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Lin CI, Wang YW, Liu CY, Chen HW, Liang PH, Chuang YH. Regulatory T cells in inflamed liver are dysfunctional in murine primary biliary cholangitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:225-239. [PMID: 37916967 PMCID: PMC10876115 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts. CD8 T cells play a critical role in biliary destruction. However, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have also been identified in the portal tracts of PBC patients. This study tested the hypothesis that hepatic Tregs in PBC were dysfunctional in suppressing immune responses in disease by using our human PBC-like autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) mouse model induced by 2-octynoic acid-conjugated ovalbumin (2-OA-OVA). Our results showed that female and male mice immunized with 2-OA-OVA developed AIC; however, female AIC mice had more severe liver inflammation and fibrosis than male AIC mice. Levels of functional effector CD8 T cells and their chemoattractants, CXCL9 and CXCL10, in the liver were markedly elevated in female AIC mice than in male AIC mice. These results reinforce that CD8 T cells are the primary effector cells in PBC. The number of hepatic Tregs in AIC mice was also higher than in saline-treated mice, but there was no difference between male and female AIC mice. The suppressive function of AIC Tregs was evident despite a discrepancy in the changes in their co-inhibitory receptors and inhibitory cytokines. However, the expansion of hepatic Tregs by low-dose IL-2 treatment did not reduce immune responses to AIC, which may be due to the dysfunction of Tregs in inhibiting T cells. In conclusion, the function of Tregs in the inflamed liver of PBC was insufficient, and low-dose IL-2 treatment could not restore their function to suppress pathological immune responses. Transferring normal Tregs or directly targeting effector CD8 T cells may be beneficial for treating PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is the most common of the autoimmune liver diseases, in which there is chronic small bile duct inflammation. The pathophysiology of PBC is multifactorial, involving immune dysregulation and damage to biliary epithelial cells, with influences from genetic factors, epigenetics, the gut-liver axis, and environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Houri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, 9th Floor Eaton Building, North Wing 219-B, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, 9th Floor Eaton Building, North Wing 219-B, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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3
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Mei Y, Li X, He C, Zhang Y, Kong W, Xue R, Huang X, Shi Y, Tao G, Xing M, Wang X. Detrimental Role of CXCR3 in α-Naphthylisothiocyanate- and Triptolide-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:42-56. [PMID: 38091573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is functionally pleiotropic, not only recruiting immune cells to the inflamed liver but also mediating the pathological process of cholestatic liver injury (CLI). However, the mechanism of its involvement in the CLI remains unclear. Both alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and triptolide are hepatotoxicants that induce CLI by bile acid (BA) dysregulation, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/oxidative stress. Through molecular docking, CXCR3 is a potential target of ANIT and triptolide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of CXCR3 in ANIT- and triptolide-induced CLI and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Wild-type mice and CXCR3-deficient mice were administered with ANIT or triptolide to compare CLI, BA profile, hepatic recruitment of IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-17+CD4+T cells, IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-17+iNKT cells and IFN-γ/IL-4+NK cells, and the expression of ER/oxidative stress pathway. The results showed that CXCR3 deficiency ameliorated ANIT- and triptolide-induced CLI. CXCR3 deficiency alleviated ANIT-induced dysregulated BA metabolism, which decreased the recruitment of IFN-γ+NK cells and IL-4+NK cells to the liver and inhibited ER stress. After triptolide administration, CXCR3 deficiency ameliorated dysregulation of BA metabolism, which reduced the migration of IL-4+iNKT cells and IL-17+iNKT cells and reduced oxidative stress through inhibition of Egr1 expression and AKT phosphorylation. Our findings suggest a detrimental role of CXCR3 in ANIT- and triptolide-induced CLI, providing a promising therapeutic target and introducing novel mechanisms for understanding cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mei
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Weichao Kong
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Rufeng Xue
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yaxiang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Gang Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Mengtao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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4
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Wang X, Wei Y, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li H, Li Y, Zhang F, Wang L. Animal models of primary biliary cholangitis: status and challenges. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:214. [PMID: 37993960 PMCID: PMC10664283 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease. The aetiology of PBC remains unclear, and its pathogenesis is complex. Animal models are essential to clarify the pathogenesis of PBC and explore the occurrence of early events. MAIN BODY Herein, we review recent research progress in PBC animal models, including genetically modified, chemically inducible, biologically inducible, and protein-immunised models. Although these animal models exhibit several immunological and pathological features of PBC, they all have limitations that constrain further research and weaken their connection with clinical practice. CONCLUSION The review will benefit efforts to understand and optimise animal models in order to further clarify PBC pathogenesis and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Yang
- Clinical Biobank, Department Medical Research Central, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China.
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5
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Hou C, Ren C, Luan L, Li S. A case report of primary biliary cholangitis combined with ankylosing spondylitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35655. [PMID: 37832080 PMCID: PMC10578735 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A chronic autoimmune liver disease known as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) that selectively destructs small intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells and may result in biliary cirrhosis and eventually liver transplantation or death. PBC is associated with various other extrahepatic autoimmune diseases; however, the combination of PBC with ankylosing spondylitis has been rarely reported in the literature. Here, we reported a case of PBC with ankylosing spondylitis to improve our understanding of such coexistence and provide new ideas for the treatment of such patients. PATIENT CONCERNS A 54-year-old man was presented to the Department of Rheumatology because of an abnormal liver function test for 7 years, chest and back pain for 1 year, and low back pain for 2 months. DIAGNOSES Primary biliary cholangitis, ankylosing spondylitis, and old pulmonary tuberculosis. INTERVENTIONS The patient refused to use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; thus, he was treated with methylenediphosphonate (99Tc-MDP) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). OUTCOMES The patient achieved remission with UDCA and 99Tc-MDP therapy. LESSONS In the treatment of PBC combined with other disorders, the characteristics of different diseases should be considered. The patient reported herein was treated with 99Tc-MDP and UDCA, and his condition improved; thus, we consider 99Tc-MDP to be an effective treatment. Furthermore, in line with the current understanding of the pathogenesis of PBC and ankylosing spondylitis, we hypothesize that interleukin-17 inhibitor is an effective treatment for such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Hou
- Department of Rheumatology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Chunfeng Ren
- Department of Rheumatology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Luan Luan
- Department of Rheumatology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Shujie Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
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Chen R, Tang R, Ma X, Gershwin ME. Immunologic Responses and the Pathophysiology of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis 2022; 26:583-611. [PMID: 36270718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease with a female predisposition and selective destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts leading to nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. It is characterized by seropositivity of antimitochondrial antibodies or PBC-specific antinuclear antibodies, progressive cholestasis, and typical liver histologic manifestations. Destruction of the protective bicarbonate-rich umbrella is attributed to the decreased expression of membrane transporters in biliary epithelial cells (BECs), leading to the accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids and sensitizing BECs to apoptosis. A recent X-wide association study reveals a novel risk locus on the X chromosome, which reiterates the importance of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology-Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Hou X, Shi Y, Kang X, Rousu Z, Li D, Wang M, Ainiwaer A, Zheng X, Wang M, Jiensihan B, Li L, Li J, Wang H, Zhang C. Echinococcus granulosus: The establishment of the metacestode in the liver is associated with control of the CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune response in patients with cystic echinococcosis and a mouse model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983119. [PMID: 36046744 PMCID: PMC9422084 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.) caused a chronic infection, known as cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a worldwide public health problem. The human secondary CE is caused by the dissemination of protoscoleces (PSCs) when fertile cysts are accidentally ruptured, followed by development of PSCs into new metacestodes. The local immune mechanisms responsible for the establishment and established phases after infection with E. granulosus s.l. are not clear. Here, we showed that T cells were involved in the formation of the immune environment in the liver in CE patients and Echinococcus granulosus sensu strict (E. granulosus s.s.)-infected mice, with CD4+ T cells being the dominant immune cells; this process was closely associated with cyst viability and establishment. Local T2-type responses in the liver were permissive for early infection establishment by E. granulosus s.s. between 4 and 6 weeks in the experimental model. CD4+ T-cell deficiency promoted PSC development into cysts in the liver in E. granulosus s.s.-infected mice. In addition, CD4+ T-cell-mediated cellular immune responses and IL-10-producing CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the establishment phase of secondary E. granulosus s.s. PSC infection. These data contribute to the understanding of local immune responses to CE and the design of new therapies by restoring effective immune responses and blocking evasion mechanisms during the establishment phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuejiao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zibigu· Rousu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abidan· Ainiwaer
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - MingKun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bahejiang· Jiensihan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
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Han Y, Bian ZH, Yang SY, Wang CB, Li L, Yang YQ, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Zeng X, Lian ZX, Zhao ZB. Single-Cell Characterization of Hepatic CD8 + T Cells in a Murine Model of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860311. [PMID: 35514982 PMCID: PMC9065443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an organ-specific autoimmune disease, is characterized by injury to small bile ducts, inflammatory cell infiltrates within the liver, progressive cholestasis, and in some cases, cirrhosis with unclear pathogenesis. We aimed to clarify the importance role of hepatic immunce cells in the pathogenesis of human and experimental PBC.The dominant-negative TGFβ receptor type II transgenic (dnTGFβRII) mice, a well-studied and established murine model of PBC were used to identify changes of immune cells, especially the pathogenic CD8+ T cells. The high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing technology were applied and found functional heterogeneity among the hepatic CD8+ T cells subsets in dnTGFβRII mice. CD8+ T cells were confirmed the key cells leading to the pathogenesis of PBC in dnTGFβRII mice, and identified the terminally differentiated CD8αα T cells and CD8αβ T cell subsets in the liver of dnTGFβRII mice. While terminally differentiated CD8αα T cells have higher cytokine production ability and cytotoxicity, the terminally differentiated CD8αβ T cells retain their proliferative profile. Our work suggests that there are developmental and differentiated trajectories of pathogenic CD8+ T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of PBC. A further clarification of their roles would be helpful to our understanding of the pathogenesis of PBC and may potentially lead to identifying novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Bian
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Yang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Li H, Guan Y, Han C, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wei W, Ma Y. The pathogenesis, models and therapeutic advances of primary biliary cholangitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111754. [PMID: 34044277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial antibody (AMA), eventually progresses to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors are involved in the occurrence of PBC, and the epitopes exposure and the imbalance of autoimmune tolerance are the last straw. The apoptosis of biliary epithelial cell (BEC) leads to the release of autoantigen epitopes, which activate the immune system, and the disorder of innate and adaptive immunity eventually leads to the start of disease. Animal models have unique advantages in investigating the pathogenesis and drug exploitation of PBC. Multiple models have been reported, and spontaneous model and induced model have been widely used in relevant research of PBC in recent years. Currently, the only drugs licensed for PBC are ursodesoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA). In the last few years, as the learned more about the pathogenesis of PBC, more and more targets have been discovered, and multiple targeted drugs are being in developed. In this review, the pathogenesis, murine models and treatment strategies of PBC were summarized, and the current research status was discussed to provide insights for the further study of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanling Guan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenchen Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Yang Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
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10
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Xu J, Fu H, Yang Y, Yu H, Ai X, Lei Y, Bao W, Tang Y. Modulation of CXCR1 and CXCR3 expression on NK cells via Tim-3 in a murine model of primary biliary cholangitis. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:342-350. [PMID: 33984607 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tim-3, which is expressed on a variety of innate immune cells including NK cells, plays a key role in many autoimmune diseases. However, the immunomodulatory actions of Tim-3 on NK cells in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) remain uncertain. Using a murine model of PBC we evaluated the expression of Tim-3 and its ligand Gal-9 in peripheral blood, liver, and spleen. Additionally, we studied Tim-3 regulation of chemokine receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR3) in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis indicated large numbers of infiltrating NK cells in the liver which exhibited high expression of Tim-3 and CXCR3. Moreover, we found overexpression of CXCR1 in liver tissue and liver-derived NK cells in PBC mice. We also observed lower levels of soluble Tim-3 in the serum of PBC mice. In vitro experiments with liver-derived NK cells from PBC mice indicated that CXCR3 was up-regulated by treatment with recombinant mouse TIM-3 Fc (rmTim-3 Fc) to activate the Tim-3 pathway. Furthermore, stimulating normal mouse spleen NK cells with poly I:C resulted in elevated expression of CXCR1 and interferon-γ release. Nonetheless, adding rmTim-3 Fc or rmGal-9 significantly down-regulated CXCR1 expression and IFN-γ release in NK cells activated by poly I:C, proposing a means to exploit the Tim-3 pathway to reverse responses in NK cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that dysregulation of Tim-3/Gal-9 is involved in modulating the local immune microenvironment in PBC mice. Our findings highlight the potential of Tim-3 pathway to modulate chemokine responses in NK cells during autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yina Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yunjie Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China
| | - Weimin Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Yunnan Provincial First People's Hospital, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yingmei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China; Yunnan Research Center for Liver Diseases, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan Province, China.
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11
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Liu SP, Bian ZH, Zhao ZB, Wang J, Zhang W, Leung PSC, Li L, Lian ZX. Animal Models of Autoimmune Liver Diseases: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:252-271. [PMID: 32076943 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) are potentially life-threatening chronic liver diseases which include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and recently characterized IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. They are caused by immune attack on hepatocytes or bile ducts, with different mechanisms and clinical manifestations. The etiologies of AILDs include a susceptible genetic background, environment insults, infections, and changes of commensal microbiota, but remain complicated. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms of AILDs is mandatory for early diagnosis and intervention, which is of great importance for better prognosis. Thus, animal models are developed to mimic the pathogenesis, find biomarkers for early diagnosis, and for therapeutic attempts of AILDs. However, no animal models can fully recapitulate features of certain AILD, especially the late stages of diseases. Certain limitations include different living condition, cell composition, and time frame of disease development and resolution. Moreover, there is no IgG4 in rodents which exists in human. Nevertheless, the understanding and therapy of AILDs have been greatly advanced by the development and mechanistic investigation of animal models. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of traditional and new animal models that recapitulate different features and etiologies of distinct AILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Pei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China. .,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China. .,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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12
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Galectin-3 in Inflammasome Activation and Primary Biliary Cholangitis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145097. [PMID: 32707678 PMCID: PMC7404314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and damage of small bile ducts. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric complex of proteins that after activation with various stimuli initiates an inflammatory process. Increasing data obtained from animal studies implicate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that plays important roles in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, inflammation, fibrosis and host defense. The multilineage immune response at various stages of PBC development includes the involvement of Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of this disease. The role of Galectin-3 in the specific binding to NLRP3, and inflammasome activation in models of primary biliary cholangitis has been recently described. This review provides a brief pathogenesis of PBC and discusses the current knowledge about the role of Gal-3 in NLRP3 activation and PBC development.
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13
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Gulamhusein AF, Hirschfield GM, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic D, Arsenijevic N, Milovanovic M. Primary biliary cholangitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:93-110. [PMID: 31819247 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis is a chronic, seropositive and female-predominant inflammatory and cholestatic liver disease, which has a variable rate of progression towards biliary cirrhosis. Substantial progress has been made in patient risk stratification with the goal of personalized care, including early adoption of next-generation therapy with licensed use of obeticholic acid or off-label fibrate derivatives for those with insufficient benefit from ursodeoxycholic acid, the current first-line drug. The disease biology spans genetic risk, epigenetic changes, dysregulated mucosal immunity and altered biliary epithelial cell function, all of which interact and arise in the context of ill-defined environmental triggers. A current focus of research on nuclear receptor pathway modulation that specifically and potently improves biliary excretion, reduces inflammation and attenuates fibrosis is redefining therapy. Patients are benefiting from pharmacological agonists of farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Immunotherapy remains a challenge, with a lack of target definition, pleiotropic immune pathways and an interplay between hepatic immune responses and cholestasis, wherein bile acid-induced inflammation and fibrosis are dominant clinically. The management of patient symptoms, particularly pruritus, is a notable goal reflected in the development of rational therapy with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya F Gulamhusein
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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14
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Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, Vierling JM, Adams D, Alpini G, Banales JM, Beuers U, Björnsson E, Bowlus C, Carbone M, Chazouillères O, Dalekos G, De Gottardi A, Harada K, Hirschfield G, Invernizzi P, Jones D, Krawitt E, Lanzavecchia A, Lian ZX, Ma X, Manns M, Mavilio D, Quigley EM, Sallusto F, Shimoda S, Strazzabosco M, Swain M, Tanaka A, Trauner M, Tsuneyama K, Zigmond E, Gershwin ME. The challenges of primary biliary cholangitis: What is new and what needs to be done. J Autoimmun 2019; 105:102328. [PMID: 31548157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is an uncommon, chronic, cholangiopathy of autoimmune origin and unknown etiology characterized by positive anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA), female preponderance and progression to cirrhosis if left untreated. The diagnosis is based on AMA- or PBC-specific anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)-positivity in the presence of a cholestatic biochemical profile, histologic confirmation being mandatory only in seronegative cases. First-line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is effective in preventing disease progression in about two thirds of the patients. The only approved second-line treatment is obeticholic acid. This article summarizes the most relevant conclusions of a meeting held in Lugano, Switzerland, from September 23rd-25th 2018, gathering basic and clinical scientists with various background from around the world to discuss the latest advances in PBC research. The meeting was dedicated to Ian Mackay, pioneer in the field of autoimmune liver diseases. The role of liver histology needs to be reconsidered: liver pathology consistent with PBC in AMA-positive individuals without biochemical cholestasis is increasingly reported, raising the question as to whether biochemical cholestasis is a reliable disease marker for both clinical practice and trials. The urgent need for new biomarkers, including more accurate markers of cholestasis, was also widely discussed during the meeting. Moreover, new insights in interactions of bile acids with biliary epithelia in PBC provide solid evidence of a role for impaired epithelial protection against potentially toxic hydrophobic bile acids, raising the fundamental question as to whether this bile acid-induced epithelial damage is the cause or the consequence of the autoimmune attack to the biliary epithelium. Strategies are needed to identify difficult-to-treat patients at an early disease stage, when new therapeutic approaches targeting immunologic pathways, in addition to bile acid-based therapies, may be effective. In conclusion, using interdisciplinary approaches, groundbreaking advances can be expected before long in respect to our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of PBC, with the ultimate aim of improving its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK; European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER.
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - John M Vierling
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Adams
- Birmingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Einar Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Landspitali the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Christopher Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marco Carbone
- Division Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, Monza, Italy
| | - Olivier Chazouillères
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - George Dalekos
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Research, Laboratory of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Andrea De Gottardi
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Epatocentro Ticino & Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale and Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Gideon Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Division Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, Monza, Italy
| | - David Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Edward Krawitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Eamon Mm Quigley
- Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ehud Zigmond
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA.
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15
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Bowlus CL, Yang GX, Liu CH, Johnson CR, Dhaliwal SS, Frank D, Levy C, Peters MG, Vierling JM, Gershwin ME. Therapeutic trials of biologics in primary biliary cholangitis: An open label study of abatacept and review of the literature. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Immunological abnormalities in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:741-760. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20181123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an autoimmune liver disease occurring predominantly in women, is characterized by high titers of serum anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) and progressive intrahepatic cholestasis. The immune system plays a critical role in PBC pathogenesis and a variety of immune cell subsets have been shown to infiltrate the portal tract areas of patients with PBC. Amongst the participating immune cells, CD4 T cells are important cytokine-producing cells that foster an inflammatory microenvironment. Specifically, these cells orchestrate activation of other immune cells, including autoreactive effector CD8 T cells that cause biliary epithelial cell (BEC) injury and B cells that produce large quantities of AMAs. Meanwhile, other immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, monocytes, and macrophages are also important in PBC pathogenesis. Activation of these cells initiates and perpetuates bile duct damage in PBC patients, leading to intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatic damage, liver fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis or even liver failure. Taken together, the body of accumulated clinical and experimental evidence has enhanced our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of PBC and suggests that immunotherapy may be a promising treatment option. Herein, we summarize current knowledge regarding immunological abnormalities of PBC patients, with emphasis on underlying pathogenic mechanisms. The differential immune response which occurs over decades of disease activity suggests that different therapies may be needed at different stages of disease.
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17
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Liver-resident NK cells suppress autoimmune cholangitis and limit the proliferation of CD4 + T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:178-189. [PMID: 30874628 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident NK cells are distinct from conventional NK cells and play an important role in the maintenance of liver homeostasis. How liver-resident NK cells participate in autoimmune cholangitis remains unclear. Here, we extensively investigated the impact of NK cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune cholangitis utilizing the well-established dnTGFβRII cholangitis model, NK cell-deficient (Nfil3-/-) mice, adoptive transfer and in vivo antibody-mediated NK cell depletion. Our data demonstrated that disease progression was associated with a significantly reduced frequency of hepatic NK cells. Depletion of NK cells resulted in exacerbated autoimmune cholangitis in dnTGFβRII mice. We further confirmed that the DX5-CD11chi liver-resident NK cell subset colocalized with CD4+ T cells and inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation. Gene expression microarray analysis demonstrated that liver-resident NK cells had a distinct gene expression pattern consisting of the increased expression of genes involved in negative regulatory functions in the context of the inflammatory microenvironment.
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18
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Moritoki Y, Tsuneyama K, Nakamura Y, Kikuchi K, Shiota A, Ohsugi Y, Lian ZX, Zhang W, Yang GX, Ueki S, Takeda M, Omokawa A, Saga T, Saga A, Watanabe D, Miura M, Ueno Y, Leung PSC, Tanaka A, Gershwin ME, Hirokawa M. Anti-drug Antibodies Against a Novel Humanized Anti-CD20 Antibody Impair Its Therapeutic Effect on Primary Biliary Cholangitis in Human CD20- and FcγR-Expressing Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2534. [PMID: 30450101 PMCID: PMC6224429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in expanding B cell-targeted therapies in human autoimmune diseases. However, clinical trials in human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) using a chimeric antibody against human CD20 (hCD20) have showed limited efficacy. Two potential explanations for these disappointing results are the appearance of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) and the high frequency of patients with moderate PBC or patients who had failed ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Here, we studied a novel humanized IgG1 antibody against hCD20 and explored its efficacy in early stage PBC using a well-defined murine model. We developed a unique murine model consisting of dnTGF-βRII mice expressing hCD20 and human Fcγ receptors (hFcγRs). Beginning at 4–6 weeks of age, equivalent to stage I/II human PBC, female mice were given weekly injections of an anti-hCD20 antibody (TKM-011) or vehicle control, and monitored for liver histology as well as a broad panel of immunological readouts. After 16 weeks' treatment, we observed a significant reduction in portal inflammation, a decrease in liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells as well as a reduction in liver CD8+ T cells. Importantly, direct correlations between numbers of liver non-B cells and B cells (r = 0.7426, p = 0.0006) and between numbers of liver memory CD8+ T cells and B cells (r = 0.6423, p = 0.0054) were apparent. Accompanying these changes was a dramatic reduction in anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs), interleukin (IL)-12p40 and IL-5, and elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory chemokine CXCL1/KC. In mice that developed ADAs, clinical improvements were less pronounced. Sustained treatment with B cell-targeted therapies may broadly inhibit effector pathways in PBC, but may need to be administered early in the natural history of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.,Center for Medical Education and Training, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan.,SimTiki Simulation Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kikuchi
- Department of Fourth Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Shiota
- Institute of Immunology, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayumi Omokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Masahito Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Omagari Kosei Medical Center, Omagari, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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19
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20
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Tanaka A, Leung PS, Young HA, Gershwin ME. Therapeutic and immunological interventions in primary biliary cholangitis: from mouse models to humans. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:930-940. [PMID: 30002712 PMCID: PMC6040118 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.70995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Gulamhusein AF, Hirschfield GM. Pathophysiology of primary biliary cholangitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 34-35:17-25. [PMID: 30343706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by an overwhelming female predominance, a distinct clinical phenotype, and disease specific anti-mitochondrial antibodies targeted against a well-defined auto-antigen. In a genetically susceptible host, multi-lineage loss of tolerance to the E2 component of the 2-oxo-dehydrogenase pathway and dysregulated immune pathways directed at biliary epithelial cells leads to cholestasis, progressive biliary fibrosis, and cirrhosis in a subset of patients. Several key insights have shed light on the complex pathogenesis of disease. First, characteristic anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) target lipoic acid containing immunodominant epitopes, particularly pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), on the inner mitochondrial membrane of BECs. Next, breakdown of the protective apical bicarbonate rich umbrella may sensitize BECs to aberrant apoptotic pathways leaving the antigenic PDC-E2 epitope immunologically tact within an apoptotic bleb. A multi-lineage immune response ensues characterized by an imbalance between effector and regulatory activity resulting in progressive and self-perpetuating biliary injury. Genome wide studies shed light on important pathways involved in disease, key among them being IL-12. Epigenetic mechanisms and microRNAs may play help shed light on the missing heritability and female preponderance of disease. Taken together, these findings have dramatically advanced our understanding of disease and may lead to important therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya F Gulamhusein
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Liu QZ, Ma WT, Yang JB, Zhao ZB, Yan K, Yao Y, Li L, Miao Q, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. The CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 Inhibits Autoimmune Cholangitis via CD8 + T Cells but Promotes Colitis via CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1090. [PMID: 29868034 PMCID: PMC5966573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), a receptor for the C-X-C motif chemokines (CXCL) CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, which not only plays a role in chemotaxis but also regulates differentiation and development of memory and effector T cell populations. Herein, we explored the function of CXCR3 in the modulation of different organ-specific autoimmune diseases in interleukin (IL)-2 receptor deficiency (CD25-/-) mice, a murine model for both cholangitis and colitis. We observed higher levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in the liver and colon and higher expression of CXCR3 on T cells of the CD25-/- mice compared with control animals. Deletion of CXCR3 resulted in enhanced liver inflammation but alleviated colitis. These changes in liver and colon pathology after CXCR3 deletion were associated with increased numbers of hepatic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in particular effector memory CD8+ T cells, as well as decreased T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and colon lamina propria. In addition, increased interferon-γ response and decreased IL-17A response was observed in both liver and colon after CXCR3 deletion. CXCR3 modulated the functions of T cells involved in different autoimmune diseases, whereas the consequence of such modulation was organ-specific regarding to their effects on disease severity. Our findings emphasize the importance of extra caution in immunotherapy for organ-specific autoimmune diseases, as therapeutic interventions aiming at a target such as CXCR3 for certain disease could result in adverse effects in an unrelated organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhi Liu
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing-Bo Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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23
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The immunobiology of mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) function in primary biliary cholangitis: Regulation by cholic acid-induced Interleukin-7. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:64-75. [PMID: 29429758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are novel innate-like T cells constituting a significant proportion of circulating and hepatic T cells. Herein, we extensively examine the phenotypical and functional alterations of MAIT cells and their regulation in a cohort of 56 patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) and 53 healthy controls (HC). Additionally alterations of MAIT cells were assessed before and after UDCA treatment. Finally the localization of MAIT cell in liver was examined using specific tetramer staining and the underlying mechanisms of these alterations in PBC were explored. Our data demonstrated that the frequency and number of circulating MAIT cells were decreased, whereas hepatic MAIT cells were increased in PBC compared to HC. Moreover, circulating MAIT cells were more activated in PBC than HC, reflected by elevated expression levels of granzyme B. Six months of UDCA treatment significantly attenuated the circulating MAIT cells differences in PBC. Of note, the expression levels of IL-7 were significantly increased in both plasma and liver from PBC as compared to HC, which promoted the production of inflammatory cytokines and granzyme B by inducing signal transduction and activation of transcription 5 (STAT5) phosphorylation in MAIT cells. Finally, cholic acid, one of the major bile acids in liver, upregulated IL-7 expression in hepatocyte cell line L02 by inducing Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) binding to the IL-7 promoter. Hence MAIT cells are activated and enriched in the liver of PBC. Cholic acid-induced IL-7 production in hepatocytes plays a critical role in regulating MAIT cell function, highlighting that hepatocytes may bridge cholangiocyte injury and innate immunity through a bile acid signaling pathway.
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24
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The molecular basis of immune regulation in autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:43-67. [PMID: 29305419 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can be triggered and modulated by various molecular and cellular characteristics. The mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases have been investigated for several decades. It is well accepted that autoimmunity is caused by dysregulated/dysfunctional immune susceptible genes and environmental factors. There are multiple physiological mechanisms that regulate and control self-reactivity, but which can also lead to tolerance breakdown when in defect. The majority of autoreactive T or B cells are eliminated during the development of central tolerance by negative selection. Regulatory cells such as Tregs (regulatory T) and MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells), and molecules such as CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4) and IL (interleukin) 10 (IL-10), help to eliminate autoreactive cells that escaped to the periphery in order to prevent development of autoimmunity. Knowledge of the molecular basis of immune regulation is needed to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases and pave the way for the development of more effective, specific, and safer therapeutic interventions.
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25
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CXCR3 blockade combined with cyclosporine A alleviates acute graft-versus-host disease by inhibiting alloreactive donor T cell responses in a murine model. Mol Immunol 2017; 94:82-90. [PMID: 29288898 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxis of T cells to acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) target tissues directed by chemokines and their receptors plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aGvHD. Blockade of lymphocyte migration by targeting chemokine receptors may be a viable strategy for the prevention and treatment of aGvHD, which is quite distinguishable from typical efforts to use immunosuppressive medications that have been associated with some side effects. CXCR3 and its ligands have been reported to be correlated with aGvHD pathogenesis. Using the small-molecule CXCR3 antagonist AMG487, we demonstrated that AMG487 combined with cyclosporine A (CsA) effectively alleviated aGvHD with a prolonged mean survival time and significantly inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells in aGvHD target tissues in a murine aGvHD model. In addition, AMG487 combined with CsA inhibited the activation, proliferation and differentiation of donor-derived T cells in the spleens. Further results showed that the concentrations of Th1 cells associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNFα in serum were decreased. In addition, AMG487 treatment did not alter CXCR3 and CCR5 expression in donor-derived T cells but elevated the serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels. This novel and effective approach has the potential to develop a new clinical method to prevent and treat aGvHD.
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26
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Ma WT, Liu QZ, Yang JB, Yang YQ, Zhao ZB, Ma HD, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. A Mouse Model of Autoimmune Cholangitis via Syngeneic Bile Duct Protein Immunization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15246. [PMID: 29127360 PMCID: PMC5681628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the destruction of interlobular biliary ductules, which progressively leads to cholestasis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure. Several mouse models have been used to clarify the pathogenesis of PBC and are generally considered reflective of an autoimmune cholangitis. Most models focus on issues of molecular mimicry between the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), the major mitochondrial autoantigen of PBC and xenobiotic cross reactive chemicals. None have focused on the classic models of breaking tolerance, namely immunization with self-tissue. Here, we report a novel mouse model of autoimmune cholangitis via immunization with syngeneic bile duct protein (BDP). Our results demonstrate that syngeneic bile duct antigens efficiently break immune tolerance of recipient mice, capturing several key features of PBC, including liver-specific inflammation focused on portal tract areas, increased number and activation state of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the liver and spleen. Furthermore, the germinal center (GC) responses in the spleen were more enhanced in our mouse model. Finally, these mice were 100% positive for anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). In conclusion, we developed a novel mouse model of PBC that may help to elucidate the detailed mechanism of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Ma
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qing-Zhi Liu
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jing-Bo Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, 230027, China.
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