu X, Zhang Z. Airborne disinfection using microwave-based technology: Energy efficient and distinct inactivation mechanism compared with waterborne disinfection. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:105437. [PMID: 32226120 PMCID: PMC7094417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microwave has been extensively applied to inactivate microorganisms in liquids, food, and surfaces. However, energy efficiency is a limiting factor for the environmental application. The utilization pathway and energy efficiency of the microwave in different media have not been investigated. In this study, the inactivation performance, energy utilization, and bactericidal mechanisms for microwave-irradiated airborne and waterborne Escherichia coli were compared. A Beer-Lambert law-based model was also developed and validated to compare the inactivation performance in different phases. Microwave had greater inactivation effect on airborne bacteria than waterborne bacteria. The inactivation rate constant for airborne E. coli (0.29 s-1) was nearly 20 times higher than that of waterborne species (0.014 s-1). Most of the absorbed microwave energy (92.3%) was converted to increase water temperature instead of inactivating the waterborne bacteria, because the microwave photons were easily absorbed by water molecules. By contrast, 45.4% of the absorbed energy could disinfect the airborne bacteria. Finally, the required energies for 1-log inactivation were calculated as 2.3 J and 116.9 J per log-inactivation for airborne and waterborne E. coli, respectively. The airborne and waterborne E. coli samples showed distinct microwave inactivation mechanisms. Waterborne E. coli disinfection was primarily due to thermal effect, while the non-thermal effect was the major mechanism for airborne E. coli inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Xurui Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
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11
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Chen YC, Liao CH, Shen WT, Su C, Wu YC, Tsai MH, Hsiao SS, Yu KP, Tseng CH. Effective disinfection of airborne microbial contamination in hospital wards using a zero-valent nano-silver/TiO 2 -chitosan composite. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:439-449. [PMID: 30738001 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel antimicrobial composite of zero-valent silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), titania (TiO2 ), and chitosan (CS) was prepared via photochemical deposition of AgNPs on a CS-TiO2 matrix (AgNPs@CS-TiO2 ). Electron microscopy showed that the AgNPs were well dispersed on the CS-TiO2 , with diameters of 6.69-8.84 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated that most of the AgNPs were reduced to metallic Ag. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that some AgNPs formed a chelate with CS through coordination of Ag+ with the CS amide II groups. The zones of inhibition of AgNPs@CS-TiO2 for bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spinulosum) were 6.72-11.08 and 5.45-5.77 mm, respectively, and the minimum (critical) concentrations of AgNPs required to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi were 7.57 and 16.51 µg-Ag/mm2 , respectively. The removal efficiency of a AgNPs@TiO2 -CS bed filter for bioaerosols (η) increased with the packing depth, and the optimal filter quality (qF) occurred for packing depths of 2-4 cm (qF = 0.0285-0.103 Pa-1 ; η = 57.6%-98.2%). When AgNPs@TiO2 -CS bed filters were installed in the ventilation systems of hospital wards, up to 88% of bacteria and 97% of fungi were removed within 30 minutes. Consequently, AgNPs@TiO2 -CS has promising potentials in bioaerosol purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chi Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hsing Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far-Eastern Memosrial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Tien Shen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien Su
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chiao Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shui-Shu Hsiao
- Office of Medical Engineering, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Pin Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Heng Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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12
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Wang C, Zhang ZW, Liu H. Microwave-induced release and degradation of airborne endotoxins from Escherichia coli bioaerosol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:27-33. [PMID: 30500695 PMCID: PMC7116933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxins are widely distributed toxins in the outer cell-wall membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and other microorganisms. Chronic exposure to endotoxins can induce and exacerbate airway symptoms and diseases. However, the release and degradation of airborne endotoxins from bioaerosol by microwave (MW) irradiation have not yet been reported. This study investigated the distribution and fate of airborne endotoxins during MW irradiation process, as well as the kinetics and thermodynamics of the degradation of airborne endotoxins. Results showed that MW irradiation induced cell lysis, thus considerably increasing the proportion of cells with ruptured membranes. Furthermore, MW irradiation changed the distribution of airborne endotoxins, sharply decreased the concentration of bound endotoxins from 230 EU/m3 to 68 EU/m3, and increased the concentration of free endotoxins from 21 EU/m3 to 122 EU/m3. These results indicated that MW irradiation released endotoxins from cells into the atmosphere. MW irradiation likely degraded endotoxins by exerting thermal effects, which achieved a total endotoxin removal efficiency of as high as 35%. Endotoxin degradation was a first-order reaction and required the activation energy of 26.3 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Z W Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China
| | - H Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China
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13
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Wang C, Lu S, Zhang Z. Inactivation of airborne bacteria using different UV sources: Performance modeling, energy utilization, and endotoxin degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:787-795. [PMID: 30481706 PMCID: PMC7112078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Airborne bacteria-containing bioaerosols have attracted increased research attention on account of their adverse effects on human health. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is an effective method to inactivate airborne microorganisms. The present study models and compares the inactivation performance of three UV sources in the UVGI for aerosolized Escherichia coli. Inactivation efficiency of 0.5, 2.2 and 3.1 logarithmic order was obtained at an exposure UV dose of 370 J/m3 under UVA (365 nm), UVC (254 nm) and UVD (185 nm) sources, respectively. A Beer-Lambert law-based model was developed and validated to compare the inactivation performances of the UV sources, and modeling enabled prediction of inactivation efficiency and analysis of the sensitivity of several parameters. Low influent E. coli concentrations and high UV doses resulted in high energy consumption (EC). The change in airborne endotoxin concentration during UV inactivation was analyzed, and UVC and UVA irradiation showed no marked effect on endotoxin degradation. By contrast, both free and bound endotoxins could be removed by UVD treatment, which is attributed to the ozone generated by the UVD source. The results of this study can provide a better understanding of the air disinfection and airborne endotoxin removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Siyi Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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14
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Rasouli R, Barhoum A, Bechelany M, Dufresne A. Nanofibers for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800256. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahimeh Rasouli
- Department of Medical NanotechnologyTehran University of Medical Sciences—International Campus 14177‐43373 Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- Faculty of ScienceChemistry DepartmentHelwan University 11795 Helwan Cairo Egypt
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM UMR 5635)ENSCMCNRSUniversity of Montpellier 34090 Montpellier France
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM UMR 5635)ENSCMCNRSUniversity of Montpellier 34090 Montpellier France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- LGP2, Grenoble INP, CNRSUniversité Grenoble Alpes F‐38000 Grenoble France
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15
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Wang D, Zhu B, He X, Zhu Z, Hutchins G, Xu P, Wang WN. Iron Oxide Nanowire-Based Filter for Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2018; 5:1096-1106. [PMID: 30345060 PMCID: PMC6193566 DOI: 10.1039/c8en00133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are among the most common methods to improve indoor air quality. However, after long-term operation, the HVAC filter can result in a proliferation of bacteria, which may release into the filtered air subsequently. This issue can be addressed by designing antibacterial filters. In this study, we report an iron oxide nanowires-based filter fabricated from commercially available iron mesh through a thermal treatment. At optimal conditions, the filter demonstrated a log inactivation efficiency of > 7 within 10 seconds towards S. epidermidis (Gram-positive), a common bacterial species of indoor bioaerosol. 52 % of bioaerosol cells can be captured by a single filter, which can be further improved to 98.7 % by connecting five filters in-tandem. The capture and inactivation capacity of the reported filter did not degrade over long-term use. The inactivation of bacteria is attributed to the synergic effects of the hydroxyl radicals, electroporation, and Joule heating, which disrupted the cell wall and nucleoid of S. epidermidis, as verified by the model simulations, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The relative humidity plays an important role in the inactivation process. The filter also exhibited a satisfactory inactivation efficiency towards E. coli (Gram-negative). The robust synthesis, low cost, and satisfactory inactivation performance towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria make the filter demonstrated here suitable to be assembled into HVAC filters as an antibacterial layer for efficient control of indoor bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Zan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Grant Hutchins
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Wei-Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
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16
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Vaze ND, Park S, Brooks AD, Fridman A, Joshi SG. Involvement of multiple stressors induced by non-thermal plasma-charged aerosols during inactivation of airborne bacteria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171434. [PMID: 28166240 PMCID: PMC5293192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A lab-scale, tunable, single-filament, point-to-point nonthermal dieletric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma device was built to study the mechanisms of inactivation of aerosolized bacterial pathogens. The system inactivates airborne antibiotic-resistant pathogens efficiently. Nebulization mediated pre-optimized (4 log and 7 log) bacterial loads were challenged to plasma-charged aerosols, and lethal and sublethal doses determined using colony assay, and cell viability assay; and the loss of membrane potential and cellular respiration were determined using cell membrane potential assay and XTT assay. Using the strategies of Escherichia coli wildtype, over-expression mutant, deletion mutants, and peroxide and heat stress scavenging, we analyzed activation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat shock protein (hsp) chaperons. Superoxide dismutase deletion mutants (ΔsodA, ΔsodB, ΔsodAΔsodB) and catalase mutants ΔkatG and ΔkatEΔkatG did not show significant difference from wildtype strain, and ΔkatE and ΔahpC was found significantly more susceptible to cell death than wildtype. The oxyR regulon was found to mediate plasma-charged aerosol-induced oxidative stress in bacteria. Hsp deficient E. coli (ΔhtpG, ΔgroEL, ΔclpX, ΔgrpE) showed complete inactivation of cells at ambient temperature, and the treatment at cold temperature (4°C) significantly protected hsp deletion mutants and wildtype cells, and indicate a direct involvement of hsp in plasma-charged aerosol mediated E. coli cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket D. Vaze
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sin Park
- A.J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ari D. Brooks
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander Fridman
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- A.J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suresh G. Joshi
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- A.J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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17
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Sett S, Lee MW, Weith M, Pourdeyhimi B, Yarin AL. Biodegradable and biocompatible soy protein/polymer/adhesive sticky nano-textured interfacial membranes for prevention of esca fungi invasion into pruning cuts and wounds of vines. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2147-2162. [PMID: 32262383 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01887g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive biodegradable membranes (patches) for the protection of pruning locations of plants from esca fungi attacks were developed using electrospun soy protein/polyvinyl alcohol and soy protein/polycaprolactone nanofibers. Several different water-soluble adhesives were either added directly to the electrospinning solutions or electrosprayed onto the as-spun nanofiber mats. The nanofibers were deposited onto a biodegradable rayon membrane, and are to be pressed onto the pruned location on a plant. The pore size in the nanofiber mats is sufficient for physically blocking fungi penetration, while the outside rayon membrane provides sufficient mechanical support in handling prior to deposition on a plant. Diseases like Vine Decline are one of the most important cases where such a remedy would be needed. It should be emphasized that these novel biodegradable and sticky patches are radically different from the ordinary electrospun ultra-filtration membranes. The normal and shear specific adhesive energy of the patches were measured, and the results show that they can withstand strong wind without being blown off. On the other hand, the patches possess sufficient porosity for plant breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sett
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607-7022, USA.
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18
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Wu Y, Liang Y, Wei K, Li W, Yao M, Zhang J, Grinshpun SA. MS2 virus inactivation by atmospheric-pressure cold plasma using different gas carriers and power levels. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:996-1002. [PMID: 25416775 PMCID: PMC4292470 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03322-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, airborne MS2 bacteriophages were exposed for subsecond time intervals to atmospheric-pressure cold plasma (APCP) produced using different power levels (20, 24, and 28 W) and gas carriers (ambient air, Ar-O2 [2%, vol/vol], and He-O2 [2%, vol/vol]). In addition, waterborne MS2 viruses were directly subjected to the APCP treatment for up to 3 min. MS2 viruses with and without the APCP exposure were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Viral inactivation was shown to exhibit linear relationships with the APCP generation power and exposure time (R(2) > 0.95 for all energy levels tested) up to 95% inactivation (1.3-log reduction) after a subsecond airborne exposure at 28 W; about the same inactivation level was achieved for waterborne viruses with an exposure time of less than 1 min. A larger amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as atomic oxygen, in APCP was detected for a higher generation power with Ar-O2 and He-O2 gas carriers. SEM images, SDS-PAGE, and agarose gel analysis of exposed waterborne viruses showed various levels of damage to both surface proteins and their related RNA genes after the APCP exposure, thus leading to the loss of their viability and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongdong Liang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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19
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Firquet S, Beaujard S, Lobert PE, Sané F, Caloone D, Izard D, Hober D. Viruses contained in droplets applied on warmed surface are rapidly inactivated. Microbes Environ 2014; 29:408-12. [PMID: 25476068 PMCID: PMC4262365 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat inactivation of viruses was reported, however, the thermal resistance of viruses in droplets has not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of heat resistance of minute virus of mice (MVM), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), influenza A virus (H1N1), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) contained in droplets. Four μL droplets containing viruses (> 10(4.5) TCID50) were applied onto warmed surface obtained by using a self-made heating device. Viral suspensions were exposed to temperatures ranging from 70 to 130°C for 0 to 90 min depending on the virus, and then the recovered viral preparations were tittered. Inactivation rates were calculated from curves that were analysed according to the first order kinetics model. Full inactivation was obtained for MVM in 90 min at 80°C and in 2 s at 130°C, for H1N1 in 14 s at 70°C and in 1 s at 110°C, for CVB4 and HSV-1 in 5 s and 7 s respectively at 70°C and in 1 s at 100°C. Clearly, MVM was more resistant than H1N1 that was more resistant than HSV-1 and CVB4, which was reflected by increasing inactivation rates. The impact of short time exposure to heat onto the infectivity of viruses contained in a small volume of suspension has been determined. For the first time, the inactivation of viral particles contained in drops exposed to temperatures higher than 100°C has been investigated. It appears that heating can have an unexpected faster virucidal effect than previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan Firquet
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Loos-Lez-Lille 59120,
France
| | - Sophie Beaujard
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Loos-Lez-Lille 59120,
France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Lobert
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Loos-Lez-Lille 59120,
France
| | - Famara Sané
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Loos-Lez-Lille 59120,
France
| | - Delphine Caloone
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Loos-Lez-Lille 59120,
France
| | - Daniel Izard
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Loos-Lez-Lille 59120,
France
- CHRU Lille Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Lille 59037,
France
| | - Didier Hober
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Loos-Lez-Lille 59120,
France
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20
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Wu Y, Yao M. In situ airborne virus inactivation by microwave irradiation. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014; 59:1438-1445. [PMID: 32214745 PMCID: PMC7089037 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases cause tremendous costs of both human and economy annually. Previously, we have studied the bacterial, fungal, and allergen aerosol inactivation by direct microwave irradiation. Here, we further investigated its effects on airborne viruses. MS2 coliphage used as a human model virus was aerosolized and exposed to the direct microwave irradiation for ~2 min at three different power levels (700, 385, and 119 W). In addition to the survival rate, the viral genes before and after the microwave treatments were also examined using PCR and gel electrophoresis. Direct exposure of airborne MS2 viruses to the microwave irradiation at 700 W for less than 2 min was shown to result in more than 90 % inactivation efficiency, about 65 % at medium power level (385 W), and 50 % at the lowest level (119 W). The aerosol inactivation rate followed a linear relationship with the microwave exposure time (R 2 = 0.9889). Scanning electron images revealed visible damages to the viral surface after the exposure. Damages were also observed to the viral RNA genes coding for coat proteins, among which the A protein gene was completely destroyed. This study demonstrated that even without the filtration the direct microwave irradiation could also achieve rapid inactivation of viral aerosols. The information obtained can provide useful guidance on the development of microwave-based viral threat mitigation solutions in a closed or semi-closed space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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21
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Wu Y, Yao M. Control of airborne and liquid-borne fungal and pet allergens using microwave irradiation. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:547-555. [PMID: 24011331 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.818234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the dog, cat allergens (Can f 1 and Fel d 1) and fungal allergens (Alt a 1 and Asp f 1) were aerosolized and exposed to the microwave irradiation (2450 MHz) at different output powers for up to 2 min. The allergen bioaerosols were collected by a BioSampler, and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Control and microwave-irradiated Asp f 1 allergens were also tested with IgEs in human blood sera samples. For airborne Asp f 1 and Alt a 1 allergens, the allergenicity was shown to decrease about 50% when exposed to microwave irradiation at 385 and 119 W and relatively no change at 700 W. For airborne Can f 1 allergen, the allergenicity was shown to increase about 70% when exposed to the irradiation at 385 W, but remained relatively unchanged at 700 and 119 W. In contrast, airborne Fel d 1 allergen was observed to lose allergenicity completely at 700 W, and retained about 40% and 80% at 385 and 119 W, respectively. Radioallergosorbent (RAST) tests showed that changes detected in IgE levels in human blood sera mixtures were not statistically significant for the control and microwave-irradiated waterborne Asp f 1 allergens. This study implies that although certain allergenicity reductions were observed for some allergens in certain cases, particular care should be taken when the microwave irradiation is used to disinfect food, water, and air because of its complex effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- a State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , China
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22
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Ralebitso-Senior TK, Senior E, Di Felice R, Jarvis K. Waste gas biofiltration: advances and limitations of current approaches in microbiology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8542-8573. [PMID: 22746978 DOI: 10.1021/es203906c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As confidence in gas biofiltration efficacy grows, ever more complex malodorant and toxic molecules are ameliorated. In parallel, for many countries, emission control legislation becomes increasingly stringent to accommodate both public health and climate change imperatives. Effective gas biofiltration in biofilters and biotrickling filters depends on three key bioreactor variables: the support medium; gas molecule solubilization; and the catabolic population. Organic and inorganic support media, singly or in combination, have been employed and their key criteria are considered by critical appraisal of one, char. Catabolic species have included fungal and bacterial monocultures and, to a lesser extent, microbial communities. In the absence of organic support medium (soil, compost, sewage sludge, etc.) inoculum provision, a targeted enrichment and isolation program must be undertaken followed, possibly, by culture efficacy improvement. Microbial community process enhancement can then be gained by comprehensive characterization of the culturable and total populations. For all species, support medium attachment is critical and this is considered prior to filtration optimization by water content, pH, temperature, loadings, and nutrients manipulation. Finally, to negate discharge of fungal spores, and/or archaeal and/or bacterial cells, capture/destruction technologies are required to enable exploitation of the mineralization product CO(2).
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23
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Woo MH, Grippin A, Anwar D, Smith T, Wu CY, Wander JD. Effects of relative humidity and spraying medium on UV decontamination of filters loaded with viral aerosols. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5781-7. [PMID: 22685135 PMCID: PMC3406129 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00465-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respirators and filters are designed to prevent the spread of pathogenic aerosols, a stockpile shortage is anticipated during the next flu pandemic. Contact transfer and reaerosolization of collected microbes from used respirators are also a concern. An option to address these potential problems is UV irradiation, which inactivates microbes by dimerizing thymine/uracil in nucleic acids. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of transmission mode and environmental conditions on decontamination efficiency by UV. In this study, filters were contaminated by different transmission pathways (droplet and aerosol) using three spraying media (deionized water [DI], beef extract [BE], and artificial saliva [AS]) under different humidity levels (30% [low relative humidity {LRH}], 60% [MRH], and 90% [HRH]). UV irradiation at constant intensity was applied for two time intervals at each relative humidity condition. The highest inactivation efficiency (IE), around 5.8 logs, was seen for DI aerosols containing MS2 on filters at LRH after applying a UV intensity of 1.0 mW/cm(2) for 30 min. The IE of droplets containing MS2 was lower than that of aerosols containing MS2. Absorption of UV by high water content and shielding of viruses near the center of the aggregate are considered responsible for this trend. Across the different media, IEs in AS and in BE were much lower than in DI for both aerosol and droplet transmission, indicating that solids present in AS and BE exhibited a protective effect. For particles sprayed in a protective medium, RH is not a significant parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Heui Woo
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam Grippin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Diandra Anwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tamara Smith
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph D. Wander
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Tyndall Air Force
Base, Florida, USA
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24
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Liang Y, Wu Y, Sun K, Chen Q, Shen F, Zhang J, Yao M, Zhu T, Fang J. Rapid inactivation of biological species in the air using atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3360-8. [PMID: 22385302 DOI: 10.1021/es203770q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, nonthermal plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system was applied to inactivating aerosolized Bacillus subtilis cells and Pseudomonas fluorescens as well as indoor and outdoor bioaerosols. The culturability, viability, and diversity losses of the microorganisms in air samples treated by the plasma for 0.06-0.12 s were studied using culturing, DNA stain as well as polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) methods. In addition, the viable fraction of bacterial aerosols with and without the plasma treatment was also quantified using qPCR coupled with ethidium monoazide (EMA). It was shown that less than 2% of B. subtilis aerosols survived the plasma treatment of 0.12 s, while none of the P. fluorescens aerosols survived. Viability tests, EMA-qPCR results, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that both bacterial species suffered significant viability loss, membrane, and DNA damages. Exposure of environmental bacterial and fungal aerosols to the plasma for 0.06 s also resulted in their significant inactivations, more than 95% for bacteria and 85-98% for fungal species. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that plasma exposure of 0.06 s resulted in culturable bacterial aerosol diversity loss for both environments, especially pronounced for indoor environment. The results here demonstrate that nonthermal plasma exposure could offer a highly efficient air decontamination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Damit B, Lee C, Wu CY. Flash infrared radiation disinfection of fibrous filters contaminated with bioaerosols. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1074-84. [PMID: 21294821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effectiveness of infrared (IR) radiation heating in disinfecting air filters loaded with bioaerosols. METHODS AND RESULTS An irradiation device was constructed considering the unique characteristics of IR and the physical dimensions and radiative properties of air filters. Filters loaded with test bioaerosols were irradiated with the device and flash heated to an ultra-high temperature (UHT). A maximum of 3·77-, 4·38- and 5·32-log inactivation of B. subtilis spores, E. coli, and MS2 virus respectively was achieved within 5 s of irradiation. Inactivation efficiency could be increased by using a higher IR power. Microscopic analysis showed no visible damage from the heat treatment that would affect filtration efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Because the disinfection was a dry heat process, a temperature greater than 200°C was found necessary to successfully inactivate the test micro-organisms. The results demonstrate that IR is able to quickly disinfect filters given sufficient incident power. Compared to existing filter disinfection technologies, it offers a faster and more effective solution. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY It has been shown that IR heating is a feasible option for filter disinfection; possibly reducing fomite transmission of collected micro-organisms and preventing bioaerosol reaerosolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Damit
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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