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Fang Z, Liu R, Xie J, He JC. Molecular mechanism of renal lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18364. [PMID: 38837668 PMCID: PMC11151220 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end stage renal disease with unmet clinical demands for treatment. Lipids are essential for cell survival; however, renal cells have limited capability to metabolize overloaded lipids. Dyslipidaemia is common in DKD patients and renal ectopic lipid accumulation is associated with disease progression. Unveiling the molecular mechanism involved in renal lipid regulation is crucial for exploring potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we focused on the mechanism underlying cholesterol, oxysterol and fatty acid metabolism disorder in the context of DKD. Specific regulators of lipid accumulation in different kidney compartment and TREM2 macrophages, a lipid-related macrophages in DKD, were discussed. The role of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in improving renal lipid accumulation was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengying Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jingyuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - John Cijiang He
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Renal SectionJames J Peters Veterans Affair Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA
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2
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Ren Y, Wang M, Yuan H, Wang Z, Yu L. A novel insight into cancer therapy: Lipid metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112319. [PMID: 38801810 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) can limit the effectiveness and often leads to significant side effects of conventional cancer therapies. Consequently, there is a growing interest in identifying novel targets to enhance the efficacy of targeted cancer therapy. More research indicates that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), originating from peripheral blood monocytes generated from bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells, play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are closely associated with resistance to traditional cancer therapies. Lipid metabolism alterations have been widely recognized as having a significant impact on tumors and their immune microenvironment. Lipids, lipid derivatives, and key substances in their metabolic pathways can influence the carcinogenesis and progression of cancer cells by modulating the phenotype, function, and activity of TAMs. Therefore, this review focuses on the reprogramming of lipid metabolism in cancer cells and their immune microenvironment, in which the TAMs are especially concentrated. Such changes impact TAMs activation and polarization, thereby affecting the tumor cell response to treatment. Furthermore, the article explores the potential of targeting the lipid metabolism of TAMs as a supplementary approach to conventional cancer therapies. It reviews and evaluates current strategies for enhancing efficacy through TAMs' lipid metabolism and proposes new lipid metabolism targets as potential synergistic options for chemo-radiotherapy and immunotherapy. These efforts aim to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvxiao Ren
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Saito H, Nishimura M, Sato R, Yamauchi Y. Quantitative Determination of Cholesterol Hydroxylase Specificities by GC-MS/MS in Living Mammalian Cells. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4924. [PMID: 38268974 PMCID: PMC10804311 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is oxygenated by a variety of cholesterol hydroxylases; oxysterols play diverse important roles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions by regulating several transcription factors and cell-surface receptors. Each oxysterol has distinct and overlapping functions. The expression of cholesterol hydroxylases is highly regulated, but their physiological and pathophysiological roles are not fully understood. Although the activity of cholesterol hydroxylases has been characterized biochemically using radiolabeled cholesterol as the substrate, their specificities remain to be comprehensively determined quantitatively. To better understand their roles, a highly sensitive method to measure the amount of various oxysterols synthesized by cholesterol hydroxylases in living mammalian cells is required. Our method described here, with gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), can quantitatively determine a series of oxysterols endogenously synthesized by forced expression of one of the four major cholesterol hydroxylases-CH25H, CYP7A1, CYP27A1, and CYP46A1-or induction of CH25H expression by a physiological stimulus. This protocol can also simultaneously measure the amount of intermediate sterols, which serve as markers for cellular cholesterol synthesis activity. Key features • Allows measuring the amount of a variety of oxysterols synthesized endogenously by cholesterol hydroxylases using GC-MS/MS. • Comprehensive and quantitative analysis of cholesterol hydroxylase specificities in living mammalian cells. • Simultaneous quantification of intermediate sterols to assess cholesterol synthesis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Saito
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of
Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of
Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied
Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and
Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of
Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied
Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and
Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Luquain-Costaz C, Delton I. Oxysterols in Vascular Cells and Role in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:213-229. [PMID: 38036882 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular complication of diseases associated with elevated oxidative stress such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In these situations, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) undergo oxidation. Oxidized LDL displays proatherogenic activities through multiple and complex mechanisms which lead to dysfunctions of vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages). Oxidized LDLs are enriched in oxidized products of cholesterol called oxysterols formed either by autoxidation, enzymatically, or by both mechanisms. Several oxysterols have been shown to accumulate in atheroma plaques and to play a key role in atherogenesis. Depending on the type of oxysterols, various biological effects are exerted on vascular cells to regulate the formation of macrophage foam cells, endothelial integrity, adhesion and transmigration of monocytes, plaque progression, and instability. Most of these effects are linked to the ability of oxysterols to induce cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity mainly through apoptosis and proinflammatory mediators. Like for excess cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) can exert antiatherogenic activity by stimulating the efflux of oxysterols that have accumulated in foamy macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Luquain-Costaz
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
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Peng Z, Chen L, Wang M, Yue X, Wei H, Xu F, Hou W, Li Y. SREBP inhibitors: an updated patent review for 2008-present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:669-680. [PMID: 38054657 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2291393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of membrane-binding transcription factors that activate genes encoding enzymes required for cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Overactivation of SREBP is related to the occurrence and development of diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver, tumor, and other diseases. In the past period, many SREBP inhibitors have been found. AREAS COVERED This manuscript is a patent review of SREBP inhibitors. We searched 2008 to date for all data from the US patent database (https://www.uspto.gov/) and the European patent database (https://www.epo.org/) with 'SREBP' and 'inhibitor' as keywords and analyzed the search results. EXPERT OPINION Both synthetic and natural SREBP inhibitors have been reported. Despite the lack of cocrystal structure of SREBP inhibitor, the mechanisms of several compounds have been clarified. Importantly, some SREBP inhibitors have been proved to have good activity in preclinical studies. As the characteristics of lipid metabolism reprogramming in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and tumors are gradually revealed, more and more attention will be focused on SREBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Peng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Leyuan Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Manjiang Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xufan Yue
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiqiang Wei
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbin Hou
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Taskinen JH, Ruhanen H, Matysik S, Käkelä R, Olkkonen VM. Systemwide effects of ER-intracellular membrane contact site disturbance in primary endothelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106349. [PMID: 37321512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) make up a crucial route of inter-organelle non-vesicular transport within the cell. Multiple proteins are involved in this process, which includes the ER-resident proteins vesicle associated membrane protein associated protein A and -B (VAPA/B) that form MCS between the ER and other membrane compartments. Currently most functional data on VAP depleted phenotypes have shown alterations in lipid homeostasis, induction of ER stress, dysfunction of UPR and autophagy, as well as neurodegeneration. Literature on concurrent silencing of VAPA/B is still sparse; therefore, we investigated how it affects the macromolecule pools of primary endothelial cells. Our transcriptomics results showed significant upregulation in genes related to inflammation, ER and Golgi dysfunction, ER stress, cell adhesion, as well as Coat Protein Complex-I and -II (COP-I, COP-II) vesicle transport. Genes related to cellular division were downregulated, as well as key genes of lipid and sterol biosynthesis. Lipidomics analyses revealed reductions in cholesteryl esters, very long chain highly unsaturated and saturated lipids, whereas increases in free cholesterol and relatively short chain unsaturated lipids were evident. Furthermore, the knockdown resulted in an inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro. We speculate that ER MCS depletion has led to multifaceted outcomes, which include elevated ER free cholesterol content and ER stress, alterations in lipid metabolism, ER-Golgi function and vesicle transport, which have led to a reduction in angiogenesis. The silencing also induced an inflammatory response, consistent with upregulation of markers of early atherogenesis. To conclude, ER MCS mediated by VAPA/B play a crucial role in maintaining cholesterol traffic and sustain normal endothelial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuso H Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silke Matysik
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Araújo R, Fabris V, Lamb CA, Elía A, Lanari C, Helguero LA, Gil AM. Tumor Lipid Signatures Are Descriptive of Acquisition of Therapy Resistance in an Endocrine-Related Breast Cancer Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37497607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The lipid metabolism adaptations of estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer tumors from a mouse syngeneic model are investigated in relation to differences across the transition from hormone-dependent (HD) to hormone-independent (HI) tumor growth and the acquisition of endocrine therapy (ET) resistance (HIR tumors). Results are articulated with reported polar metabolome results to complete a metabolic picture of the above transitions and suggest markers of tumor progression and aggressiveness. Untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics was used to analyze tumor and mammary tissue lipid extracts. Tumor progression (HD-HI-HIR) was accompanied by increased nonesterified cholesterol forms and phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelins, and plasmalogens) and decreased relative contents of triglycerides and fatty acids. Predominating fatty acids became shorter and more saturated on average. These results were consistent with gradually more activated cholesterol synthesis, β-oxidation, and phospholipid biosynthesis to sustain tumor growth, as well as an increase in cholesterol (possibly oxysterol) forms. Particular compound levels and ratios were identified as potential endocrine tumor HD-HI-HIR progression markers, supporting new hypotheses to explain acquired ET resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Araújo
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victoria Fabris
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Caroline A Lamb
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Elía
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa A Helguero
- iBIMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Steck TL, Lange Y. Is reverse cholesterol transport regulated by active cholesterol? J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100385. [PMID: 37169287 PMCID: PMC10279919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the hypothesis that a small portion of plasma membrane cholesterol regulates reverse cholesterol transport in coordination with overall cellular homeostasis. It appears that almost all of the plasma membrane cholesterol is held in stoichiometric complexes with bilayer phospholipids. The minor fraction of cholesterol that exceeds the complexation capacity of the phospholipids is called active cholesterol. It has an elevated chemical activity and circulates among the organelles. It also moves down its chemical activity gradient to plasma HDL, facilitated by the activity of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI. ABCA1 initiates this process by perturbing the organization of the plasma membrane bilayer, thereby priming its phospholipids for translocation to apoA-I to form nascent HDL. The active excess sterol and that activated by ABCA1 itself follow the phospholipids to the nascent HDL. ABCG1 similarly rearranges the bilayer and sends additional active cholesterol to nascent HDL, while SR-BI simply facilitates the equilibration of the active sterol between plasma membranes and plasma proteins. Active cholesterol also flows downhill to cytoplasmic membranes where it serves both as a feedback signal to homeostatic ER proteins and as the substrate for the synthesis of mitochondrial 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). 27HC binds the LXR and promotes the expression of the aforementioned transport proteins. 27HC-LXR also activates ABCA1 by competitively displacing its inhibitor, unliganded LXR. § Considerable indirect evidence suggests that active cholesterol serves as both a substrate and a feedback signal for reverse cholesterol transport. Direct tests of this novel hypothesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial Cholesterol Metabolites in a Bile Acid Synthetic Pathway Drive Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Revised "Two-Hit" Hypothesis. Cells 2023; 12:1434. [PMID: 37408268 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cirrhosis highlights the need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for driving the transition of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver; NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) is a well-known hallmark of early NAFLD progression, yet the mechanism linking aberrant insulin signaling to hepatocyte inflammation has remained unclear. Recently, as a function of more distinctly defining the regulation of mechanistic pathways, hepatocyte toxicity as mediated by hepatic free cholesterol and its metabolites has emerged as fundamental to the subsequent necroinflammation/fibrosis characteristics of NASH. More specifically, aberrant hepatocyte insulin signaling, as found with IR, leads to dysregulation in bile acid biosynthetic pathways with the subsequent intracellular accumulation of mitochondrial CYP27A1-derived cholesterol metabolites, (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol and 3β-Hydroxy-5-cholesten-(25R)26-oic acid, which appear to be responsible for driving hepatocyte toxicity. These findings bring forth a "two-hit" interpretation as to how NAFL progresses to NAFLD: abnormal hepatocyte insulin signaling, as occurs with IR, develops as a "first hit" that sequentially drives the accumulation of toxic CYP27A1-driven cholesterol metabolites as the "second hit". In the following review, we examine the mechanistic pathway by which mitochondria-derived cholesterol metabolites drive the development of NASH. Insights into mechanistic approaches for effective NASH intervention are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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Assefi M, Bijan Rostami R, Ebrahimi M, Altafi M, Tehrany PM, Zaidan HK, Talib Al-Naqeeb BZ, Hadi M, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. Potential use of the cholesterol transfer inhibitor U18666A as an antiviral drug for research on various viral infections. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106096. [PMID: 37011734 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays critical functions in arranging the biophysical attributes of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane. For various viruses, an association with cholesterol for virus entrance and/or morphogenesis has been demonstrated. Therefore, the lipid metabolic pathways and the combination of membranes could be targeted to selectively suppress the virus replication steps as a basis for antiviral treatment. U18666A is a cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD) that affects intracellular transport and cholesterol production. A robust tool for investigating lysosomal cholesterol transfer and Ebola virus infection is an androstenolone derived termed U18666A that suppresses three enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis mechanism. In addition, U18666A inhibited low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced downregulation of LDL receptor and triggered lysosomal aggregation of cholesterol. According to reports, U18666A inhibits the reproduction of baculoviruses, filoviruses, hepatitis, coronaviruses, pseudorabies, HIV, influenza, and flaviviruses, as well as chikungunya and flaviviruses. U18666A-treated viral infections may act as a novel in vitro model system to elucidate the cholesterol mechanism of several viral infections. In this article, we discuss the mechanism and function of U18666A as a potent tool for studying cholesterol mechanisms in various viral infections.
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