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Degroote RL, Schmalen A, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Unveiling Differential Responses of Granulocytes to Distinct Immunostimulants with Implications in Autoimmune Uveitis. Biomedicines 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 38275380 PMCID: PMC10812922 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The perception of circulating granulocytes as cells with a predetermined immune response mainly triggered by pathogens is evolving, recognizing their functional heterogeneity and adaptability, particularly within the neutrophil subset. The involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune uveitis has become increasingly clear, yet their exact role remains elusive. We used an equine model for autoimmune-mediated recurrent pan-uveitis to investigate early responses of granulocytes in different inflammatory environments. For this purpose, we performed differential proteomics on granulocytes from healthy and diseased horses stimulated with IL8, LPS, or PMA. Compared to healthy horses, granulocytes from the recurrent uveitis model significantly changed the cellular abundance of 384 proteins, with a considerable number of specific changes for each stimulant. To gain more insight into the functional impact of these stimulant-specific proteome changes in ERU pathogenesis, we used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for pathway enrichment. This resulted in specific reaction patterns for each stimulant, with IL8 predominantly promoting Class I MHC-mediated antigen processing and presentation, LPS enhancing processes in phospholipid biosynthesis, and PMA, clearly inducing neutrophil degranulation. These findings shed light on the remarkably differentiated responses of neutrophils, offering valuable insights into their functional heterogeneity in a T-cell-driven disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrian Schmalen
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
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2
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Shu Q, Zhang N, Liu Y, Wang X, Chen J, Xie H, Pan F, Zhao L, Ding X, Wen Y, Wang L, Xie W, Lu J, Su G, Peng H, Yang P. IL-8 Triggers Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Through an Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase- and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway-Dependent Mechanism in Uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:19. [PMID: 37824136 PMCID: PMC10587853 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the mechanism underlying IL-8-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in patients with ocular-active Behçet's disease (BD) and the effect of inhibiting NET formation on the severity of inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mice. Methods The serum extracellular DNA and neutrophil elastase (NE) and IL-8 levels in patients with ocular-active BD, the expression of myeloperoxidase, NE, and histone H3Cit in IL-8-induced neutrophils isolated from healthy controls, and the effects of NETs on HMC3 cells were detected. Female C57BL/6J mice were immunized with IRBP651-670 to induce EAU and EAU mice received intravitreal injection of the CXCR2 (IL-8 receptor) antagonist SB225002 or PBS. The serum levels of extracellular DNA, NE, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (the mouse ortholog of human IL-8) and expression of myeloperoxidase, NE, and histone H3Cit in mouse retinas were detected. Disease severity was evaluated by clinical and histopathological scores. Results Serum keratinocyte-derived chemokine expression levels in EAU mice and IL-8 expression levels in patients with ocular-active BD increased. IL-8 notably increased NET formation in a dose-dependent manner through an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway dependent mechanism. IL-8-induced NET formation damaged HMC3 cells in vitro. Pretreatment with SB225002 notably ameliorated the production of NETs in EAU mice. Conclusions Our data confirm that NET formation is induced by IL-8. IL-8-induced NET formation was found to be related to mitogen-activated protein kinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate pathways. Pretreatment with the CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 alleviated neutrophil infiltration and suppressed NET formation in EAU mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxin Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuying Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuanheng Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingda Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
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Fan NW, Zhu Q, Wang S, Ortiz G, Huckfeldt RM, Chen Y. Long-lived autoreactive memory CD4 + T cells mediate the sustained retinopathy in chronic autoimmune uveitis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22855. [PMID: 36906286 PMCID: PMC10478160 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202164r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic uveitis comprises heterogeneous clinical entities characterized by sustained and recurrent intraocular inflammation that is believed to be driven by autoimmune responses. The management of chronic uveitis is challenging with the limited availability of efficacious treatments, and the underlying mechanisms mediating disease chronicity remain poorly understood as the majority of experimental data are derived from the acute phase of the disease (the first 2-3 weeks post-induction). Herein, we investigated the key cellular mechanisms underlying chronic intraocular inflammation using our recently established murine model of chronic autoimmune uveitis. We demonstrate unique long-lived CD44hi IL-7R+ IL-15R+ CD4+ memory T cells in both retina and secondary lymphoid organs after 3 months postinduction of autoimmune uveitis. These memory T cells functionally exhibit antigen-specific proliferation and activation in response to retinal peptide stimulation in vitro. Critically, these effector-memory T cells are capable of effectively trafficking to the retina and accumulating in the local tissues secreting both IL-17 and IFN-γ upon adoptively transferred, leading to retinal structural and functional damage. Thus, our data reveal the critical uveitogenic functions of memory CD4+ T cells in sustaining chronic intraocular inflammation, suggesting that memory T cells can be a novel and promising therapeutic target for treating chronic uveitis in future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Fan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Qiurong Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Shudan Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rachel M. Huckfeldt
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Hoffmann ALC, Hauck SM, Deeg CA, Degroote RL. Pre-Activated Granulocytes from an Autoimmune Uveitis Model Show Divergent Pathway Activation Profiles upon IL8 Stimulation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179555. [PMID: 36076947 PMCID: PMC9455241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathophysiology of autoimmune-mediated uveitis, granulocytes have emerged as possible disease mediators and were shown to be pre-activated in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous disease model. We therefore used granulocytes from ERU horses to identify early molecular mechanisms involved in this dysregulated innate immune response. Primary granulocytes from healthy and ERU horses were stimulated with IL8, and cellular response was analyzed with differential proteomics, which revealed significant differences in protein abundance of 170 proteins in ERU. Subsequent ingenuity pathway analysis identified three activated canonical pathways “PKA signaling”, “PTEN signaling” and “leukocyte extravasation”. Clustered to the leukocyte extravasation pathway, we found the membrane-type GPI-anchored protease MMP25, which was increased in IL8 stimulated ERU granulocytes. These findings point to MMP25 as a possible regulator of granulocyte extravasation in uveitis and a role of this molecule in the impaired integrity of the blood-retina-barrier. In conclusion, our analyses show a clearly divergent reaction profile of pre-activated granulocytes upon IL8 stimulation and provide basic information for further in-depth studies on early granulocyte activation in non-infectious ocular diseases. This may be of interest for the development of new approaches in uveitis diagnostics and therapy. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. C. Hoffmann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence:
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5
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A previously unappreciated polymorphism in the beta chain of I-A s expressed in autoimmunity-prone SJL mice: Combined impact on antibody, CD4 T cell recognition and MHC class II dimer structural stability. Mol Immunol 2022; 143:17-26. [PMID: 34995990 PMCID: PMC9261112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the process of structure-function studies on the MHC class II molecule expressed in autoimmunity prone SJL mice, I-As, we discovered a disparity from the reported sequence of the MHC class II beta chain. The variant is localized at a highly conserved site of the beta chain, at residue 58. Our studies revealed that this single amino acid substitution of Pro for Ala at this residue, found in I-As, changes the structure of the MHC class II molecule, as evidenced by a loss of recognition by two monoclonal antibodies, and elements of MHC class II conformational stability identified through molecular dynamics simulation. Two other rare polymorphisms in I-As involved in hydrogen bonding potential between the alpha chain and the peptide main chain are located at the same end of the MHC class II binding pocket, studied in parallel may impact the consequences of the β chain variant. Despite striking changes in MHC class II structure, CD4 T cell recognition of influenza-derived peptides was preserved. These disparate findings were reconciled by discovering, through monoclonal antibody blocking approaches, that CD4 T cell recognition by I-As restricted CD4 T cells focused more on the region of MHC class II at the peptide's amino terminus. These studies argue that the conformational variability or flexibility of the MHC class II molecule in that region of I-As select a CD4 T cell repertoire that deviates from the prototypical docking mode onto MHC class II peptide complexes. Overall, our results are consistent with the view that naturally occurring MHC class II molecules can possess polymorphisms that destabilize prototypical features of the MHC class II molecule but that can maintain T cell recognition of the MHC class II:peptide ligand via alternate docking modes.
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6
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De Rossi G, Da Vitoria Lobo ME, Greenwood J, Moss SE. LRG1 as a novel therapeutic target in eye disease. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:328-340. [PMID: 34987199 PMCID: PMC8807626 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal and choroidal diseases are major causes of blindness and visual impairment in the developed world and on the rise due to an ageing population and diabetes epidemic. Standard of care is centred around blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but despite having halved the number of patients losing sight, a high rate of patient non-response and loss of efficacy over time are key challenges. Dysregulation of vascular homoeostasis, coupled with fibrosis and inflammation, are major culprits driving sight-threatening eye diseases. Improving our knowledge of these pathological processes should inform the development of new drugs to address the current clinical challenges for patients. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an emerging key player in vascular dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis. Under physiological conditions, LRG1 is constitutively expressed by the liver and granulocytes, but little is known about its normal biological function. In pathological scenarios, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD), its expression is ectopically upregulated and it acquires a much better understood pathogenic role. Context-dependent modulation of the transforming growth-factor β (TGFβ) pathway is one of the main activities of LRG1, but additional roles have recently been emerging. This review aims to highlight the clinical and pre-clinical evidence for the pathogenic contribution of LRG1 to vascular retinopathies, as well as extrapolate from other diseases, functions which may be relevant to eye disease. Finally, we will provide a current update on the development of anti-LRG1 therapies for the treatment of nvAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Rossi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | | | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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7
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Targeting immunosuppressor cells with nanoparticles in autoimmunity: How far have we come to? Cell Immunol 2021; 368:104412. [PMID: 34340162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is the assault of immune response towards self-antigens, resulting to inflammation and tissue injury. It is staged into three phases and caused by malfunction of immune tolerance. In our body, immune tolerance is synchronized by several immunosuppressor cells such as regulatory T cells and B cells as well as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are prominently dysregulated in autoimmunity. Hence, targeting these cell populations serve as a significant potential in the therapy of autoimmunity. Nanotechnology with its advantageous properties is shown to be a remarkable tool as drug delivery system in this field. This review focused on the development of therapeutics in autoimmune diseases utilizing various nanoparticles formulation based on two targeting approaches in autoimmunity, passive and active targeting. Lastly, this review outlined the approved present nanomedicines as well as in clinical evaluations and issues regarding the lack of translation of these nanomedicines into the market, despite the abundant of positive experimental observations.
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8
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Bradley LJ, Ward A, Hsue MCY, Liu J, Copland DA, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. Quantitative Assessment of Experimental Ocular Inflammatory Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630022. [PMID: 34220797 PMCID: PMC8250853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular inflammation imposes a high medical burden on patients and substantial costs on the health-care systems that mange these often chronic and debilitating diseases. Many clinical phenotypes are recognized and classifying the severity of inflammation in an eye with uveitis is an ongoing challenge. With the widespread application of optical coherence tomography in the clinic has come the impetus for more robust methods to compare disease between different patients and different treatment centers. Models can recapitulate many of the features seen in the clinic, but until recently the quality of imaging available has lagged that applied in humans. In the model experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we highlight three linked clinical states that produce retinal vulnerability to inflammation, all different from healthy tissue, but distinct from each other. Deploying longitudinal, multimodal imaging approaches can be coupled to analysis in the tissue of changes in architecture, cell content and function. This can enrich our understanding of pathology, increase the sensitivity with which the impacts of therapeutic interventions are assessed and address questions of tissue regeneration and repair. Modern image processing, including the application of artificial intelligence, in the context of such models of disease can lay a foundation for new approaches to monitoring tissue health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Bradley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Ward
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine C Y Hsue
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Liu
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Dick
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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9
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Ge Y, Cheng D, Jia Q, Xiong H, Zhang J. Mechanisms Underlying the Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Clinical Diseases: Good or Bad. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e21. [PMID: 34277111 PMCID: PMC8263212 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have strong immunosuppressive activity and are morphologically similar to conventional monocytes and granulocytes. The development and classification of these cells have, however, been controversial. The activation network of MDSCs is relatively complex, and their mechanism of action is poorly understood, creating an avenue for further research. In recent years, MDSCs have been found to play an important role in immune regulation and in effectively inhibiting the activity of effector lymphocytes. Under certain conditions, particularly in the case of tissue damage or inflammation, MDSCs play a leading role in the immune response of the central nervous system. In cancer, however, this can lead to tumor immune evasion and the development of related diseases. Under cancerous conditions, tumors often alter bone marrow formation, thus affecting progenitor cell differentiation, and ultimately, MDSC accumulation. MDSCs are important contributors to tumor progression and play a key role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis, and even reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy. Currently, a number of studies have demonstrated that MDSCs play a key regulatory role in many clinical diseases. In light of these studies, this review discusses the origin of MDSCs, the mechanisms underlying their activation, their role in a variety of clinical diseases, and their function in immune response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtong Ge
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Basic Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Dalei Cheng
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Basic Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Qingzhi Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Basic Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Basic Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
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10
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Mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of ocular autoimmune diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100967. [PMID: 33775824 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells, commonly referred to as MSCs, have emerged as a promising cell-based therapy for a range of autoimmune diseases thanks to several therapeutic advantages. Key among these are: 1) the ability to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses and to promote tissue regeneration, 2) the ease of their isolation from readily accessible tissues and expansion at scale in culture, 3) their low immunogenicity enabling use as an allogeneic "off-the-shelf" product, and 4) MSC therapy's safety and feasibility in humans, as demonstrated in more than one thousand clinical trials. Evidence from preclinical studies and early clinical trials indicate the therapeutic potential of MSCs and their derivatives for efficacy in ocular autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune uveoretinitis and Sjögren's syndrome-related dry eye disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs, and summarize the results from preclinical and clinical studies that have used MSCs or their derivatives for the treatment of ocular autoimmune diseases. We also discuss the challenges to the successful clinical application of MSC therapy, and suggest strategies for overcoming them.
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11
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The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in rheumatoid arthritis: An update. Life Sci 2021; 269:119083. [PMID: 33482191 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that generally affects the joints. In the late stages of the disease, it can be associated with several complications. Although the exact etiology of RA is unknown, various studies have been performed to understand better the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of RA. At the onset of the disease, various immune cells migrate to the joints and increase the recruitment of immune cells to the joints by several immunological mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. The function of specific immune cells in RA is well-established. The shift of immune responses to Th1 or Th17 is one of the most essential factors in the development of RA. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), as a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells, play a regulatory role in the immune system that inhibits T cell activity through several mechanisms. Various studies have been performed on the function of these cells in RA, which in some cases have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, the purpose of this review article is to comprehensively understand the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of MDSCs in the pathogenesis of RA.
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12
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Degroote RL, Deeg CA. Immunological Insights in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609855. [PMID: 33488614 PMCID: PMC7821741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses worldwide suffer from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ-specific, immune-mediated disease with painful, remitting-relapsing inflammatory attacks alternating with periods of quiescence, which ultimately leads to blindness. In course of disease, both eyes can eventually be affected and since blind horses pose a threat to themselves and their surroundings, these animals have to be killed. Therefore, this disease is highly relevant for veterinary medicine. Additionally, ERU shows strong clinical and pathological resemblance to autoimmune uveitis in man. The exact cause for the onset of ERU is unclear to date. T cells are believed to be the main effector cells in this disease, as they overcome the blood retinal barrier to invade the eye, an organ physiologically devoid of peripheral immune cells. These cells cause severe intraocular inflammation, especially in their primary target, the retina. With every inflammatory episode, retinal degeneration increases until eyesight is completely lost. In ERU, T cells show an activated phenotype, with enhanced deformability and migration ability, which is reflected in the composition of their proteome and downstream interaction pathways even in quiescent stage of disease. Besides the dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, emerging evidence suggests that cells of the innate immune system may also directly contribute to ERU pathogenesis. As investigations in both the target organ and the periphery have rapidly evolved in recent years, giving new insights on pathogenesis-associated processes on cellular and molecular level, this review summarizes latest developments in ERU research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane L Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Deviant proteome profile of equine granulocytes associates to latent activation status in organ specific autoimmune disease. J Proteomics 2020; 230:103989. [PMID: 32977044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, remitting-relapsing autoimmune disease driven by the adaptive immune system. Although T cells are described as the main effector cells in pathogenesis, granulocytes have also emerged as possible disease mediators. To explore the role of these innate immune cells, we investigated the whole cell proteome of granulocytes from equine recurrent uveitis cases and healthy controls. Among the 2362 proteins identified by mass spectrometry, we found 96 proteins with significantly changed abundance between groups (p < 0.05, fold change >1.2), representing 4.1% of total granulocyte proteome. Within these differential identifications, calgranulin B, a protein associated with pathogenesis in other autoimmune diseases, showed highest abundance in equine recurrent uveitis (18 fold). For a better interpretation of the results from our hypothesis-generating approach, we added a threshold for biological significance (ratio ERU/controls >2: 36 proteins) to the proteins with increased abundance in equine recurrent uveitis and analyzed their allocation to the subsets within the Immune System superpathway. The 36 differentially abundant proteins predominantly associated to RAF/MAP kinase cascade, MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, suggesting a latently activated phenotype of these innate immune cells in disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provides new insights into the protein repertoire of primary equine granulocytes and identifies protein abundance changes associated to equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ specific, spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease. We show that granulocyte proteins with increased abundance in ERU strongly associate to RAF/MAP kinase signaling, MHC-I antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, pointing to a more activated state of these cells in ERU cases. Since cells were obtained in quiescent stage of disease, latent activation of granulocytes underlines the role of these innate immune cells in ERU. These findings are highly relevant for veterinary medicine, further establishing the importance of granulocytes in this T cell-driven autoimmune disease. Moreover, they have translational quality for autoimmune uveitis in man, due to strong similarity in disease occurrence, progression and pathogenesis.
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14
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H, Daoud A. Mechanisms of immune suppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the role of interleukin-10 as a key immunoregulatory cytokine. Open Biol 2020; 10:200111. [PMID: 32931721 PMCID: PMC7536076 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and inflammation are unwanted consequences of many pathological conditions, since they could lead to tissue damage and immune exhaustion, both of which can worsen the pathological condition status. In fact, the immune system is naturally equipped with immunoregulatory cells that can limit immune activation and inflammation. However, chronic activation of downregulatory immune responses is also associated with unwanted consequences that, in turn, could lead to disease progression as seen in the case of cancer and chronic infections. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are now considered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory pathological conditions, including different types of cancer and chronic infections. As a potent immunosuppressor cell population, MDSCs can inhibit specific and non-specific immune responses via different mechanisms that, in turn, lead to disease persistence. One such mechanism by which MDSCs can activate their immunosuppressive effects is accomplished by secreting copious amounts of immunosuppressant molecules such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). In this article, we will focus on the pathological role of MDSC expansion in chronic inflammatory conditions including cancer, sepsis/infection, autoimmunity, asthma and ageing, as well as some of the mechanisms by which MDSCs/IL-10 contribute to the disease progression in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ammar Daoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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15
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Nicholson LB, Blyuss KB, Fatehi F. Quantifying the Role of Stochasticity in the Development of Autoimmune Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E860. [PMID: 32252308 PMCID: PMC7226790 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and analyse a mathematical model for the onset and development of autoimmune disease, with particular attention to stochastic effects in the dynamics. Stability analysis yields parameter regions associated with normal cell homeostasis, or sustained periodic oscillations. Variance of these oscillations and the effects of stochastic amplification are also explored. Theoretical results are complemented by experiments, in which experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) was induced in B10.RIII and C57BL/6 mice. For both cases, we discuss peculiarities of disease development, the levels of variation in T cell populations in a population of genetically identical organisms, as well as a comparison with model outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B. Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Farzad Fatehi
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;
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16
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Rajabinejad M, Salari F, Gorgin Karaji A, Rezaiemanesh A. The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis; anti- or pro-inflammatory cells? ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 47:4149-4158. [PMID: 31698956 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1687504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of the immature myeloid cells that are derived from the myeloid progenitors with immunosuppressive functions. MDSCs are accumulated in the inflammatory sites during some autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and can be an important factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Some research has shown the anti-inflammatory role of MDSCs during the RA progression and supports the hypothesis that MDSCs can be a potential treatment option for autoimmunity with their immunosuppressive activity. In contrast, some papers have reported the opposite effects of MDSCs, and support the hypothesis that MDSCs have a pro-inflammatory role in autoimmune disease. MDSCs functions in RA have not been fully understood, and some controversies, as well as many unanswered questions, remain. Although the two well-known subgroups of MDSCs, M-MDSC, and PMN-MDSC, seem to have different suppressive functions and regulate the immune system responses in a different manner; some studies have shown these cells are converted to each other and even to other cells under different pathological conditions. This review summarises some of the latest papers with respect to the MDSCs functions and discusses the relationship between MDSCs and inflammation in the context of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misagh Rajabinejad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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17
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Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Salminen A. Potential Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Front Immunol 2020; 11:384. [PMID: 32265903 PMCID: PMC7099658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, such as granulocytes/neutrophils and macrophages, have responsibilities that include pathogen destruction, waste material degradation, or antigen presentation upon inflammation. During persistent stress, myeloid cells can remain partially differentiated and adopt immunosuppressive functions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are primarily beneficial upon restoring homeostasis after inflammation. Because of their ability to suppress adaptive immunity, MDSCs can also ameliorate autoimmune diseases and semi-allogenic responses, e.g., in pregnancy or transplantation. However, immunosuppression is not always desirable. In certain conditions, such as cancer or chronically inflamed tissue, MDSCs prevent restorative immune responses and thereby aggravate disease progression. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common disease in Western countries that severely threatens the central vision of aged people. The pathogenesis of this multifactorial disease is not fully elucidated, but inflammation is known to participate in both dry and wet AMD. In this paper, we provide an overview about the potential role of MDSCs in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Berlinberg EJ, Gonzales JA, Doan T, Acharya NR. Association Between Noninfectious Uveitis and Psychological Stress. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 137:199-205. [PMID: 30520957 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.5893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Uveitis involves dysregulation of the ocular immune system. Stress has been shown to affect immune function, but it is unclear whether there is an association between stress and uveitis. Objective To determine whether having uveitis is associated with psychological stress. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional, case-control study including a self-administered survey, medical records review, and diurnal salivary cortisol test was conducted at a university-based uveitis clinic and comprehensive eye clinic. Participants included 146 consecutive adults with noninfectious uveitis and age-matched controls with no eye disease. The study was conducted from December 1, 2017, to March 14, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Participants completed the self-administered, Cohen 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), a demographics questionnaire. Responses to each question were categorized on a 5-point Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 0 (no stress) to 40 (high stress). In addition, participants submitted 3 salivary cortisol samples. Those with uveitis were classified as having recently active or controlled disease through medical records review. The prespecified primary analysis was a linear regression of PSS-10 score and uveitis correcting for age, sex, educational level, employment, and median income. Secondary analyses included comparing PSS-10 scores in patients with recently active and controlled uveitis, determining predictors of stress, and comparing diurnal salivary cortisol between uveitis and control groups. Results Of 146 eligible patients, 17 declined participation and 9 consented but were excluded because they did not complete both questionnaires, resulting in 120 patients (80 uveitis; 40 controls) in the final analysis. Eighty participants (66.7%) were women, and 70 (58.3%) were white. Median age was 40 years (interquartile range, 29-59 years). Having uveitis was associated with a 4.3-point increase in PSS-10 score (95% CI, 1.8 to 6.9; P = .002). There was no significant difference in PSS-10 scores between patients with recently active and controlled uveitis (1.0 point greater for patients with active uveitis; 95% CI, -2.0 to 3.9; P = .52). Factors associated with increased PSS-10 score in patients with uveitis included female sex (coefficient, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.5; P = .002), current immunomodulatory therapy (coefficient, 2.5; 95% CI, -0.3 to 5.2; P = .08), history of depression (coefficient, 3.8; 95% CI, 0.8 to 6.8; P = .02), and having posterior or panuveitis (coefficient, 2.6; 95% CI, 0.8 to 4.4; P = .006). Of the 70 participants (58.3%) who had testable samples for cortisol analysis, diurnal salivary cortisol levels did not significantly differ between uveitis and nonuveitis groups. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that patients with uveitis have higher levels of psychological stress compared with controls, yet no significant difference was identified in the stress of patients with active vs controlled uveitis. Consequently, comprehensive treatment for noninfectious uveitis may be able to address the psychological results of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Gonzales
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nisha R Acharya
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
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19
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Consonni FM, Porta C, Marino A, Pandolfo C, Mola S, Bleve A, Sica A. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Ductile Targets in Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:949. [PMID: 31130949 PMCID: PMC6509569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with major regulatory functions and rise during pathological conditions, including cancer, infections and autoimmune conditions. MDSC expansion is generally linked to inflammatory processes that emerge in response to stable immunological stress, which alter both magnitude and quality of the myelopoietic output. Inability to reinstate physiological myelopoiesis would fall in an “emergency state” that perpetually reprograms myeloid cells toward suppressive functions. While differentiation and reprogramming of myeloid cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype can be considered the result of a multistep process that originates in the bone marrow and culminates in the tumor microenvironment, the identification of its driving events may offer potential therapeutic approaches in different pathologies. Indeed, whereas expansion of MDSCs, in both murine and human tumor bearers, results in reduced immune surveillance and antitumor cytotoxicity, placing an obstacle to the effectiveness of anticancer therapies, adoptive transfer of MDSCs has shown therapeutic benefits in autoimmune disorders. Here, we describe relevant mechanisms of myeloid cell reprogramming leading to generation of suppressive MDSCs and discuss their therapeutic ductility in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Arianna Marino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Pandolfo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Mola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Augusto Bleve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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20
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Pepple KL, Wilson L, Van Gelder RN. Comparison of Aqueous and Vitreous Lymphocyte Populations From Two Rat Models of Experimental Uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2504-2511. [PMID: 29847657 PMCID: PMC5963002 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare lymphocyte populations present within inflamed eyes in two rat models of autoimmune uveitis. Methods Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and primed mycobacterial uveitis (PMU) were initiated in Lewis rats. Aqueous and vitreous were collected at peak inflammation (PMU at day 2, EAU at day 14). The number of cells in the aqueous and vitreous was determined and compared for each eye and between the two models. Intraocular CD-19+ B cells, CD3+ T cells, and CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell subpopulations were identified by flow cytometry and compared between EAU and PMU. Results The median number of cells/mL collected from PMU aqueous (7.98 × 107 cells/mL), was not significantly different from the number of cells collected from EAU aqueous (1.61 × 107 cells/mL, P = 0.94). EAU aqueous contains a significantly larger mononuclear population (median 61%, interquartile range [IQR] 44%–67%) than PMU (median 9%, IQR 8%–10% [P < 0.0001]). Within the mononuclear population, EAU and PMU aqueous demonstrate similar proportions of CD3+, CD4+ T cells. However, EAU has a larger CD3+, CD8+, T-cell population than PMU, and this population also demonstrates co-expression of CD45R. B cells comprise a significantly larger median percentage of cells in EAU aqueous (median 18%, IQR 15%–20%) compared to PMU (median 13%, IQR 9%–15%, P = 0.006). Conclusions Flow cytometry analysis of intraocular lymphocytes from EAU and PMU identifies similarities and differences between the T-cell and B-cell populations present at peak inflammation. Complementary animal models that have well-defined mechanistic differences will improve our ability to test potential new therapies and bring meaningful advances into clinical practice for patients with uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Pepple
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Leslie Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Russell N Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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21
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Wang Q, Su G, Tan X, Deng J, Du L, Huang X, Lv M, Yi S, Hou S, Kijlstra A, Yang P. UVEOGENE: An SNP database for investigations on genetic factors associated with uveitis and their relationship with other systemic autoimmune diseases. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:258-266. [PMID: 30614601 PMCID: PMC6590147 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis is an intraocular inflammatory disease which can lead to serious visual impairment. Genetic factors have been shown to be involved in its development. However, few databases have focused on the information of associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and uveitis. To discover the exact genetic background of uveitis, we developed an SNP database specific for uveitis, “UVEOGENE,” which includes 370 genes and 918 SNPs covering 14 uveitis entities and 40 populations from 286 PubMed English‐language papers. Stratification analyses by gender, HLA status, and different clinical features were also extracted from the publications. As a result, 371 associations were judged as “statistically significant.” These associations were also shared with Global Variome shared Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD) (https://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes). Based on these associations, we investigated the genetic relationship among three widely studied uveitis entities including Behcet's disease (BD), Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease, and acute anterior uveitis (AAU). Furthermore, “UVEOGENE” can be used as a reliable and informative resource to identify similarities as well as differences in the genetic susceptibility among uveitis and other autoimmune diseases. UVEOGENE is freely accessible at http://www.uvogene.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Lv
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Phenotypic and Functional Diversities of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4316584. [PMID: 30670926 PMCID: PMC6323474 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4316584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are identified as a heterogeneous population of cells with the function to suppress innate as well as adaptive immune responses. The initial studies of MDSCs were primarily focused on the field of animal tumor models or cancer patients. In cancer, MDSCs play the deleterious role to inhibit tumor immunity and to promote tumor development. Over the past few years, an increasing number of studies have investigated the role of MDSCs in autoimmune diseases. The beneficial effects of MDSCs in autoimmunity have been reported by some studies, and thus, immunosuppressive MDSCs may be a novel therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. There are some controversial findings as well. Many questions such as the activation, differentiation, and suppressive functions of MDSCs and their roles in autoimmune diseases remain unclear. In this review, we have discussed the current understanding of MDSCs in autoimmune diseases.
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23
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Omori K, Nagata N, Kurata K, Fukushima Y, Sekihachi E, Fujii N, Namba-Hamano T, Takabatake Y, Fruttiger M, Nagasawa T, Uemura A, Murata T. Inhibition of stromal cell-derived factor-1α/CXCR4 signaling restores the blood-retina barrier in pericyte-deficient mouse retinas. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120706. [PMID: 30518679 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In diabetic retinopathy (DR), pericyte dropout from capillary walls is believed to cause the breakdown of the blood-retina barrier (BRB), which subsequently leads to vision-threatening retinal edema. While various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are upregulated in eyes with DR, their distinct contributions to disease progression remain elusive. Here, we evaluated roles of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and its receptor CXCR4 in the BRB breakdown initiated by pericyte deficiency. After inhibition of pericyte recruitment to developing retinal vessels in neonatal mice, endothelial cells (ECs) upregulated the expression of SDF-1α. Administration of CXCR4 antagonists, or EC-specific disruption of the CXCR4 gene, similarly restored the BRB integrity, even in the absence of pericyte coverage. Furthermore, CXCR4 inhibition significantly decreased both the expression levels of proinflammatory genes (P < 0.05) and the infiltration of macrophages (P < 0.05) into pericyte-deficient retinas. Taken together, EC-derived SDF-1α induced by pericyte deficiency exacerbated inflammation through CXCR4 in an autocrine or paracrine manner and thereby induced macrophage infiltration and BRB breakdown. These findings suggest that the SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Omori
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanae Nagata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Kurata
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erika Sekihachi
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry and Chemogenomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Namba-Hamano
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Takabatake
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Sendo S, Saegusa J, Morinobu A. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in non-neoplastic inflamed organs. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:19. [PMID: 30237829 PMCID: PMC6139938 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a highly heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with immunosuppressive function. Although their function in tumor-bearing conditions is well studied, less is known about the role of MDSCs in various organs under non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions. MAIN BODY MDSCs are divided into two subpopulations, G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs, and their distribution varies between organs. MDSCs negatively control inflammation in inflamed organs such as the lungs, joints, liver, kidneys, intestines, central nervous system (CNS), and eyes by suppressing T cells and myeloid cells. MDSCs also regulate fibrosis in the lungs, liver, and kidneys and help repair CNS injuries. MDSCs in organs are plastic and can differentiate into osteoclasts and tolerogenic dendritic cells according to the microenvironment under non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSION This article summarizes recent findings about MDSCs under inflammatory conditions, especially with respect to their function and differentiation in specific organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sendo
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Jun Saegusa
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Akio Morinobu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
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25
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Dynamic DNA Methylation Changes of Tbx21 and Rorc during Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9129163. [PMID: 30254507 PMCID: PMC6142759 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9129163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The key transcription factors of T helper cell subpopulations, including T-bet, GATA3, RORγt, and Foxp3 are involved in various autoimmune diseases. Whether methylation of these master transcription factors is associated with the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and the possible epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved has however not yet been addressed. In our study, significant methylation changes in both Tbx21 and Rorc were observed in one CpG site in the retinas of EAU mice. Two CpG sites of Tbx21 and one CpG site of Rorc showed significant dynamic methylation changes in the RPE-choroid complex during EAU. The mRNA expressions of Tbx21 and Rorc in both the retinas and RPE-choroid complexes correlated with the methylation changes at the various time points during EAU development. The methylation changes were associated with the production of the Th1/Th17 cells' signature cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-17. Dynamic changes in mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1) were also noted, which may be related to the observed methylation changes of these genes. The present study provides evidence that DNA methylation of Tbx21 and Rorc may be associated with the development of EAU. DNMT1 activation may have an important effect on regulating DNA methylation dynamics.
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26
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Copland DA, Theodoropoulou S, Liu J, Dick AD. A Perspective of AMD Through the Eyes of Immunology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:AMD83-AMD92. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Copland
- Translational Health Sciences (Ophthalmology), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Theodoropoulou
- Translational Health Sciences (Ophthalmology), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Liu
- Translational Health Sciences (Ophthalmology), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Dick
- Translational Health Sciences (Ophthalmology), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University College London–Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Epps SJ, Boldison J, Stimpson ML, Khera TK, Lait PJP, Copland DA, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. Re-programming immunosurveillance in persistent non-infectious ocular inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018. [PMID: 29530739 PMCID: PMC6563519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular function depends on a high level of anatomical integrity. This is threatened by inflammation, which alters the local tissue over short and long time-scales. Uveitis due to autoimmune disease, especially when it involves the retina, leads to persistent changes in how the eye interacts with the immune system. The normal pattern of immune surveillance, which for immune privileged tissues is limited, is re-programmed. Many cell types, that are not usually present in the eye, become detectable. There are changes in the tissue homeostasis and integrity. In both human disease and mouse models, in the most extreme cases, immunopathological findings consistent with development of ectopic lymphoid-like structures and disrupted angiogenesis accompany severely impaired eye function. Understanding how the ocular environment is shaped by persistent inflammation is crucial to developing novel approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Epps
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Madeleine L Stimpson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Tarnjit K Khera
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Philippa J P Lait
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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28
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Jeong HJ, Lee HJ, Ko JH, Cho BJ, Park SY, Park JW, Choi SR, Heo JW, Yoon SO, Oh JY. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Mediate Inflammation Resolution in Humans and Mice with Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1306-1315. [PMID: 29311360 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is an active process that leads to tissue homeostasis and involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have recently emerged as important cellular components in the resolution of inflammation because of their activities to suppress T cell activation. In this article, we show that HLA-DR-CD11b+CD33+CD14+ human MDSCs and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6C+ mouse MDSCs markedly increased in patients and mice during and before the resolution phase of autoimmune uveoretinitis. CD11b+Ly6C+ monocytes isolated from autoimmune uveoretinitis mice were able to suppress T cell proliferation in culture, and adoptive transfer of the cells accelerated the remission of autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice. Alternatively, depletion of CD11b+Ly6C+ monocytes at the resolution phase, but not CD11b+Ly6G+ granulocytes, exacerbated the disease. These findings collectively indicate that monocytic MDSCs serve as regulatory cells mediating the resolution of autoimmune uveoretinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Bum-Joo Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24253, Korea; and
| | - Se Yeon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Se Rang Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jang Won Heo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Yoon
- R & D Lab, Eutilex Co., Ltd., Seoul 08594, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; .,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
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29
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Gardner PJ, Yazid S, Ribeiro J, Ali RR, Dick AD. Augmenting Endogenous Levels of Retinal Annexin A1 Suppresses Uveitis in Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:10. [PMID: 29057162 PMCID: PMC5648521 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of the anti-inflammatory protein Annexin A1 (AnxA1) in mice and human retinae during uveitis and to determine whether local administration of human recombinant AnxA1 (hrAnxA1) can suppress uveitis in mice. METHODS Retinal sections from mice (healthy normal and uveitis) and postmortem human (no history of eye disease (n = 5) and uveitis (n = 7)) were stained for AnxA1 expression and imaged by immunofluorescence microscopy. AnxA1 cellular expression was determined by colabeling with CD45, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Iba-1 cells, with additional staining of AnxA1 receptors formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and FPRL1/FPR2. Mice with acute endotoxin-induced uveitis and chronic experimental autoimmune uveitis were treated locally by intravitreal injection with hrAnxA1, and disease was assessed by clinical scoring and quantification of leukocyte infiltrate via flow cytometry. RESULTS Constitutive expression of AnxA1 was observed in both healthy mouse and human retinae, and its expression increased during uveitis compared to healthy controls. AnxA1 colocalizes predominantly with CD45+ cells, GFAP+ macroglia, and to a lesser extent, Iba-1+ myeloid cells. We also demonstrate that local treatment with hrAnxA1 attenuates the severity of uveitis in mice. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that locally expressed AnxA1 is elevated in the retina during intraocular inflammation. We demonstrate that local administration of hrAnxA1 to augment levels results in suppression of uveitis in mice. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Our data suggest that elevated expression of retinal AnxA1 in human uveitis may be immunoregulatory and that local supplementation with hrAnxA1 may provide a potential novel treatment for inflammatory eye diseases such as noninfectious uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robin R Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,University of Bristol, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol, UK
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30
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Kennelly KP, Holmes TM, Wallace DM, O'Farrelly C, Keegan DJ. Early Subretinal Allograft Rejection Is Characterized by Innate Immune Activity. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:983-1000. [PMID: 28105976 DOI: 10.3727/096368917x694697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful subretinal transplantation is limited by considerable early graft loss despite pharmacological suppression of adaptive immunity. We postulated that early innate immune activity is a dominant factor in determining graft survival and chose a nonimmunosuppressed mouse model of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transplantation to explore this. Expression of almost all measured cytokines by DH01 RPE cells increased significantly following graft preparation, and the neutrophil chemoattractant KC/GRO/CINC was most significantly increased. Subretinal allografts of DH01 cells (C57BL/10 origin) into healthy, nonimmunosuppressed C57BL/6 murine eyes were harvested and fixed at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days postoperatively and subsequently cryosectioned and stained. Graft cells were detected using SV40 large T antigen (SV40T) immunolabeling and apoptosis/necrosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Sections were also immunolabeled for macrophage (CD11b and F4/80), neutrophil (Gr1 Ly-6G), and T-lymphocyte (CD3-ɛ) infiltration. Images captured with an Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope were analyzed using the Imaris software. The proportion of the subretinal bolus comprising graft cells (SV40T+) was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced between postoperative day (POD) 3 (90 ± 4%) and POD 7 (20 ± 7%). CD11b+, F4/80+, and Gr1 Ly-6G+ cells increased significantly (p < 0.05) from POD 1 and predominated over SV40T+ cells by POD 7. Colabeling confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated graft engulfment by neutrophils and macrophages at POD 7, and reconstruction of z-stacked confocal images confirmed SV40T inside Gr1 Ly-6G+ cells. Expression of CD3-ɛ was low and did not differ significantly between time points. By POD 28, no graft cells were detectable and few inflammatory cells remained. These studies reveal, for the first time, a critical role for innate immune mechanisms early in subretinal graft rejection. The future success of subretinal transplantation will require more emphasis on techniques to limit innate immune-mediated graft loss, rather than focusing exclusively on suppression of the adaptive immune response.
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31
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Barnie PA, Zhang P, Lv H, Wang D, Su X, Su Z, Xu H. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and myeloid regulatory cells in cancer and autoimmune disorders. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:378-388. [PMID: 28352304 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were originally described as a heterogeneous population of immature cells derived from myeloid progenitors with immune-suppressive functions in tumor-bearing hosts. In recent years, increasing number of studies have described various populations of myeloid cells with MDSC-like properties in murine models of cancer and autoimmune diseases. These studies have observed that the populations of MDSCs are increased during inflammation and autoimmune conditions. In addition, MDSCs can effectively suppress T cell responses and modulate the activity of natural killer cells and other myeloid cells. MDSCs have also been implicated in the induction of regulatory T cell production. Furthermore, these cells have the potential to suppress the autoimmune response, thereby limiting tissue injury. Myeloid regulatory cells (Mregs) are recently attracting increasing attention, since they function in proinflammatory and immune suppression in autoimmune diseases, as well as in various types of cancer. Currently, research focus is directed from MDSCs to Mregs in cancer and autoimmune diseases. The present study reviewed the suppressive roles of MDSCs in various autoimmune murine models, the immune modulation of MDSCs to T helper 17 lymphocytes, as well as the proinflammatory and immunosuppressive roles of Mregs in various types of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China; Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolian Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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32
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Khalili H, Lee RW, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, Dick AD, Copland DA. An anti-TNF-α antibody mimetic to treat ocular inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36905. [PMID: 27874029 PMCID: PMC5118814 DOI: 10.1038/srep36905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infliximab is an antibody that neutralizes TNF-α and is used principally by systemic administration to treat many inflammatory disorders. We prepared the antibody mimetic Fab-PEG-Fab (FpFinfliximab) for direct intravitreal injection to assess whether such formulations have biological activity and potential utility for ocular use. FpFinfliximab was designed to address side effects caused by antibody degradation and the presence of the Fc region. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated that infliximab and FpFinfliximab maintained binding affinity for both human and murine recombinant TNF-α. No Fc mediated RPE cellular uptake was observed for FpFinfliximab. Both Infliximab and FpFinfliximab suppressed ocular inflammation by reducing the number of CD45+ infiltrate cells in the EAU mice after a single intravitreal injection at the onset of peak disease. These results offer an opportunity to develop and formulate for ocular use, FpF molecules designed for single and potentially multiple targets using bi-specific FpFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Khalili
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,University of East London, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, Water lane, Stratford campus, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Richard W Lee
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A Copland
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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33
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Kamran N, Chandran M, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Immature myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment: Implications for immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2016; 189:34-42. [PMID: 27777083 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that the success of immunotherapeutic strategies in inhibiting tumor progression in animal models of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). It is also evident that tumor-induced immune suppression drastically impacts the efficacy of immune based therapies. Among the mechanisms employed by GBM to induce immunosuppression is the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Advancing our understanding about the pathways regulating the expansion, accumulation and activity of MDSCs will allow for the development of therapies aimed at abolishing the inhibitory effect of these cells on immunotherapeutic approaches. In this review, we have focused on the origin, expansion and immunosuppressive mechanisms of MDSCs in animal models and human cancer, in particular GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Mayuri Chandran
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA.
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34
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Dick AD. Doyne lecture 2016: intraocular health and the many faces of inflammation. Eye (Lond) 2016; 31:87-96. [PMID: 27636226 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogma for reasons of immune privilege including sequestration (sic) of ocular antigen, lack of lymphatic and immune competent cells in the vital tissues of the eye has long evaporated. Maintaining tissue and cellular health to preserve vision requires active immune responses to prevent damage and respond to danger. A priori the eye must contain immune competent cells, undergo immune surveillance to ensure homoeostasis as well as an ability to promote inflammation. By interrogating immune responses in non-infectious uveitis and compare with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), new concepts of intraocular immune health emerge. The role of macrophage polarisation in the two disorders is a tractable start. TNF-alpha regulation of macrophage responses in uveitis has a pivotal role, supported via experimental evidence and validated by recent trial data. Contrast this with the slow, insidious degeneration in atrophic AMD or in neovasular AMD, with the compelling genetic association with innate immunity and complement, highlights an ability to attenuate pathogenic immune responses and despite known inflammasome activation. Yolk sac-derived microglia maintains tissue immune health. The result of immune cell activation is environmentally dependent, for example, on retinal cell bioenergetics status, autophagy and oxidative stress, and alterations that skew interaction between macrophages and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). For example, dead RPE eliciting macrophage VEGF secretion but exogenous IL-4 liberates an anti-angiogenic macrophage sFLT-1 response. Impaired autophagy or oxidative stress drives inflammasome activation, increases cytotoxicity, and accentuation of neovascular responses, yet exogenous inflammasome-derived cytokines, such as IL-18 and IL-33, attenuate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dick
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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35
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Liyanage SE, Gardner PJ, Ribeiro J, Cristante E, Sampson RD, Luhmann UFO, Ali RR, Bainbridge JW. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory and resident myeloid populations in mouse ocular inflammatory models. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:160-70. [PMID: 27544307 PMCID: PMC5053376 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells make a pivotal contribution to tissue homeostasis during inflammation. Both tissue-specific resident populations and infiltrating myeloid cells can cause tissue injury through aberrant activation and/or dysregulated activity. Reliable identification and quantification of myeloid cells within diseased tissues is important to understand pathological inflammatory processes. Flow cytometry is a valuable technique for leukocyte analysis, but a standardized flow cytometric method for myeloid cell populations in the eye is lacking. Here, we validate a reproducible flow cytometry gating approach to characterize myeloid cells in several commonly used models of ocular inflammation. We profile and quantify myeloid subsets across these models, and highlight the value of this strategy in identifying phenotypic differences using Ccr2-deficient mice. This method will aid standardization in the field and facilitate future investigations into the roles of myeloid cells during ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidath E Liyanage
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peter J Gardner
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Enrico Cristante
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Robert D Sampson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Robin R Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - James W Bainbridge
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
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36
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Boros P, Ochando J, Zeher M. Myeloid derived suppressor cells and autoimmunity. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:631-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Tang K, Guo D, Zhang L, Guo J, Zheng F, Si J, Bi H. Immunomodulatory effects of Longdan Xiegan Tang on CD4+/CD8+ T cells and associated inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune uveitis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2746-54. [PMID: 27485320 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Longdan Xiegan Tang (LXT) is a mixture of herbal extracts commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine that may exert immunomodulatory effects for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms that mediate the actions of LXT are unclear. The present study induced an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model in Lewis rats via injection of IRBP1177‑1191 emulsion. The model was used to investigate the effects of LXT on EAU rats and assess the efficacy of LXT by measuring clinical manifestations and histopathological changes caused by EAU. Additionally, alterations in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+‑T cells were determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of interferon (IFN)‑γ, interleukin (IL)‑17, IL‑10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α were measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay analysis. The results of the present study demonstrate that LXT can efficiently alleviate the symptoms of EAU, inhibit the differentiation of uveitogenic CD4+ T cells and reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN‑γ, IL‑17 and TNF‑α. Furthermore, LXT promotes the production of IL‑10 and accelerates the recovery of EAU, indicating that the immunomodulatory effects of LXT may potentially be used for the treatment of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Junguo Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Fengming Zheng
- The First Clinical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Junkang Si
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
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Benhar I, Reemst K, Kalchenko V, Schwartz M. The retinal pigment epithelium as a gateway for monocyte trafficking into the eye. EMBO J 2016; 35:1219-35. [PMID: 27107049 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium within the brain ventricles orchestrates blood-derived monocyte entry to the central nervous system under injurious conditions, including when the primary injury site is remote from the brain. Here, we hypothesized that the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) serves a parallel role, as a gateway for monocyte trafficking to the retina following direct or remote injury. We found elevated expression of genes encoding leukocyte trafficking determinants in mouse RPE as a consequence of retinal glutamate intoxication or optic nerve crush (ONC). Blocking VCAM-1 after ONC interfered with monocyte infiltration into the retina and resulted in a local pro-inflammatory cytokine bias. Live imaging of the injured eye showed monocyte accumulation first in the RPE, and subsequently in the retina, and peripheral leukocytes formed close contact with the RPE Our findings further implied that the ocular milieu can confer monocytes a phenotype advantageous for neuroprotection. These results suggest that the eye utilizes a mechanism of crosstalk with the immune system similar to that of the brain, whereby epithelial barriers serve as gateways for leukocyte entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Benhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kitty Reemst
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Grégoire S, Terrada C, Martin GH, Fourcade G, Baeyens A, Marodon G, Fisson S, Billiard F, Lucas B, Tadayoni R, Béhar-Cohen F, Levacher B, Galy A, LeHoang P, Klatzmann D, Bodaghi B, Salomon BL. Treatment of Uveitis by In Situ Administration of Ex Vivo–Activated Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2109-18. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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40
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Chakravarthy H, Beli E, Navitskaya S, O’Reilly S, Wang Q, Kady N, Huang C, Grant MB, Busik JV. Imbalances in Mobilization and Activation of Pro-Inflammatory and Vascular Reparative Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146829. [PMID: 26760976 PMCID: PMC4711951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a sight-threatening complication of diabetes, affecting 65% of patients after 10 years of the disease. Diabetic metabolic insult leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, retinal endothelial cell loss and inadequate vascular repair. This is partly due to bone marrow (BM) pathology leading to increased activity of BM-derived pro-inflammatory monocytes and impaired function of BM-derived reparative circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). We propose that diabetes has a significant long-term effect on the nature and proportion of BM-derived cells that circulate in the blood, localize to the retina and home back to their BM niche. Using a streptozotocin mouse model of diabetic retinopathy with GFP BM-transplantation, we have demonstrated that BM-derived circulating pro-inflammatory monocytes are increased in diabetes while reparative CACs are trapped in the BM and spleen, with impaired release into circulation. Diabetes also alters activation of splenocytes and BM-derived dendritic cells in response to LPS stimulation. A majority of the BM-derived GFP cells that migrate to the retina express microglial markers, while others express endothelial, pericyte and Müller cell markers. Diabetes significantly increases infiltration of BM-derived microglia in an activated state, while reducing infiltration of BM-derived endothelial progenitor cells in the retina. Further, control CACs injected into the vitreous are very efficient at migrating back to their BM niche, whereas diabetic CACs have lost this ability, indicating that the in vivo homing efficiency of diabetic CACs is dramatically decreased. Moreover, diabetes causes a significant reduction in expression of specific integrins regulating CAC migration. Collectively, these findings indicate that BM pathology in diabetes could play a role in both increased pro-inflammatory state and inadequate vascular repair contributing to diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Chakravarthy
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eleni Beli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Navitskaya
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sandra O’Reilly
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nermin Kady
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Julia V. Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Goldberg GL, Cornish AL, Murphy J, Pang ES, Lim LL, Campbell IK, Scalzo-Inguanti K, Chen X, McMenamin PG, Maraskovsky E, McKenzie BS, Wicks IP. G-CSF and Neutrophils Are Nonredundant Mediators of Murine Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:172-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Ma H, Wan S, Xia CQ. Immunosuppressive CD11b+Ly6Chi monocytes in pristane-induced lupus mouse model. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:1121-9. [PMID: 26657791 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0415-158r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells with immunosuppressive functions have been described to be associated with one of the mechanisms by which malignant tumors escape immune surveillance. However, little is known about the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in autoimmunity. In the current study, when we attempted to characterize the peritoneal cells in pristane-induced lupus model, as reported previously, we observed that there were markedly increased CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes. Surprisingly, this type of monocytes was almost phenotypically identical to the reported monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Further analysis on how these CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) cells affected T cell response showed that they strongly suppressed T cell proliferation in vitro in a manner dependent on cell-cell contact, NO, and PGE2. In addition, we found that CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes inhibited Th1 differentiation but enhanced development of forkhead box p3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells. Consistent with the in vitro experimental results, the in vivo adoptive cell transfer study showed that infusion of pristane-treated syngeneic CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes significantly suppressed the production of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin antibodies induced by keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization. In addition, we found that CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes were also increased significantly in spleen and peripheral blood and showed immunosuppressive characteristics similar to their peritoneal counterparts. Our findings indicate that CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes in a pristane-induced lupus mouse model are monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells instead of inflammatory monocytes, as demonstrated previously. To our knowledge, this is the first to describe myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a pristane-induced lupus mouse model, which may lead to a better understanding of the role of CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes in this specific pristane-induced lupus model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Suigui Wan
- Department of Hematology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Chang-Qing Xia
- Department of Hematology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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43
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Boldison J, Khera TK, Copland DA, Stimpson ML, Crawford GL, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. A novel pathogenic RBP-3 peptide reveals epitope spreading in persistent experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Immunology 2015; 146:301-11. [PMID: 26152845 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in the C57BL/6J mouse is a model of non-infectious posterior segment intraocular inflammation that parallels clinical features of the human disease. The purpose of this study was to analyse the immune response to the four murine subunits of retinol binding protein-3 (RBP-3) to identify pathogenic epitopes to investigate the presence of intramolecular epitope spreading during the persistent inflammation phase observed in this model of EAU. Recombinant murine subunits of the RBP-3 protein were purified and used to immunize C57BL/6J mice to induce EAU. An overlapping peptide library was used to screen RBP-3 subunit 3 for immunogenicity and pathogenicity. Disease phenotype and characterization of pathogenic subunits and peptides was undertaken by topical endoscopic fundal imaging, immunohistochemistry, proliferation assays and flow cytometry. RBP-3 subunits 1, 2 and 3 induced EAU in the C57BL/6J mice, with subunit 3 eliciting the most destructive clinical disease. Within subunit 3 we identified a novel uveitogenic epitope, 629-643. The disease induced by this peptide was comparable to that produced by the uveitogenic 1-20 peptide. Following immunization, peptide-specific responses by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets were detected, and cells from both populations were present in the retinal inflammatory infiltrate. Intramolecular epitope spreading between 629-643 and 1-20 was detected in mice with clinical signs of disease. The 629-643 RBP-3 peptide is a major uveitogenic peptide for the induction of EAU in C57BL/6J mice and the persistent clinical disease induced with one peptide leads to epitope spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tarnjit K Khera
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Madeleine L Stimpson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gemma L Crawford
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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44
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Kwak Y, Kim HE, Park SG. Insights into Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Inflammatory Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:269-85. [PMID: 25990434 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells involved in immune regulation. This population subdivides into granulocytic MDSCs and monocytic MDSCs, which regulate immune responses via the production of various molecules including reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, arginase-1, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β. Most studies of MDSCs focused on their role in tumors. MDSCs protect tumor cells from immune responses, and thus the frequency of MDSCs associates with poor prognosis. Many recent studies reported an important role for MDSCs in inflammatory diseases via the regulation of immune cells. In addition, the utilization of MDSCs by infectious pathogens suggests an immune evasion mechanism. Thus, MDSCs are important immune regulators in inflammatory diseases, as well as in tumors. This review focuses on the role of MDSCs in the regulation of inflammation in non-tumor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Kwak
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
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45
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The Role and Potential Therapeutic Application of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Allo- and Autoimmunity. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:421927. [PMID: 26078493 PMCID: PMC4452474 DOI: 10.1155/2015/421927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that consists of myeloid progenitor cells and immature myeloid cells. They have been identified as a cell population that may affect the activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells to regulate the immune response negatively, which makes them attractive targets for the treatment of transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Several studies have suggested the potential suppressive effect of MDSCs on allo- and autoimmune responses. Conversely, MDSCs have also been found at various stages of differentiation, accumulating during pathological situations, not only during tumor development but also in a variety of inflammatory immune responses, bone marrow transplantation, and some autoimmune diseases. These findings appear to be contradictory. In this review, we summarize the roles of MDSCs in different transplantation and autoimmune diseases models as well as the potential to target these cells for therapeutic benefit.
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46
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Li H, Dai F, Peng Q, Gan H, Zheng J, Xia Y, Zhang W. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells suppress CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses in autoimmune hepatitis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3667-3673. [PMID: 25998831 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been demonstrated with possess the ability to suppress T‑cell responses. Therefore, MDSCs are an attractive candidate for immune intervention aimed at reconstituting self‑tolerance in autoimmune conditions. The present study investigated the frequency and function of MDSCs in the peripheral blood of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and examined its correlation with disease progression. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 48 patients diagnosed with AIH and 24 healthy controls. The frequency of MDSCs was analyzed using flow cytometry, and its correlation with liver biochemical indicators was assessed. The sorted peripheral blood mononuclear cells and MDSCs, cocultivated with CD3 and CD28 monoclonal antibodies, were labeled with carboxylfluorescein succinimidyl ester and detected using flow cytometry for the proliferation of T cells. T cell apoptosis was detected using annexin V and 7‑aminoactinomycin D. Interferon γ and nitric oxide were detected using ELISA, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected using immunohistochemical staining. The frequency of MDSCs in the patients with non‑cirrhotic AIH was significantly higher, compared with the healthy controls and patients with cirrhotic AIH (P<0.05). However, no significantly differences were observed between the patients with cirrhotic AIH and the healthy controls (P>0.05). In addition, the frequency of MDSCs in the peripheral blood was positively correlated with alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase in patients with AIH. The T cells of the incubation system were suppressed by the MDSCs, which was associated with the iNOS expressed on MDSCs. In patients with non‑cirrhotic AIH, the peripheral frequency of MDSCs was increased through a feedback loop and autoimmune responses were inhibited. However, a variety of causes led to a decrease in the number of MDSCs in patients with cirrhotic AIH, therefore, accelerating the progression of liver injury and liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Fu Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Huizhong Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Jishun Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Yunling Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
| | - Wanyuan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China
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Circulating CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) myeloid-derived suppressor cell is an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with ESCC. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7987-96. [PMID: 25967454 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences demonstrate that a population of suppressive cells known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is key immune modulators which suppress antitumor immunity. In this study, we found that the level of circulating CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells in patients was significantly higher than that of healthy donors and was correlated with tumor burden, lymph node metastasis, and tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) clinical stage. More importantly, we for the first time find the level of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) is a biological indicator of poor prognosis through the analysis of 3-year overall survival. Furthermore, we evidenced that the proportion of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells in the tumor metastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) was notably higher compared to tumor-free TDLNs. Additionally, CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients expressed dramatically increased programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) comparing to that from healthy control. Subsequently, blocking PD-L1 pathway by antibody could effectively reverse the suppressive effect on autologous T cell proliferation mediated by CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells in vitro. In conclusion, our data revealed CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) MDSCs which increase in ESCC patients is a novel poor prognostic indicator and may exert immunosuppressive properties through PD-L1/PD-1 pathway.
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48
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Gardner PJ, Yazid S, Chu CJ, Copland DA, Adamson P, Dick AD, Calder VL. TNFα Regulates SIRT1 Cleavage during Ocular Autoimmune Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1324-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Homeostatic regulation of T cell trafficking by a B cell-derived peptide is impaired in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease. Nat Med 2015; 21:467-475. [PMID: 25894827 PMCID: PMC4425550 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During an inflammatory response, lymphocyte recruitment into tissue must be tightly controlled because dysregulated trafficking contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic disease. Here we show that during inflammation and in response to adiponectin, B cells tonically inhibit T cell trafficking by secreting a peptide (PEPITEM) proteolytically derived from 14.3.3.ζδ protein. PEPITEM binds cadherin-15 on endothelial cells, promoting synthesis and release of sphingosine-1 phosphate, which inhibits trafficking of T cells without affecting recruitment of other leukocytes. Expression of adiponectin receptors on B cells and adiponectin induced PEPITEM secretion wanes with age, implying immune senescence of the pathway. Additionally, these changes are evident in individuals with type-1-diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis, and circulating PEPITEM in patient serum is reduced compared to healthy age matched donors. In both diseases, tonic inhibition of T cell trafficking across inflamed endothelium is lost. Importantly, control of patient T cell trafficking is re-established by exogenous PEPITEM. Moreover, in animal models of peritonitis, hepatic I/R injury, Salmonella infection, Uveitis and Sjögren’s Syndrome, PEPITEM could reduce T cell recruitment into inflamed tissues.
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50
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Crawford GL, Boldison J, Copland DA, Adamson P, Gale D, Brandt M, Nicholson LB, Dick AD. The role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in a murine model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122093. [PMID: 25874928 PMCID: PMC4398387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation is, in part, regulated via hydrolysis of oxidised low density lipoproteins by Lipoprotein-Associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), resulting in increased macrophage migration, pro-inflammatory cytokine release and chemokine expression. In uveitis, tissue damage is mediated as a result of macrophage activation; hence inhibition of Lp-PLA2 may limit macrophage activation and protect the tissue. Utilising Lp-PLA2 gene-deficient (KO) mice and a pharmacological inhibitor of Lp-PLA2 (SB-435495) we aimed to determine the effect of Lp-PLA2 suppression in mediating retinal protection in a model of autoimmune retinal inflammation, experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Following immunisation with RBP-3 (IRBP) 1–20 or 161–180 peptides, clinical disease was monitored and severity assessed, infiltrating leukocytes were enumerated by flow cytometry and tissue destruction quantified by histology. Despite ablation of Lp-PLA2 enzyme activity in Lp-PLA2 KO mice or wild-type mice treated with SB-435495, the number of infiltrating CD45+ cells in the retina was equivalent to control EAU animals, and there was no reduction in disease severity. Thus, despite the reported beneficial effects of therapeutic Lp-PLA2 depletion in a variety of vascular inflammatory conditions, we were unable to attenuate disease, show delayed disease onset or prevent progression of EAU in Lp-PLA2 KO mice. Although EAU exhibits inflammatory vasculopathy there is no overt defect in lipid metabolism and given the lack of effect following Lp-PLA2 suppression, these data support the hypothesis that sub-acute autoimmune inflammatory disease progresses independently of Lp-PLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Crawford
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J. Boldison
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - D. A. Copland
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - P. Adamson
- Ophthiris Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - D. Gale
- Ophthiris Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Brandt
- Platform Technology Sciences, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - L. B. Nicholson
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A. D. Dick
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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