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Langdon JA, Helgason BA, Qiu J, Effron DA. "It's Not Literally True, But You Get the Gist:" How nuanced understandings of truth encourage people to condone and spread misinformation. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 57:101788. [PMID: 38306926 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
People have a more-nuanced view of misinformation than the binary distinction between "fake news" and "real news" implies. We distinguish between the truth of a statement's verbatim details (i.e., the specific, literal information) and its gist (i.e., the general, overarching meaning), and suggest that people tolerate and intentionally spread misinformation in part because they believe its gist. That is, even when they recognize a claim as literally false, they may judge it as morally acceptable to spread because they believe it is true "in spirit." Prior knowledge, partisanship, and imagination increase belief in the gist. We argue that partisan conflict about the morality of spreading misinformation hinges on disagreements not only about facts but also about gists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Langdon
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK.
| | - Beth Anne Helgason
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK
| | - Judy Qiu
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK
| | - Daniel A Effron
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK
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2
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Morin A, Grondin S. Is life going too fast? Exploring the unique and joint contributions of mindfulness, temperament, task load, and metacognitions about time. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 287:247-285. [PMID: 39097355 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that mindfulness is associated with slower passage of time in everyday life, and with lower self-reported time pressure. This study investigates some of the potential mechanisms behind these relationships. METHODS 318 participants submitted their responses to an online survey which collected data regarding passage of time judgments, time pressure, trait mindfulness, temperament, task load, and metacognitions about time. Using commonality and dominance analyses, we explored how these variables contributed, either alone or jointly, to predicting how fast (or slow) time seems to pass for participants, or how pressed for time they felt. RESULTS Mindfulness and temperament had some overlaps in their ability to predict passage of time judgments and time pressure for durations at the month and 2-month scales. The temperamental trait of extraversion/surgency, as well as the Non-judging and Non-reacting facets of mindfulness were among the best predictors of passage of time judgments and time pressure. Attention-related variables were mainly related to time perception via their involvement in joint effects with other variables. Results also suggested that metacognitions about time interacted with other variables in predicting passage of time judgments, but only at the month scale. Finally, among all the variables included in this study, task load had the highest degree of involvement in predictions of self-reported time pressure at the week and month scales, but it contributed relatively little to predicting passage of time judgments. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that mindfulness relates to passage of time through its involvement in inferential processes. The data also shows how different factors are related to PoTJ at different time scales. Finally, results suggest the existence of both similarities and differences in how passage of time and time pressure relate to the other included variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Morin
- Ecole de Psychologie, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Simon Grondin
- Ecole de Psychologie, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Hayes BB, Reyna VF, Edelson SM. Making decisions one drink at a time and the "just one drink" effect: A fuzzy-trace theory model of harmful drinking. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:889-902. [PMID: 38642331 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the decision factors that drive harmful alcohol use among young adults is of practical and theoretical importance. We apply fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) to investigate a potential danger that may arise from the arguably correct notion that a single drink carries no meaningful risk. Decisions that are mentally represented as one drink at a time could contribute to excessive drinking. METHODS College students (N = 351) made a series of decisions to take or decline eight hypothetical drinks presented one at a time. Outcome measures included each decision, recent alcohol consumption (weekly drinks, peak blood alcohol content, and binges), and alcohol-related harms (scores on the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Linear regression models predicted each outcome from sex, perceived risk of a single drink, perceived risk of heavy drinking, perceived consequences of drinking, and general health-related risk sensitivity. RESULTS Consistent with FTT, decisions to have a first drink and up to four additional drinks in short succession were each associated with lower perceived risk of one drink-a "just-one drink" effect-independent of perceived risks of heavy drinking, perceived consequences of drinking, and general risk sensitivity. Similarly, all measures of recent alcohol consumption and consequent harms were associated with perceived risk of one drink. Participants reporting "zero risk" of a single drink had worse outcomes on all measures than those reporting at least "low risk." CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with the theoretically informed premise that consumption decisions are typically made one drink at a time rather than by deciding the total number of drinks to be consumed in a sitting. When decisions about alcohol use proceed one drink at a time, a perception of zero risk in a single drink may contribute to heavy drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget B Hayes
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Valerie F Reyna
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sarah M Edelson
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Keene T, Newman E, Pammer K. Can degrading information about patient symptoms in vignettes alter clinical reasoning in paramedics and paramedic students? An experimental application of fuzzy trace theory. Australas Emerg Care 2023; 26:279-283. [PMID: 36792390 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown paramedics form rapid intuitive impressions on first, meeting a patient and these impressions subsequently affected their clinical reasoning. We report an experiment where theory-based interventions are developed with the goal of reducing reliance on intuitive reasoning by paramedics and paramedic students in simulated patients. METHOD Australian paramedics (n = 213; 49% female) and paramedicine students (n = 83; 55% female) attending paramedic conferences completed a 2 × 2 fully between participants experiment. They saw a written clinical vignette designed to be representative of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in which key clinical information was precise or degraded (stimulus), they then either chose the single most likely diagnosis from a list, or ranked competing diagnoses (response). Outcome variables were diagnostic rate and response time. RESULTS There were no differences in the proportion of participants choosing ACS across the four stimulus-response conditions (0.75 [0.65, 0.84] vs 0.79 [0.68, 0.87] vs, 0.78 [0.65, 0.87] vs 0.72 [0.59, 0.82], p = 0.42) CONCLUSION: This is the first study attempting to experimentally examine clinical reasoning in paramedics using a theory-based intervention. Neither of the interventions tested succeeded in altering measures of clinical reasoning. Similar to previous research on physicians, paramedic reasoning appears robust to manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Keene
- The Australian National University, Australia.
| | - Eryn Newman
- The Australian National University, Australia
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5
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Siestrup S, Schubotz RI. Minor Changes Change Memories: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Behavioral Reflections of Episodic Prediction Errors. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1823-1845. [PMID: 37677059 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memories can be modified, a process that is potentially driven by mnemonic prediction errors. In the present study, we used modified cues to induce prediction errors of different episodic relevance. Participants encoded episodes in the form of short toy stories and then returned for an fMRI session on the subsequent day. Here, participants were presented either original episodes or slightly modified versions thereof. Modifications consisted of replacing a single object within the episode and either challenged the gist of an episode (gist modifications) or left it intact (surface modifications). On the next day, participants completed a post-fMRI memory test that probed memories for originally encoded episodes. Both types of modifications triggered brain activation in regions we previously found to be involved in the processing of content-based mnemonic prediction errors (i.e., the exchange of an object). Specifically, these were ventrolateral pFC, intraparietal cortex, and lateral occipitotemporal cortex. In addition, gist modifications triggered pronounced brain responses, whereas those for surface modification were only significant in the right inferior frontal sulcus. Processing of gist modifications also involved the posterior temporal cortex and the precuneus. Interestingly, our findings confirmed the posterior hippocampal role of detail processing in episodic memory, as evidenced by increased posterior hippocampal activity for surface modifications compared with gist modifications. In the post-fMRI memory test, previous experience with surface modified, but not gist-modified episodes, increased erroneous acceptance of the same modified versions as originally encoded. Whereas surface-level prediction errors might increase uncertainty and facilitate confusion of alternative episode representations, gist-level prediction errors seem to trigger the clear distinction of independent episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Siestrup
- University of Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Ricarda I Schubotz
- University of Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
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Reyna VF, Müller SM, Edelson SM. Critical tests of fuzzy trace theory in brain and behavior: uncertainty across time, probability, and development. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:746-772. [PMID: 36828988 PMCID: PMC9957613 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty permeates decisions from the trivial to the profound. Integrating brain and behavioral evidence, we discuss how probabilistic (varied outcomes) and temporal (delayed outcomes) uncertainty differ across age and individuals; how critical tests adjudicate between theories of uncertainty (prospect theory and fuzzy-trace theory); and how these mechanisms might be represented in the brain. The same categorical gist representations of gains and losses account for choices and eye-tracking data in both value-allocation (add money to gambles) and risky-choice tasks, disconfirming prospect theory and confirming predictions of fuzzy-trace theory. The analysis is extended to delay discounting and disambiguated choices, explaining hidden-zero effects that similarly turn on categorical distinctions between some gain and no gain, certain gain and uncertain gain, gain and loss, and now and later. Bold activation implicates dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in gist strategies that are not just one tool in a grab-bag of cognitive options but rather are general strategies that systematically predict behaviors across many different tasks involving probabilistic and temporal uncertainty. High valuation (e.g., ventral striatum; ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and low executive control (e.g., lateral prefrontal cortex) contribute to risky and impatient choices, especially in youth. However, valuation in ventral striatum supports reward-maximizing and gist strategies in adulthood. Indeed, processing becomes less "rational" in the sense of maximizing gains and more noncompensatory (eye movements indicate fewer tradeoffs) as development progresses from adolescence to adulthood, as predicted. Implications for theoretically predicted "public-health paradoxes" are discussed, including gist versus verbatim thinking in drug experimentation and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke M. Müller
- Department General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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Grilli MD, Sheldon S. Autobiographical event memory and aging: older adults get the gist. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:1079-1089. [PMID: 36195539 PMCID: PMC9669242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose that older adults' ability to retrieve episodic autobiographical events, although often viewed through a lens of decline, reveals much about what is preserved and prioritized in cognitive aging. Central to our proposal is the idea that the so-called gist of an autobiographical event is not only spared with normal aging but also well adapted to serve memory-guided behavior in older age. To support our proposal, we review cognitive and brain evidence indicating an age-related shift toward gist memory. We then discuss why this shift likely arises from more than age-related decline and instead partly reflects a natural, arguably adaptive, outcome of experience, motivation, and mode-of-thinking factors. Our proposal reveals an upside of age-related memory changes and identifies important research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Grilli
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada.
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Dalton AF, Golin CE, Morris C, Kistler CE, Dolor RJ, Bertin KB, Suresh K, Patel SG, Lewis CL. Effect of a Patient Decision Aid on Preferences for Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Older Adults: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2244982. [PMID: 36469317 PMCID: PMC9855297 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Guidelines recommend individualized decision-making for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among adults aged 76 to 84 years, a process that includes a consideration of health state and patient preference. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a targeted patient decision aid would align older adults' screening preference with their potential to benefit from CRC screening. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This is a prespecified secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial. Participants aged 70 to 84 years who were not up to date with screening and had an appointment within 6 weeks were purposively sampled by health state (poor, intermediate, or good) at 14 community-based primary care practices and block randomized to receive the intervention or control. Patients were recruited from March 1, 2012, to February 28, 2015, and these secondary analyses were performed from January 15 to March 1, 2022. INTERVENTIONS Patient decision aid targeted to age and sex. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome of this analysis was patient preference for CRC screening. The a priori hypothesis was that the decision aid (intervention) group would reduce the proportion preferring screening among those in poor and intermediate health compared with the control group. RESULTS Among the 424 participants, the mean (SD) age was 76.8 (4.2) years; 248 (58.5%) of participants were women; and 333 (78.5%) were White. The proportion preferring screening in the intervention group was less than in the control group for those in the intermediate health state (34 of 76 [44.7%] vs 40 of 73 [54.8%]; absolute difference, -10.1% [95% CI, -26.0% to 5.9%]) and in the poor health state (24 of 62 [38.7%] vs 33 of 61 [54.1%]; absolute difference, -15.4% [95% CI, -32.8% to 2.0%]). These differences were not statistically significant. The proportion of those in good health who preferred screening was similar between the intervention and control groups (44 of 74 [59.5%] for intervention vs 46 of 75 [61.3%] for control; absolute difference, -1.9% [95% CI, -17.6% to 13.8%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this secondary analysis of a clinical trial did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in patient preferences between the health groups. Additional studies that are appropriately powered are needed to determine the effect of the decision aid on the preferences of older patients for CRC screening by health state. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01575990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F. Dalton
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Carol E. Golin
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Carolyn Morris
- Division of Data Sciences Safety and Regulatory, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Research & Development Solutions, IQVIA, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christine E. Kistler
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Rowena J. Dolor
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kaitlyn B. Bertin
- Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Krithika Suresh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Swati G. Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carmen L. Lewis
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
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Li D, Zhang L, Yue X, Memmert D, Zhang Y. Effect of Attentional Focus on Sprint Performance: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6254. [PMID: 35627791 PMCID: PMC9140706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sprinting is often seen in a variety of sports. Focusing one's attention externally before sprinting has been demonstrated to boost sprint performance. The present study aimed to systematically review previous findings on the impact of external focus (EF), in comparison to internal focus (IF), on sprint performance. A literature search was conducted in five electronic databases (APA PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science). A random-effects model was used to pool Hedge's g with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The meta-analysis included six studies with a total of 10 effect sizes and 166 participants. In general, the EF condition outperformed the IF condition in sprint performance (g = 0.279, 95% CI [0.088, 0.470], p = 0.004). The subgroup analysis, which should be viewed with caution, suggested that the benefits associated with the EF strategy were significant in low-skill sprinters (g = 0.337, 95% CI [0.032, 0.642], p = 0.030) but not significant in high-skill sprinters (g = 0.246, 95% CI [-0.042, 0.533], p = 0.094), although no significant difference was seen between these subgroups (p = 0.670). The reported gain in sprint performance due to attentional focus has practical implications for coaches and athletes, as making tiny adjustments in verbal instructions can lead to significant behavioral effects of great importance in competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Liwei Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yue
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Yeqin Zhang
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
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Guiding Efficient, Effective, and Patient-Oriented Electrolyte Replacement in Critical Care: An Artificial Intelligence Reinforcement Learning Approach. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050661. [PMID: 35629084 PMCID: PMC9143326 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both provider- and protocol-driven electrolyte replacement have been linked to the over-prescription of ubiquitous electrolytes. Here, we describe the development and retrospective validation of a data-driven clinical decision support tool that uses reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to recommend patient-tailored electrolyte replacement policies for ICU patients. We used electronic health records (EHR) data that originated from two institutions (UPHS; MIMIC-IV). The tool uses a set of patient characteristics, such as their physiological and pharmacological state, a pre-defined set of possible repletion actions, and a set of clinical goals to present clinicians with a recommendation for the route and dose of an electrolyte. RL-driven electrolyte repletion substantially reduces the frequency of magnesium and potassium replacements (up to 60%), adjusts the timing of interventions in all three electrolytes considered (potassium, magnesium, and phosphate), and shifts them towards orally administered repletion over intravenous replacement. This shift in recommended treatment limits risk of the potentially harmful effects of over-repletion and implies monetary savings. Overall, the RL-driven electrolyte repletion recommendations reduce excess electrolyte replacements and improve the safety, precision, efficacy, and cost of each electrolyte repletion event, while showing robust performance across patient cohorts and hospital systems.
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Keene T, Pammer K, Lord B, Shipp C. Fluency and confidence predict paramedic diagnostic intuition: An experimental study of applied dual-process theory. Int Emerg Nurs 2022; 61:101126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2021.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Reasoning = representation + process: Common Ground for Fuzzy Trace and Dual Process Theories. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Stoll JA, Ranahan M, Richbart MT, Brennan-Taylor MK, Taylor JS, Brady L, Cal J, Baumgartner A, Wahler RG, Singh R. Development of video animations to encourage patient-driven deprescribing: A Team Alice Study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:2716-2723. [PMID: 33994020 PMCID: PMC9237954 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patient-driven deprescribing initiatives aim to increase patient knowledge and strengthen self-advocacy skills. This article describes the development of three animated videos designed to educate older adults about unsafe prescribing and medication harm, based on the actionable lessons from the death, by polypharmacy, of an older adult in our community. METHODS Using a community based participatory research approach (CBPR), members of three senior centers (n = 53) and the Deprescribing Partnership of Western New York (n = 30) were recruited and participated in two rounds of focus groups to guide the video development. RESULTS Stakeholder input led to changes in content, wording, and visual presentation. The final versions of the videos emphasize the following messages (1) "New medications and what you should know about the risks", (2) "What you should do when a doctor tells you never to take a certain medication", (3) "What you should know about medications when you are in the hospital." CONCLUSION The study highlights the successful process of using CBPR to develop a series of videos designed to provide information on the risks of polypharmacy, and empower older adults to advocate for themselves. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Animated educational videos are a novel strategy to address medication harm in older adults. This research is a critical first step to increasing patient-led discussions that reduce the incidence of medication harm and inappropriate medication use among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Stoll
- Primary Care Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA.
| | - Molly Ranahan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Michael T Richbart
- Primary Care Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Mary K Brennan-Taylor
- Primary Care Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - John S Taylor
- Primary Care Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Laura Brady
- Primary Care Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Joseph Cal
- Spokesman of Elder Voices Elder Voices, Primary Care Research Institute, UB Downtown Gateway Department of Family Medicine, Buffalo, USA
| | - Andrew Baumgartner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Robert G Wahler
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Ranjit Singh
- Primary Care Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
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Coughlan JJ, Mullins CF, Kiernan TJ. Diagnosing, fast and slow. Postgrad Med J 2020; 97:103-109. [PMID: 32595113 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-137412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic error is increasingly recognised as a source of significant morbidity and mortality in medicine. In this article, we will attempt to address several questions relating to clinical decision making; How do we decide on a diagnosis? Why do we so often get it wrong? Can we improve our critical faculties?We begin by describing a clinical vignette in which a medical error occurred and resulted in an adverse outcome for a patient. This case leads us to the concepts of heuristic thinking and cognitive bias. We then discuss how this is relevant to our current clinical paradigm, examples of heuristic thinking and potential mechanisms to mitigate bias.The aim of this article is to increase awareness of the role that cognitive bias and heuristic thinking play in medical decision making. We hope to motivate clinicians to reflect on their own patterns of thinking with an overall aim of improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Coughlan
- Cardiology, Saint James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Reyna VF, Brust‐Renck PG. How representations of number and numeracy predict decision paradoxes: A fuzzy‐trace theory approach. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Middlemiss W, Brownstein NC, Nelson SP, Manchiraju S, Leddy M, Steliotes N, Grzywacz JG. Crafting effective messages to enhance safe infant sleep. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2020; 33:441-450. [PMID: 32039958 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care professionals are continually challenged by the need to provide health information in a way that successfully changes health practices. Research has documented this as a concern in relation to safe infant sleep health campaigns. Often, caregivers' knowledge of recommended practices is not associated with a change in infant sleep choices. PURPOSE Health campaigns, including most safe infant sleep efforts, often share specific risk factors and steps for avoiding risk, that is, in a verbatim format. Research has shown that caregivers' behavior may be more likely to change when presented with messages based on their general understanding of risk, that is, gist-based format. This research examines caregivers' responses as related to verbatim- and gist-based safe sleep information. METHODS Five hundred forty-one caregivers of infants were shown 12 images depicting infants in safe or unsafe sleep spaces. Images varied across three commercially available spaces, infant race, and presence/absence of one policy-based risk factor. RESULTS Differences in caregivers' discernment of safe and unsafe sleep images paralleled reported differences in knowledge of safe sleep recommendations. Discernment of safe/unsafe images was greater for White than Black caregivers, as well as for females in comparison with male caregivers. Gist-based considerations, such as familiarity with the sleeper depicted or infant race, were also associated with caregivers' discernment of safe/unsafe images. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Attending to both gist- and verbatim-based knowledge regarding safe infant sleep campaign information may help to effectively facilitate caregivers' ability to always create safe sleep spaces for their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Middlemiss
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Naomi C Brownstein
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Scott P Nelson
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Srikant Manchiraju
- The Jim Moran School of Entrepreneurship, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Miranda Leddy
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Nicole Steliotes
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Joseph G Grzywacz
- Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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17
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Kayler LK, Majumder M, Bonner K, Ranahan M, Dolph B, Cadzow R, Feeley TH. Development and preliminary evaluation of an animation (simplifyKDPI) to improve kidney transplant candidate understanding of the Kidney Donor Profile Index. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e13805. [PMID: 32003076 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant candidates are reluctant to accept kidneys from high Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) donors. Incomplete understanding can lead to transplant delays for older transplant candidates. Patients need access to understandable information to make more informed decisions about KDPI. METHODS We developed a KDPI-specific animation with input from six stakeholder groups and conducted a one-group pre-post study with 60 kidney transplant candidates for feasibility and acceptability to improve participant KDPI knowledge, understanding, decisional self-efficacy, and willingness to accept a KDPI > 85% kidney. Data were compared using McNemar's test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Compared with pre-animation scores, post-animation scores were significantly higher for KDPI knowledge for the entire cohort (4.6 vs 6.1, P < .001) and across different levels of age, educational attainment, health literacy, vintage, and technology access. The frequency of positive responses increased pre-post animation for KDPI understanding (55% vs 83%, P < .001) and decisional self-efficacy (47% vs 75%, P < .001). However, willingness to accept KDPI > 85% kidneys (32% vs 36%, P = .83) increased by 2%. After viewing simplifyKDPI, >90% indicated positive ratings on ease of watching, understanding, and engaging. CONCLUSION In collaboration with stakeholders, an educational animation about KDPI was developed that was well-received and is promising to impact knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liise K Kayler
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Transplant and Kidney Care Regional Center of Excellence, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Monami Majumder
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Keisha Bonner
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Transplant and Kidney Care Regional Center of Excellence, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Molly Ranahan
- Department of Family Medicine, Primary Care Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Beth Dolph
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Renee Cadzow
- Department of Health Services Administration, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York
| | - Thomas H Feeley
- Department of Communication, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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18
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Béna J, Carreras O, Terrier P. L’effet de vérité induit par la répétition : revue critique de l’hypothèse de familiarité. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy1.193.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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19
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Chapman GB. A Decision-Science Approach to Health-Behavior Change. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419854102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Behavior change has the potential to radically impact health outcomes. Successfully influencing health behavior requires an understanding of the decision processes underlying health choices and techniques to harness those psychological factors in the service of effective interventions. The way in which information is presented, social consequences of behavior, and methods for guiding behavior without trying to change beliefs and attitudes are examples of using decision science in the service of health.
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20
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Reyna VF, Helm RK, Weldon RB, Shah PD, Turpin AG, Govindgari S. Brain activation covaries with reported criminal behaviors when making risky choices: A fuzzy-trace theory approach. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 147:1094-1109. [PMID: 29975093 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Criminal behavior has been associated with abnormal neural activity when people experience risks and rewards or exercise inhibition. However, neural substrates of mental representations that underlie criminal and noncriminal risk-taking in adulthood have received scant attention. We take a new approach, applying fuzzy-trace theory, to examine neural substrates of risk preferences and criminality. We extend ideas about gist (simple meaning) and verbatim (precise risk-reward tradeoffs) representations used to explain adolescent risk-taking to uncover neural correlates of developmentally inappropriate adult risk-taking. We tested predictions using a risky-choice framing task completed in the MRI scanner, and examined neural covariation with self-reported criminal and noncriminal risk-taking. As predicted, risk-taking was correlated with a behavioral pattern of risk preferences called "reverse framing" (preferring sure losses over a risky option and a risky option over sure gains, the opposite of typical framing biases) that has been linked to risky behavior in adolescents and is rarely observed in nondisordered adults. Experimental manipulations confirmed processing interpretations of typical framing (gist-based) and reverse-framing (verbatim-based) risk preferences. In the brain, covariation with criminal and noncriminal risk-taking was observed predominantly when subjects made reverse-framing choices. Noncriminal risk-taking behavior was associated with emotional reactivity (amygdala) and reward motivation (striatal) areas, whereas criminal behavior was associated with greater activation in temporal and parietal cortices, their junction, and insula. When subjects made more developmentally typical framing choices, reflecting nonpreferred gist processing, activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex covaried with criminal risk-taking, which may reflect cognitive effort to process gist while inhibiting preferred verbatim processing. (PsycINFO Database Record
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21
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Alexis Ruiz A, Wyszyńska PK, Laudanski K. Narrative Review of Decision-Making Processes in Critical Care. Anesth Analg 2019; 128:962-970. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Roberts H, Soto V, Tyson-Carr J, Kokmotou K, Cook S, Fallon N, Giesbrecht T, Stancak A. Tracking Economic Value of Products in Natural Settings: A Wireless EEG Study. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:910. [PMID: 30618548 PMCID: PMC6306680 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic decision making refers to the process of individuals translating their preference into subjective value (SV). Little is known about the dynamics of the neural processes that underpin this form of value-based decision making and no studies have investigated these processes outside of controlled laboratory settings. The current study investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics that accompany economic valuation of products using mobile electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking techniques. Participants viewed and rated images of household products in a gallery setting while EEG and eye tracking data were collected wirelessly. A Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) auction task was subsequently used to quantify the individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for each product. WTP was used to classify products into low, low medium, high medium and high economic value conditions. Eye movement related potentials (EMRP) were examined, and independent component analysis (ICA) was used to separate sources of activity from grand averaged EEG data. Four independent components (ICs) of EMRPs were modulated by WTP (i.e., SV) in the latency range of 150-250 ms. Of the four value-sensitive ICs, one IC displayed enhanced amplitude for all value conditions excluding low value, and another IC presented enhanced amplitude for low value products only. The remaining two value-sensitive ICs resolved inter-mediate levels of SV. Our study quantified, for the first time, the neural processes involved in economic value based decisions in a natural setting. Results suggest that multiple spatio-temporal brain activation patterns mediate the attention and aversion of products which could reflect an early valuation system. The EMRP parietal P200 component could reflect an attention allocation mechanism that separates the lowest-value products (IC7) from products of all other value (IC4), suggesting that low-value items are categorized early on as being aversive. While none of the ICs showed linear amplitude changes that parallel SV's of products, results suggest that a combination of multiple components may sub-serve a fine-grained resolution of the SV of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Roberts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Soto
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Tyson-Carr
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Kokmotou
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Cook
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Division of Psychology, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Giesbrecht
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight, United Kingdom
| | - Andrej Stancak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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23
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In proportion: approaches for displaying patient-reported outcome research study results as percentages responding to treatment. Qual Life Res 2018; 28:609-620. [PMID: 30498892 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-018-2065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient-reported outcome (PRO) data from clinical trials can promote valuable patient-clinician communication and aid the decision-making process regarding treatment options. Despite these benefits, both patients and doctors face challenges in interpreting PRO scores. The purpose of this study was to identify best practices for presenting PRO results expressed as proportions of patients with changes from baseline (improved/stable/worsened) for use in patient educational materials and decision aids. METHODS We electronically surveyed adult cancer patients/survivors, oncology clinicians, and PRO researchers, and conducted one-on-one cognitive interviews with patients/survivors and clinicians. Participants saw clinical trial data comparing two treatments as proportions changed using three different formats: pie charts, bar graphs, icon arrays. Interpretation accuracy, clarity, and format preference were analyzed quantitatively and online survey comments and interviews, qualitatively. RESULTS The internet sample included 629 patients, 139 clinicians, and 249 researchers; 10 patients and 5 clinicians completed interviews. Bar graphs were less accurately interpreted than pie charts (OR 0.39; p < .0001) and icon arrays (OR 0.47; p < .0001). Bar graphs and icon arrays were less likely to be rated clear than pie charts (OR 0.37 and OR 0.18; both p < .0001). Qualitative data informed interpretation of these findings. CONCLUSIONS For communicating PROs as proportions changed in patient educational materials and decision aids, these results support the use of pie charts.
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24
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Lind M, Visentini M, Mäntylä T, Del Missier F. Choice-Supportive Misremembering: A New Taxonomy and Review. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2062. [PMID: 29255436 PMCID: PMC5723021 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the literature on the influence of memory on decisions is well developed, research on the effects of decision making on memory is rather sparse and scattered. Choice-supportive misremembering (i.e., misremembering choice-related information that boosts the chosen option and/or demotes the foregone options) has been observed in several studies and has the potential to affect future choices. Nonetheless, no attempt has been made to review the relevant literature, categorize the different types of choice-supportive misremembering observed, and critically appraise the existing evidence and proposed explanations. Thus, starting from a new theoretically motivated and empirically grounded taxonomy, we review the current research. Our taxonomy classifies choice-supportive misremembering into four conceptually distinct types: misattribution is when information is attributed to the wrong source, fact distortion when the facts are remembered in a distorted manner, false memory when items that were not part of the original decision scenarios are remembered as presented and, finally, selective forgetting is when information is selectively forgotten. After assessing the impact of various potentially moderating factors, we evaluate the evidence for each type of misremembering and conclude that the support for the phenomenon is solid in relation to misattribution when recognition memory is assessed, but significantly weaker for the other three types, and when other memory tests are used to assess memory. Finally, we review the cognitive and emotional explanations proposed for choice-supportive misremembering in the light of the available evidence and identify the main gaps in the current knowledge and the more promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lind
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Mimì Visentini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Timo Mäntylä
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Del Missier
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Abstract
For some years, the DRM illusion has been the most widely studied form of false memory. The consensus theoretical interpretation is that the illusion is a reality reversal, in which certain new words (critical distractors) are remembered as though they are old list words rather than as what they are-new words that are similar to old ones. This reality-reversal interpretation is supported by compelling lines of evidence, but prior experiments are limited by the fact that their memory tests only asked whether test items were old. We removed that limitation by also asking whether test items were new-similar. This more comprehensive methodology revealed that list words and critical distractors are remembered quite differently. Memory for list words is compensatory: They are remembered as old at high rates and remembered as new-similar at very low rates. In contrast, memory for critical distractors is complementary: They are remembered as both old and new-similar at high rates, which means that the DRM procedure induces a complementarity illusion rather than a reality reversal. The conjoint recognition model explains complementarity as a function of three retrieval processes (semantic familiarity, target recollection, and context recollection), and it predicts that complementarity can be driven up or down by varying the mix of those processes. Our experiments generated data on that prediction and introduced a convenient statistic, the complementarity ratio, which measures (a) the level of complementarity in memory performance and (b) whether its direction is reality-consistent or reality-reversed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
| | - V F Reyna
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
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26
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Brainerd CJ, Nakamura K, Reyna VF, Holliday RE. Overdistribution illusions: Categorical judgments produce them, confidence ratings reduce them. J Exp Psychol Gen 2017; 146:20-40. [PMID: 28054811 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overdistribution is a form of memory distortion in which an event is remembered as belonging to too many episodic states, states that are logically or empirically incompatible with each other. We investigated a response formatting method of suppressing 2 basic types of overdistribution, disjunction and conjunction illusions, which parallel some classic illusions in the judgment and decision making literature. In this method, subjects respond to memory probes by rating their confidence that test cues belong to specific episodic states (e.g., presented on List 1, presented on List 2), rather than by making the usual categorical judgments about those states. The central prediction, which was derived from the task calibration principle of fuzzy-trace theory, was that confidence ratings should reduce overdistribution by diminishing subjects' reliance on noncompensatory gist memories. The data of 3 experiments agreed with that prediction. In Experiment 1, there were reliable disjunction illusions with categorical judgments but not with confidence ratings. In Experiment 2, both response formats produced reliable disjunction illusions, but those for confidence ratings were much smaller than those for categorical judgments. In Experiment 3, there were reliable conjunction illusions with categorical judgments but not with confidence ratings. Apropos of recent controversies over confidence-accuracy correlations in memory, such correlations were positive for hits, negative for correct rejections, and the 2 types of correlations were of equal magnitude. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Institute of Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| | - K Nakamura
- Institute of Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| | - V F Reyna
- Institute of Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| | - R E Holliday
- Department of Psychology, University of Leicester
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27
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Weir CR, Rubin MA, Nebeker J, Samore M. Modeling the mind: How do we design effective decision-support? J Biomed Inform 2017; 71S:S1-S5. [PMID: 28603041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene R Weir
- IDEAS 2.0 Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Michael A Rubin
- IDEAS 2.0 Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jonathan Nebeker
- IDEAS 2.0 Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Matthew Samore
- IDEAS 2.0 Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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28
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White CM, Gummerum M, Wood S, Hanoch Y. Internet Safety and the Silver Surfer: The Relationship Between Gist Reasoning and Adults' Risky Online Behavior. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stacey Wood
- Psychology Department; Scripps College; Claremont CA USA
| | - Yaniv Hanoch
- School of Psychology; Plymouth University; Plymouth UK
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29
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Pepper JK, Byron MJ, Ribisl KM, Brewer NT. How hearing about harmful chemicals affects smokers' interest in dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Prev Med 2017; 96:144-148. [PMID: 28024860 PMCID: PMC5329070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial harm could result from concurrent cigarette and e-cigarette use (i.e., dual use) were it to undermine smoking cessation. Perceptions of chemical exposure and resulting harms may influence dual use. We conducted a probability-based phone survey of 1164 U.S. adult cigarette smokers in 2014-2015 and analyzed results in 2016. In a between-subjects experiment, smokers heard a hypothetical scenario in which cigarettes and e-cigarettes had the same amount of harmful chemicals or cigarettes had more chemicals than e-cigarettes (10× more, 100× more, or chemicals were present only in cigarettes). Smokers indicated how the scenario would change their interest in dual use and perceived health harms. Few smokers (7%) who heard that the products have the same amount of chemicals were interested in initiating or increasing dual use. However, more smokers were interested when told that cigarettes have 10× more chemicals than e-cigarettes (31%), 100× more chemicals than e-cigarettes (32%), or chemicals were present only in cigarettes (43%) (all p<.001). Individuals told that cigarettes have more chemicals were more likely than those in the "same amount" scenario to perceive that cigarettes would be more harmful than e-cigarettes (79% vs. 41%, OR=5.41, 95% CI=4.08-7.17). These harm perceptions partially explained the relationship between chemical scenario and dual use interest. Smokers associated higher chemical amounts in cigarettes versus e-cigarettes with greater health harms from cigarettes and thus expressed increased interest in dual use. The findings suggest that disclosing amounts of chemicals in cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol could unintentionally encourage dual use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Pepper
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Rosenau Hall, CB#7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - M Justin Byron
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Rosenau Hall, CB#7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, CB#7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Rosenau Hall, CB#7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, CB#7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Rosenau Hall, CB#7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, CB#7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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30
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Facco E, Lucangeli D, Tressoldi P. On the Science of Consciousness: Epistemological Reflections and Clinical Implications. Explore (NY) 2017; 13:163-180. [PMID: 28359768 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Consciousness has been one of the most important and tantalizing issues ever since the origin of philosophy and medicine. The concept of consciousness and the so-called "hard problem" (i.e., the mind-brain relationship) are highly complex topics that have yet to be elucidated, involving the realms of both science and philosophy with profound epistemological implications. In the lively debate on the foundations of the science of consciousness there are several potential biases of an essentially philosophical nature, such as those related to the paradigm and axioms adopted, and the ostensible logical contradiction between monism and dualism. Their origin dates back largely to Descartes' thinking and the birth of the new sciences as a compromise with the Inquisition, but they have been handed down through the Enlightenment and Positivism. A proper investigation of consciousness and the world of subjectivity demands a careful reflection on the paradigm of scientific medicine to identify possible flaws and overcome the limits of the mechanistic-reductionist approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Facco
- Studium Patavinum, University of Padua, Italy; Institute Franco Granone-Italian Center of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis (CIICS), Turin, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lucangeli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Italy; Human Potential Network Research Foundation, Padua, Italy
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31
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Winkelman NC, Clark KP, Ryan LJ. Experience level influences the effect of attentional focus on sprint performance. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 52:84-95. [PMID: 28182969 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the influence of attentional focus on 10-meter sprint time and start kinetics in a group of collegiate soccer players and highly experienced sprinters. In Experiment 1, the collegiate soccer players were asked to perform 10-meter sprints under an external focus condition, an internal focus condition and a control condition. For the 10-meter sprint time, the results showed that both the external focus and control conditions resulted in significantly faster sprint times than the internal focus condition. There were no significant differences observed between the external focus and control conditions. There were also no significant differences observed across any of the conditions for a select set of kinetic variables. In Experiment 2, the highly experienced sprinters performed the same 10-meter sprint task using the same instructional conditions as in Experiment 1. For the 10-meter sprint time and kinetic variables, there were no significant differences observed across any of the conditions. These results provide new evidence that experience level mediates the influence of attentional focus on sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklaas C Winkelman
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, 122 E 1700 S, Provo, UT 84606, USA.
| | - Kenneth P Clark
- Southern Methodist University, 5538 Dyer St., Suite 105, Dallas, TX 75206, USA; West Chester University, 206 Sturzbecker Health Sciences Center, West Chester, PA 19383, USA.
| | - Larry J Ryan
- Southern Methodist University, 5538 Dyer St., Suite 105, Dallas, TX 75206, USA.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Nakamura
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C. J. Brainerd
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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