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Robinson MD, Irvin RL. Out of the shell, into the world: preferences for openness as a substrate of approach motivation and positive affect. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Reiss D, Ganiban JM, Leve LD, Neiderhiser JM, Shaw DS, Natsuaki MN. Parenting in the Context of the Child: Genetic and Social Processes. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2022; 87:7-188. [PMID: 37070594 PMCID: PMC10329459 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The focus on the role of parenting in child development has a long-standing history. When measures of parenting precede changes in child development, researchers typically infer a causal role of parenting practices and attitudes on child development. However, this research is usually conducted with parents raising their own biological offspring. Such research designs cannot account for the effects of genes that are common to parents and children, nor for genetically influenced traits in children that influence how they are parented and how parenting affects them. The aim of this monograph is to provide a clearer view of parenting by synthesizing findings from the Early Growth and Development Study (EGDS). EGDS is a longitudinal study of adopted children, their birth parents, and their rearing parents studied across infancy and childhood. Families (N = 561) were recruited in the United States through adoption agencies between 2000 and 2010. Data collection began when adoptees were 9 months old (males = 57.2%; White 54.5%, Black 13.2%, Hispanic/Latinx 13.4%, Multiracial 17.8%, other 1.1%). The median child age at adoption placement was 2 days (M = 5.58, SD = 11.32). Adoptive parents were predominantly in their 30s, White, and coming from upper-middle- or upper-class backgrounds with high educational attainment (a mode at 4-year college or graduate degree). Most adoptive parents were heterosexual couples, and were married at the beginning of the project. The birth parent sample was more racially and ethnically diverse, but the majority (70%) were White. At the beginning of the study, most birth mothers and fathers were in their 20s, with a mode of educational attainment at high school degree, and few of them were married. We have been following these family members over time, assessing their genetic influences, prenatal environment, rearing environment, and child development. Controlling for effects of genes common to parents and children, we confirmed some previously reported associations between parenting, parent psychopathology, and marital adjustment in relation to child problematic and prosocial behavior. We also observed effects of children's heritable characteristics, characteristics thought to be transmitted from parent to child by genetic means, on their parents and how those effects contributed to subsequent child development. For example, we found that genetically influenced child impulsivity and social withdrawal both elicited harsh parenting, whereas a genetically influenced sunny disposition elicited parental warmth. We found numerous instances of children's genetically influenced characteristics that enhanced positive parental influences on child development or that protected them from harsh parenting. Integrating our findings, we propose a new, genetically informed process model of parenting. We posit that parents implicitly or explicitly detect genetically influenced liabilities and assets in their children. We also suggest future research into factors such as marital adjustment, that favor parents responding with appropriate protection or enhancement. Our findings illustrate a productive use of genetic information in prevention research: helping parents respond effectively to a profile of child strengths and challenges rather than using genetic information simply to identify some children unresponsive to current preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine
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Contreras M, Cupani M, Corr P. The Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory - Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) and its Relationship with Everyday Behaviors. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 25:e8. [PMID: 35164894 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2022.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory-Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ; Corr & Cooper, 2016) and to demonstrate how RST constructs are associated with a variety of everyday behaviors. To achieve this goal, three studies have been conducted. In Study 1, a direct translation of the items from English to Spanish was pilot-tested in a sample of 139 students and a descriptive analysis of items was conducted. Moreover, a reverse translation and comparison between the two English versions were carried out by the lead author of the original questionnaire and the items were refined accordingly. In Study 2, the questionnaire's internal structure was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the predictive validity was assessed using the Criterion Set of Act Clusters in a sample of 1,281 participants. Finally, a study of convergent validity with other measures of personality was performed in Study 3 with 190 participants. The obtained results suggested that the RST-PQ has adequate psychometric properties and the convergent validity results with other personality measures replicate findings from previous research. Having a Spanish language version of the RST-PQ is important, not only to advance RST research but also to demonstrate that this theoretical approach contributes to the prediction and explanation of different behaviors whether they are healthy or pathological ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Contreras
- University of East Anglia (UK)
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina)
| | - Marcos Cupani
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina)
- (IIPsi-CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina)
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A trans-diagnostic cognitive behavioural conceptualisation of the positive and negative roles of social media use in adolescents’ mental health and wellbeing. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1754470x22000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Whilst research into the association between social media and mental health is growing, clinical interest in the field has been dominated by a lack of theoretical integration and a focus on pathological patterns of use. Here we present a trans-diagnostic cognitive behavioural conceptualisation of the positive and negative roles of social media use in adolescence, with a focus on how it interacts with common mental health difficulties. Drawing on clinical experience and an integration of relevant theory/literature, the model proposes that particular patterns of social media use be judged as helpful/unhelpful to the extent that they help/hinder the adolescent from satisfying core needs, particularly those relating to acceptance and belonging. Furthermore, it introduces several key interacting processes, including purposeful/habitual modes of engagement, approach/avoidance behaviours, as well as the potential for social media to exacerbate/ameliorate cognitive biases. The purpose of the model is to act as an aide for therapists to collaboratively formulate the role of social media in young people’s lives, with a view to informing treatment, and ultimately, supporting the development of interventions to help young people use social media in the service of their needs and values.
Key learning aims
(1)
To gain an understanding of a trans-diagnostic conceptualisation of social media use and its interaction with common mental health difficulties in adolescence.
(2)
To gain an understanding of relevant research and theory underpinning the conceptualisation.
(3)
To gain an understanding of core processes and dimensions of social media use, and their interaction with common mental health difficulties in this age group, for the purpose of assessment and formulation.
(4)
To stimulate ideas about how to include adolescent service users’ online world(s) in treatment (where indicated), both with respect to potential risks to ameliorate and benefits to capitalise upon.
(5)
To stimulate and provide a framework for clinically relevant research in the field and the development of interventions to support young people to flourish online.
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5
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Gomez R, Watson S, Stavropoulos V, Typuszak N. Associations of reinforcement sensitivity theory personality constructs, cognitive biases for negative and threatening social information, and social anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Social anxiety and rumination in the context of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory and the mediation model of social anxiety. PSIHOLOGIJA 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/psi200702034r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between temperament, ruminative thought style and social anxiety using latent variable modeling. Before examining the integrated model that specifies the relations between the constructs, relevant measurement issues were examined. The study was conducted on a heterogeneous sample from the general population that included 1,029 participants (62.1% female) aged 19 to 79. The findings show that the Behavioural Inhibition System is the most important vulnerability factor for the development of social anxiety, and it has both a direct effect and an indirect one through the ruminative thought style. Also, Freeze has an additional contribution to the increased experience of social anxiety. The Behavioural Approach System has complex effects on social anxiety ? with a direct protective effect, and indirectly ? with a facilitation of the ruminative thought style. Thus, BAS can also act as a risk factor. The findings support the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and provide a basis for the extension of the Kimbrel?s Mediation Model of Social Anxiety.
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Interpersonal motivations in social anxiety: Weakened approach and intensified avoidance motivations for affiliation and social-rank. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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BİLGE Y. Davranışsal İnhibisyon Sistemi ve Davranışsal Aktivasyon Sistemi Ölçeğinin Türk Toplum Örnekleminde Psikometrik Özellikleri. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.785113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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FioRito TA, Geiger AR, Routledge C. Creative Nostalgia: Social and Psychological Benefits of Scrapbooking. ART THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2020.1748986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Beltzer ML, Adams S, Beling PA, Teachman BA. Social anxiety and dynamic social reinforcement learning in a volatile environment. Clin Psychol Sci 2019; 7:1372-1388. [PMID: 32864197 DOI: 10.1177/2167702619858425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive social behavior requires learning probabilities of social reward and punishment, and updating these probabilities when they change. Given prior research on aberrant reinforcement learning in affective disorders, this study examines how social anxiety affects probabilistic social reinforcement learning and dynamic updating of learned probabilities in a volatile environment. N=222 online participants completed questionnaires and a computerized ball-catching game with changing probabilities of reward and punishment. Dynamic learning rates were estimated to assess the relative importance ascribed to new information in response to volatility. Mixed-effects regression was used to analyze throw patterns as a function of social anxiety symptoms. Higher social anxiety predicted fewer throws to the previously punishing avatar and different learning rates after certain role changes, suggesting that social anxiety may be characterized by difficulty updating learned social probabilities. Socially anxious individuals may miss the chance to learn that a once-punishing situation no longer poses a threat.
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Richey JA, Brewer JA, Sullivan-Toole H, Strege MV, Kim-Spoon J, White SW, Ollendick TH. Sensitivity shift theory: A developmental model of positive affect and motivational deficits in social anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 72:101756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dryman MT, Heimberg RG. Emotion regulation in social anxiety and depression: a systematic review of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:17-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Struijs SY, Lamers F, Rinck M, Roelofs K, Spinhoven P, Penninx BWJH. The predictive value of Approach and Avoidance tendencies on the onset and course of depression and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:551-559. [PMID: 29689597 PMCID: PMC6032866 DOI: 10.1002/da.22760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trait and automatic approach-avoidance (AA) tendencies are central concepts in research on affective disorders. We longitudinally examined the associations of trait and automatic AA tendencies with the risk of onset and chronicity of anxiety and depressive disorders. METHODS Participants were subdivided into those with (n = 766) versus without (n = 1,636) a current anxiety or depression diagnosis at baseline. Clinical diagnoses were reassessed after 2-year follow-up. Automatic AA tendencies in reaction to facial expressions were assessed using the Approach-Avoidance Task, whereas self-reported trait AA tendencies were assessed using the Behavioral Inhibition System and the Behavioral Activation System scales. Analyses were adjusted for socio-demographics (basic adjustment) and for severity and history of psychopathology (full adjustment). RESULTS Stronger trait avoidance tendencies predicted both increased risk of onset and increased risk of a chronic course of anxiety disorders after full adjustment (Odds ratioonset = 1.55, P < .001, and Odds ratiochronicity = 1.31, P = .03). The associations between stronger trait avoidance tendencies and increased risk of onset and chronicity of depressive disorders were no longer significant after full adjustment. In contrast, trait approach tendencies and automatic AA tendencies were not related to onset or chronicity of disorders. CONCLUSIONS Increased trait avoidance tendencies are a risk factor for affective disorders in general, with possibly a slightly more pronounced role in anxiety than depressive disorders. This underlines the importance of addressing trait avoidance tendencies in both the treatment and aftercare of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Y. Struijs
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science InstituteRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioural Science InstituteRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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14
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Titone MK, Freed RD, O'Garro-Moore JK, Gepty A, Ng TH, Stange JP, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. The role of lifetime anxiety history in the course of bipolar spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:202-209. [PMID: 29653349 PMCID: PMC5972058 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD) frequently meet criteria for comorbid anxiety disorders, and anxiety may be an important factor in the etiology and course of BSDs. The current study examined the association of lifetime anxiety disorders with prospective manic/hypomanic versus major depressive episodes. Participants were 244 young adults (aged 17-26) with milder forms of BSDs (i.e., bipolar-II, cyclothymia, BD-NOS). First, bivariate analyses assessed differences in baseline clinical characteristics between participants with and without DSM-IV anxiety diagnoses. Second, negative binomial regression analyses tested whether lifetime anxiety predicted number of manic/hypomanic or major depressive episodes developed during the study. Third, survival analyses evaluated whether lifetime anxiety predicted time to onset of manic/hypomanic and major depressive episodes. Results indicated that anxiety history was associated with greater illness severity at baseline. Over follow-up, anxiety history predicted fewer manic/hypomanic episodes, but did not predict number of major depressive episodes. Anxiety history also was associated with longer time to onset of manic/hypomanic episodes, but shorter time to onset of depressive episodes. Findings corroborate past studies implicating anxiety disorders as salient influences on the course of BSDs. Moreover, results extend prior research by indicating that anxiety disorders may be linked with reduced manic/hypomanic phases of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K Titone
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Rachel D Freed
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jared K O'Garro-Moore
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Andrew Gepty
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Tommy H Ng
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jonathan P Stange
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Lyn Y Abramson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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15
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Fayazi M, Hasani J. Structural relations between brain-behavioral systems, social anxiety, depression and internet addiction: With regard to revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Kimbrel NA, Meyer EC, DeBeer BB, Mitchell JT, Kimbrel AD, Nelson-Gray RO, Morissette SB. Reinforcement Sensitivity and Social Anxiety in Combat Veterans. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016; 98:171-175. [PMID: 28966424 PMCID: PMC5619664 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study tested the hypothesis that low behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity is associated with social anxiety in combat veterans. METHOD Self-report measures of reinforcement sensitivity, combat exposure, social interaction anxiety, and social observation anxiety were administered to 197 Iraq/Afghanistan combat veterans. RESULTS As expected, combat exposure, behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity, and fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) sensitivity were positively associated with both social interaction anxiety and social observation anxiety. In contrast, BAS sensitivity was negatively associated with social interaction anxiety only. An analysis of the BAS subscales revealed that the Reward Responsiveness subscale was the only BAS subscale associated with social interaction anxiety. BAS-Reward Responsiveness was also associated with social observation anxiety. CONCLUSION The findings from the present research provide further evidence that low BAS sensitivity may be associated with social anxiety over and above the effects of BIS and FFFS sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric C. Meyer
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Bryann B. DeBeer
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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Kramer SL, Rodriguez BF. A Comparison of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Measures: Unique Associations With Social Interaction Anxiety and Social Observation Anxiety. Assessment 2016; 25:627-639. [PMID: 27343246 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116654003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the behavior inhibition system (BIS) and fight-flight-freeze system play a role in the individual differences seen in social anxiety disorder; however, findings concerning the role of the behavior approach system (BAS) have been mixed. To date, the role of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) subsystems underlying social anxiety has been measured with scales designed for the original RST. This study examined how the BIS, BAS, and fight, flight, freeze components of the fight-flight-freeze system uniquely relate to social interaction anxiety and social observation anxiety using both a measure specifically designed for the revised RST and a commonly used original RST measure. Comparison of regression analyses with the Jackson-5 and the commonly used BIS/BAS Scales revealed important differences in the relationships between RST subsystems and social anxiety depending on how RST was assessed. Limitations and future directions for revised RST measurement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L Kramer
- 1 Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Karjalainen T, Tuominen L, Manninen S, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Sams M, Nummenmaa L. Behavioural activation system sensitivity is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1310-6. [PMID: 27053768 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcement-sensitivity theory proposes that behavioural activation and inhibition systems (BAS and BIS, respectively) guide approach and avoidance behaviour in potentially rewarding and punishing situations. Their baseline activity presumably explains individual differences in behavioural dispositions when a person encounters signals of reward and harm. Yet, neurochemical bases of BAS and BIS have remained poorly understood. Here we used in vivo positron emission tomography with a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) specific ligand [(11)C]carfentanil to test whether individual differences in MOR availability would be associated with BAS or BIS. We scanned 49 healthy subjects and measured their BAS and BIS sensitivities using the BIS/BAS scales. BAS but not BIS sensitivity was positively associated with MOR availability in frontal cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, brainstem, cingulate cortex and insula. Strongest associations were observed for the BAS subscale 'Fun Seeking'. Our results suggest that endogenous opioid system underlies BAS, and that differences in MOR availability could explain inter-individual differences in reward seeking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Karjalainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Art, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, 00076 AALTO, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
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Kramer S, Rodriguez BF, Kertz SJ. Predicting socially anxious group membership using reinforcement sensitivity theory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sanders W, Abaied J. Motivational systems and autonomic functioning: Overlapping and differential contributions to anhedonic depression and anxious arousal. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Cremers HR, Veer IM, Spinhoven P, Rombouts SARB, Roelofs K. Neural sensitivity to social reward and punishment anticipation in social anxiety disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 8:439. [PMID: 25601830 PMCID: PMC4283602 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in the neural motivational system may underlie Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). This study examines social reward and punishment anticipation in SAD, predicting a valence-specific effect: increased striatal activity for punishment avoidance compared to obtaining a reward. Individuals with SAD (n = 20) and age, gender, and education case-matched controls (n = 20) participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. During fMRI scanning, participants performed a Social Incentive Delay (SID) task to measure the anticipation of social reward and punishment. The left putamen (part of the striatum) showed a valence-specific interaction with group after correcting for medication use and comorbidity. The control group showed a relatively stronger activation for reward vs. punishment trials, compared to the social anxiety group. However, post-hoc pairwise comparisons were not significant, indicating that the effect is driven by a relative difference. A connectivity analysis (Psychophysiological interaction) further revealed a general salience effect: SAD patients showed decreased putamen-ACC connectivity compared to controls for both reward and punishment trials. Together these results suggest that the usual motivational preference for social reward is absent in SAD. In addition, cortical control processes during social incentive anticipation may be disrupted in SAD. These results provide initial evidence for altered striatal involvement in both valence-specific and valence-nonspecific processing of social incentives, and stress the relevance of taking motivational processes into account when studying social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk R Cremers
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioral Science Institute Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Biological Science Department, Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands ; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden, Netherlands ; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands ; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioral Science Institute Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Pathways to social anxiety: the role of reinforcement sensitivities and emotion regulation. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:915-20. [PMID: 25281030 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Past research has demonstrated a strong relationship between threat sensitivity and social anxiety; however, the relationship between reward sensitivity and social anxiety is less clear. Further, the role that emotion regulation (ER) may play in the expression of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is rarely considered. The current study tested whether two emotion regulation strategies (emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal) mediated associations between threat sensitivity and reward sensitivity and social anxiety in a community sample (402 adults, 78% female; Mage=32.49, S.D.age=11.53). Path analyses indicated that low reappraisal mediated the relationship between high threat sensitivity and high social anxiety; and both low reappraisal and high suppression mediated the relationship between low reward sensitivity and high social anxiety. These results highlight the potential role that emotion regulation plays in the relationship between trait motivation and social anxiety.
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Maresh EL, Allen JP, Coan JA. Increased default mode network activity in socially anxious individuals during reward processing. BIOLOGY OF MOOD & ANXIETY DISORDERS 2014; 4:7. [PMID: 25075275 PMCID: PMC4114426 DOI: 10.1186/2045-5380-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Social anxiety has been associated with potentiated negative affect and, more recently, with diminished positive affect. It is unclear how these alterations in negative and positive affect are represented neurally in socially anxious individuals and, further, whether they generalize to non-social stimuli. To explore this, we used a monetary incentive paradigm to explore the association between social anxiety and both the anticipation and consumption of non-social incentives. Eighty-four individuals from a longitudinal community sample underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participating in a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. The MID task consisted of alternating cues indicating the potential to win or prevent losing varying amounts of money based on the speed of the participant’s response. We examined whether self-reported levels of social anxiety, averaged across approximately 7 years of data, moderated brain activity when contrasting gain or loss cues with neutral cues during the anticipation and outcome phases of incentive processing. Whole brain analyses and analyses restricted to the ventral striatum for the anticipation phase and the medial prefrontal cortex for the outcome phase were conducted. Results Social anxiety did not associate with differences in hit rates or reaction times when responding to cues. Further, socially anxious individuals did not exhibit decreased ventral striatum activity during anticipation of gains or decreased MPFC activity during the outcome of gain trials, contrary to expectations based on literature indicating blunted positive affect in social anxiety. Instead, social anxiety showed positive associations with extensive regions implicated in default mode network activity (for example, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, and parietal lobe) during anticipation and receipt of monetary gain. Social anxiety was further linked with decreased activity in the ventral striatum during anticipation of monetary loss. Conclusions Socially anxious individuals may increase default mode network activity during reward processing, suggesting high self-focused attention even in relation to potentially rewarding stimuli lacking explicit social connotations. Additionally, social anxiety may relate to decreased ventral striatum reactivity when anticipating potential losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Maresh
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 314 Gilmer Hall, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Joseph P Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 314 Gilmer Hall, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - James A Coan
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 314 Gilmer Hall, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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25
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Unique associations of reinforcement sensitivity theory dimensions with social interaction anxiety and social observation anxiety. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Elam KK, Harold GT, Neiderhiser JM, Reiss D, Shaw DS, Natsuaki MN, Gaysina D, Barrett D, Leve LD. Adoptive parent hostility and children's peer behavior problems: examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Dev Psychol 2013; 50:1543-52. [PMID: 24364829 DOI: 10.1037/a0035470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Socially disruptive behavior during peer interactions in early childhood is detrimental to children's social, emotional, and academic development. Few studies have investigated the developmental underpinnings of children's socially disruptive behavior using genetically sensitive research designs that allow examination of parent-on-child and child-on-parent (evocative genotype-environment correlation [rGE]) effects when examining family process and child outcome associations. Using an adoption-at-birth design, the present study controlled for passive genotype-environment correlation and directly examined evocative rGE while examining the associations between family processes and children's peer behavior. Specifically, the present study examined the evocative effect of genetic influences underlying toddler low social motivation on mother-child and father-child hostility and the subsequent influence of parent hostility on disruptive peer behavior during the preschool period. Participants were 316 linked triads of birth mothers, adoptive parents, and adopted children. Path analysis showed that birth mother low behavioral motivation predicted toddler low social motivation, which predicted both adoptive mother-child and father-child hostility, suggesting the presence of an evocative genotype-environment association. In addition, both mother-child and father-child hostility predicted children's later disruptive peer behavior. Results highlight the importance of considering genetically influenced child attributes on parental hostility that in turn links to later child social behavior. Implications for intervention programs focusing on early family processes and the precursors of disrupted child social development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit K Elam
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
| | - Gordon T Harold
- Rudd Center for Adoption Research and Practice, School of Psychology, University of Sussex
| | | | - David Reiss
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Darya Gaysina
- Rudd Center for Adoption Research and Practice, School of Psychology, University of Sussex
| | - Doug Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Leicester
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Gable PA, Harmon-Jones E. Trait behavioral approach sensitivity (BAS) relates to early (<150 ms) electrocortical responses to appetitive stimuli. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 8:795-8. [PMID: 22717385 PMCID: PMC3791069 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Much past research has focused on how traits related to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and avoidance motivation influence the almost obligatory attentional processing of aversive stimuli as measured as early as 100 ms into stimulus processing. These results fit with the functional importance assigned to the negativity bias. But do traits related to the behavioral approach system (BAS) influence attentional processing with similar rapidity? The present study addressed this unanswered question by testing whether trait BAS relates to event-related potentials (ERP) involved in rapid motivated attentional processing to appetitive stimuli. Results indicated that individual differences in BAS were correlated with larger ERP amplitudes as early as 100 ms into the processing of appetitive pictures. These results provide the first evidence linking trait approach motivational tendencies to very early stages of motivated attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gable
- 505 Hackberry Lane, P.O. Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348;
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28
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Mercer-Lynn KB, Hunter JA, Eastwood JD. Is Trait Boredom Redundant? JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.8.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kingsbury A, Coplan RJ, Weeks M, Rose-Krasnor L. Covering all the BAS’s: A closer look at the links between BIS, BAS, and socio-emotional functioning in childhood. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tillfors M, Van Zalk N, Kerr M. Investigating a socially anxious-impulsive subgroup of adolescents: a prospective community study. Scand J Psychol 2013; 54:267-73. [PMID: 23452323 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has identified a subgroup of socially anxious adults who are both anxious and impulsive. To date, however, this subgroup has not been identified in adolescence. Therefore, in this study we aimed to identify this subgroup in a sample of adolescents. In addition, we hypothesized that this subgroup would be higher on problem behaviors, and that these processes would be moderated by gender. We used longitudinal data from 714 adolescents who were in the 7th and 8th grades at Time 1. They were followed annually for three years. Cluster analyses identified an anxious-inhibited subgroup as well as an anxious-impulsive subgroup in early adolescence (Time 1). The socially anxious-impulsive adolescent boys were generally higher on both intoxication frequency and delinquency compared with all other adolescents in all clusters at each time point. Findings suggest that social anxiety subgroups may differ on problem behavior, and that early detection of an anxious-impulsive subgroup may be important to prevent maladjustment, especially for adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tillfors
- Center for Health and Medical Psychology, Örebro University, Sweden.
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31
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately half of high school students in the USA have used tobacco. Social anxiety can put adolescents at increased risk for smoking. PURPOSE This study aims to determine whether adolescents high in trait social anxiety report more cigarette use and greater urge to smoke before, during, and after friend interactions than do teens low in trait social anxiety. METHODS Four hundred two students who reported smoking more than once during high school were assessed approximately every 30 min during up to 84-day monitoring sessions. RESULTS Controlling for momentary anxiety, high socially anxious teens were equally or less likely to smoke, but more likely to report urge to smoke, surrounding friend interactions than low socially anxious teens. CONCLUSIONS Although high socially anxious adolescents do not smoke more than low socially anxious peers, they may believe that they should need a cigarette in anxiety-provoking situations. Such urges may later develop into smoking behaviors.
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Maack DJ, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Examining the incremental contribution of behavioral inhibition to generalized anxiety disorder relative to other Axis I disorders and cognitive-emotional vulnerabilities. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:689-95. [PMID: 22750475 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the incremental contribution of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity to the presence of a current generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) diagnosis relative to other Axis I disorders (e.g., major depression, other anxiety disorders) and cognitive-emotional vulnerabilities (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, emotion dysregulation) previously found to be associated with GAD. Participants were 91 individuals recruited from the local community who completed a diagnostic interview and self-report questionnaires. Consistent with expectations, BIS sensitivity emerged as a significant predictor of current GAD status above and beyond major depression, anxiety disorder diagnoses, anxiety sensitivity, emotion dysregulation, and behavioral activation system sensitivity. However, emotion dysregulation also emerged as a significant predictor of GAD status in the final model. Findings speak to the importance of considering BIS sensitivity in models of the development and maintenance of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Maack
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, 205 Peabody Building, University, MS 38677, United States.
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Contrasting Regulatory Focus and Reinforcement Sensitivity: A Daily Diary Study of Goal Pursuit and Emotion. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012; 53:335-340. [PMID: 22736878 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating effects of motivational orientation on daily affect and goal pursuit. Based on recent revisions to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, measures of BIS (BIS-r and Fight-Flight-Freeze System or FFFS), BAS, and regulatory focus (Promotion and Prevention) were administered to 84 college students who participated in a 14-day diary study. Diary items assessed goal-directed activities and positive and negative affect (PA and NA). Results showed that higher FFFS and Promotion were consistently associated with higher NA and PA, respectively, and FFFS was also associated with avoidance of responsibilities. Higher Promotion predicted greater daily goal progress and tendencies to rate goals as more promotion- and prevention-focused. Relationships between daily goal-directed activities and both sadness and satisfaction were moderated by BIS-r. Inconsistent with our hypothesis, low BAS Reward Responsiveness predicted increased enthusiasm with greater goal progress. A trend in the data showed evidence of regulatory fit in daily activities predicted by both Promotion and Prevention. Implications for the theoretical and practical distinctions between measures of motivational orientation are discussed.
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Kimbrel NA, Nelson-Gray RO, Mitchell JT. BIS, BAS, and bias: The role of personality and cognitive bias in social anxiety. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pickett SM, Bardeen JR, Orcutt HK. Experiential avoidance as a moderator of the relationship between behavioral inhibition system sensitivity and posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:1038-45. [PMID: 21802256 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence suggests that high emotional reactivity, in conjunction with maladaptive self-regulatory processes, increases one's vulnerability to develop psychopathology. In the present study, associations between behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivity, experiential avoidance (EA) and trauma-related outcomes (i.e., posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS]) were examined in a sample (N=851) of female college students who had experienced at least one traumatic event. Positive associations were observed between BIS sensitivity, EA, and PTSS. In addition, EA moderated the relationship between BIS sensitivity and PTSS, with participants high in BIS sensitivity and high in EA reporting significantly more PTSS than participants high in BIS sensitivity and low in EA. No association was observed between BIS sensitivity and PTSS for participants low in EA. These findings suggest that an unwillingness to experience unwanted private events, in conjunction with increased BIS sensitivity, contributes to PTSS severity. Further, there was a positive association and a negative association found between PTSS and BAS-Drive and BAS-Reward Responsiveness, respectively. A marginally significant EA×BAS-Fun Seeking interaction was also observed. Present findings suggests the importance of pursuing an etiological model of posttraumatic stress disorder in which neurobiological factors (i.e., BIS/BAS sensitivity) and self-regulatory processes (i.e., EA) interact to produce psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Pickett
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States.
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36
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DeWall CN, Deckman T, Pond RS, Bonser I. Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression. J Pers 2011; 79:1281-314. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Helbig-Lang S, Cammin S, Petermann F. Angstbezogene Verhaltensweisen in einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe: Geschlechtsspezifische Zusammenhänge zu Risikofaktoren für Angststörungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1024/1661-4747/a000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Sicherheits- und Vermeidungsverhalten gilt als aufrechterhaltender Faktor aller Angststörungen. Weitgehend ungeklärt ist, inwieweit solche Verhaltensweisen vor Erstmanifestation einer Angststörung ausgeprägt sind und ob sie mit Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung von Angststörungen, wie Angstsensitivität oder Behavioral Inhibition, assoziiert sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde untersucht, welche Zusammenhänge zwischen angstbezogenen Verhaltensstrategien und bekannten Risikofaktoren bestehen. Da Frauen höhere Prävalenzen bei Angststörungen aufweisen, wurde das Geschlecht explizit berücksichtigt. 233 Studierende wurden mit dem neu entwickelten Inventar zur Erfassung angstbezogener Verhaltensweisen (IAV), dem Mobilitätsinventar (MI), dem Angstsensitivitätsindex (ASI), der Skala zur dysfunktionalen Selbstaufmerksamkeit (DFS-D) und den Skalen zur Erfassung der BIS-/BAS-Sensitivität (ARES) einmalig untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Frauen im Vergleich zu Männern eine größere Anzahl und einen häufigeren Einsatz von angstbezogenen Verhaltensstrategien berichteten. Assoziationen zu Risikofaktoren wie Angstsensitivität, Behavioral Inhibition und dysfunktionaler Selbstaufmerksamkeit waren bei Frauen darüber hinaus deutlicher ausgeprägt. Das angstbezogene Verhaltensrepertoire wurde signifikant durch Geschlecht, Angstsensitivität sowie dysfunktionale Selbstaufmerksamkeit vorhergesagt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass der Einsatz von Strategien zur Bewältigung von Angst in hohem Maß mit Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung von Angststörungen assoziiert ist. Hieraus ergibt sich ein möglicher Ansatzpunkt für Präventionsstrategien für Angststörungen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Helbig-Lang
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Sandra Cammin
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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Tull MT, Gratz KL, Latzman RD, Kimbrel NA, Lejuez C. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and emotion regulation difficulties: A multimodal investigation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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