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Min HJ, Cheng X, Payne SJ, Stride EP. Microbubble-laden aerosols improve post-nasal aerosol penetration efficiency in a preterm neonate model. Int J Pharm 2024; 666:124772. [PMID: 39341389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Nebulized lung surfactant therapy has been a neonatology long-pursued goal. Nevertheless, many clinical trials have yet to show a clear clinical efficacy of nebulized surfactant, which, in part, is due to the technical challenges of delivering aerosols to the lungs of preterm neonates. The study aimed to test microbubbles for improving lung deposition in preterm neonates. An in vitro testing method was developed to replicate the clinical environment; it used a 3D-printed preterm neonate model, connected to a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and a vibrating mesh nebulizer. The flow rate of the HFNC mirrored that used in the clinics (i.e., 4, 6, and 8 L/min). Followingly, the lung penetrations of aerosols with and without microbubbles were compared. The aerodynamic diameter of aerosols with microbubbles (MMAD=1.75 μm) was lower than that of the counterpart (MMAD=2.25 μm). Microbubble-laden aerosols had a significantly higher number of microbubbles that were below 1.0 μm. Microbubble-laden aerosols had dramatically higher lung penetration in the preterm model; lung penetration efficiencies were 30.0, 25.5, and 17.5 % at 4, 6, and 8 L/min, respectively, whereas the lung penetration efficiency for conventionally nebulized aerosols was below 1.25 % in the three flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhong J Min
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Xinghao Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen J Payne
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Eleanor P Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Wu Z, Jiang J, Lischka FW, Zhao K. Is the mouse nose a miniature version of a rat nose? A computational comparative study. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 254:108282. [PMID: 38878359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although the mouse is a widely used animal model in biomedical research, there are few published studies on its nasal aerodynamics, potentially due to its small size. It is not appropriate to assume that mice and rats' nasal structure and airflow characteristics are the same because the ratio of nasal surface area to nasal volume and body weight is much higher in a mouse than in a rat. The aim of this work is to use anatomically accurate image-based computational fluid dynamic modeling to quantitatively reveal the characteristics of mouse nasal airflow and mass transport that haven't been detailed before and find key differences to that of rat nose, which will deepen our understanding of the mouse's physiological functions. METHODS We created an anatomically accurate 3D computational nasal model of a B6 mouse using postmortem high-resolution micro-CT scans and simulated the airflow distribution and odor transport patterns under restful breathing conditions. The deposition pattern of airborne particles was also simulated and validated against experimental data. In addition, we calculated the gas chromatograph efficiency of odor transport in the mouse employing the theoretical plate concept and compared it with previous studies involving cat and rat models. RESULTS Similar to the published rat model, respiratory and olfactory flow regimes are clearly separated in the mouse nasal cavity. A high-speed dorsal medial (DM) stream was observed, which enhances the delivery speed and efficiency of odor to the ethmoid (olfactory) recess (ER). The DM stream split into axial and secondary paths in the ER. However, the secondary flow in the mouse is less extensive than in the rat. The gas chromatograph efficiency calculations suggest that the rat may possess a moderately higher odorant transport efficiency than that of the mouse due to its more complex ethmoid recess structure and extensive secondary flow. However, the mouse's nasal structure seems to adapt better to varying airflow velocity. CONCLUSIONS Due to the inherent structural disparities, the rat and mouse models exhibit moderate differences in airflow and mass transport patterns, potentially impacting their olfaction and other behavioral habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, the Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America
| | - Jianbo Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Fritz W Lischka
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, the Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America.
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Jin Z, Guo G, Yu A, Qian H, Tong Z. Comparative Analysis of Micrometer-Sized Particle Deposition in the Olfactory Regions of Adult and Pediatric Nasal Cavities: A Computational Study. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:722. [PMID: 38931844 PMCID: PMC11206772 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct nose-to-brain drug delivery, a promising approach for treating neurological disorders, faces challenges due to anatomical variations between adults and children. This study aims to investigate the spatial particle deposition of micron-sized particles in the nasal cavity among adult and pediatric subjects. This study focuses on the olfactory region considering the effect of intrasubject parameters and particle properties. Two child and two adult nose models were developed based on computed tomography (CT) images, in which the olfactory region of the four nasal cavity models comprises 7% to 10% of the total nasal cavity area. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) coupled with a discrete phase model (DPM) was implemented to simulate the particle transport and deposition. To study the deposition of micrometer-sized drugs in the human nasal cavity during a seated posture, particles with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 μm were considered under a flow rate of 15 LPM. The nasal cavity area of adults is approximately 1.2 to 2 times larger than that of children. The results show that the regional deposition fraction of the olfactory region in all subjects was meager for 1-100 µm particles, with the highest deposition fraction of 5.7%. The deposition fraction of the whole nasal cavity increased with the increasing particle size. Crucially, we identified a correlation between regional deposition distribution and nasal cavity geometry, offering valuable insights for optimizing intranasal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Jin
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Z.J.); (G.G.)
- Southeast University—Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Gang Guo
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Z.J.); (G.G.)
| | - Aibing Yu
- Southeast University—Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China;
- ARC Hub for Computational Particle Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Z.J.); (G.G.)
| | - Zhenbo Tong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Z.J.); (G.G.)
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Rigaut C, Giaprakis A, Deruyver L, Goole J, Lambert P, Haut B. The air conditioning in the nose of mammals depends on their mass and on their maximal running speed. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9053. [PMID: 38643255 PMCID: PMC11032399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The nose of the mammals is responsible for filtering, humidifying, and heating the air before entering the lower respiratory tract. This conditioning avoids, notably, dehydration of the bronchial and alveolar mucosa. However, since this conditioning is not perfect, exercising in cold air can induce lung inflammation, both for human and non-human mammals. This work aims to compare the air conditioning in the noses of various mammals during inspiration. We build our study on computational fluid dynamics simulations of the heat exchanges in the lumen of the upper respiratory tract of these mammals. These simulations show that the efficiency of the air conditioning in the nose during inspiration does not relate only to the mass m of the mammal but also to its maximal running speed v. More precisely, the results allow establishing a scaling law relating the efficiency of air conditioning in the nose of mammals to the ratio v / log 10 ( m ) . The simulations also correlate the resistance to the flow in the nose to the efficiency of this air conditioning. The obtained scaling law allows predicting the air temperature at the top of the trachea during inspiration for nasal-breathing mammals, and thus notably for humans of various ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Rigaut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alice Giaprakis
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Deruyver
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Haut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Ma R, Hu Z, Tian L, Zheng G, Wang Y, Chen X, Lou M, Gong M, Wang B, Yang F, Dong J, Zhang Y. Numerical and experimental analysis of pollen inhalation exposure in nasal airways following various middle turbinectomy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168156. [PMID: 37898207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle turbinectomy (MT) has always been controversial. MT significantly alters the anatomy and redistributes the inhaled air. The current study is designed to quantify the effect of MT with varying resection volumes on airflow and associated pollen inhalation exposure characteristics in the nasal airways. METHODS Six realistic models following bilateral comprehensive Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) deriving from CT images were constructed and their corresponding post-MT models with four types of MT procedures were virtually conducted. Inhalation exposure to pollen particles was simulated by the Computational Fluid-Particle Dynamics (CFPD) approach and validated through in vitro experiments. RESULTS Following the excision of the middle turbinate, a significant escalation in airflow was observed within the upper-middle region of the nasal cavities. Pollen deposition was observed to be more prominent in the nasal septum, laryngopharynx, and maxillary sinus, varying with the types of MT procedures. Notably, particles with diameters smaller than 50 μm exhibited two distinct "high peaks" and three "small peaks" within the nasal airways. CONCLUSION MT resulted in increased airflow volume within the upper-middle region of the nasal cavities. Following MT, notable shifts in pollen particle deposition hot spots were observed, transitioning from the nasal vestibule, nasal septum, and middle meatus to the nasal septum and laryngopharynx. These findings are anticipated to contribute valuable perspectives on pollen inhalation exposure risk assessments following diverse MT surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Guoxi Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Xiaole Chen
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Miao Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Minjie Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Botao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Feilun Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Jingliang Dong
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; First Year College, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Footscray, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China.
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Cui X, Song W, Xue Y, Jing H, Lei M, Ma H, He X, Zou P, Wu B, Wang J. Numerical analysis of micro lunar dust deposition in the human nasal airway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132682. [PMID: 37793250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of Lunar dust (LD) is well-known to harm astronauts' health. However, the characteristics of micro-LD deposition in the human nasal airway remains unknown, and studying it through experiments is challenging. Therefore, this study employs numerical investigations to address this issue. Our findings reveal that LD larger than 4 µm primarily (>50%) deposit in the nasal cavity at an inspiration flow rate of Q= 40 L/min, while LD smaller than 8 µm are more likely (>50%) to enter the lung lobe at Q= 15 L/min. The right upper lung lobe receives a higher deposit fraction of LD compared to other lobes, reaching a maximum of 31%. The ratio of deposition fraction in the right lung and left lung can reach to 3.0. Accurately predicting LD deposition in the upper airway and entire lung is possible using mathematical expressions, but the prediction becomes more challenging for the bronchial airway and lung lobes. These results indicate that micro-LD deposition characteristics in the human nasal airway are influenced by LD size and astronauts' activity level. The deposition fractions can be used to assess the health risk from lunar dust to astronauts and provide insights into developing protective measures against LD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wei Song
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Jing
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Lei
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Ma
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing He
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Valerian Corda J, Shenoy BS, Ahmad KA, Lewis L, K P, Rao A, Zuber M. Comparison of microparticle transport and deposition in nasal cavity of three different age groups. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:44-56. [PMID: 38343121 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2312801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The nasal cavity effectively captures the particles present in inhaled air, thereby preventing harmful and toxic pollutants from reaching the lungs. This filtering ability of the nasal cavity can be effectively utilized for targeted nasal drug delivery applications. This study aims to understand the particle deposition patterns in three age groups: neonate, infant, and adult.Materials and methods: The CT scans are built using MIMICS 21.0, followed by CATIA V6 to generate a patient-specific airway model. Fluid flow is simulated using ANSYS FLUENT 2021 R2. Spherical monodisperse microparticles ranging from 2 to 60 µm and a density of 1100 kg/m3 are simulated at steady-state and sedentary inspiration conditions.Results: The highest nasal valve depositions for the neonate are 25% for 20 µm, for infants, 10% for 50 µm, 15% for adults, and 15% for 15 µm. At mid nasal region, deposition of 15% for 20 µm is observed for infant and 8% for neonate and adult nasal cavities at a particle size of 10 and 20 µm, respectively. The highest particle deposition at the olfactory region is about 2.7% for the adult nasal cavity for 20 µm, and it is <1% for neonate and infant nasal cavities.Discussion and conclusions: The study of preferred nasal depositions during natural sedentary breathing conditions is utilized to determine the size that allows medication particles to be targeted to specific nose regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Valerian Corda
- Department of Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - B Satish Shenoy
- Department of Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamarul Arifin Ahmad
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Lewis
- Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College & Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakashini K
- Department of Radio Diagnosis, Kasturba Medical College & Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Anoop Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Zuber
- Department of Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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Shen Z, Dong J, Milton-McGurk L, Cai X, Gholizadeh H, Chan HK, Lee A, Kourmatzis A, Cheng S. Numerical analysis of airflow and particle deposition in multi-fidelity designs of nasal replicas following nasal administration. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 241:107778. [PMID: 37651818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE An improved understanding of flow behaviour and particle deposition in the human nasal airway is useful for optimising drug delivery and assessing the implications of pollutants and toxin inhalation. The geometry of the human nasal cavity is inherently complex and presents challenges and manufacturing constraints in creating a geometrically realistic replica. Understanding how anatomical structures of the nasal airway affect flow will shed light on the mechanics underpinning flow regulation in the nasal pharynx and provide a means to interpret flow and particle deposition data conducted in a nasal replica or model that has reduced complexity in terms of their geometries. This study aims to elucidate the effects of sinus and reduced turbinate length on nasal flow and particle deposition efficiencies. METHODS A complete nasal airway with maxillary sinus was first reconstructed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans obtained from a healthy human volunteer. The basic model was then modified to produce a model without the sinus, and another with reduced turbinate length. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate flow in the nasal cavity using transient flow profiles with peak flow rates of 15 L/min, 35 L/min and 55 L/min. Particle deposition was investigated using discrete phase modelling (DPM). RESULTS Results from this study show that simplifying the nasal cavity by removing the maxillary sinus and curved sections of the meatus only has a minor effect on airflow. By mapping the spatial distribution of monodisperse particles (10 μm) in the three models using a grid map that consists of 30 grids, this work highlights the specific nasal airway locations where deposition efficiencies are highest, as observed within a single grid. It also shows that lower peak flow rates result in higher deposition differences in terms of location and deposition quantity, among the models. The highest difference in particle deposition among the three nasal models is ∼10%, and this is observed at the beginning of the middle meatus and the end of the pharynx, but is only limited to the 15 L/min peak flow rate case. Further work demonstrating how the outcome may be affected by a wider range of particle sizes, less specific to the pharmaceutical industries, is warranted. CONCLUSION A physical replica manufactured without sections of the middle meatus could still be adequate in producing useful data on the deposition efficiencies associated with an intranasal drug formulation and its delivery device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shen
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jingliang Dong
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia; First Year College, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Footscray, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Liam Milton-McGurk
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 20061, Australia
| | - Xinyu Cai
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Hanieh Gholizadeh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann Lee
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Agisilaos Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 20061, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Yu P, Xue C, Boeckenstedt B, Olsen H, Jiang JJ. Effects of vocal fold adduction on the particle deposition in the glottis: A numerical analysis and in vitro assessment. Comput Biol Med 2023; 166:107537. [PMID: 37820560 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of inhalation therapy depends on the drug deposition in the human respiratory tract. This study investigates the effects of vocal fold adduction on the particle deposition in the glottis. METHODS A realistic mouth-throat (MT) geometry was built based on CT images of a healthy adult (MT-A). Mild (MT-B) and great (MT-C) vocal fold (VF) adduction were incorporated in the original model. Monodisperse particles range in size from 3 to 12 μm were simulated at inspiration flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 L per minute (LPM). The regional deposition of drug aerosols was performed in 3D-printed models and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Both the numerical analysis and in vitro experiments show that most particles are deposited in the mouth, pharynx and supraglottis, while few are deposited in the glottis and subglottis. For most cases in MT-A, the particle quantity in glottis is lower than 0.02 N/mm2 at 15 and 30 LPM while they increase dramatically at 45 LPM. It peaked at 0.347 N/mm2 for 5-μm particles at 45 LPM in MT-B and 2.324 N/mm2 for 6-μm particles at 30 LPM in MT-C. The lowest drug mass faction in the glottis in vitro were found at 15 LPM for MT-A and MT-C, and at 30 LPM for MT-B, whereas it peaked at 45 LPM for all MT models, 0.71% in MT-A, 1.16% in MT-B, and 2.53% in MT-C, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, larger particles are more likely to be deposited in the oral cavity, oropharynx, and supraglottis than in the glottis. However, particle deposition in the glottis generally increases with VF adduction and greater inspiratory flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bella Boeckenstedt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Halli Olsen
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jack J Jiang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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10
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Calmet H, Dosimont D, Oks D, Houzeaux G, Almirall BV, Inthavong K. Machine learning and sensitivity analysis for predicting nasal drug delivery for targeted deposition. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123098. [PMID: 37321463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nasal drug delivery can provide improved efficacy for drug formulations to be delivered at high efficacy rates. Some parameters that influence drug delivery have a dependency on the patient's technique of administration and the spray device itself. When the different parameters, each having a specific range of values are combined, the combinatory permutations for studying its effects on particle deposition become large. In this study, we combine six input spray parameters (the spray half-cone angle, the mean spray exit velocity, the breakup length from the nozzle exit, the diameter of the nozzle spray device, the particle size, and the sagittal angle of the spray) with a range of values to produce 384 combinations of spray characteristics. This was repeated for three inhalation flow rates of 20, 40, and 60 L/min. To reduce the computational costs of a full transient Large Eddy Simulation flow field, we create a time-averaged frozen field and perform the time integration of particle trajectories through the flow field to determine the particle deposition in four anatomical regions of the nasal cavity (anterior, middle, olfactory and posterior) for each of the 384 spray field. A sensitivity analysis determined the significance of each input variable on the deposition. It was found the particle size distribution significantly affected deposition in the olfactory and posterior regions, while the spray device insertion angle was significant for deposition in the anterior and middle regions. Five machine learning models were evaluated based on 384 cases and it was found that despite the small sample dataset the simulation data was sufficient to provide accurate machine-learning predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Calmet
- Barcelona Super-Computing Centre,(BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damien Dosimont
- Barcelona Super-Computing Centre,(BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Guillaume Houzeaux
- Barcelona Super-Computing Centre,(BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brenda Vara Almirall
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Targeted drug delivery with polydisperse particle transport and deposition in patient-specific upper airway during inhalation and exhalation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 308:103986. [PMID: 36396028 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the deposition pattern of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols in the human respiratory system and understanding the effective parameters in this process is vital for more efficient drug delivery to this region. This study investigated aerosol deposition in a patient-specific upper respiratory airway and determined the deposition fraction (DF) and pressure drop across the airway. An experimental setup was developed to measure the pressure drop in the same realistic geometry printed from the patient-specific geometry. The unsteady simulations were performed with a flow rate of 15 L/min and different particle diameters ranging from 2 to 30 µm. The results revealed significant flow circulation after the nasal valve in the upper and oropharynx regions, and a maximum local velocity observed in the nasopharynx. Transient cumulative deposition fraction showed that after 2 s of the simulation, all particles deposit or escape the computational domain. About 30 % of the injected large particles (dp ≥ 20 µm) deposited in the first 1 cm away from the nostril and more than 95 % deposited in the nasal airway before entering the oropharynx region. While almost 94 % deposition in trachea was composed of particles smaller than 5 µm. Approximately 20 % of inhaled fine particles (2-5 µm) deposited in the upper airway and the rest deposited in oropharynx, larynx and trachea.
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12
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Farnoud A, Tofighian H, Baumann I, Ahookhosh K, Pourmehran O, Cui X, Heuveline V, Song C, Vreugde S, Wormald PJ, Menden MP, Schmid O. Numerical and Machine Learning Analysis of the Parameters Affecting the Regionally Delivered Nasal Dose of Nano- and Micro-Sized Aerosolized Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010081. [PMID: 36678578 PMCID: PMC9863249 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal epithelium is an important target for drug delivery to the nose and secondary organs such as the brain via the olfactory bulb. For both topical and brain delivery, the targeting of specific nasal regions such as the olfactory epithelium (brain) is essential, yet challenging. In this study, a numerical model was developed to predict the regional dose as mass per surface area (for an inhaled mass of 2.5 mg), which is the biologically most relevant dose metric for drug delivery in the respiratory system. The role of aerosol diameter (particle diameter: 1 nm to 30 µm) and inhalation flow rate (4, 15 and 30 L/min) in optimal drug delivery to the vestibule, nasal valve, olfactory and nasopharynx is assessed. To obtain the highest doses in the olfactory region, we suggest aerosols with a diameter of 20 µm and a medium inlet air flow rate of 15 L/min. High deposition on the olfactory epithelium was also observed for nanoparticles below 1 nm, as was high residence time (slow flow rate of 4 L/min), but the very low mass of 1 nm nanoparticles is prohibitive for most therapeutic applications. Moreover, high flow rates (30 L/min) and larger micro-aerosols lead to highest doses in the vestibule and nasal valve regions. On the other hand, the highest drug doses in the nasopharynx are observed for nano-aerosol (1 nm) and fine microparticles (1-20 µm) with a relatively weak dependence on flow rate. Furthermore, using the 45 different inhalation scenarios generated by numerical models, different machine learning models with five-fold cross-validation are trained to predict the delivered dose and avoid partial differential equation solvers for future predictions. Random forest and gradient boosting models resulted in R2 scores of 0.89 and 0.96, respectively. The aerosol diameter and region of interest are the most important features affecting delivered dose, with an approximate importance of 42% and 47%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farnoud
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Hesam Tofighian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Ingo Baumann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Center of Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kaveh Ahookhosh
- Biomedical MRI and MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oveis Pourmehran
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Xinguang Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Vincent Heuveline
- Engineering Mathematics and Computing Lab (EMCL), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chen Song
- Engineering Mathematics and Computing Lab (EMCL), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia
| | - Michael P. Menden
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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Borojeni AAT, Gu W, Asgharian B, Price O, Kuprat AP, Singh RK, Colby S, Corley RA, Darquenne C. In Silico Quantification of Intersubject Variability on Aerosol Deposition in the Oral Airway. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010160. [PMID: 36678786 PMCID: PMC9860768 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The extrathoracic oral airway is not only a major mechanical barrier for pharmaceutical aerosols to reach the lung but also a major source of variability in lung deposition. Using computational fluid dynamics, deposition of 1−30 µm particles was predicted in 11 CT-based models of the oral airways of adults. Simulations were performed for mouth breathing during both inspiration and expiration at two steady-state flow rates representative of resting/nebulizer use (18 L/min) and of dry powder inhaler (DPI) use (45 L/min). Consistent with previous in vitro studies, there was a large intersubject variability in oral deposition. For an optimal size distribution of 1−5 µm for pharmaceutical aerosols, our data suggest that >75% of the inhaled aerosol is delivered to the intrathoracic lungs in most subjects when using a nebulizer but only in about half the subjects when using a DPI. There was no significant difference in oral deposition efficiency between inspiration and expiration, unlike subregional deposition, which shows significantly different patterns between the two breathing phases. These results highlight the need for incorporating a morphological variation of the upper airway in predictive models of aerosol deposition for accurate predictions of particle dosimetry in the intrathoracic region of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanjun Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0623, USA
| | - Bahman Asgharian
- Applied Research Associates, Arlington Division, Raleigh, NC 27615-2963, USA
| | - Owen Price
- Applied Research Associates, Arlington Division, Raleigh, NC 27615-2963, USA
| | | | - Rajesh K. Singh
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sean Colby
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Richard A. Corley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Greek Creek Toxicokinetics Consulting, LLC, Boise, ID 83714, USA
| | - Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0623, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Shang Y, Dong J, He F, Inthavong K, Tian L, Tu J. Detailed comparative analysis of environmental microparticle deposition characteristics between human and monkey nasal cavities using a surface mapping technique. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158770. [PMID: 36108859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled particulate matter is associated with nasal diseases such as allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis and neural disorders. Its health risks on humans are usually evaluated by measurements on monkeys as they share close phylogenetic relationship. However, the reliability of cross-species toxicological extrapolation is in doubt due to physiological and anatomical variations, which greatly undermine the reliability of these expensive human surrogate models. This study numerically investigated in-depth microparticle transport and deposition characteristics on human and monkey (Macaca fuscata) nasal cavities that were reconstructed from CT-images. Deposition characteristics of 1-30μm particles were investigated under resting and active breathing conditions. Similar trends were observed for total deposition efficiencies and a single correlation using Stokes Number was fitted for both species and both breathing conditions, which is convenient for monkey-human extrapolation. Regional deposition patterns were carefully compared using the surface mapping technique. Deposition patterns of low, medium and high inertial particles, classified based on their total deposition efficiencies, were further analyzed in the 3D view and the mapped 2D view, which allows locating particle depositions on specific nasal regions. According to the particle intensity contours and regional deposition profiles, the major differences were observed at the vestibule and the floor of the nasal cavity, where higher deposition intensities of medium and high inertial particles were shown in the monkey case than the human case. Comparisons of airflow streamlines indicated that the cross-species variations of microparticle deposition patterns are mainly contributed by two factors. First, the more oblique directions of monkey nostrils result in a sharper airflow turn in the vestibule region. Second, the monkey's relatively narrower nasal valves lead to higher impaction of medium and high inertial particles on the nasal cavity floor. The methods and findings in this study would contribute to an improved cross-species toxicological extrapolation between human and monkey nasal cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Shang
- College of Air Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jingliang Dong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Fajiang He
- College of Air Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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15
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Tao F, Feng Y, Sun B, Wang J, Chen X, Gong J. Septoplasty Effect on the Enhancement of Airflow Distribution and Particle Deposition in Nasal Cavity: A Numerical Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1702. [PMID: 36141314 PMCID: PMC9498368 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The surgery outcomes after fixing nasal airway obstruction (NAO) are sometimes not satisfactory in improving ventilations of airflow. A case study is presented in this paper with computational fluid dynamics applied to determine the key factors for successful septoplasty plans for a patient with a deviated nasal septum. Specifically, airflow, as well as particle transport and deposition were predicted in a pre-surgery nasal cavity model reconstructed from patient-specific Computer Tomography (CT) images and two post-surgery nasal cavity models (i.e., VS1 and VS2) with different virtual surgery plans A and B. Plan A corrected the deviated septal cartilage, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and nasal crest of the maxilla. Plan B further corrected the obstruction in the nasal vestibule and caudal nasal septal deviation based on Plan A. Simulations were performed in the three nose-to-throat airway models to compare the airflow velocity distributions and local particle depositions. Numerical results indicate that the VS2 model has a better improvement in airflow allocation between the two sides than the VS1 model. In addition, the deposition fractions in the VS2 model are lower than that in both the original and VS1 models, up to 25.32%. The better surgical plan (i.e., Plan B) reduces the particle deposition on the convex side, but slightly increases the deposition on the concave side. However, the overall deposition in the nasal cavity is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Baobin Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaole Chen
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jiarui Gong
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
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16
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Calmet H, Oks D, Santiago A, Houzeaux G, Corfec AL, Deruyver L, Rigaut C, Lambert P, Haut B, Goole J. Validation and Sensitivity analysis for a nasal spray deposition computational model. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122118. [PMID: 36029992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Validating numerical models against experimental models of nasal spray deposition is challenging since many aspects must be considered. That being said, it is a critical step in the product development process of nasal spray devices. This work presents the validation process of a nasal deposition model, which demonstrates a high degree of consistency of the numerical model with experimental data when the nasal cavity is segmented into two regions but not into three. Furthermore, by modelling the flow as stationary, the computational cost is drastically reduced while maintaining quality of particle deposition results. Thanks to this reduction, a sensitivity analysis of the numerical model could be performed, consisting of 96 simulations. The objective was to quantify the impact of four inputs: the spray half cone angle, mean spray exit velocity, breakup length from the nozzle exit and the diameter of the nozzle spray device, on the three quantities of interest: the percentage of the accumulated number of particles deposited on the anterior, middle and posterior sections of the nasal cavity. The results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the deposition on anterior and middle sections are sensitive to injection angle and breakup length, and the deposition on posterior section is only, but highly, sensitive to the injection velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Calmet
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Oks
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Santiago
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Houzeaux
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoine Le Corfec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Deruyver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clement Rigaut
- Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Haut
- Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Zare F, Aalaei E, Zare F, Faramarzi M, Kamali R. Targeted drug delivery to the inferior meatus cavity of the nasal airway using a nasal spray device with angled tip. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106864. [PMID: 35580527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Nowadays, by advancement in computational tools, Computational Fluid and Particle Dynamics (CFPD) technique can be used more than ever. The main aim of this study is using a nasal spray device with angled tip to deliver drug particles to the inferior meatus cavity for treatment purposes. In the present study, the drug delivery to the lower regions of the nasal cavity will be improved that has been considered less in the literature. METHODS For this purpose, a spray with an angled tip was used, and the deposition of sprayed particles was compared with a spray with a straight tip. Based on the objectives presented above, a realistic model of the nasal route, including facial geometry, and paranasal sinuses obtained from a series of Computed tomography (CT) scan images, as well as the geometry of a nasal spray with two types of tip were developed. RESULTS It is observed that by using the spray with the straight tip, particles were mainly deposited in the middle and superior regions of the nasal cavity and no particles entered the inferior meatus airway. The results proved that the spray with the angled tip improved the regional deposition percentage in the inferior meatus cavity up to 2.4% of the total sprayed particles and 1 mg drug mass delivered to this region. The majority of these particles had a diameter between 15-55 µm and that could be considered by spray designers to produce more compatible sprays with the targeted region. Also, most particles were deposited near the inferior meatus cavity and so there is a strong chance to be absorbed and delivered to this region. CONCLUSION The deposition pattern and particle size contour due to the spray with the angled tip can give sight to the designers and producers of nasal sprays to build more efficient types for better targeted drug delivery purposes. With this spray type, deposited particles were observed in the inferior meatus that never happened with the straight type. Also, the angled tip of the nasal spray shows the benefit of the ease of use for the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Zare
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aalaei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Farzad Zare
- Aliebne-Abitaleb School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faramarzi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reza Kamali
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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18
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Comparison of Sinus Deposition from an Aqueous Nasal Spray and Pressurised MDI in a Post-Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Nasal Replica. Pharm Res 2022; 39:317-327. [PMID: 35137359 PMCID: PMC8881262 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Optimising intranasal distribution and retention of topical therapy is essential for effectively managing patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, including those that have had functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). This study presents a new technique for quantifying in vitro experiments of fluticasone propionate deposition within the sinuses of a 3D-printed model from a post-FESS patient. Methods Circular filter papers were placed on the sinus surfaces of the model. Deposition of fluticasone on the filter paper was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay-based techniques. The deposition patterns of two nasal drug delivery devices, an aqueous nasal spray (Flixonase) and metered dose inhaler (Flixotide), were compared. The effects of airflow (0 L/min vs. 12 L/min) and administration angle (30° vs. and 45°) were evaluated. Results Inhaled airflow made little difference to sinus deposition for either device. A 45° administration angle improved frontal sinus deposition with the nasal spray and both ethmoidal and sphenoidal deposition with the inhaler. The inhaler provided significantly better deposition within the ethmoid sinuses (8.5x) and within the maxillary sinuses (3.9x) compared with the nasal spray under the same conditions. Conclusion In the post-FESS model analysed, the inhaler produced better sinus deposition overall compared with the nasal spray. The techniques described can be used and adapted for in vitro performance testing of different drug formulations and intranasal devices under different experimental conditions. They can also help validate computational fluid dynamics modelling and in vivo studies.
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19
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Calmet H, Bertomeu PF, McIntyre C, Rennie C, Gouder K, Houzeaux G, Fletcher C, Still R, Doorly D. Computational modelling of an aerosol extraction device for use in COVID-19 surgical tracheotomy. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2022; 159:105848. [PMID: 34334806 PMCID: PMC8314856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In view of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on global health, understanding and accurately modelling the propagation of human biological aerosols has become crucial. Worldwide, health professionals have been one of the most affected demographics, representing approximately 20% of all cases in Spain, 10% in Italy and 4% in China and US. Methods to contain and remove potentially infected aerosols during Aerosol Generating Procedures (AGPs) near source offer advantages in reducing the contamination of protective clothing and the surrounding theatre equipment and space. In this work we describe the application of computational fluid dynamics in assessing the performance of a prototype extraction hood as a means to contain a high speed aerosol jet. Whilst the particular prototype device is intended to be used during tracheotomies, which are increasingly common in the wake of COVID-19, the underlying physics can be adapted to design similar machines for other AGPs. Computational modelling aspect of this study was largely carried out by Barcelona Supercomputing Center using the high performance computational mechanics code Alya. Based on the high fidelity LES coupled with Lagrangian frameworks the results demonstrate high containment efficiency of generated particles is feasible with achievable air extraction rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Calmet
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Edificio NEXUS I, Gran Capitán 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Ferrer Bertomeu
- Imperial College London, Department of Aeronautics, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Charlotte McIntyre
- Imperial College London, Department of Aeronautics, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Catherine Rennie
- Imperial College London, Department of Aeronautics, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kevin Gouder
- Imperial College London, Department of Aeronautics, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guillaume Houzeaux
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Edificio NEXUS I, Gran Capitán 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Robert Still
- Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team, Brackley, Northamptonshire, UK
| | - Denis Doorly
- Imperial College London, Department of Aeronautics, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Thomas ML, Longest PW. Evaluation of the Polyhedral Mesh Style for Predicting Aerosol Deposition in Representative Models of the Conducting Airways. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2022; 159:105851. [PMID: 34658403 PMCID: PMC8513711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A critical factor affecting the accuracy of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations and the time required to conduct them is construction of the computational mesh. This study aimed to evaluate the relatively new polyhedral mesh style for simulating aerosol deposition in the upper conducting airways compared with established meshing techniques and experimental data. Hexahedral and polyhedral mesh solutions were compared in two benchmark geometries: 1) a 90°-bend with flow characteristics similar to the extrathoracic airways of an adolescent child, and 2) a double bifurcation representing bifurcations B3-B5 in an adult. Both 4-block and 5-block hexahedral meshes were used in the 90°-bend to capture the potential of fully-structured hexahedral meshes. In the 90°-bend, polyhedral elements matched polydisperse in vitro deposition data with 20% relative error (RE; averaged across the particle sizes considered), which is an improvement on the accuracy of the 4-block hexahedral mesh (35% RE) and is similar to the accuracy of the 5-block hexahedral mesh (19% RE). In the double bifurcation, deposition fraction relative differences evaluated between polyhedral and hexahedral meshes ranged from 0.3% to 28.6% for the different particle sizes assessed, which is an order of magnitude improvement compared with previous studies that considered hexahedral vs. hybrid tetrahedral-prism meshes for the same flow field. Solution convergence time with polyhedral elements was found to be 50% to 140% higher than with hexahedral meshes of comparable size. While application dependent, the increase in simulation time observed with polyhedral meshes will likely be outweighed by the ease and convenience of polyhedral mesh construction. It was concluded that the polyhedral mesh style, with sufficient resolution especially near the walls, is an excellent alternative to the highly regarded hexahedral mesh style for predicting upper airway aerosol transport and deposition and provides a powerful new tool in the assessment of respiratory aerosol dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Thomas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - P. Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Pharmaceutics Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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21
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Moshksayan K, Bahmanzadeh H, Faramarzi M, Sadrizadeh S, Ahmadi G, Abouali O. In-silico investigation of airflow and micro-particle deposition in human nasal airway pre- and post-virtual transnasal sphenoidotomy surgery. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 25:1000-1014. [PMID: 34919000 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1995720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphenoid sinus, located posterior to the nasal cavity, is difficult to reach for a surgery. Several operation procedures are available for sphenoidotomy, including endoscopic surgeries. Although the endoscopic sinus surgery is minimally invasive with low post-operative side effects, further optimization is required. Transnasal sphenoidotomy is a low invasive alternative to transethmoidal sphenoidotomy, but it still needs to be studied to understand its effects on the airflow pattern and the particle deposition. In this work, we simulated airflow and the micro-particle deposition in the nasal airway of a middle-aged man to investigate the change in particle deposition in the sphenoid sinus after virtual transnasal sphenoidotomy surgery. The results demonstrated that after transnasal sphenoidotomy, particle deposition in the targeted sphenoid sinus was an order of magnitude lower than that observed after virtual transethmoidal sphenoidotomy surgery. In addition, the diameter of the particles for the peak deposition fraction in the targeted sinus was shifted to smaller diameters after the transnasal sphenoidotomy surgery compared with that in the post-transethmoidal condition. These results suggest that the endoscopic transnasal sphenoidotomy can be a better procedure for sphenoid surgeries as it decreases the chance of bacterial contaminations and consequently lowers the surgical side effects and recovery time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Moshksayan
- Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.,University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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22
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Farnoud A, Tofighian H, Baumann I, Martin AR, Rashidi MM, Menden MP, Schmid O. Pulsatile Bi-Directional Aerosol Flow Affects Aerosol Delivery to the Intranasal Olfactory Region: A Patient-Specific Computational Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:746420. [PMID: 34887754 PMCID: PMC8650014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal olfactory region is a potential route for non-invasive delivery of drugs directly from the nasal epithelium to the brain, bypassing the often impermeable blood-brain barrier. However, efficient aerosol delivery to the olfactory region is challenging due to its location in the nose. Here we explore aerosol delivery with bi-directional pulsatile flow conditions for targeted drug delivery to the olfactory region using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model on the patient-specific nasal geometry. Aerosols with aerodynamic diameter of 1 µm, which is large enough for delivery of large enough drug doses and yet potentially small enough for non-inertial aerosol deposition due to, e.g., particle diffusion and flow oscillations, is inhaled for 1.98 s through one nostril and exhaled through the other one. The bi-directional aerosol delivery with steady flow rate of 4 L/min results in deposition efficiencies (DEs) of 50.9 and 0.48% in the nasal cavity and olfactory region, respectively. Pulsatile flow with average flow rate of 4 L/min (frequency: 45 Hz) reduces these values to 34.4 and 0.12%, respectively, and it mitigates the non-uniformity of right-left deposition in both the cavity (from 1.77- to 1.33-fold) and the olfactory region (from 624- to 53.2-fold). The average drug dose deposited in the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium region is very similar in the right nasal cavity independent of pulsation conditions (inhalation side). In contrast, the local aerosol dose in the olfactory region of the left side is at least 100-fold lower than that in the nasal cavity independent of pulsation condition. Hence, while pulsatile flow reduces the right-left (inhalation-exhalation) imbalance, it is not able to overcome it. However, the inhalation side (even with pulsation) allows for relatively high olfactory epithelium drug doses per area reaching the same level as in the total nasal cavity. Due to the relatively low drug deposition in olfactory region on the exhalation side, this allows either very efficient targeting of the inhalation side, or uniform drug delivery by performing bidirectional flow first from the one and then from the other side of the nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farnoud
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hesam Tofighian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ingo Baumann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Center of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew R Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammad M Rashidi
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronics and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Micheal P Menden
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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23
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Calmet H, Inthavong K, Both A, Surapaneni A, Mira D, Egukitza B, Houzeaux G. Large eddy simulation of cough jet dynamics, droplet transport, and inhalability over a ten minute exposure. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2021; 33:125122. [PMID: 35002205 PMCID: PMC8728631 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High fidelity simulations of expiratory events such as coughing provide the opportunity to predict the fate of the droplets from the turbulent jet cloud produced from a cough. It is well established that droplets carrying infectious pathogens with diameters of 1 - 5 μ m remain suspended in the air for several hours and transported by the air currents over considerable distances (e.g., in meters). This study used a highly resolved mesh to capture the multiphase turbulent buoyant cloud with suspended droplets produced by a cough. The cough droplets' dispersion was subjected to thermal gradients and evaporation and allowed to disperse between two humans standing 2 m apart. A nasal cavity anatomy was included inside the second human to determine the inhaled droplets. Three diameter ranges characterized the droplet cloud, < 5 μ m , which made up 93% of all droplets by number; 5 to 100 μm comprised 3%, and > 100 μ m comprising 4%. The results demonstrated the temporal evolution of the cough event, where a jet is first formed, followed by a thermally driven puff cloud with the latter primarily composed of droplets under 5 μm diameter, moving with a vortex string structure. After the initial cough, the data were interpolated onto a more coarse mesh to allow the simulation to cover ten minutes, equivalent to 150 breathing cycles. We observe that the critical diameter size susceptible to inhalation was 0.5 μ m , although most inhaled droplets after 10 min by the second human were approximately 0.8 μ m . These observations offer insight into the risk of airborne transmission and numerical metrics for modeling and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Calmet
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ambrus Both
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anurag Surapaneni
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Mira
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Egukitza
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Houzeaux
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Xu H, Cai L, Hufnagel S, Cui Z. Intranasal vaccine: Factors to consider in research and development. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121180. [PMID: 34637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection. Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle-based injection, but there are only a few intranasal vaccines that are currently approved for human use, and all of them are live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Clearly, there are immunological as well as non-immunological challenges that prevent vaccine developers from choosing the intranasal route of administration. We reviewed current approved intranasal vaccines and pipelines and described the target of intranasal vaccines, i.e. nose and lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity. We then analyzed factors unique to intranasal vaccines that need to be considered when researching and developing new intranasal vaccines. We concluded that while the choice of vaccine formulations, mucoadhesives, mucosal and epithelial permeation enhancers, and ligands that target M-cells are important, safe and effective intranasal mucosal vaccine adjuvants are needed to successfully develop an intranasal vaccine that is not based on live-attenuated viruses or bacteria. Moreover, more effective intranasal vaccine application devices that can efficiently target a vaccine to lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity as well as preclinical animal models that can better predict intranasal vaccine performance in clinical trials are needed to increase the success rate of intranasal vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Hufnagel
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States.
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25
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Xu C, Zheng X, Shen S. A numerical study of the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on the particle growth and deposition in the human airway. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111751. [PMID: 34303679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A numerical study was conducted on the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on the transportation of sodium chloride particles (100 nm-1 μm) in a human airway model ranging from the nasal cavity to bronchi. A mucus-tissue structure was adopted to model the mass and heat transfer on the airway surface boundary. The temperature and humidity distributions of the respiratory flow were calculated and then the interaction between the particle and water vapor was further analyzed. It was predicted that the particle size grew to the ratio of 5-6 under subsaturation conditions because of hygroscopicity, which shifted the deposition efficiency in opposite directions on dependence of the initial particle size. However, the particles could be drastically raised to 40 times of the initial 100 nm diameter if the supersaturation-induced condensation was established, that was prone to occur under the cold-dry condition, and consequently promoted the deposition significantly. Such behavior might effectively contribute to the revitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in addition to the more active virus itself in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shifei Shen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Human Safety, Hefei, Anhui, China
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26
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Deruyver L, Rigaut C, Lambert P, Haut B, Goole J. The importance of pre-formulation studies and of 3D-printed nasal casts in the success of a pharmaceutical product intended for nose-to-brain delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113826. [PMID: 34119575 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to cement three hot topics in drug delivery: (a) the pre-formulation of new products intended for nose-to-brain delivery; (b) the development of nasal casts for studying the efficacy of potential new nose-to-brain delivery systems at the early of their development (pre-formulation); (c) the use of 3D printing based on a wide variety of materials (transparent, biocompatible, flexible) providing an unprecedented fabrication tool towards personalized medicine by printing nasal cast on-demand based on CT scans of patients. This review intends to show the links between these three subjects. Indeed, the pathway selected to administrate the drug to the brain not only influence the formulation strategies to implement but also the design of the cast, to get the most convincing measures from it. Moreover, the design of the cast himself influences the choice of the 3D-printing technology, which, in its turn, bring more constraints to the nasal replica design. Consequently, the formulation of the drug, the cast preparation and its realisation should be thought of as a whole and not separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deruyver
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Rigaut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Haut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Leucine enhances the dispersibility of trehalose-containing spray-dried powders on exposure to a high-humidity environment. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120561. [PMID: 33811968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the ability of various shell-forming excipients to preserve the dispersibility of dry powder dosage forms, e.g., nasally administered vaccines, upon exposure to a high-humidity environment. Trehalose combinations using leucine, pullulan, or trileucine were selected as the candidate excipient systems, and the powder dispersibility of these systems was compared with that of pure trehalose particles. Scaled-up monodisperse spray drying was used to produce sufficient quantities of uniform-sized particles for powder dispersibility analysis. Particle size, crystallinity, and morphology of the powders before and after exposure to moisture were characterized by an aerodynamic particle sizer, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Three two-component particle systems composed of trehalose/trileucine (97/3 w/w), trehalose/pullulan (70/30 w/w), and trehalose/leucine (70/30 w/w) were first formulated and their dispersibility, characterized as the emitted dose from dry powder inhalers, was then compared with that of trehalose particles. The formulation containing 30% leucine maintained the highest emitted dose (90.3 ± 10%) at a 60 L/min flow rate after 60 min exposure to 90% RH and 25 °C, showing its superior protection against exposure to humidity compared with the other systems. Further investigations under more challenging conditions at a 15 L/min flow rate on the trehalose/leucine system with various compositions (70/30, 80/20, 90/10 w/w) showed that a higher leucine concentration generally provided better protection against moisture and maintained higher powder dispersibility, probably due to higher surface coverage of crystalline leucine and a thicker leucine shell around the particle. The study concludes that leucine may be considered an appropriate shell-forming excipient in the development of dry powder formulations in order to protect the dosage forms against humidity during administration.
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28
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Basu S. Computational characterization of inhaled droplet transport to the nasopharynx. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6652. [PMID: 33758241 PMCID: PMC7988116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
How human respiratory physiology and the transport phenomena associated with inhaled airflow in the upper airway proceed to impact transmission of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the initial infection, stays an open question. An answer can help determine the susceptibility of an individual on exposure to a COVID-2019 carrier and can also provide a preliminary projection of the still-unknown infectious dose for the disease. Computational fluid mechanics enabled tracking of respiratory transport in medical imaging-based anatomic domains shows that the regional deposition of virus-laden inhaled droplets at the initial nasopharyngeal infection site peaks for the droplet size range of approximately 2.5-19 [Formula: see text]. Through integrating the numerical findings on inhaled transmission with sputum assessment data from hospitalized COVID-19 patients and earlier measurements of ejecta size distribution generated during regular speech, this study further reveals that the number of virions that may go on to establish the SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject could merely be in the order of hundreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology / Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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29
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Inhalation airflow and ventilation efficiency in subject-specific human upper airways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 285:103587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Hazeri M, Faramarzi M, Sadrizadeh S, Ahmadi G, Abouali O. Regional deposition of the allergens and micro-aerosols in the healthy human nasal airways. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2021; 152:105700. [PMID: 33100375 PMCID: PMC7569476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The nasal cavity is the inlet to the human respiratory system and is responsible for the olfactory sensation, filtering pollutant particulate matter, and humidifying the air. Many research studies have been performed to numerically predict allergens, contaminants, and/or drug particle deposition in the human nasal cavity; however, the majority of these investigations studied only one or a small number of nasal passages. In the present study, a series of Computed Tomography (CT) scan images of the nasal cavities from ten healthy subjects were collected and used to reconstruct accurate 3D models. All models were divided into twelve anatomical regions in order to study the transport and deposition features of different regions of the nasal cavity with specific functions. The flow field and micro-particle transport equations were solved, and the total and regional particle deposition fractions were evaluated for the rest and low activity breathing conditions. The results show that there are large variations among different subjects. The standard deviation of the total deposition fraction in the nasal cavities was the highest for 5 × 10 4 <impaction parameter (IP)< 1.125 × 10 5 with a maximum of 20%. The achieved results highlighted the nasal cavity sections that are more involved in the particle deposition. Particles with IP = 30,000 deposit more in the middle turbinate and nasopharynx areas, while for particles with IP = 300,000, deposition is mainly in the anterior parts (kiesselbach and vestibule regions). For small IP values, the amounts of deposition fractions in different regions of the nasal cavity are more uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hazeri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faramarzi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sasan Sadrizadeh
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Goodarz Ahmadi
- Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Omid Abouali
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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31
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Xu C, Zheng X, Shen S. A numerical study of the effect of breathing mode and exposure conditions on the particle inhalation and deposition. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:456-467. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1840679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifei Shen
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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32
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Simulation of patient-specific bi-directional pulsating nasal aerosol dispersion and deposition with clockwise 45° and 90° nosepieces. Comput Biol Med 2020; 123:103816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Poindexter SA, Garrett EC. Particle deposition and sensory drive. Evol Anthropol 2020; 29:168-172. [PMID: 32686887 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mutualism between chemical cues emitted into the air and variations in how primates respond to them using olfaction has demonstrated aspects of species-specific adaptations. Building on this mutualism we can look at particle deposition as another means to understanding how various environments may have elicited biological changes that enable efficient communication. Research on particle movement and deposition within the nasal cavity is largely based on questions about health as it relates to drug delivery systems and overall olfactory function in modern humans. With increased access to 3D models and the use of computational fluid dynamic analysis, researchers have been able to simulate site-specific deposition, to determine what particles are making it through the nasal cavity to the main olfactory epithelium, which ultimately leads to processing in the olfactory bulb. Here we discuss particle deposition research, sensory drive and their potential applications to evolutionary anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Poindexter
- Anthropology Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Anthropology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva C Garrett
- Anthropology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Gao M, Shen X, Mao S. Factors influencing drug deposition in the
nasal cavity upon delivery via nasal sprays. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Ahookhosh K, Pourmehran O, Aminfar H, Mohammadpourfard M, Sarafraz MM, Hamishehkar H. Development of human respiratory airway models: A review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 145:105233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Particle deposition in the paranasal sinuses following endoscopic sinus surgery. Comput Biol Med 2019; 116:103573. [PMID: 31999554 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing intranasal distribution and retention of topical therapy is essential in the management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, including those that have had functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Computational fluid dynamics analysis has not previously been used to investigate sinus nasal spray delivery in the complete post-operative sinonasal geometries of patients who have undergone FESS. Models of sinonasal cavities were created from postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans in four patients, three of whom underwent a comprehensive FESS, the other a modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure. Spray simulations were conducted at different flow rates (5 L/min, 10 L/min and 15 L/min) using sixteen particle sizes ranging from 4 μm to 70μm, spray velocity of 10 m/s and plume angle of 15°. Two different spray insertion angles were compared. Airflow distribution in the sinuses was closely related to the patient's nasal geometry and surgical intervention, in particular a unique crossflow between nasal chambers was present for the Lothrop patient. Sinus deposition was generally more effective with inhalational transport of low-inertia particles outside of the range produced by many standard nasal sprays or nebulizer. This was true except in the Lothrop patient, since previous surgery had been performed removing most of the septum where high-inertia particles would normally deposit. For sinuses receiving minimal airflow, particle penetration was diminished and successful deposition in the region became more restricted by device parameters. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore other spray variables in a wider spectrum of patients to ascertain a multi-level approach to optimizing drug delivery in the sinuses.
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37
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Inthavong K, Das P, Singh N, Sznitman J. In silico approaches to respiratory nasal flows: A review. J Biomech 2019; 97:109434. [PMID: 31711609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The engineering discipline of in silico fluid dynamics delivers quantitative information on airflow behaviour in the nasal regions with unprecedented detail, often beyond the reach of traditional experiments. The ability to provide visualisation and analysis of flow properties such as velocity and pressure fields, as well as wall shear stress, dynamically during the respiratory cycle may give significant insight to clinicians. Yet, there remains ongoing challenges to advance the state-of-the-art further, including for example the lack of comprehensive CFD modelling on varied cohorts of patients. The present article embodies a review of previous and current in silico approaches to simulating nasal airflows. The review discusses specific modelling techniques required to accommodate physiologically- and clinically-relevant findings. It also provides a critical summary of the reported results in the literature followed by an outlook on the challenges and topics anticipated to drive research into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prashant Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Narinder Singh
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Westmead Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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38
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Calmet H, Inthavong K, Eguzkitza B, Lehmkuhl O, Houzeaux G, Vázquez M. Nasal sprayed particle deposition in a human nasal cavity under different inhalation conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221330. [PMID: 31490971 PMCID: PMC6730903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deposition of polydisperse particles representing nasal spray application in a human nasal cavity was performed under transient breathing profiles of sniffing, constant flow, and breath hold. The LES turbulence model was used to describe the fluid phase. Particles were introduced into the flow field with initial spray conditions, including spray cone angle, insertion angle, and initial velocity. Since nasal spray atomizer design determines the particle conditions, fifteen particle size distributions were used, each defined by a log-normal distribution with a different volume mean diameter (Dv50). Particle deposition in the anterior region was approximately 80% when Dv50 > 50μm, and this decreased to 45% as Dv50 decreased to 10μ m for constant and sniff breathing conditions. The decrease in anterior deposition was countered with increased deposition in the middle and posterior regions. The significance of increased deposition in the middle region for drug delivery shows there is potential for nasal delivered drugs to reach the highly vascularised mucosal walls in the main nasal passages. For multiple targeted deposition sites, an optimisation equation was introduced where deposition results of any two targeted sites could be combined and a weighting between 0 to 1 was applied to each targeted site, representing the relative importance of each deposition site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Calmet
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- School of Engineering (Mechanical & Automotive), RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beatriz Eguzkitza
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Lehmkuhl
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Houzeaux
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Vázquez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang Y, Shang Y, Inthavong K, Tong Z, Sun B, Zhu K, Yu A, Zheng G. Computational investigation of dust mite allergens in a realistic human nasal cavity. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:224-235. [PMID: 31431101 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1647315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Inhaled allergens from house dust mite (HDM) are a major source of allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. It has been a challenge to properly evaluate health risks caused by HDM related allergens including mite bodies, eggs and fecal pellets. This paper presents a numerical study on particle deposition of dust mite allergens in a human nasal cavity. Materials and methods: A realistic nasal cavity model was reconstructed from CT scans and a Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis of steady airflow was simulated. The discrete phase model was used to trace particle trajectories of three dust mite related particles. Results: The flow and particle model were validated by comparing with nasal resistance measurement and previous literature respectively. Aerodynamic characteristics and deposition of dust mite allergens in the nasal cavity were analyzed under different breathing conditions including rest and exercising conditions. Conclusions: The numerical results revealed the roles of different nasal cavity regions in filtering various types of dust mite allergens with consideration of breathing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yidan Shang
- College of Air Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science , Shanghai , China.,School of Engineering, RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Zhenbo Tong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Kang Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Aibing Yu
- Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Guoxi Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
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Numerical assessment of ambient inhaled micron particle deposition in a human nasal cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42757-019-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Numerical investigation of unsteady particle deposition in a realistic human nasal cavity during inhalation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42757-019-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Xu X, Shang Y, Tian L, Weng W, Tu J. Fate of the inhaled smoke particles from fire scenes in the nasal airway of a realistic firefighter: A simulation study. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:273-285. [PMID: 30668285 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1572900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the inhalation, transport and deposition of smoke particles during fire missions are important to evaluating the health risks for firefighters. In this study, measurements from Underwriters Laboratories' large-scale fire experiments on smoke particle size distribution and concentration in three residential fire scenes were incorporated into models to investigate the fate of inhaled toxic ultrafine particulates in a realistic firefighter nasal cavity model. Deposition equations were developed, and the actual particle dosimetry (in mass, number and surface area) was evaluated. A strong monotonic growth of nasal airway dosages of simulated smoke particles was identified for airflow rates and fire duration across all simulated residential fire scene conditions. Even though the "number" dosage of arsenic in the limited ventilation living room fire was similar to the "number" dosage of chromium in the living room, particle mass and surface area dosages simulated in the limited living room were 90-200 fold higher than that in the ventilated living room. These were also confirmed when comparing the dosimetry in the living room and the kitchen. This phenomenon implied that particles with larger size were the dominant factors in mass and surface area dosages. Firefighters should not remove the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during fire suppression and overhaul operations, especially in smoldering fires with limited ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- a Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
- c School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Yidan Shang
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lin Tian
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
| | - Wenguo Weng
- a Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
- c School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
- d Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety , Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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43
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Price HB, Kimbell JS, Bu R, Oldenburg AL. Geometric Validation of Continuous, Finely Sampled 3-D Reconstructions From aOCT and CT in Upper Airway Models. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2019; 38:1005-1015. [PMID: 30334787 PMCID: PMC6476567 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2876625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Identification and treatment of obstructive airway disorders (OADs) are greatly aided by imaging of the geometry of the airway lumen. Anatomical optical coherence tomography (aOCT) is a promising high-speed and minimally invasive endoscopic imaging modality for providing micrometer-resolution scans of the upper airway. Resistance to airflow in OADs is directly caused by the reduction in luminal cross-sectional area (CSA). It is hypothesized that aOCT can produce airway CSA measurements as accurate as that from computed tomography (CT). Scans of machine hollowed cylindrical tubes were used to develop methods for segmentation and measurement of airway lumen in CT and aOCT. Simulated scans of virtual cones were used to validate 3-D resampling and reconstruction methods in aOCT. Then, measurements of two segments of a 3-D printed pediatric airway phantom from aOCT and CT independently were compared to ground truth CSA. In continuous unobstructed regions, the mean CSA difference for each phantom segment was 2.2 ± 3.5 and 1.5 ± 5.3 mm2 for aOCT, and -3.4 ± 4.3 and -1.9 ± 1.2 mm2 for CT. Because of the similar magnitude of these differences, these results support the hypotheses and underscore the potential for aOCT as a viable alternative to CT in airway imaging, while offering greater potential to capture respiratory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillel B. Price
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA ()
| | - Julia S. Kimbell
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070 USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3216 USA ()
| | - Ruofei Bu
- Department of Biomedical Medical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3216 USA ()
| | - Amy L. Oldenburg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7513 USA; Department of Biomedical Medical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3216 USA ()
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44
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Cherobin GB, Voegels RL, Gebrim EMMS, Garcia GJM. Sensitivity of nasal airflow variables computed via computational fluid dynamics to the computed tomography segmentation threshold. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207178. [PMID: 30444909 PMCID: PMC6239298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) allows quantitative assessment of transport phenomena in the human nasal cavity, including heat exchange, moisture transport, odorant uptake in the olfactory cleft, and regional delivery of pharmaceutical aerosols. The first step when applying CFD to investigate nasal airflow is to create a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the nasal anatomy from computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance images (MRI). However, a method to identify the exact location of the air-tissue boundary from CT scans or MRI is currently lacking. This introduces some uncertainty in the nasal cavity geometry. The radiodensity threshold for segmentation of the nasal airways has received little attention in the CFD literature. The goal of this study is to quantify how uncertainty in the segmentation threshold impacts CFD simulations of transport phenomena in the human nasal cavity. Three patients with nasal airway obstruction were included in the analysis. Pre-surgery CT scans were obtained after mucosal decongestion with oxymetazoline. For each patient, the nasal anatomy was reconstructed using three different thresholds in Hounsfield units (-800HU, -550HU, and -300HU). Our results demonstrate that some CFD variables (pressure drop, flowrate, airflow resistance) and anatomic variables (airspace cross-sectional area and volume) are strongly dependent on the segmentation threshold, while other CFD variables (intranasal flow distribution, surface area) are less sensitive to the segmentation threshold. These findings suggest that identification of an optimal threshold for segmentation of the nasal airway from CT scans will be important for good agreement between in vivo measurements and patient-specific CFD simulations of transport phenomena in the nasal cavity, particularly for processes sensitive to the transnasal pressure drop. We recommend that future CFD studies should always report the segmentation threshold used to reconstruct the nasal anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo B. Cherobin
- Department of Ophtalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard L. Voegels
- Department of Ophtalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloisa M. M. S. Gebrim
- Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme J. M. Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University & The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Kolanjiyil AV, Kleinstreuer C, Kleinstreuer NC, Pham W, Sadikot RT. Mice-to-men comparison of inhaled drug-aerosol deposition and clearance. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 260:82-94. [PMID: 30445230 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Part of the effective prediction of the pharmacokinetics of drugs (or toxic particles) requires extrapolation of experimental data sets from animal studies to humans. As the respiratory tracts of rodents and humans are anatomically very different, there is a need to study airflow and drug-aerosol deposition patterns in lung airways of these laboratory animals and compare them to those of human lungs. As a first step, interspecies computational comparison modeling of inhaled nano-to-micron size drugs (50 nm < d<15μm) was performed using mouse and human upper airway models under realistic breathing conditions. Critical species-specific differences in lung physiology of the upper airways and subsequently in local drug deposition were simulated and analyzed. In addition, a hybrid modeling methodology, combining Computational Fluid-Particle Dynamics (CF-PD) simulations with deterministic lung deposition models, was developed and predicted total and regional drug-aerosol depositions in lung airways of both mouse and man were compared, accounting for the geometric, kinematic and dynamic differences. Interestingly, our results indicate that the total particle deposition fractions, especially for submicron particles, are comparable in rodent and human respiratory models for corresponding breathing conditions. However, care must be taken when extrapolating a given dosage as considerable differences were noted in the regional particle deposition pattern. Combined with the deposition model, the particle retention and clearance kinetics of deposited nanoparticles indicates that the clearance rate from the mouse lung is higher than that in the human lung. In summary, the presented computer simulation models provide detailed fluid-particle dynamics results for upper lung airways of representative human and mouse models with a comparative analysis of particle lung deposition data, including a novel mice-to-men correlation as well as a particle-clearance analysis both useful for pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun V Kolanjiyil
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, United States
| | - Clement Kleinstreuer
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, United States; Joint UNC-NCSU Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, United States.
| | - Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological, Methods (NICEATM), United States
| | - Wellington Pham
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, United States
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VAMC, United States
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46
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Inthavong K, Chetty A, Shang Y, Tu J. Examining mesh independence for flow dynamics in the human nasal cavity. Comput Biol Med 2018; 102:40-50. [PMID: 30245276 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased computational resources provide new opportunities to explore sophisticated respiratory modelling. A survey of recent publications showed a steady increase in the number of mesh elements used in computational models over time. Complex geometries such as the nasal cavity exhibit sharp gradients and irregular curvatures, leading to abnormal flow development across their surfaces. As such, a robust method for examining the near-wall mesh resolution is required. The non-dimensional wall unit y+ (often used in turbulent flows) was used as a parameter to evaluate the near-wall mesh in laminar flows. Mesh independence analysis from line profiles showed that the line location had a significant influence on the result. Furthermore, using a single line profile as a measure for mesh convergence was unsuitable for representing the entire flow field. To improve this, a two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional plane subtraction method where scalar values (such as the velocity magnitude) on a cross-sectional plane were interpolated onto a regularly spaced grid was proposed. The new interpolated grid values from any two meshed models could then be compared for changes caused by the different meshed models. The application of this method to three-dimensional (3D) volume subtraction was also demonstrated. The results showed that if the near-wall mesh was sufficiently refined, then narrow passages were less reliant on the overall mesh size. However, in wider passages, velocity magnitudes were sensitive to mesh size, requiring a more refined mesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yidan Shang
- RMIT University, School of Engineering, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- RMIT University, School of Engineering, Australia
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47
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Kimbell JS, Basu S, Garcia GJM, Frank-Ito DO, Lazarow F, Su E, Protsenko D, Chen Z, Rhee JS, Wong BJ. Upper airway reconstruction using long-range optical coherence tomography: Effects of airway curvature on airflow resistance. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 51:150-160. [PMID: 30051633 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is commonly used to treat upper airway obstruction in children, but selection of patients who will benefit most from AT is challenging. The need for diagnostic evaluation tools without sedation, radiation, or high costs has motivated the development of long-range optical coherence tomography (LR-OCT), providing real-time cross-sectional airway imaging during endoscopy. Since the endoscope channel location is not tracked in conventional LR-OCT, airway curvature must be estimated and may affect predicted airway resistance. The study objective was to assess effects of three realistic airway curvatures on predicted airway resistance using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in LR-OCT reconstructions of the upper airways of pediatric patients, before and after AT. METHODS Eight subjects (five males, three females, aged 4-9 years) were imaged using LR-OCT before and after AT during sedated endoscopy. Three-dimensional (3D) airway reconstructions included three airway curvatures. Steady-state, inspiratory airflow simulations were conducted under laminar conditions, along with turbulent simulations for one subject using the k-ω turbulence model. Airway resistance (pressure drop/flow) was compared using two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS Regardless of the airway curvatures, CFD findings corroborate a surgical end-goal with computed post-operative airway resistance significantly less than pre-operative (P < 0.01). The individual resistances did not vary significantly for different airway curvatures (P > 0.25). Resistances computed using turbulent simulations differed from laminar results by less than ∼5%. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that reconstruction of the upper airways from LR-OCT imaging data may not need to account for airway curvature to be predictive of surgical effects on airway resistance. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:150-160, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Kimbell
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Saikat Basu
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Guilherme J M Garcia
- Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Frances Lazarow
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Erica Su
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Dimitry Protsenko
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - John S Rhee
- Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian J Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California
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48
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Warnken ZN, Smyth HDC, Davis DA, Weitman S, Kuhn JG, Williams RO. Personalized Medicine in Nasal Delivery: The Use of Patient-Specific Administration Parameters To Improve Nasal Drug Targeting Using 3D-Printed Nasal Replica Casts. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1392-1402. [PMID: 29485888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective targeting of nasal spray deposition could improve local, systemic, and CNS drug delivery; however, this has proven to be difficult due to the anatomical features of the nasal cavity, including the nasal valve and turbinate structures. Furthermore, nasal cavity geometries and dimensions vary between individuals based on differences in their age, gender, and ethnicity. The effect of patient-specific administration parameters was evaluated for their ability to overcome the barriers of targeted nasal drug delivery. The nasal spray deposition was evaluated in 10 3D-printed nasal cavity replicas developed based on the CT-scans of five pediatric and five adult subjects. Cromolyn sodium nasal solution, USP, modified with varying concentrations of hypromellose was utilized as a model nasal spray to evaluate the deposition pattern from formulations producing a variety of plume angles. A central composite design of experiments was implemented using the formulation with the narrowest plume angle to determine the patient-specific angle for targeting the turbinate region in each individual. The use of the patient-specific angle with this formulation significantly increased the turbinate deposition efficiency compared to that found for all subjects using an administration angle of 30°, around 90% compared to about 73%. Generally, we found turbinate deposition increased with decreases in the administration angle. Deposition to the upper regions of the replica was poor with any formulation or administration angle tested. Effective turbinate targeting of nasal sprays can be accomplished with the use of patient-specific administration parameters in individuals. Further research is required to see if these parameters can be device-controlled for patients and if other regions can be effectively targeted with other nasal devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary N Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Daniel A Davis
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Steve Weitman
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center (CTRC), University of Texas Health San Antonio , 7979 Wurzbach Dr. , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
| | - John G Kuhn
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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A Review of the Safety, Efficacy and Mechanisms of Delivery of Nasal Oxytocin in Children: Therapeutic Potential for Autism and Prader-Willi Syndrome, and Recommendations for Future Research. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19:391-410. [PMID: 28721467 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-017-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we conduct a comprehensive review of existing evidence for the safety and therapeutic potential of intranasal oxytocin in pediatric populations. Unique considerations for dosing and delivery of oxytocin to the nasal passageway in pediatric populations and methods to promote adherence are reviewed. Intranasal oxytocin has been administered to 261 children in three open-label studies and eight randomized controlled trials. To date, the only published results in pediatric populations have focused on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Results regarding efficacy for improving social impairment in ASD are equivocal, partially due to mixed methodological designs, dosing regimens, and outcome measures. At present, there is no randomized controlled evidence that oxytocin provides benefit to individuals with PWS. There is no clear evidence of a link between oxytocin administration and any specific adverse event. Adverse events have been assessed using medical interviews, open reports, checklists, and physiological assessments. Adverse events reports have been largely classified as mild (n = 93), with few moderate (n = 9) or severe (n = 3) events reported. There were 35 additional adverse events reported, without severity ratings. Severe events, hyperactivity and irritability, occurred at first administration in both placebo and oxytocin groups, and subsided subsequent to discontinuation. We note that adverse event monitoring is inconsistent and often lacking, and reporting of its relationship to the study drug is poor. Only one study reported adherence data to suggest high adherence. Recommendations are then provided for the delivery of nasal sprays to the nasal passageway, monitoring, and reporting of efficacy, safety, and adherence for oxytocin nasal spray trials in pediatric populations.
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50
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Naseri A, Shaghaghian S, Abouali O, Ahmadi G. Numerical investigation of transient transport and deposition of microparticles under unsteady inspiratory flow in human upper airways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 244:56-72. [PMID: 28673875 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, unsteady airflow patterns and particle deposition in healthy human upper airways were simulated. A realistic 3-D computational model of the upper airways including the vestibule to the end of the trachea was developed using a series of CT scan images of a healthy human. Unsteady simulations of the inhaled and exhaled airflow fields in the upper airway passages were performed by solving the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations for low breathing rates corresponding to low and moderate activities. The Lagrangian trajectory analysis approach was utilized to investigate the transient particle transport and deposition under cyclic breathing condition. Particles were released uniformly at the nostrils' entrance during the inhalation phase, and the total and regional depositions for various micro-particle sizes were evaluated. The transient particle deposition fractions for various regions of the human upper airways were compared with those obtained from the equivalent steady flow condition. The presented results revealed that the equivalent constant airflow simulation can approximately predict the total particle deposition during cyclic breathing in human upper airways. While the trends of steady and unsteady model predictions for local deposition were similar, there were noticeable differences in the predicted amount of deposition. In addition, it was shown that a steady simulation cannot properly predict some critical parameters, such as the penetration fraction. Finally, the presented results showed that using a detached nasal cavity (commonly used in earlier studies) for evaluation of total deposition fraction of particles in the nasal cavity was reasonably accurate for the steady flow simulations. However, in transient simulation for predicting the deposition fraction in a specific region, such as the nasal cavity, using the full airway system geometry becomes necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Naseri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sana Shaghaghian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Abouali
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Goodarz Ahmadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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