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Reversing CXCL10 Deficiency Ameliorates Kidney Disease in Diabetic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2763-2773. [PMID: 30273603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix material in the kidney is a histopathologic hallmark of diabetic kidney disease that correlates closely with declining function. Although considerable research has focused on the role of profibrotic factors, comparatively little attention has been paid to the possibility that a diminution in endogenous antifibrotic factors may also contribute. Among the latter, the ELR- CXC chemokines, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, have been shown to provide a stop signal to prevent excessive fibrosis. Although the plasma concentrations of CXCL9 and CXCL11 were similar, those of CXCL10 were markedly lower in diabetic db/db mice compared with control db/m mice. In cell culture, CXCL10 inhibited kidney fibroblast collagen production in response to high glucose and the prosclerotic growth factor, transforming growth factor-β. In vivo, recombinant murine CXCL10 reduced mesangial and peritubular matrix expansion, albuminuria, and glomerular hypertrophy in db/db mice. In bone marrow, a major source of circulating chemokines, the concentration of CXCL10 was lower in cells derived from diabetic mice than from their nondiabetic counterparts. Silencing of CXCR3, the cognate receptor for CXCL10, abrogated the antifibrotic effects of bone marrow-derived secretions. In conclusion, experimental diabetes is a state of CXCL10 deficiency and that restoration of CXCL10 abundance prevented fibrosis and the development of diabetic kidney disease in mice.
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Cottagiri M, Nyandjo M, Stephens M, Mantilla JJ, Saito H, Mackay IR, Rose NR, Njoku DB. In drug-induced, immune-mediated hepatitis, interleukin-33 reduces hepatitis and improves survival independently and as a consequence of FoxP3+ T-cell activity. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:706-717. [PMID: 30030493 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated, drug-induced hepatitis is a rare complication of halogenated volatile anesthetic administration. IL-4-regulated Th2-polarized reactions initiate this type and other types of hepatitis, while the mechanisms that regulate the severity remain elusive. IL-33 is an innate, IL-4-inducing, Th2-polarizing cytokine that has been detected in patients with liver failure and has been associated with upregulated ST2+Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells; however, roles for IL-33 in drug-induced hepatitis are unclear. We investigated IL-33 in an anesthetic, immune-mediated hepatitis modeled in BALB/c, IL-33-/- and ST2-/- mice, as well as in patients with anesthetic hepatitis. The hepatic IL-33 and ST2 levels were elevated in BALB/c mice (p < 0.05) with hepatitis, and anti-IL-33 diminished hepatitis (p < 0.05) without reducing IL-33 levels. The complete absence of IL-33 reduced IL-10 (p < 0.05) and ST2+Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells (p < 0.05), as well as reduced the overall survival (p < 0.05), suggesting suppressive roles for IL-33 in anesthetic, immune-mediated hepatitis. All of the mice demonstrated similar levels of CD4+ T-cell proliferation following direct T-cell receptor stimulation, but we detected splenic IL-33 and ST2-negative Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells in ST2-/- mice that developed less hepatitis than BALB/c mice (p < 0.05), suggesting that ST2-negative Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells reduced hepatitis. In patients, serum IL-33 and IPEX levels were correlated in controls (r2 = 0.5, p < 0.05), similar to the levels in mice, but not in anesthetic hepatitis patients (r2 = 0.01), who had elevated IL-33 (p < 0.001) and decreased IPEX (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that, in anesthetic, immune-mediated hepatitis, IL-33 does not regulate the CD4+ T-cell proliferation that initiates hepatitis, but IL-33, likely independent of ST2, reduces hepatitis via upregulation of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells. Further studies are needed to translate the role of IL-33 to human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merylin Cottagiri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6349, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Maeva Nyandjo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6349, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6349, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Joel J Mantilla
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6349, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan, 650-0047
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Noel R Rose
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dolores B Njoku
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6349, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Kakisaka K, Yoshida Y, Suzuki Y, Sato T, Kuroda H, Miyasaka A, Takikawa Y. Serum markers for mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death are possible predictive indicators for drug-induced liver injury by direct acting antivirals. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:78-86. [PMID: 28304119 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We prospectively screened patients treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAA) in order to detect and analyze serum markers that are present prior to the development of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). METHODS The levels of various serum markers among DILI, non-DILI and control groups were compared. The DILI group consisted of eight patients whose alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels exceeded 32 IU/L during the DAA treatment. Eight patients without DILI were selected for the non-DILI group via a matched-group design based on age, sex and disease severity. Additionally, eight healthy volunteers were employed as the controls. Serum measurements of cytokines/chemokines, cytokeratin-18 fragment (CK-18F) and super oxidase dismutase-2 (SOD2) were evaluated on the date at which hepatitis C virus RNA was absent (baseline). For patients with DILI, serum measurements taken before treatment, 1 week before pronounced transaminase elevation (prominence-1 W) and on the date at which pronounced elevation of transaminase occurred (prominence) were also evaluated. RESULTS All patients treated with DAA had normalized transaminase levels at baseline. In patients with DILI, interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels were higher at prominence-1 W than at baseline. Those patients also had significantly higher levels of SOD2 and CK-18F at prominence-1 W than at baseline. CONCLUSION Elevated IP-10 may be a preconditioning chemokine for DAA-induced liver injury, and damage markers associated with cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction are potential predictive serum markers for DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kakisaka
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Takuro Sato
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Kuroda
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Akio Miyasaka
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takikawa
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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Luo MXM, Wong SH, Chan MTV, Yu L, Yu SSB, Wu F, Xiao Z, Wang X, Zhang L, Cheng ASL, Ng SSM, Chan FKL, Cho CH, Yu J, Sung JJY, Wu WKK. Autophagy Mediates HBx-Induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and Release of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL2 in Hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2382-9. [PMID: 25708728 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and one of its encoded proteins, HBV X protein (HBx), have been shown to induce autophagy in hepatoma cells. Substantial evidence indicates that autophagy is a potent suppressor of inflammation. However, sporadic reports suggest that autophagy could promote pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and inflammation in some biological contexts. Here, we show that overexpression of HBx induces LC3B-positive autophagosome formation, increases autophagic flux and enhances the expression of ATG5, ATG7, and LC3B-II in normal hepatocytes. Abrogation of autophagy by small interfering RNA against ATG5 and ATG7 prevents HBx-induced formation of autophagosomes. Autophagy inhibition also abrogates HBx-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and CXCL2. These findings suggest that autophagy is required for HBx-induced NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production and could shed new light on the complex role of autophagy in the modulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millore X M Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidney S B Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon S M Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi H Cho
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wang W, Du Z, Yan J, Ma D, Shi M, Zhang M, Peng C, Li H. Mesenchymal stem cells promote liver regeneration and prolong survival in small-for-size liver grafts: involvement of C-Jun N-terminal kinase, cyclin D1, and NF-κB. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112532. [PMID: 25479410 PMCID: PMC4257551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been highlighted recently for treatment of acute or chronic liver injury, by possibly differentiating into hepatocyte-like cells, reducing inflammation, and enhancing tissue repair. Despite recent progress, exact mechanisms of action are not clearly elucidated. In this study, we attempted to explore whether and how MSCs protected hepatocytes and stimulated allograft regeneration in small-for-size liver transplantation (SFSLT). Methods SFSLT model was established with a 30% partial liver transplantation (30PLT) in rats. The differentiation potential and characteristics of bone marrow derived MSCs were explored in vitro. MSCs were infused transvenously immediately after graft implantation in therapy group. Expressions of apoptosis-, inflammatory-, anti-inflammatory-, and growth factor-related genes were measured by RT-PCR, activities of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB were analyzed by EMSA, and proliferative responses of the hepatic graft were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results MSCs were successfully induced into hepatocyte-like cells, osteoblasts and adipocytes in vitro. MSCs therapy could not only alleviate ischemia reperfusion injury and acute inflammation to promote liver regeneration, but also profoundly improve one week survival rate. It markedly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of HGF, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, and CXCR2, however, down-regulated TNF-α. Increased activities of AP-1 and NF-κB, as well as elevated expressions of p-c-Jun, cyclin D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), were also found in MSCs therapy group. Conclusion These data suggest that MSCs therapy promotes hepatocyte proliferation and prolongs survival in SFSLT by reducing ischemia reperfusion injury and acute inflammation, and sustaining early increased expressions of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, Cyclin D1, and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiqi Yan
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minmin Shi
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghong Peng
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: metabolic, genetic and immunological basis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6990-7003. [PMID: 24758937 PMCID: PMC4013674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a significant cause of acute liver failure and is usually the primary reason that therapeutic drugs are removed from the commercial market. Multiple mechanisms can culminate in drug hepatotoxicity. Metabolism, genetics and immunology separately and in concert play distinct and overlapping roles in this process. This review will cover papers we feel have addressed these mechanisms of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in adults following the consumption of commonly used medications. The aim is to generate discussion around "trigger point" papers where the investigators generated new science or provided additional contribution to existing science. Hopefully these discussions will assist in uncovering key areas that need further attention.
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Chan CC, Lee KC, Huang YH, Chou CK, Lin HC, Lee FY. Regulation by resveratrol of the cellular factors mediating liver damage and regeneration after acute toxic liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:603-13. [PMID: 23981054 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Acute liver injury is manifested by different degree of hepatocyte necrosis and may recover via the process of hepatocyte regeneration once the injury is discontinued. Most of the liver injury is associating with inflammatory cytokines. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural phytoalexin with powerful anti-inflammatory effects. AIM The effects of RSV on cellular factors mediating liver damage and regeneration in acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) liver injury were investigated. RESULTS RSV decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, necrosis, and 4-hydroxynonenal in the CCl4 -injured liver. RSV decreased hepatocyte apoptosis by reducing caspase 8 and caspase 3 but not Bax and Bcl-xL. RSV reduced Kupffer cells recruitment, the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, but not interleukin-10. RSV lowered the numbers of anti-5-bromon-2'-deoxyuridine and anti-Ki67-positive hepatocytes. Hepatic hepatocyte growth factor, c-Met and transforming growth factor-α expressions were reduced by RSV, while transforming growth factor-β1 and hepatic stellate cells activation were not changed. RSV reduced the injury-induced CXCL10 elevations in serum and liver in vivo. Besides, RSV inhibited CXCL10 release from CCl4 -injured hepatocytes in vitro. In contrast, recombinant CXCL10 improved the viability of CCl4 -injured hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS RSV therapy can be beneficial for acute toxic liver injury. RSV reduced hepatocyte apoptosis but limited hepatocyte regeneration possibly through reducing the hepatomitogenic signaling and the release of CXCL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chang Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen F, He JL, Zheng M, Zhu HH, Li SP, Wang K, Zhang XX, Zhao YR, Wu SS, Chen Z. Complementary laboratory indices for predicting the disease status of patients with hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:566-74. [PMID: 23808995 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To identify complementary laboratory indices for determining the disease status of patients with hepatitis B virus. Subjects were divided into six groups: hepatitis B virus carrier, mild chronic hepatitis B, moderate chronic hepatitis B, severe chronic hepatitis B, fulminant hepatitis B and healthy controls. Serum alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were measured by an automatic analyser. The levels of T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and inducible nitric oxide synthase were measured by ELISA. T-cell immunoglobulin domain, mucin-domain-containing molecule-3, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels were significantly higher in patients with severe chronic hepatitis B compared with those in patients with mild and moderate chronic hepatitis B or fulminant hepatitis B (P < 0.05). When normal or abnormal alanine aminotransferase was present, significant differences between macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 levels between patients with mild, moderate, severe chronic hepatitis B or fulminant hepatitis B were observed (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 could serve as alanine aminotransferase, direct bilirubin or total bilirubin complementary indices for determining the status of patients with hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang, China
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Induced pluripotent stem cells mediate the release of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 and alleviate bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. Shock 2013; 39:261-70. [PMID: 23364435 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318285f2e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases cause serious morbidity and mortality, and effective treatments are limited. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) lacking the reprogramming factor c-Myc (3-gene iPSCs) can be used as ideal tools for cell-based therapy because of their low level of tumorigenicity. In this study, we investigated whether 3-gene iPSC transplantation could rescue bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. After the induction of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis via intratracheal delivery of bleomycin sulfate, mice were i.v. injected with 3-gene iPSCs or conditioned medium (iPSC-CM) at 24 h after bleomycin treatment. Administration of either 3-gene iPSCs or iPSC-CM significantly attenuated collagen content and myeloperoxidase activity, diminished neutrophil accumulation, and rescued pulmonary function and recipient survival after bleomycin treatment. Notably, both treatments reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 yet increased the production of the antifibrotic chemokine interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10) in bleomycin-injured lungs. Furthermore, IP-10 neutralization via treatment with IP-10-neutralizing antibodies ameliorated the reparative effect of either 3-gene iPSCs or iPSC-CM on collagen content, neutrophil and monocyte accumulation, pulmonary fibrosis, and recipient survival. Intravenous delivery of 3-gene iPSCs/iPSC-CM alleviated the severity of histopathologic and physiologic impairment in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. The protective mechanism was partially mediated by the early moderation of inflammation, reduced levels of cytokines and chemokines that mediate inflammation and fibrosis, and an increased production of antifibrotic IP-10 in the injured lungs.
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Cho J, Kim L, Li Z, Rose NR, Talor MV, Njoku DB. Sex bias in experimental immune-mediated, drug-induced liver injury in BALB/c mice: suggested roles for Tregs, estrogen, and IL-6. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61186. [PMID: 23577207 PMCID: PMC3618451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Immune-mediated, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) triggered by drug haptens is more prevalent in women than in men. However, mechanisms responsible for this sex bias are not clear. Immune regulation by CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and 17β-estradiol is crucial in the pathogenesis of sex bias in cancer and autoimmunity. Therefore, we investigated their role in a mouse model of immune-mediated DILI. METHODS To model DILI, we immunized BALB/c, BALB/cBy, IL-6-deficient, and castrated BALB/c mice with trifluoroacetyl chloride-haptenated liver proteins. We then measured degree of hepatitis, cytokines, antibodies, and Treg and splenocyte function. RESULTS BALB/c females developed more severe hepatitis (p<0.01) and produced more pro-inflammatory hepatic cytokines and antibodies (p<0.05) than did males. Castrated males developed more severe hepatitis than did intact males (p<0.001) and females (p<0.05). Splenocytes cultured from female mice exhibited fewer Tregs (p<0.01) and higher IL-1β (p<0.01) and IL-6 (p<0.05) than did those from males. However, Treg function did not differ by sex, as evidenced by absence of sex bias in programmed death receptor-1 and responses to IL-6, anti-IL-10, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28. Diminished hepatitis in IL-6-deficient, anti-IL-6 receptor α-treated, ovariectomized, or male mice; undetectable IL-6 levels in splenocyte supernatants from ovariectomized and male mice; elevated splenic IL-6 and serum estrogen levels in castrated male mice, and IL-6 induction by 17β-estradiol in splenocytes from naïve female mice (p<0.05) suggested that 17β-estradiol may enhance sex bias through IL-6 induction, which subsequently discourages Treg survival. Treg transfer from naïve female mice to those with DILI reduced hepatitis severity and hepatic IL-6. CONCLUSIONS 17β-estradiol and IL-6 may act synergistically to promote sex bias in experimental DILI by reducing Tregs. Modulating Treg numbers may provide a therapeutic approach to DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhee Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lina Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noel R. Rose
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The W. Harvey Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Monica Vladut Talor
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dolores B. Njoku
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chan CC, Cheng LY, Lu J, Huang YH, Chiou SH, Tsai PH, Huo TI, Lin HC, Lee FY. The role of interferon-γ inducible protein-10 in a mouse model of acute liver injury post induced pluripotent stem cells transplantation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50577. [PMID: 23227188 PMCID: PMC3515611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver injuries are important medical problems that require effective therapy. Stem cell or hepatocyte transplantation has the potential to restore function of the damaged liver and ameliorate injury. However, the regulatory factors crucial for the repair and regeneration after cell transplantation have not been fully characterized. Our study investigated the effects and the expression of the regulatory factors in mouse models of acute liver injury either transplanted with the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) or the hepatocytes that differentiated from iPS cells (iHL). Methods/Principal Findings Mice received CCl4 injection and were randomized to receive vehicle, iPS, or iHL transfusions vial tail veins and were observed for 24, 48 or 72 hours. The group of mice with iPS transplantation performed better than the group of mice receiving iHL in reducing the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and liver necrosis areas at 24 hours after CCl4 injury. Moreover, iPS significantly increased the numbers of proliferating hepatocytes at 48 hours. Cytokine array identified that chemokine IP-10 could be the potential regulatory factor that ameliorates liver injury. Further studies revealed that iPS secreted IP-10 in vitro and transfusion of iPS increased IP-10 protein and mRNA expressions in the injured livers in vivo. The primary hepatocytes and non-parenchyma cells were isolated from normal and injured livers. Hepatocytes from injured livers that received iPS treatment expressed more IP-10 mRNA than their non-hepatocyte counter-parts. In addition, animal studies revealed that administration of recombinant IP-10 (rIP-10) effectively reduced liver injuries while IP-10-neutralizing antibody attenuated the protective effects of iPS and decreased hepatocyte proliferation. Both iPS and rIP-10 significantly reduced the 72-hour mortality rate in mice that received multiple CCl4-injuries. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggested that IP-10 may have an important regulatory role in facilitating the repair and regeneration of injured liver after iPS transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chang Chan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jean Lu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YH); (SC)
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YH); (SC)
| | - Ping-Hsing Tsai
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Li LF, Liu YY, Yang CT, Chien Y, Twu NF, Wang ML, Wang CY, Huang CC, Kao KC, Hsu HS, Wu CW, Chiou SH. Improvement of ventilator-induced lung injury by IPS cell-derived conditioned medium via inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway and IP-10-dependent paracrine regulation. Biomaterials 2012; 34:78-91. [PMID: 23063297 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation in patients may increase the risk of an acute lung injury (ALI), termed ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have previously been shown to improve tissue repair in different disease models, including ALI. However, the therapeutic efficacy of iPSCs-derived conditioned medium (iPSC-CM) on ALI or VILI remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that both iPSCs and iPSC-CM effectively decrease high-tidal-volume-induced VILI-related inflammatory processes and HMGB1 and PAI-1 production, predominantly through suppressing PI3K/Akt signaling. Notably, iPSC-CM suppressed production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2, malondialdehyde, and increased total glutathione content. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that iPSC-CM potentially restored the bronchial microstructure. This iPSC-CM efficacy could be mimicked by PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or Akt heterozygous knockout, and either treatment showed no further improvement on VILI in iPSC-CM recipients. Furthermore, iPSC-CM increased interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) production in injured lungs. Administration of IP-10-neutralizing antibodies increased neutrophil infiltration, impaired lung oxygenation and deteriorated the protective effects mediated by iPSC-CM. Our data provide a preclinical indication regarding the therapeutic potential of iPSC-CM in VILI and suggest that inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway or increasing IP-10 is a prospective diagnostic and therapeutic target for VILI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Extensive research work over the past couple of decades has indicated a series of intricate relations between immune and reproductive systems. A range of reproductive immunology topics including the roles of adoptive and innate immunity in infertility and pregnancy, the immune system's role in induction of labor and preterm delivery, and immuno-modulatory effects of the female sex hormones will be discussed in this and the next issue of the Journal. The implications of this research on the development of novel therapeutic approaches are also addressed.
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15
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Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that play an important role in activation of the immune response and wound healing. Pathogens that require T helper-type 2 (Th2) responses for effective clearance, such as parasitic worms, are strong inducers of alternatively activated or M2 macrophages. However, infections such as bacteria and viruses that require Th1-type responses may induce M2 as a strategy to evade the immune system. M2 are particularly efficient at scavenging self tissues following injury through receptors like the mannose receptor and scavenger receptor-A. Thus, M2 may increase autoimmune disease by presenting self tissue to T cells. M2 may also exacerbate immune complex (IC)-mediated pathology and fibrosis, a hallmark of autoimmune disease in women, due to the release of profibrotic factors such as interleukin-1beta, transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinases. We have found that M2 comprise anywhere from 30% to 70% of the infiltrate during acute viral or experimental autoimmune myocarditis, and shifts in M2 populations correlate with increased IC deposition, fibrosis and chronic autoimmune pathology. Thus, women may be at an increased risk of M2-mediated autoimmunity due to estrogen's ability to increase Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisa Fairweather
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Morohoshi K, Goodwin AM, Ohbayashi M, Ono SJ. Autoimmunity in retinal degeneration: autoimmune retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:247-54. [PMID: 19846275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibody production is associated with a variety of ocular disorders, including autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A breakdown of immunologic tolerance (ocular immune privilege), including the blood-retinal barrier, anti-immune and anti-inflammatory proteins, and anterior chamber-associated immune deviation may play important roles in these disorders. Although the exact triggers for ocular autoimmunity are unknown, autoimmune targeting of retinal tissue is clearly associated with and may contribute to the pathogenesis of both AIR and AMD. Autoantibody production has long been associated with AIR, a collection of disorders that includes cancer-associated retinopathy, melanoma-associated retinopathy and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. A growing body of evidence indicates that AMD pathogenesis, too, involves ocular inflammation and autoimmunity. Identification and quantification of autoantibodies produced in patients with AIR and AMD may assist with diagnosis, prognosis, and choice of treatments. Animal models that allow investigation of ocular autoimmunity will also be needed to better understand the disease processes and to develop novel therapies. In this review we discuss ocular immune privilege and potential mechanisms of autoimmunity in the eye. We describe how autoimmunity relates to the pathogenesis of AIR and AMD. We explain how the antigen microarray technique is used to detect autoantibodies in patient serum samples, and discuss how current animal models for AMD can be used to investigate autoimmune pathogenesis. Finally, we outline unanswered questions and exciting areas of future study related to autoimmune retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Morohoshi
- Dobbs Ocular Immunology Laboratories, Emory Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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17
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Autoimmune thyroiditis: a model uniquely suited to probe regulatory T cell function. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:239-46. [PMID: 19822405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) is a model for Hashimoto's thyroiditis that has served as a prototype of T cell-mediated autoimmunity for more than three decades. Key roles for MHC restriction and autoantigen influence on susceptibility to autoimmunity have been demonstrated in EAT. Moreover, it has served a unique role in investigations of self tolerance. In the early 1980s, self tolerance and resistance to EAT induction could be enhanced by increasing circulating levels of the autoantigen, thyroglobulin (Tg), by exogenous addition as well as endogenous release. This observation, directly linking circulating self antigen to self tolerance, led to subsequent investigations of the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in self tolerance. These studies revealed that protection against autoimmunity, in both naive and tolerized mice, was mediated by thymically-derived CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. Moreover, these naturally-existing Tregs required proper costimulation, in context with autoantigen presentation, to maintain and enhance self tolerance. In particular was the selected use of MHC- and heterologous Tg-restricted models from both conventional and transgenic mice. These models helped to elucidate the complex interplay between autoantigen presentation and MHC class II-mediated T cell selection in the development of Treg and autoreactive T cell repertoires determining susceptibility to autoimmunity. Here we describe these investigations in further detail, providing a context for how EAT has helped shape our understanding of self tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Ansari AA, Gershwin ME. Navigating the passage between Charybdis and Scylla: recognizing the achievements of Noel Rose. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:165-9. [PMID: 19682857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This special edition of the Journal of Autoimmunity is dedicated to celebrate the enormous contributions of Dr. Noel Rose, a physician-scientist, someone that can be readily anointed as a gifted scientist who laid down the foundation and fundamental concepts of human autoimmunity. Dr. Rose performed a series of landmark studies that extend back more than 50 years and whose work is the cornerstone of the commonly used term "from the bench to the bedside." The studies included not only characterization of a normal immune response but, more importantly, defining the nature of not only the antigen, but also the aberrant response that results in organ, tissue specific reactions and immunopathology. These pioneering studies contributed to the biochemical nature of antigens, dissection of the immune repertoire, the recognition of the importance of genetics and environment, and the distinctions between a normal and an autoimmune response. Hence, this volume has been coined "Navigating the Passage Between Charybdis and Scylla: Recognizing the Achievements of Noel Rose."
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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