1
|
McGarry S, Kover K, Heruth DP, Dallas M, Jin X, Wu S, De Luca F. Intermittent mechanical loading on mouse tibia accelerates longitudinal bone growth by inducing PTHrP expression in the female tibial growth plate. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16168. [PMID: 39090666 PMCID: PMC11294027 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
It is not clear as to whether weight bearing and ambulation may affect bone growth. Our goal was to study the role of mechanical loading (one of the components of ambulation) on endochondral ossification and longitudinal bone growth. Thus, we applied cyclical, biologically relevant strains for a prolonged time period (4 weeks) to one tibia of juvenile mice, while using the contralateral one as an internal control. By the end of the 4-week loading period, the mean tibial growth of the loaded tibiae was significantly greater than that of the unloaded tibiae. The mean height and the mean area of the loaded tibial growth plates were greater than those of the unloaded tibiae. In addition, in female mice we found a greater expression of PTHrP in the loaded tibial growth plates than in the unloaded ones. Lastly, microCT analysis revealed no difference between loaded and unloaded tibiae with respect to the fraction of bone volume relative to the total volume of the region of interest or the tibial trabecular bone volume. Thus, our findings suggest that intermittent compressive forces applied on tibiae at mild-moderate strain magnitude induce a significant and persistent longitudinal bone growth. PTHrP expressed in the growth plate appears to be one growth factor responsible for stimulating endochondral ossification and bone growth in female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGarry
- Division of EndocrinologyChildren's Mercy HospitalsKansas CityMissouriUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas City‐School of MedicineKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Karen Kover
- Division of EndocrinologyChildren's Mercy HospitalsKansas CityMissouriUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas City‐School of MedicineKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Daniel P. Heruth
- Division of EndocrinologyChildren's Mercy HospitalsKansas CityMissouriUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas City‐School of MedicineKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Mark Dallas
- University of Missouri‐Kansas City‐School of DentistryKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Francesco De Luca
- Division of EndocrinologyChildren's Mercy HospitalsKansas CityMissouriUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas City‐School of MedicineKansas CityMissouriUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nicolini LF, Oliveira RC, Ribeiro M, Stoffel M, Markert B, Kobbe P, Hildebrand F, Trobisch P, Simões MS, de Mello Roesler CR, Fancello EA. Tether pre-tension within vertebral body tethering reduces motion of the spine and influences coupled motion: a finite element analysis. Comput Biol Med 2024; 169:107851. [PMID: 38113683 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT) is a novel fusionless treatment option for selected adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients which is gaining widespread interest. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of tether pre-tension within VBT on the biomechanics of the spine including sagittal and transverse parameters as well as primary motion, coupled motion, and stresses acting on the L2 superior endplate. For that purpose, we used a calibrated and validated Finite Element model of the L1-L2 spine. The VBT instrumentation was inserted on the left side of the L1-L2 segment with different cord pre-tensions and submitted to an external pure moment of 6 Nm in different directions. The range of motion (ROM) for the instrumented spine was measured from the initial post-VBT position. The magnitudes of the ROM of the native spine and VBT-instrumented with pre-tensions of 100 N, 200 N, and 300 N were, respectively, 3.29°, 2.35°, 1.90° and 1.61° in extension, 3.30°, 3.46°, 2.79°, and 2.17° in flexion, 2.11°, 1.67°, 1.33° and 1.06° in right axial rotation, and 2.10°, 1.88°, 1.48° and 1.16° in left axial rotation. During flexion-extension, an insignificant coupled lateral bending motion was observed in the native spine. However, VBT instrumentation with pre-tensions of 100 N, 200 N, and 300 N generated coupled right lateral bending of 0.85°, 0.81°, and 0.71° during extension and coupled left lateral bending of 0.32°, 0.24°, and 0.19° during flexion, respectively. During lateral bending, a coupled extension motion of 0.33-0.40° is observed in the native spine, but VBT instrumentation with pre-tensions of 100 N, 200 N, and 300 N generates coupled flexion of 0.67°, 0.58°, and 0.42° during left (side of the implant) lateral bending and coupled extension of 1.28°, 1.07°, and 0.87° during right lateral bending, respectively. Therefore, vertebral body tethering generates coupled motion. Tether pre-tension within vertebral body tethering reduces the motion of the spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Nicolini
- Group of Analysis and Mechanical Design - GRANTE, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; Mechanical and Aerospace Technology Laboratory (NUMAE), Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Carreira Oliveira
- Group of Analysis and Mechanical Design - GRANTE, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marx Ribeiro
- Group of Analysis and Mechanical Design - GRANTE, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Stoffel
- Institute of General Mechanics (IAM), RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Bernd Markert
- Institute of General Mechanics (IAM), RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Philipp Kobbe
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marcelo Simoni Simões
- Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory - LEBm, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rodrigo de Mello Roesler
- Group of Analysis and Mechanical Design - GRANTE, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory - LEBm, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alberto Fancello
- Group of Analysis and Mechanical Design - GRANTE, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory - LEBm, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khal AA, Peltier E, Choufani E, Guillaume JM, Launay F, Jouve JL, Pesenti S. Tibia Valga Correction by Extraperiosteal Fibular Release in Multiple Exostosis Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2841. [PMID: 37893214 PMCID: PMC10604703 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genu valgum is a frequent deformity encountered in Multiple Hereditary Exostosis (MHE) patients. If left untreated, lower limb deformity leads to poor functional outcomes in adulthood. Our hypothesis was that in some cases, fibular shortening would lead to a lateral epiphysiodesis-like effect on the tibia. We herein report the case of a 6-year-old child with MHE who underwent extraperiosteal resection of the fibula for tibia valga correction. To obtain the lateral release of the calf skeleton, resection included inter-tibio-fibular exostosis along with proximal fibular metaphysis and diaphysis without any osseous procedure on the tibia. Gradual improvement of the valgus deformity occurred during follow-up (HKA from 165° preop to 178° at 27-month follow-up). Lateral release of the fibula led to an increase in the fibula/tibia index (from 93% preop to 96% at follow-up). Studying fibular growth in MHE patients could help understand how valgus deformity occurs in these patients. Even if encouraging, this result is just the report of a unique case. Further research and a larger series of patients are required to assess fibular release as a valuable option to treat valgus deformity in MHE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adyb-Adrian Khal
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, AP-HM Timone Enfants, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.P.); (E.C.); (J.-M.G.); (F.L.); (J.-L.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilie Peltier
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, AP-HM Timone Enfants, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.P.); (E.C.); (J.-M.G.); (F.L.); (J.-L.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Elie Choufani
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, AP-HM Timone Enfants, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.P.); (E.C.); (J.-M.G.); (F.L.); (J.-L.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Jean-Marc Guillaume
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, AP-HM Timone Enfants, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.P.); (E.C.); (J.-M.G.); (F.L.); (J.-L.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Franck Launay
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, AP-HM Timone Enfants, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.P.); (E.C.); (J.-M.G.); (F.L.); (J.-L.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Jean-Luc Jouve
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, AP-HM Timone Enfants, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.P.); (E.C.); (J.-M.G.); (F.L.); (J.-L.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Sébastien Pesenti
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, AP-HM Timone Enfants, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.P.); (E.C.); (J.-M.G.); (F.L.); (J.-L.J.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen F, Sun M, Peng F, Lai Y, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Li T, Jing X. Compressive stress induces spinal vertebral growth plate chondrocytes apoptosis via Piezo1. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:1792-1802. [PMID: 36722421 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many clinical studies have indicated an association between biomechanical factors and the incidence and pathological progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, at present, the research on AIS is mainly focused on the etiology, and there are few studies reporting the causes of progressive aggravation of AIS. In the present study, we aim to investigate the role of Piezo1 in compressive stress-induced mouse spinal vertebral growth plate chondrocytes apoptosis. First, a scoliosis mouse model was established, and the expression of Piezo1 as well as the degree of apoptosis were investigated. We found that the expression of Piezo1 and the degree of apoptosis were significantly higher on the concave sides than that on the convex sides of the vertebral growth plate in mice with scoliosis. Spinal vertebral growth plate chondrocytes were further isolated and treated with Yoda1 to mimic Piezo1 overload. Excess Piezo1 significantly promoted apoptosis of spinal vertebral growth plate chondrocytes. Moreover, static gas compressive stress was used to simulate the increased concave compressive stress in the process of scoliosis with or without GsMTx4, a Piezo inhibitor. It was observed that with the increase of static compressive stress, the expression of Piezo1 increased, and the chondrocytes of vertebral growth plate treated with Piezo1 inhibitor GsMTx4 weakened the above phenomena. In conclusion, our results indicated that compressive stress is strongly associated with the different degrees of apoptosis on both sides on the convex and concave sides of the vertebral growth plate in scoliosis via inducing different expressions of Piezo1. Reducing the expression of Piezo1 in the concave side of the vertebral growth plate and inhibiting the apoptosis of chondrocytes in the bilateral vertebral growth plate caused by asymmetric stress on both sides of the concave vertebral body may be a promising treatment strategy for AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingtong Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fushuai Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yudong Lai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhensong Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xingzhi Jing
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mineiro J. Posterior Vertebral Pedicular Tethering for the Treatment of Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1878. [PMID: 37444712 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a new wave of interest in non-fusion techniques for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. These are not new techniques, as they were first published and presented in the late 1950s, using compression of the convexity or distraction of the concavity of the main curvature. More recently, anterior vertebral body tethering has raised great interest, as although it is a major procedure through the child's chest, it seems appropriate for the thoracic curves. The main objective of this article is to describe Posterior Vertebral Pedicular Tethering (PVPT) as a "new" technique performed as a less invasive spinal procedure for the treatment of certain thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis in growing adolescents. It is an alternative growth modulation technique appropriate for thoracolumbar and lumbar curvatures where we observe reduction of the three plane deformity of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mineiro
- Orthopaedic Spine Unit, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital CUF Descobertas, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhong Y, Wang Y, Zhou H, Wang Y, Gan Z, Qu Y, Hua R, Chen Z, Chu G, Liu Y, Jiang W. Biomechanical study of two-level oblique lumbar interbody fusion with different types of lateral instrumentation: a finite element analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1183683. [PMID: 37457575 PMCID: PMC10345158 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1183683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to verify the biomechanical properties of a newly designed angulated lateral plate (mini-LP) suited for two-level oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF). The mini-LP is placed through the lateral ante-psoas surgical corridor, which reduces the operative time and complications associated with prolonged anesthesia and placement in the prone position. Methods A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model of an intact L1-L5 lumbar spine was constructed and validated. The intact model was modified to generate a two-level OLIF surgery model augmented with three types of lateral fixation (stand-alone, SA; lateral rod screw, LRS; miniature lateral plate, mini-LP); the operative segments were L2-L3 and L3-L4. By applying a 500 N follower load and 7.5 Nm directional moment (flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation), all models were used to simulate human spine movement. Then, we extracted the range of motion (ROM), peak contact force of the bony endplate (PCFBE), peak equivalent stress of the cage (PESC), peak equivalent stress of fixation (PESF), and stress contour plots. Results When compared with the intact model, the SA model achieved the least reduction in ROM to surgical segments in all motions. The ROM of the mini-LP model was slightly smaller than that of the LRS model. There were no significant differences in surgical segments (L1-L2, L4-L5) between all surgical models and the intact model. The PCFBE and PESC of the LRS and the mini-LP fixation models were lower than those of the SA model. However, the differences in PCFBE or PESC between the LRS- and mini-LP-based models were not significant. The fixation stress of the LRS- and mini-LP-based models was significantly lower than the yield strength under all loading conditions. In addition, the variances in the PESF in the LRS- and mini-LP-based models were not obvious. Conclusion Our biomechanical FE analysis indicated that LRS or mini-LP fixation can both provide adequate biomechanical stability for two-level OLIF through a single incision. The newly designed mini-LP model seemed to be superior in installation convenience, and equally good outcomes were achieved with both LRS and mini-LP for two-level OLIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziying Gan
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yimeng Qu
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runjia Hua
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Genglei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijie Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Q, Li Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Peng R, Wang Z, Zhu B, Xu L, Gao X, Chen Y, Gao H, Hu J, Qian C, Ma M, Duan R, Li J, Zhang L. Characterization of Chromatin Accessibility in Fetal Bovine Chondrocytes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1875. [PMID: 37889831 PMCID: PMC10251841 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances of the bovine epigenome investigation, new evidence for the epigenetic basis of fetal cartilage development remains lacking. In this study, the chondrocytes were isolated from long bone tissues of bovine fetuses at 90 days. The Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to characterize gene expression and chromatin accessibility profile in bovine chondrocytes. A total of 9686 open chromatin regions in bovine fetal chondrocytes were identified and 45% of the peaks were enriched in the promoter regions. Then, all peaks were annotated to the nearest gene for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encylopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Growth and development-related processes such as amide biosynthesis process (GO: 0043604) and translation regulation (GO: 006417) were enriched in the GO analysis. The KEGG analysis enriched endoplasmic reticulum protein processing signal pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway and cell cycle pathway, which are closely related to protein synthesis and processing during cell proliferation. Active transcription factors (TFs) were enriched by ATAC-seq, and were fully verified with gene expression levels obtained by RNA-seq. Among the top50 TFs from footprint analysis, known or potential cartilage development-related transcription factors FOS, FOSL2 and NFY were found. Overall, our data provide a theoretical basis for further determining the regulatory mechanism of cartilage development in bovine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Yahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Ruiqi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Zezhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Xue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Junwei Hu
- Academy of Pingliang Red Cattle, 492 South Ring Road, Kongtong District, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.H.); (C.Q.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Cong Qian
- Academy of Pingliang Red Cattle, 492 South Ring Road, Kongtong District, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.H.); (C.Q.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Minghao Ma
- Academy of Pingliang Red Cattle, 492 South Ring Road, Kongtong District, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.H.); (C.Q.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Rui Duan
- Academy of Pingliang Red Cattle, 492 South Ring Road, Kongtong District, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.H.); (C.Q.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Junya Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.P.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (L.X.); (X.G.); (Y.C.); (H.G.)
- Academy of Pingliang Red Cattle, 492 South Ring Road, Kongtong District, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.H.); (C.Q.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan M, Qiang L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhuang H, Guo R, Ben Y, Li Q, Zheng P. 3D bioprinted hydrogel/polymer scaffold with factor delivery and mechanical support for growth plate injury repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1210786. [PMID: 37324424 PMCID: PMC10265638 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1210786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Growth plate injury is a significant challenge in clinical practice, as it could severely affect the limb development of children, leading to limb deformity. Tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting technology have great potential in the repair and regeneration of injured growth plate, but there are still challenges associated with achieving successful repair outcomes. Methods: In this study, GelMA hydrogel containing PLGA microspheres loaded with chondrogenic factor PTH(1-34) was combined with BMSCs and Polycaprolactone (PCL) to develop the PTH(1-34)@PLGA/BMSCs/GelMA-PCL scaffold using bio-3D printing technology. Results: The scaffold exhibited a three-dimensional interconnected porous network structure, good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and was suitable for cellchondrogenic differentiation. And a rabbit model of growth plate injury was appliedto validate the effect of scaffold on the repair of injured growth plate. The resultsshowed that the scaffold was more effective than injectable hydrogel in promotingcartilage regeneration and reducing bone bridge formation. Moreover, the addition ofPCL to the scaffold provided good mechanical support, significantly reducing limbdeformities after growth plate injury compared with directly injected hydrogel. Discussion: Accordingly, our study demonstrates the feasibility of using 3D printed scaffolds for treating growth plate injuries and could offer a new strategy for the development of growth plate tissue engineering therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjie Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruoyi Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Ben
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qiang L, Fan M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhuang H, Guo R, Huang H, Ben Y, Wang D, Wu X, Wang J, Weng J, Zheng P. Injectable hydrogel loaded with bilayer microspheres to inhibit angiogenesis and promote cartilage regeneration for repairing growth plate injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1181580. [PMID: 37274168 PMCID: PMC10232875 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1181580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The repair and regeneration of growth plate injuries using tissue engineering techniques remains a challenge due to large bone bridge formation and low chondrogenic efficiency. Methods: In this study, a bilayer drug-loaded microspheres was developed that contains the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, Bevacizumab, on the outer layer and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a cartilage repair factor, on the inner layer. The microspheres were then combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel to create a composite hydrogel with good injectability and biocompatibility. Results: The in vitro drug-release profile of bilayer microspheres showed a sequential release, with Bevacizumab released first followed by IGF-1. And this hydrogel simultaneously inhibited angiogenesis and promoted cartilage regeneration. Finally, in vivo studies indicated that the composite hydrogel reduced bone bridge formation and improved cartilage regeneration in the rabbit model of proximal tibial growth plate injury. Conclusion: This bilayer microsphere-based composite hydrogel with sequential controlled release of Bevacizumab and IGF-1 has promising potential for growth plate injury repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minjie Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjie Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruoyi Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulong Ben
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dalin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bareke H, Ibáñez-Navarro A, Guerra-García P, González Pérez C, Rubio-Aparicio P, Plaza López de Sabando D, Sastre-Urgelles A, Ortiz-Cruz EJ, Pérez-Martínez A. Prospects and Advances in Adoptive Natural Killer Cell Therapy for Unmet Therapeutic Needs in Pediatric Bone Sarcomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098324. [PMID: 37176035 PMCID: PMC10178897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant bone tumors are aggressive tumors, with a high tendency to metastasize, that are observed most frequently in adolescents during rapid growth spurts. Pediatric patients with malignant bone sarcomas, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, who present with progressive disease have dire survival rates despite aggressive therapy. These therapies can have long-term effects on bone growth, such as decreased bone mineral density and reduced longitudinal growth. New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed for targeting pediatric malignant bone tumors. Harnessing the power of the immune system against cancer has improved the survival rates dramatically in certain cancer types. Natural killer (NK) cells are a heterogeneous group of innate effector cells that possess numerous antitumor effects, such as cytolysis and cytokine production. Pediatric sarcoma cells have been shown to be especially susceptible to NK-cell-mediated killing. NK-cell adoptive therapy confers numerous advantages over T-cell adoptive therapy, including a good safety profile and a lack of major histocompatibility complex restriction. NK-cell immunotherapy has the potential to be a new therapy for pediatric malignant bone tumors. In this manuscript, we review the general characteristics of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, discuss the long-term effects of sarcoma treatment on bones, and the barriers to effective immunotherapy in bone sarcomas. We then present the laboratory and clinical studies on NK-cell immunotherapy for pediatric malignant bone tumors. We discuss the various donor sources and NK-cell types, the engineering of NK cells and combinatorial treatment approaches that are being studied to overcome the current challenges in adoptive NK-cell therapy, while suggesting approaches for future studies on NK-cell immunotherapy in pediatric bone tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halin Bareke
- Translational Research Group in Pediatric Oncology, Haematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Ibáñez-Navarro
- Translational Research Group in Pediatric Oncology, Haematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Guerra-García
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos González Pérez
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio-Aparicio
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Sastre-Urgelles
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo José Ortiz-Cruz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- Translational Research Group in Pediatric Oncology, Haematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ning B, Mustafy T, Londono I, Laporte C, Villemure I. Impact loading intensifies cortical bone (re)modeling and alters longitudinal bone growth of pubertal rats. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023:10.1007/s10237-023-01706-5. [PMID: 37000273 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is important for musculoskeletal development during puberty, which builds bone mass foundation for later in life. However, strenuous levels of training might bring adverse effects to bone health, reducing longitudinal bone growth. Animal models with various levels of physical exercise were largely used to provide knowledge to clinical settings. Experiments from our previous studies applied different levels of mechanical loading on rat tibia during puberty accompanied by weekly in vivo micro-CT scans. In the present article, we apply 3D image registration-based methods to retrospectively analyze part of the previously acquired micro-CT data. Longitudinal bone growth, growth plate thickness, and cortical bone (re)modeling were evaluated from rats' age of 28-77 days. Our results show that impact loading inhibited proximal bone growth throughout puberty. We hypothesize that impact loading might bring different growth alterations to the distal and proximal growth plates. High impact loading might lead to pathological consequence of osteochondrosis and catch-up growth due to growth inhibition. Impact loading also increased cortical bone (re)modeling before and after the peak proximal bone growth period of young rats, of which the latter case might be caused by the shift from modeling to remodeling as the dominant activity toward the end of rat puberty. We confirm that the tibial endosteum is more mechano-sensitive than the periosteum in response to mechanical loading. To our knowledge, this is the first study to follow up bone growth and bone (re)modeling of young rats throughout the entire puberty with a weekly time interval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Ning
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Tanvir Mustafy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Irène Londono
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catherine Laporte
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montréal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alonso MG, Yawny A, Bertolino G. A numerical study towards shape memory alloys application in orthotic management of pediatric knee lateral deviations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2134. [PMID: 36747043 PMCID: PMC9902535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exerting a constant load would likely improve orthosis effectiveness in treating knee lateral deviations during childhood and early adolescence. Shape memory alloys are potential candidates for such applications due to their so called pseudoelastic effect. The present study aims to quantitatively define the applicable mechanical loads, in order to reduce treatment duration while avoiding tissular damage and patient discomfort. This is essential for performing a more efficient design of correction devices. We use a patient-specific finite elements model of a pediatric knee to determine safe loading levels. The achievable correction rates are estimated using a stochastic three-dimensional growth model. Results are compared against those obtained for a mechanical stimulus decreasing in proportion to the achieved correction, emulating the behavior of conventional orthoses. A constant flexor moment of 1.1 Nm is estimated to change femorotibial angle at a rate of (7.4 ± 4.6) deg/year (mean ± std). This rate is similar to the achieved by more invasive growth modulation methods, and represents an improvement in the order of 25% in the necessary time for reducing deformities of (10 ± 5) deg by half, as compared with conventional orthoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Alonso
- División Física de Metales, CNEA, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina. .,Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Bariloche, Argentina.
| | - A Yawny
- División Física de Metales, CNEA, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina.,Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Bariloche, Argentina.,CONICET, Patagonia Norte, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - G Bertolino
- División Física de Metales, CNEA, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina.,Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Bariloche, Argentina.,CONICET, Patagonia Norte, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tolabi H, Davari N, Khajehmohammadi M, Malektaj H, Nazemi K, Vahedi S, Ghalandari B, Reis RL, Ghorbani F, Oliveira JM. Progress of Microfluidic Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds and Organ-on-Chips for the Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2208852. [PMID: 36633376 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage degeneration is among the fundamental reasons behind disability and pain across the globe. Numerous approaches have been employed to treat cartilage diseases. Nevertheless, none have shown acceptable outcomes in the long run. In this regard, the convergence of tissue engineering and microfabrication principles can allow developing more advanced microfluidic technologies, thus offering attractive alternatives to current treatments and traditional constructs used in tissue engineering applications. Herein, the current developments involving microfluidic hydrogel-based scaffolds, promising structures for cartilage regeneration, ranging from hydrogels with microfluidic channels to hydrogels prepared by the microfluidic devices, that enable therapeutic delivery of cells, drugs, and growth factors, as well as cartilage-related organ-on-chips are reviewed. Thereafter, cartilage anatomy and types of damages, and present treatment options are briefly overviewed. Various hydrogels are introduced, and the advantages of microfluidic hydrogel-based scaffolds over traditional hydrogels are thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, available technologies for fabricating microfluidic hydrogel-based scaffolds and microfluidic chips are presented. The preclinical and clinical applications of microfluidic hydrogel-based scaffolds in cartilage regeneration and the development of cartilage-related microfluidic chips over time are further explained. The current developments, recent key challenges, and attractive prospects that should be considered so as to develop microfluidic systems in cartilage repair are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Tolabi
- New Technologies Research Center (NTRC), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Niyousha Davari
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, 143951561, Iran
| | - Mehran Khajehmohammadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, 8916877391, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Malektaj
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Katayoun Nazemi
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Samaneh Vahedi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 34149-16818, Iran
| | - Behafarid Ghalandari
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Farnaz Ghorbani
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Raballand C, Cobetto N, Larson AN, Aubin CE. Prediction of post-operative adding-on or compensatory lumbar curve correction after anterior vertebral body tethering. Spine Deform 2023; 11:27-33. [PMID: 35986884 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering (AVBT), a fusionless surgical technique based on growth modulation, aims to correct pediatric scoliosis over time. However, medium-term curvature changes of the non-instrumented distal lumbar curve remains difficult to predict. The objective was to biomechanically analyze the level below the LIV to evaluate whether adding-on or compensatory lumbar curve after AVBT can be predicted by intervertebral disc (ID) wedging and force asymmetry. METHODS 33 retrospective scoliotic cases instrumented with AVBT were used to computationally simulate their surgery and 2-year post-operative growth modulation using a finite element model. The cohort was divided into two subgroups according to the lumbar curvature evolution over 2 years: (1) correction > 10° (C); (2) maintaining ± 10° (M). The lumbar Cobb angle and residual ID wedging angle under LIV were measured. Simulated pressures and moments at the superior endplate of LIV + 1 were post-processed. These parameters were correlated at 2 years postoperatively. FINDINGS On average, the LIV + 1 simulated moment was 538 Nmm for subgroup C, 155 Nmm for subgroup M with lumbar Cobb angle > 20° and 34 Nmm for angle < 20° whereas the ID angle was 1° for C and 0° for M. INTERPRETATION On average, a positive moment on the LIV + 1 superior growth plate led to correction of the lumbar curvature, whereas a null moment kept it stable, and a parallel immediate postoperative ID under LIV contributed to its correction or preservation. Nevertheless, the significant interindividual variability suggested that other parameters are involved in the distal non-instrumented curvature evolution. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Raballand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Nikita Cobetto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Carl-Eric Aubin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada. .,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Teixeira CC, Abdullah F, Alikhani M, Alansari S, Sangsuwon C, Oliveira S, Nervina JM, Alikhani M. Dynamic loading stimulates mandibular condyle remodeling. J World Fed Orthod 2022; 11:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
16
|
Tiffany AS, Harley BA. Growing Pains: The Need for Engineered Platforms to Study Growth Plate Biology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200471. [PMID: 35905390 PMCID: PMC9547842 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates, or physis, are highly specialized cartilage tissues responsible for longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents. Chondrocytes that reside in growth plates are organized into three distinct zones essential for proper function. Modeling key features of growth plates may provide an avenue to develop advanced tissue engineering strategies and perspectives for cartilage and bone regenerative medicine applications and a platform to study processes linked to disease progression. In this review, a brief introduction of the growth plates and their role in skeletal development is first provided. Injuries and diseases of the growth plates as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with remodeling and disease progression are discussed. Growth plate biology, namely, its architecture and extracellular matrix organization, resident cell types, and growth factor signaling are then focused. Next, opportunities and challenges for developing 3D biomaterial models to study aspects of growth plate biology and disease in vitro are discussed. Finally, opportunities for increasingly sophisticated in vitro biomaterial models of the growth plate to study spatiotemporal aspects of growth plate remodeling, to investigate multicellular signaling underlying growth plate biology, and to develop platforms that address key roadblocks to in vivo musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleczandria S. Tiffany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Kokinos BP, Lang PJ, Crenshaw TD, Henak CR. Vitamin D deficiency and anatomical region alters porcine growth plate properties. J Biomech 2022; 144:111314. [PMID: 36182792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ossification of growth plate cartilage mediates longitudinal extension of long bones. Biomechanical and biochemical disruptions of growth plate function may lead to abnormal bone growth. In humans and animals, severe dietary vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets which features growth plate widening, resulting in abnormalities in growth. However, effects of marginal vitamin D deficiencies on growth plates are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a vitamin D deficient diet in the 26-day nursery phase on mechanical properties (ultimate normal stress, ultimate shear stress, ultimate strain, and tangent modulus) of porcine growth plate. Standard uniaxial tensile tests were applied on bone-growth plate-bone sections and the total stress was decomposed into normal stress and shear stress. Ultimate shear stress and ultimate strain traits were lower in the vitamin D deficient group than in the control. Regional differences were observed in all four variables. Ultimate normal stress was higher in the anterior region, which was consistent with a previous study. Sex differences were detected in ultimate normal stress, which was higher in females than in males. Interestingly, the classical finding of growth plate widening seen in severe vitamin D deficiency was not observed in the pigs with marginal vitamin D deficiency utilized in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brittney P Kokinos
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pamela J Lang
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hallas J, Janvier AJ, Hoettges KF, Henstock JR. Pneumatic piston hydrostatic bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering. INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 51:273-289. [PMID: 36998771 PMCID: PMC10041975 DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2022.2124418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
During exercise, mechanical loads from the body are transduced into interstitial fluid pressure changes which are sensed as dynamic hydrostatic forces by cells in cartilage. The effects of these loading forces in health and disease are of interest to biologists, but the availability of affordable equipment for in vitro experimentation is an obstacle to research progress. Here, we report the development of a cost-effective hydropneumatic bioreactor system for research in mechanobiology. The bioreactor was assembled from readily available components (a closed-loop stepped motor and pneumatic actuator) and a minimal number of easily-machined crankshaft parts, whilst the cell culture chambers were custom designed by the biologists using CAD and entirely 3 D printed in PLA. The bioreactor system was shown to be capable of providing cyclic pulsed pressure waves at a user-defined amplitude and frequency ranging from 0 to 400 kPa and up to 3.5 Hz, which are physiologically relevant for cartilage. Tissue engineered cartilage was created from primary human chondrocytes and cultured in the bioreactor for five days with three hours/day cyclic pressure (300 kPa at 1 Hz), simulating moderate physical exercise. Bioreactor-stimulated chondrocytes significantly increased their metabolic activity (by 21%) and glycosaminoglycan synthesis (by 24%), demonstrating effective cellular transduction of mechanosensing. Our Open Design approach focused on using 'off-the-shelf' pneumatic hardware and connectors, open source software and in-house 3 D printing of bespoke cell culture containers to resolve long-standing problems in the availability of affordable bioreactors for laboratory research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Hallas
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, UK
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A. J. Janvier
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, UK
| | - K. F. Hoettges
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J. R. Henstock
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qi L, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Peng C, Wu D. The use of the pediatric physeal slide-traction plate in the treatment of neer–horwitz grade IV proximal humeral fractures in children: A case report and literature review. Front Surg 2022; 9:960541. [PMID: 36189382 PMCID: PMC9515401 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.960541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) are rare in children. Currently, the recommended surgical methods for severely displaced PHFs are closed reduction and percutaneous fixation using K-wires or intramedullary nailing, which can't provide firm internal fixation, especially for older and high-weight children. This study aimed to introduce a novel surgical approach, pediatric physeal slide-traction plate fixation (PPSP), for Neer–Horwitz grade IV PHFs in children. Case summary A 9-year-old boy presented with left shoulder pain and swelling due to a car accident. Physical examination revealed a positive shoulder deformity and local tenderness. On physical examination, we palpated bone friction without vascular and nerve damage. Based on imaging findings, we diagnosed Neer-Horwitz grade IV PHF. In view of the patient's condition, we performed PPSP after careful communication with the patient's parents. After 22 months of follow-up, the patient's left shoulder function was satisfactory, and there was no restriction of activities. Conclusion According to previous studies, PPSP is only used for femur fractures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in the treatment for PHFs. Given the satisfactory outcomes, it is a safe and effective method and may provide a reference to cure analogous patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dankai Wu
- Correspondence: Dankai Wu Chuangang Peng
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alonso G, Yawny A, Bertolino G. How do bones grow? A mathematical description of the mechanobiological behavior of the epiphyseal plate. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1585-1601. [PMID: 35882677 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth modulation is an emerging method for the treatment of skeletal deformities originating in the long bones or the vertebral bodies. It requires the controlled application of mechanical loads to the affected bone, causing an alteration of the growth and ossification process occurring in a cartilaginous region called epiphyseal growth plate or physis. In order to avoid the possibility of under- or over-correction, quantification of the applied forces is necessary. Pursuing this goal, here we propose a phenomenological model of mechanobiological effects on the epiphyseal growth plate, based on the observed similarity between the mechanobiologically induced growth and viscoelastic material behavior. The model incorporates mechanical loading effects on growth direction, growth rate and ossification speed; it also allows to evaluate the occurrence of transient effects. Model consistency was tested against a rather large set of experiments existing in the literature. A generic simplified geometrical model of bones was established for this. Analytical solutions for growth and ossification evolution were obtained for different loading conditions, allowing to test the ability of the model to describe bone growth under various kinds of mechanical loading conditions. Model-predicted changes regarding epiphyseal growth plate thickness as well as longitudinal growth speed are consistent with experiments in which static tension or compression were applied to long bones. Results suggest that when the mechanical load is sinusoidally variable, conflicting data existing in the literature could be explained by a previously unconsidered effect of the the applied load initial phase. The model can accurately fit data regarding torsional loads effects on growth. Mechanobiological data for humans is very scarce. For this reason, when possible, the model parameters values were estimated, for the proposed generic geometry, after growth measurements in animal models available in the literature. Although it is not possible to assert their validity for humans, the proposed model along with the obtained parameters values give a rational foundation to be used in more advanced computational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Alonso
- División Física de Metales, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina. .,Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Yawny
- División Física de Metales, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela Bertolino
- División Física de Metales, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pei B, Lu D, Wu X, Xu Y, Ma C, Wu S. Kinematic and biomechanical responses of the spine to distraction surgery in children with early onset scoliosis: A 3-D finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:933341. [PMID: 35910017 PMCID: PMC9336159 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.933341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodical and consecutive distraction is an effective treatment for severe early onset scoliosis (EOS), which enables the spinal coronal and sagittal plane deformity correction. However, the rate of rod fractures and postoperative complications was still high mainly related to the distraction process. Previous studies have primarily investigated the maximum safe distraction force without a rod broken, neglecting the spinal re-imbalance and distraction energy consumption, which is equally vital to evaluate the operative value. This study aimed to reveal the kinematic and biomechanical responses occurring after spinal distraction surgery, which were affected by traditional bilateral fixation. The spinal models (C6-S1) before four distractions were reconstructed based on CT images and the growing rods were applied with the upward displacement load of 0–25 mm at an interval of 5 mm. Relationships between the distraction distance, the distraction force and the thoracic and lumbar Cobb angle were revealed, and the spinal displacement and rotation in three-dimensional directions were measured. The spinal overall imbalance would also happen during the distraction process even under the safe force, which was characterized by unexpected cervical lordosis and lateral displacement. Additionally, the law of diminishing return has been confirmed by comparing the distraction energy consumption in different distraction distances, which suggests that more attention paid to the spinal kinematic and biomechanical changes is better than to the distraction force. Notably, the selection of fixed segments significantly impacts the distraction force at the same distraction distance. Accordingly, some results could provide a better understanding of spinal distraction surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Pei
- Beijing key laboratory for design and evaluation technology of advanced implantable and interventional medical devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Lu
- Beijing key laboratory for design and evaluation technology of advanced implantable and interventional medical devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Beijing key laboratory for design and evaluation technology of advanced implantable and interventional medical devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqing Wu, ; Shuqin Wu,
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Beijing key laboratory for design and evaluation technology of advanced implantable and interventional medical devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghao Ma
- Beijing key laboratory for design and evaluation technology of advanced implantable and interventional medical devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Wu
- School of Big Data and Information, Shanxi College of Technology, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqing Wu, ; Shuqin Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang JM, Wang ZG, He ZY, Qin L, Wang J, Zhu WT, Qi J. Cyclic mechanical strain with high-tensile triggers autophagy in growth plate chondrocytes. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:191. [PMID: 35346257 PMCID: PMC8962562 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mechanical loading has been widely considered to be essential for growth plate to maintain metabolism and development. Cyclic mechanical strain has been demonstrated to induce autophagy, whereas the relationship between cyclic tensile strain (CTS) and autophagy in growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate whether CTS can regulate autophagy in GPCs in vitro and explore the potential mechanisms of this regulation.
Methods
The 2-week-old Sprague–Dawley rat GPCs were subjected to CTS of varying magnitude and duration at a frequency of 2.0 Hz. The mRNA levels of autophagy-related genes were measured by RT-qPCR. The autophagy in GPCs was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TME), immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was employed to detect the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells.
Results
In GPCs, CTS significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy-related genes, such as LC3, ULK1, ATG5 and BECN1 in a magnitude- and time-dependent manner. There was no significant difference in the proportion of apoptotic and necrotic cells between control group and CTS group. The autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (3MA) and chloroquine (CQ) reversed the CTS-induced autophagy via promoting the formation of autophagosomes. Cytochalasin D (cytoD), an inhibitor of G-actin polymerization into F-actin, could effectively block the CTS-induced autophagy in GPCs.
Conclusion
Cyclic mechanical strain with high-tensile triggers autophagy in GPCs, which can be suppressed by 3MA and CQ, and cytoskeletal F-actin microfilaments organization plays a key role in chondrocytes’ response to mechanical loading.
Collapse
|
23
|
Caine D, Maffulli N, Meyers R, Schöffl V, Nguyen J. Inconsistencies and Imprecision in the Nomenclature Used to Describe Primary Periphyseal Stress Injuries: Towards a Better Understanding. Sports Med 2022; 52:685-707. [PMID: 35247201 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress injuries involving the epiphyseal-physeal-metaphyseal complex affecting the extremities of child and adolescent athletes were first described in the early 1950s. Initially observed in Little League baseball players, these injuries are now known to affect skeletally immature athletes in a variety of sports that involve high-impact repetitive overuse activities. Collectively known as primary periphyseal stress injuries, they may affect the long bones around the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, ankle, and foot of young athletes. These injuries respond well to timely treatment and relative rest, while non-compliance with non-operative treatment can produce skeletal growth disruption and resultant limb deformity. A major concern raised from the existing literature on primary periphyseal stress injuries is the long history of inconsistent and imprecise terminology used to describe these injuries. A variety of terms have been used to describe primary periphyseal stress injuries, including those which potentially misinform regarding who may be affected by these injuries and the true nature and pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. These imprecisions and inconsistencies arise, at least in part, from a misunderstanding or incomplete understanding of the nature and mechanism of primary periphyseal stress injuries. In this article, we examine the inconsistent and imprecise nomenclature historically used to describe primary periphyseal stress injuries. We also offer a novel framework for understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind these injuries, and provide suggestions for more standard use of terminology and further research moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Caine
- Kinesiology and Public Health Education, Division of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Hyslop Sport Center, 2721 2nd Ave N Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-8235, USA.
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Via Salvador Allende, 43, Baronissi SA, 84081, Salerno, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Largo Città di Ippocrate, 84131, Salerno, Italy
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E14DG, England
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, England, UK
| | - Rachel Meyers
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnatti, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Volker Schöffl
- Klinik Für Orthopädie Und Unfallchirurgie, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Straße 80, 96049, Bamberg, Germany
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Freidrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FRG, Erlangen, Germany
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Becket University, Leeds, UK
- Section of Wilderness Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Jie Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Premature radial physeal closure is a relatively rare occurrence in children. When isolated growth arrest of the radius with continued ulnar growth occurs, the resulting ulnar positive deformity leads to altered wrist mechanics and pain. Timely epiphysiodesis of the distal ulna with and without ulnar shortening osteotomy can address these issues, but continued ulnar overgrowth is a possible complication. We seek to evaluate the success rate of the primary epiphysiodesis of the ulna and associated clinical outcomes. METHODS A chart review was conducted at 2 children's hospitals from 2008 to 2019. Patients between the ages of 6 and 18 years old, with premature distal radius physeal closure, with or without positive ulnar variance, and >2 months follow-up were included. We evaluated the following characteristics for each patient: demographics, initial cause of premature radial physeal closure, ulnar variance, additional procedures performed during epiphysiodesis, preoperative and postoperative pain, range of motion, instability. Summary statistics were conducted and expressed as proportions, medians and means. A paired t test evaluated change in ulnar variance for those who had an ulnar shortening osteotomy performed. RESULTS Thirty-one wrists among 30 patients were identified, and the median age at the time of surgery was 12.2 years (interquartile range: 3.4). Ulnar shortening osteotomies were performed in 53.1% of cases and distal radius osteotomy in 15.6%. Bone graft was utilized in 25.8% of the epiphysiodesis procedures. There were 2 failures of primary epiphysiodesis indicating an index success rate of 93.7%. The average ulnar variance correction was 3.1 mm (95% confidence interval: 1.9, 4.4). The mean physeal time to closure was 134 days. Preoperative symptoms were resolved for 90.6% cases at final follow-up. CONCLUSION Ulnar epiphysiodesis successfully terminates ulnar physeal growth in 93.7% of cases. Preoperative symptoms were completely resolved with a median physeal closure of just over 4 months. Ulnar variance was corrected on average by 4.1 mm when a radial or ulnar shortening osteotomy was performed at the time of epiphysiodesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-case series.
Collapse
|
25
|
Eckstein KN, Thomas SM, Scott AK, Neu CP, Payne KA, Ferguson VL. The heterogeneous mechanical properties of adolescent growth plate cartilage: A study in rabbit. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 128:105102. [PMID: 35203020 PMCID: PMC9047008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The growth plate is a cartilaginous tissue that functions to lengthen bones in children. When fractured, however, the growth plate can lose this critical function. Our understanding of growth plate fracture and mechanobiology is currently hindered by sparse information on the growth plate's microscale spatial gradients in mechanical properties. In this study, we performed microindentation across the proximal tibia growth plate of 9-week-old New Zealand White rabbits (n = 15) to characterize spatial variations in mechanical properties using linear elastic and nonlinear poroelastic material models. Mean indentation results for Hertz reduced modulus ranged from 380 to 690 kPa, with a peak in the upper hypertrophic zone and significant differences (p < 0.05) between neighboring zones. Using a subset of these animals (n = 7), we characterized zonal structure and extracellular matrix content of the growth plate through confocal fluorescent microscopy and Raman spectroscopy mapping. Comparison between mechanical properties and matrix content across the growth plate showed that proteoglycan content correlated with compressive modulus. This study is the first to measure poroelastic mechanical properties from microindentation across growth plate cartilage and to discern differing mechanical properties between the upper and lower hypertrophic zones. This latter finding may explain the location of typical growth plate fractures. The spatial variation in our reported mechanical properties emphasize the heterogeneous structure of the growth plate which is important to inform future regenerative implant design and mechanobiological models.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kazemi M, Williams JL. Properties of Cartilage-Subchondral Bone Junctions: A Narrative Review with Specific Focus on the Growth Plate. Cartilage 2021; 13:16S-33S. [PMID: 32458695 PMCID: PMC8804776 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520924776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize what is currently known about the structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of cartilage-bone interfaces, which provide tissue integrity across a bimaterial interface of 2 very different structural materials. Maintaining these mechanical interfaces is a key factor for normal bone growth and articular cartilage function and maintenance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed/Medline with a specific focus on the growth plate cartilage-subchondral bone interface. All original articles, reviews in journals, and book chapters were considered. Following a review of the overall structural and functional characteristics of the physis, the literature on histological studies of both articular and growth plate chondro-osseous junctions is briefly reviewed. Next the literature on biochemical properties of these interfaces is reviewed, specifically the literature on elemental analyses across the cartilage-subchondral bone junctions. The literature on biomechanical studies of these junctions at the articular and physeal interfaces is also reviewed and compared. RESULTS Unlike the interface between articular cartilage and bone, growth plate cartilage has 2 chondro-osseous junctions. The reserve zone of the mature growth plate is intimately connected to a plate of subchondral bone on the epiphyseal side. This interface resembles that between the subchondral bone and articular cartilage, although much less is known about its makeup and formation. CONCLUSION There is a notably paucity of information available on the structural and mechanical properties of reserve zone-subchondral epiphyseal bone interface. This review reveals that further studies are needed on the microstructural and mechanical properties of chondro-osseous junction with the reserve zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Kazemi
- Biomedical Engineering Department,
University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA,Masumeh Kazemi, Biomedical Engineering
Department, University of Memphis, 3796 Norriswood Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152,
USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Horenstein RE, Meslier Q, Spada JA, Halverstadt A, Lewis CL, Gimpel M, Birchall R, Wedatilake T, Fernquest S, Palmer A, Glyn-Jones S, Shefelbine SJ. Measuring 3D growth plate shape: Methodology and application to cam morphology. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2398-2408. [PMID: 33368641 PMCID: PMC8222423 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Physeal changes corresponding to cam morphology are currently measured using two-dimensional (2D) methods. These methods are limited by definitions of the femoral neck axis and head center that are dependent on the radiographic plane of view. To address these limitations, we developed three-dimensional (3D) methods for analyzing continuous growth plate shape using magnetic resonance imaging scans. These new methods rely on a single definition of the femoral neck axis and head center that are both nondependent on the radiographic plane of view and allow for analysis of growth plate shape across the growth plate surface (performed using statistical parametric mapping). Using our 3D method, we analyzed the position of the growth plate in the femoral head (relative to a plane tangent to the femoral head) and the curvature of the growth plate (relative to a plane through the center of the growth plate) in 9-16-year-old males at risk for cam morphology and their recreationally active peers (n = 17/cohort). These two measurements provide an avenue to separately analyze the effects of these variables in the overall growth plate shape. We detected differences in growth plate shape with age in recreationally active adolescents but did not detect differences between at risk and recreationally adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Horenstein
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Quentin Meslier
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia A. Spada
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Halverstadt
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston,MA 02215, USA
| | - Cara L. Lewis
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston,MA 02215, USA
| | - Mo Gimpel
- Southampton Football Club, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Scott Fernquest
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony Palmer
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Siôn Glyn-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stamos PA, Berthaume MA. The effects of femoral metaphyseal morphology on growth plate biomechanics in juvenile chimpanzees and humans. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200092. [PMID: 34938436 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The distal femoral metaphyseal surface presents dramatically different morphologies in juvenile extant hominoids-humans have relatively flat metaphyseal surfaces when compared with the more complex metaphyseal surfaces of apes. It has long been speculated that these different morphologies reflect different biomechanical demands placed on the growth plate during locomotor behaviour, with the more complex metaphyseal surfaces of apes acting to protect the growth plate during flexed-knee behaviours like squatting and climbing. To test this hypothesis, we built subject-specific parametric finite-element models from the surface scans of the femora of five Pan and six Homo juveniles. We then simulated the loading conditions of either a straight-leg or flexed-knee gait and measured the resulting stresses at the growth plate. When subjected to the simulated flexed-knee loading conditions, both the maximum and mean von Mises stresses were significantly lower in the Pan models than in the Homo models. Further, during these loading conditions, von Mises stresses were strongly negatively correlated with ariaDNE, a measure of complexity of the metaphyseal surface. These results indicate that metaphyseal surface morphology has a robust effect on growth plate mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Stamos
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael A Berthaume
- Division of Mechanical Engineering and Design, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common form of inheritable rickets. The disease is caused principally by PHEX mutations leading to increased concentrations of circulating intact FGF23, hence renal phosphate wasting, hypophosphatemia, and decreased circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D. The chronic hypophosphatemia leads to rickets and osteomalacia through a combination of mechanisms, including a lack of endochondral ossification and impaired mineralization. Imaging has a major role in determining the diagnosis of rickets and its cause, detecting complications as early as possible, and helping in treatment monitoring.
Collapse
|
30
|
Quinn G. Mechanobiology and Adaptive Plasticity Theory as a Potential Confounding Factor in Predicting Musculoskeletal Foot Function. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2021; 111. [PMID: 33620457 DOI: 10.7547/19-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There are many theoretical models that attempt to accurately and consistently link kinematic and kinetic information to musculoskeletal pain and deformity of the foot. Biomechanical theory of the foot lacks a consensual model: clinicians are enticed to draw from numerous paradigms, each having different levels of supportive evidence and contrasting methods of evaluation, in order to engage in clinical deduction and treatment planning. Contriving to find a link between form and function lies at the heart of most of these competing theories and the physical nature of the discipline has prompted an engineering approach. Physics is of great importance in biology and helps us to model the forces that the foot has to deal with in order for it to work effectively. However, the tissues of the body have complex processes that are in place to protect them and they are variable between individuals. Research is uncovering why these differences exist and how these processes are governed. The emerging explanations for adaptability of foot structure and musculoskeletal homeostasis offer new insights into how clinical variation in outcomes and treatment effects might arise. These biological processes underlie how variation in the performance and use of common traits, even within apparently similar subgroups, make anatomical distinction less meaningful and are likely to undermine the justification of a "foot type." Furthermore, mechanobiology introduces a probabilistic element to morphology based on genetic and epigenetic factors.
Collapse
|
31
|
Luo Y, Li X, Wang X, Gazal S, Mercader JM, Neale BM, Florez JC, Auton A, Price AL, Finucane HK, Raychaudhuri S. Estimating heritability and its enrichment in tissue-specific gene sets in admixed populations. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1521-1534. [PMID: 33987664 PMCID: PMC8330913 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to study the genetics of complex traits in diverse populations. Here, we introduce covariate-adjusted linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression (cov-LDSC), a method to estimate SNP-heritability (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\boldsymbol{h}}_{\boldsymbol{g}}^{\mathbf{2}})$\end{document} and its enrichment in homogenous and admixed populations with summary statistics and in-sample LD estimates. In-sample LD can be estimated from a subset of the genome-wide association studies samples, allowing our method to be applied efficiently to very large cohorts. In simulations, we show that unadjusted LDSC underestimates \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\boldsymbol{h}}_{\boldsymbol{g}}^{\mathbf{2}}$\end{document} by 10–60% in admixed populations; in contrast, cov-LDSC is robustly accurate. We apply cov-LDSC to genotyping data from 8124 individuals, mostly of admixed ancestry, from the Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas study, and to approximately 161 000 Latino-ancestry individuals, 47 000 African American-ancestry individuals and 135 000 European-ancestry individuals, as classified by 23andMe. We estimate \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\boldsymbol{h}}_{\boldsymbol{g}}^{\mathbf{2}}$\end{document} and detect heritability enrichment in three quantitative and five dichotomous phenotypes, making this, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive heritability-based analysis of admixed individuals to date. Most traits have high concordance of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\boldsymbol{h}}_{\boldsymbol{g}}^{\mathbf{2}}$\end{document} and consistent tissue-specific heritability enrichment among different populations. However, for age at menarche, we observe population-specific heritability estimates of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\boldsymbol{h}}_{\boldsymbol{g}}^{\mathbf{2}}$\end{document}. We observe consistent patterns of tissue-specific heritability enrichment across populations; for example, in the limbic system for BMI, the per-standardized-annotation effect size \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}$ \tau $\end{document}* is 0.16 ± 0.04, 0.28 ± 0.11 and 0.18 ± 0.03 in the Latino-, African American- and European-ancestry populations, respectively. Our approach is a powerful way to analyze genetic data for complex traits from admixed populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Wang
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Steven Gazal
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josep Maria Mercader
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin M Neale
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Auton
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, 250D, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel: +1-617-525-4484; Fax: +1-617-525-4488;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nolte T, Baumgärtner W, Colbatzky F, Knippel A, Marxfeld H, Nehrbass D, Odin M, Popp A, Treumann S, Yen HY, Zellmer J, Deschl U. Proceedings of the 2020 Classic Examples in Toxicologic Pathology XXVII. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1206-1228. [PMID: 34259102 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211019288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The histopathology slide seminar "Classic Examples in Toxicologic Pathology XXVII" was held on February 21 and 22, 2020, at the Department of Pathology at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover, Germany, with joint organization by the European Society of Toxicologic Pathology. The goal of this annual seminar is to present and discuss classical and actual cases of toxicologic pathology. This article summarizes the presentations given during the seminar, including images of representative lesions. Ten actual and classical cases of toxicologic pathology, mostly induced by a test article, were presented. These included small intestine pathology and transcriptomics induced by a γ-secretase modulator, liver findings in nonhuman primates induced by gene therapy, drug-induced neutropenia in dogs, device-induced growth plate lesions, polycystic lesions in CAR/PXR double knockout mice, inner ear lesions in transgenic mice, findings in Beagle dogs induced by an inhibitor of the myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein MCL1, findings induced by a monovalent fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 antagonist, kidney lesions induced by a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor in combination therapy, and findings in mutation-specific drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nolte
- 84647Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Institut für Pathologie, Stiftung 26556Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Colbatzky
- 84647Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Nehrbass
- 161930AO Research Institute Davos (ARI), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Odin
- 123188Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Popp
- 385330Abbvie GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- 9184Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Deschl
- 84647Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Camal Ruggieri IN, Ramallo M, Grenón HG, MARDEGAN ISSA JP, Feldman S. DESARROLLO Y CRECIMIENTO FEMORAL DE CONEJAS DE LA LÍNEA NEW ZEALAND. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v26n3.87221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
En este proyecto se investigan los cambios que acontecen en el desarrollo y crecimiento de conejos hembras de la línea New Zealand (CoNZ) en sus huesos femorales. Los animales fueron mantenidas en jaulas individuales desde las 2 semanas de edad, con comida y agua ad libitum y se sacrificaron en tiempos mensualmente consecutivos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, y 6 meses. Tras la obtención de las piezas femorales, y a partir de estudios imagenológicos se determinaron los ángulos del cuello femoral (Af), la longitud total (L), la densidad mineral ósea total, del centro óseo y de la metáfisis femoral (DMOt, DMOco y DMOmf respectivamente), analizándose las variaciones intergrupales por el test Wilcoxon, y corrección de Bonferroni. Se realizaron estudios histológicos de los cortes descalcificados de las piezas femorales. Los análisis sobre los Af mostraron un incremento significativo durante el primer mes mientras que L se estabilizó a partir del 4to mes. Los valores de DMOt mostraron un plateau a partir del cuarto mes, si bien las DMOco y DMOmf ya a partir del tercer mes no mostraron incrementos significativos. Histológicamente se observó para el cuarto mes ausencia de las diferentes zonas características del cartílago de crecimiento metafisiario, con presencia únicamente de un pequeño remanente de células condrales. Desde el quinto mes se observa ausencia total de cartílago, con presencia únicamente de tejido osteoide (TO). La interpretación integrada de los resultados nos permite afirmar, que a partir del cuarto mes de desarrollo, el fémur de CoNZ adquiere características compatibles con un periodo de adultez.
Collapse
|
34
|
Nhan DT, Leet AI, Lee RJ. Associations of childhood overweight and obesity with upper-extremity fracture characteristics. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25302. [PMID: 33950919 PMCID: PMC8104144 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States, and is associated with an increased risk of lower-extremity physeal fractures, and fractures requiring operative intervention. However, no study has assessed the risk upper extremity physeal fractures among overweight children. Our purpose was to compare the following upper-extremity fracture characteristics in overweight and obese children with those of normal-weight/underweight children (herein, "normal weight"): mechanism of injury, anatomical location, fracture pattern, physeal involvement, and treatment types. We hypothesized that overweight and obese children would be higher risk for physeal and complete fractures with low-energy mechanisms and would therefore more frequently require operative intervention compared with normal-weight children.We performed a cross-sectional review of our database of 608 patients aged 2 to 16 years, and included patients who sustained isolated upper-extremity fractures at our level-1 pediatric tertiary care center from January 2014 to August 2017. Excluded were patients who sustained pathologic fractures and those without basic demographic or radiologic information. Using body mass index percentile for age and sex, we categorized patients as obese (≥95th percentile), overweight (85th to <95th percentile), normal weight (5th to <85th percentile), or underweight (<5th percentile). The obese and overweight groups were analyzed both separately and as a combined overweight/obese group. Demographic data included age, sex, height, and weight. Fractures were classified based on fracture location, fracture pattern (transverse, comminuted, buckle, greenstick, avulsion, or oblique), physeal involvement, and treatment type. Of the 608 patients, 58% were normal weight, 23% were overweight, and 19% were obese. There were no differences in the mean ages or sex distributions among the 3 groups.Among patients with low-energy mechanisms of injury, overweight/obese patients had significantly greater proportions of complete fractures compared with normal-weight children (complete: 65% vs 55%, P = .001; transverse: 43% vs 27%, P = .006). In addition, the overweight/obese group sustained significantly more upper-extremity physeal fractures (37%) than did the normal-weight group (23%) (P = .007).Compared with those in normal-weight children, upper-extremity fracture patterns differ in overweight and obese children, who have higher risk of physeal injuries and complete fractures caused by low-energy mechanisms.Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Jay Lee
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
D'Andrea CR, Alfraihat A, Singh A, Anari JB, Cahill PJ, Schaer T, Snyder BD, Elliott D, Balasubramanian S. Part 2. Review and meta-analysis of studies on modulation of longitudinal bone growth and growth plate activity: A micro-scale perspective. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:919-928. [PMID: 33458882 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Macro-scale changes in longitudinal bone growth resulting from mechanical loading were shown in Part 1 of this review to depend on load magnitude, anatomical location, and species. While no significant effect on longitudinal growth was observed by varying frequency and amplitude of cyclic loading, such variations, in addition to loading duration and species, were shown to affect the morphology, viability, and gene and protein expression within the growth plate. Intermittent compression regimens were shown to preserve or increase growth plate height while stimulating increased chondrocyte presence in the hypertrophic zone relative to persistent and static loading regimens. Gene and protein expressions related to matrix synthesis and degradation, as well as regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis were shown to exhibit magnitude-, frequency-, and duration-dependent responses to loading regimen. Chondrocyte viability was shown to be largely preserved within physiological bounds of magnitude, frequency, amplitude, and duration. Persistent static loading was shown to be associated with overall growth plate height in tension only, reducing it in compression, while affecting growth plate zone heights differently across species and encouraging mineralization relative to intermittent cyclic loading. Lateral loading of the growth plate, as well as microfluidic approaches are relatively understudied, and age, anatomical location, and species effects within these approaches are undefined. Understanding the micro-scale effects of varied loading regimes can assist in the development of growth modulation methods and device designs optimized for growth plate viability preservation or mineralization stimulation based on patient age and anatomical location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R D'Andrea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ausilah Alfraihat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anita Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason B Anari
- Division of Orthopedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick J Cahill
- Division of Orthopedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dawn Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
D'Andrea CR, Alfraihat A, Singh A, Anari JB, Cahill PJ, Schaer T, Snyder BD, Elliott D, Balasubramanian S. Part 1. Review and meta-analysis of studies on modulation of longitudinal bone growth and growth plate activity: A macro-scale perspective. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:907-918. [PMID: 33377536 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth modulation is an emerging method for treatment of angular skeletal deformities such as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The Hueter-Volkmann law, by which growth is stimulated in tension and inhibited in compression, is widely understood, and applied in current growth-modulating interventions such as anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) for AIS. However, without quantification of the growth rate effects of tension or compression, the possibility of under- or over- correction exists. A definitive mechanical growth modulation relationship relating to treatment of such skeletal deformities is yet to exist, and the mechanisms by which growth rate is regulated and altered are not fully defined. Review of current literature demonstrates that longitudinal (i.e., lengthwise) growth rate in multiple animal models depend on load magnitude, anatomical location, and species. Additionally, alterations in growth plate morphology and viability vary by loading parameters such as magnitude, frequency, and whether the load was applied persistently or intermittently. The aggregate findings of the reviewed studies will assist in work towards increasingly precise and clinically successful growth modulation methods. Part 1 of this review focuses on the effects of mechanical loading, species, age, and anatomical location on the macro-scale alterations in longitudinal bone growth, as well as factors that affect growth plate material properties. Part 2 considers the effects on micro-scale alterations in growth plate morphology such as zone heights and proportions, chondrocyte viability, and related gene and protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R D'Andrea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ausilah Alfraihat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anita Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason B Anari
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick J Cahill
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dawn Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Buschbaum J, Freitag L, Slongo TF, Zeiter S, Schütz M, Windolf M. Growth modulation of angular deformities with a novel constant force implant concept-preclinical results. J Child Orthop 2021; 15:137-148. [PMID: 34040660 PMCID: PMC8138789 DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.15.200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Varus-valgus deformities in children and adolescents are often corrected by temporary hemi-epiphysiodesis, in which the physis is bridged by an implant to inhibit growth. With standard implant solutions, the acting forces cannot be regulated, rendering the correction difficult to control. Furthermore, the implant load steadily increases with ongoing growth potentially leading to implant-related failures. A novel implant concept was developed applying a controlled constant force to the physis, which carries the potential to avoid these complications. The study aim was to proof the concept in vivo by analyzing the effect of three distinct force levels on the creation of varus deformities. METHODS The proposed implant is made of a conventional cerclage wire and features a twisted coil that unwinds with growth resulting in an implant-specific constant force level. The proximal medial tibial physes of 18 lambs were treated with the implant and assigned to three groups distinct by the force level of the implant (200 N, 120 N, 60 N). RESULTS The treatment appeared safe without implant-related failures. Deformity creation was statistically different between the groups and yielded on average 10.6° (200 N), 4.8° (120 N) and 0.4° (60 N) over the treatment period. Modulation rates were 0.51°/mm (200 N), 0.23°/mm (120 N) and 0.05°/mm (60 N) and were constant throughout the treatment. CONCLUSION By means of the constant force concept, controlled growth modulation appeared feasible in this preclinical experiment. However, clinical trials are necessary to confirm whether the results are translatable to the human pathological situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Buschbaum
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland,Correspondence should be sent to Jan Buschbaum, Biomedical Development, AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Martin RK, Ekås GR, Benth J, Kennedy N, Moatshe G, Krych AJ, Engebretsen L. Change in Posterior Tibial Slope in Skeletally Immature Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Case Series With a Mean 9 Years' Follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:1244-1250. [PMID: 33683924 DOI: 10.1177/0363546521997097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased lateral posterior tibial slope (LPTS) is associated with increased rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and failure of ACL reconstruction. It is unknown if ACL deficiency influences the developing proximal tibial physis and slope in skeletally immature patients through anterior tibial subluxation and abnormal force transmission. PURPOSE To assess the natural history of LPTS in skeletally immature patients with an ACL-injured knee. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A total of 38 participants from a previous study on nonoperative management of ACL injury in skeletally immature patients were included. During the initial study, bilateral knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed within 1 year of enrollment and again at final follow-up. All patients were younger than 13 years at the time of enrollment, and final follow-up occurred a mean 10 years after the injury. MRI scans were retrospectively reviewed by 2 reviewers to determine bilateral LPTS for each patient and each time point. Linear mixed models were used to assess LPTS differences between knees, change over time, and association with operational status. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients who remained nonoperated throughout the study. RESULTS A total of 22 patients had ACL reconstruction before final follow-up and 16 remained nonoperated. In the entire study population, the mean LPTS was higher in the injured knee than in the contralateral knee at final follow-up by 2.0° (P < .001; 95% CI, 1.3°-2.6°). The mean LPTS increased significantly in the injured knee by 0.9° (P = .042; 95% CI, 0.03°-1.7°), while the mean LPTS decreased in the contralateral knee by 0.4° (P = .363; 95% CI, -0.8° to 0.4°). A significant difference in LPTS was also observed in the nonoperated subgroup. No significant association was observed between LPTS and operational status. CONCLUSION Lateral posterior tibial slope increased more in the ACL-injured knee than in the contralateral uninjured knee in a group of skeletally immature patients. Lateral posterior tibial slope at baseline was not associated with the need for surgical reconstruction over the study period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kyle Martin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CentraCare, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guri R Ekås
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CentraCare, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - JūratėŠaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.,Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Nicholas Kennedy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gilbert Moatshe
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Aaron J Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yadav P, Fernández MP, Gutierrez-Farewik EM. Influence of loading direction due to physical activity on proximal femoral growth tendency. Med Eng Phys 2021; 90:83-91. [PMID: 33781483 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth is regulated by mechanical forces arising from physical activity, whose directions and magnitudes depend on activity kinematics and intensity. This study aims to investigate the influence of common physical activities on proximal femoral morphological tendency due to growth at the femoral head growth plate. A subject-specific femur model based on magnetic resonance images of one able-bodied 6-year old child was developed, and the directions of hip contact force were described as load samples at a constant magnitude. Finite element analysis was performed to predict growth rate and growth direction, and expected changes in neck-shaft angle and femoral anteversion were computed corresponding to circa 4 months of growth. For most loading conditions, neck-shaft angle and femoral anteversion decreased during growth, corresponding to the femur's natural course during normal growth. The largest reduction in neck-shaft angle and femoral anteversion was approximately 0.25° and 0.15°. Our results suggest that most common physical activities induce the expected morphological changes in normal growth in able-bodied children. Understanding the influence of contact forces during less common activities on proximal femoral development might provide improved guidelines and treatment planning for children who have or are at risk of developing a femoral deformity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti Yadav
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Osquars Backe 18, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; KTH BioMEx Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Peña Fernández
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Osquars Backe 18, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; KTH BioMEx Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena M Gutierrez-Farewik
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Osquars Backe 18, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; KTH BioMEx Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's & Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Millward DJ. Interactions between Growth of Muscle and Stature: Mechanisms Involved and Their Nutritional Sensitivity to Dietary Protein: The Protein-Stat Revisited. Nutrients 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33668846 PMCID: PMC7996181 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood growth and its sensitivity to dietary protein is reviewed within a Protein-Stat model of growth regulation. The coordination of growth of muscle and stature is a combination of genetic programming, and of two-way mechanical interactions involving the mechanotransduction of muscle growth through stretching by bone length growth, the core Protein-Stat feature, and the strengthening of bone through muscle contraction via the mechanostat. Thus, growth in bone length is the initiating event and this is always observed. Endocrine and cellular mechanisms of growth in stature are reviewed in terms of the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) and thyroid axes and the sex hormones, which together mediate endochondral ossification in the growth plate and bone lengthening. Cellular mechanisms of muscle growth during development are then reviewed identifying (a) the difficulties posed by the need to maintain its ultrastructure during myofibre hypertrophy within the extracellular matrix and the concept of muscle as concentric "bags" allowing growth to be conceived as bag enlargement and filling, (b) the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanotransduction of satellite and mesenchymal stromal cells, to enable both connective tissue remodelling and provision of new myonuclei to aid myofibre hypertrophy and (c) the implications of myofibre hypertrophy for protein turnover within the myonuclear domain. Experimental data from rodent and avian animal models illustrate likely changes in DNA domain size and protein turnover during developmental and stretch-induced muscle growth and between different muscle fibre types. Growth of muscle in male rats during adulthood suggests that "bag enlargement" is achieved mainly through the action of mesenchymal stromal cells. Current understanding of the nutritional regulation of protein deposition in muscle, deriving from experimental studies in animals and human adults, is reviewed, identifying regulation by amino acids, insulin and myofibre volume changes acting to increase both ribosomal capacity and efficiency of muscle protein synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the phenomenon of a "bag-full" inhibitory signal has been identified in human skeletal muscle. The final section deals with the nutritional sensitivity of growth of muscle and stature to dietary protein in children. Growth in length/height as a function of dietary protein intake is described in the context of the breastfed child as the normative growth model, and the "Early Protein Hypothesis" linking high protein intakes in infancy to later adiposity. The extensive paediatric studies on serum IGF-1 and child growth are reviewed but their clinical relevance is of limited value for understanding growth regulation; a role in energy metabolism and homeostasis, acting with insulin to mediate adiposity, is probably more important. Information on the influence of dietary protein on muscle mass per se as opposed to lean body mass is limited but suggests that increased protein intake in children is unable to promote muscle growth in excess of that linked to genotypic growth in length/height. One possible exception is milk protein intake, which cohort and cross-cultural studies suggest can increase height and associated muscle growth, although such effects have yet to be demonstrated by randomised controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chung WK, De Vos-Jakobs S, Rivadeneira F, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Waarsing JH. The association of BMI and physical activity on acetabular dysplasia in children. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:50-58. [PMID: 33242605 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetabular dysplasia is an important pre-disposing factor for osteoarthritis of the hip. However, it is not completely known how acetabular dysplasia develops during childhood. OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of acetabular dysplasia and its association with body mass index (BMI) and physical activity in 9 year old children. DESIGN The population for this cross-sectional study was drawn from the ongoing prospective cohort study: Generation R. 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from March 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled. In a random subgroup of these children Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning was performed at age 9. EXPOSURES BMI, standardized for the Dutch population and categorized in four groups based on extended international Obesity Task Force cut-offs: underweight, normal, overweight and obesity. Physical activity was based on time spent on playing outdoors, playing sports and walking/cycling to school. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The degree of acetabular dysplasia was determined with the centre-edge angle (CEA) and acetabular depth-width ratio (ADR) in DXA images of the hip. RESULTS 1,188 DXA images of children's hips were available for analysis. The median age of the children was 9.86 years. Prevalence of dysplasia and mild dysplasia was respectively 6.3%; 25.6% with CEA and 4.8%; 25.0% with ADR. BMI was negatively associated with mild dysplasia (OR 0.80 CI 0.71-0.90). Obese children showed less mild dysplasia compared to normal children (OR 0.48 CI 0.24-0.97) in unadjusted analysis. Physical activity represented by walking to school showed a statistically significant negative association with mild dysplasia (OR 0.87 CI 0.76-0.99). After adjustment for age, ethnicity, sex, first born, breech presentation, birthweight, gestational age and Caesarean section, the patterns of association with dysplasia remained for both BMI and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS In this study, being overweight and light physical activity were negatively associated with the development of (mild) acetabular dysplasia at the age of 9 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K Chung
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S De Vos-Jakobs
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S M Bierma-Zeinstra
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J H Waarsing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tanaka ML. A Thesis Proposal Development Course for Engineering Graduate Students. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:114704. [PMID: 32705112 DOI: 10.1115/1.4047925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Helping engineering graduate students to write their thesis can be a difficult and time-consuming undertaking for a thesis advisor. Efficiency can be gained by having an experienced graduate student thesis advisor help multiple students at the same time. This article describes the philosophy, methods, and course design details used to develop and conduct a graduate level course on "thesis proposal development" for engineering students. The course provides structure to encourage students to engage in research and write their thesis proposal. The thesis proposal contains the student's detailed research plans and serves as the foundation for the student's final thesis. Each element of the course is described in detail with enough information that readers can implement the course at their own institution using this article as a guide. It includes detailed descriptions of individual assignments, reasons for including the assignment in the course, and Supplemental Material on the ASME Digital Collection which is downloadable from the journal. Since implementing this at our university, we have observed improvements in graduate student research projects, better written theses, and earlier thesis defense dates. The changes were implemented without altering the number of credit hours needed to graduate and we believe that the change has been beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Tanaka
- School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, 220 Belk, Cullowhee, NC 28723
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The growth plate is the cartilaginous portion of long bones where the longitudinal growth of the bone takes place. Its structure comprises chondrocytes suspended in a collagen matrix that go through several stages of maturation until they finally die, and are replaced by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and lamellar bone.The process of endochondral ossification is coordinated by chondrocytes and a variety of humoral factors including growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, oestrogen, growth factors, cytokines, and various signalling pathways.Chondrocytes progress from a resting state to enter the phases of proliferation and hypertrophy. Under the influence of oestrogen, the proliferation of chondrocytes decreases as the resting chondrocytes are consumed. During the terminal phase of differentiation, cartilage is replaced by blood vessels and organized bone tissue, and once chondrocytes have died, the longitudinal growth of the bone ceases and the growth plate closes.The highly complex regulatory signals involved in this process are genetically determined, and genetic perturbations in any of the associated genes can result in abnormalities of bone growth. Hundreds of chondrodysplasias have been described, pointing to the complexity of the humoral control systems involved in endochondral ossification.While our knowledge of the mechanisms behind the various bone growth control systems is improving, a deeper understanding of the underlying processes could aid clinicians to better understand bone health and bone growth abnormalities. This review describes the current clinical research into the physiology of the growth plate. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:498-507. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190088.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yücel Ağırdil
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İzzet Baysal State Hospital, Bolu, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen X, Hughes R, Mullin N, Hawkins RJ, Holen I, Brown NJ, Hobbs JK. Mechanical Heterogeneity in the Bone Microenvironment as Characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy. Biophys J 2020; 119:502-513. [PMID: 32668233 PMCID: PMC7401034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bones are structurally heterogeneous organs with diverse functions that undergo mechanical stimuli across multiple length scales. Mechanical characterization of the bone microenvironment is important for understanding how bones function in health and disease. Here, we describe the mechanical architecture of cortical bone, the growth plate, metaphysis, and marrow in fresh murine bones, probed using atomic force microscopy in physiological buffer. Both elastic and viscoelastic properties are found to be highly heterogeneous with moduli ranging over three to five orders of magnitude, both within and across regions. All regions include extremely compliant areas, with moduli of a few pascal and viscosities as low as tens of Pa·s. Aging impacts the viscoelasticity of the bone marrow strongly but has a limited effect on the other regions studied. Our approach provides the opportunity to explore the mechanical properties of complex tissues at the length scale relevant to cellular processes and how these impact aging and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; The Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Hughes
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nic Mullin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; The Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoda J Hawkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; The Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Brown
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; The Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lalande V, Villemure I, Parent S, Aubin CÉ. Induced pressures on the epiphyseal growth plate with non segmental anterior spine tethering. Spine Deform 2020; 8:585-589. [PMID: 32096137 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-020-00070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental biomechanical study of pressures exerted on the epiphyseal growth plates (GP) in tethered porcine cadaveric spines. OBJECTIVES To experimentally measure the pressure exerted on the vertebral end plates of a tethered porcine spine model. Flexible spine tethering is a novel fusionless surgical technique that aims to correct scoliotic deformities based on growth modulation due to the pressure exerted on vertebral body epiphyseal GP. The applied pressure resulting from spine tethering remains not well documented. METHODS The ligamentous thoracic segment (T1-T14) of four 3-months old Duroc Landrace pigs (female; 22 kg, range: 18-27 kg) was positioned in lateral decubitus in a custom-made stand. Vertebra T14 was clamped but the remaining spine was free to slide horizontally. For every specimen, six configurations were tested: three or five instrumented motion segments (T5-T10 or T7-T10) with applied compression of 22, 44 or 66 N. The pressure generated on the GPs in the tethered side was measured with a thin force sensor slid either at the proximal, apex or distal levels. The data were analyzed with an ANOVA. RESULTS The pressure was significantly different between three and five instrumented motion segments (averages of 0.76 MPa ± 0.03 and 0.60 MPa ± 0.03, respectively; p < 0.05), but the pressure exerted on each GP along the instrumented spine was not significantly different for a given number of instrumented levels. The pressure was linearly correlated to the tether tension. CONCLUSIONS Non segmental anterior spine tethering induced similar pressures on every instrumented level regardless of the number of instrumented levels, with 21% lesser pressures with 5 motion segments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Lalande
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stefan Parent
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada.,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carl-Éric Aubin
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada. .,CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada. .,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Growth Plate Pathology in the Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI Rat Model-An Experimental and Computational Approach. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10060360. [PMID: 32486376 PMCID: PMC7344727 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by impaired function or absence of lysosomal enzymes involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Clinically, MPS are skeletal dysplasias, characterized by cartilage abnormalities and disturbances in the process of endochondral ossification. Histologic abnormalities of growth cartilage have been reported at advanced stages of the disease, but information regarding growth plate pathology progression either in humans or in animal models, as well as its pathophysiology, is limited. METHODS Histological analyses of distal femur growth plates of wild type (WT) and mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) rats at different stages of development were performed, including quantitative data. Experimental findings were then analyzed in a theoretical scenario. RESULTS Histological evaluation showed a progressive loss of histological architecture within the growth plate. Furthermore, in silico simulation suggest the abnormal cell distribution in the tissue may lead to alterations in biochemical gradients, which may be one of the factors contributing to the growth plate abnormalities observed, highlighting aspects that must be the focus of future experimental works. CONCLUSION The results presented shed some light on the progression of growth plate alterations observed in MPS VI and evidence the potentiality of combined theoretical and experimental approaches to better understand pathological scenarios, which is a necessary step to improve the search for novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen J, Chin A, Almarza AJ, Taboas JM. Hydrogel to guide chondrogenesis versus osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells for fabrication of cartilaginous tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:045006. [PMID: 31470441 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ideal combination of hydrogel components for regeneration of cartilage and cartilaginous interfaces is a significant challenge because control over differentiation into multiple lineages is necessary. Stabilization of the phenotype of stem cell derived chondrocytes is needed to avoid undesired progression to terminal hypertrophy and tissue mineralization. A novel ternary blend hydrogel composed of methacrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), gelatin, and heparin (PGH) was designed to guide chondrogenesis by bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and maintenance of their cartilaginous phenotype. The hydrogel material effects on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation by BMSCs were evaluated in comparison to methacrylated gelatin hydrogel (GEL), a conventional bioink used for both chondrogenic and osteogenic applications. PGH and GEL hydrogels were loaded with goat BMSCs and cultured in chondrogenic and osteogenic mediums in vitro over six weeks. The PGH showed no sign of mineral deposition in an osteogenic environment in vitro. To further evaluate material effects, the hydrogels were loaded with adult human BMSCs (hBMSCs) and transforming growth factor β-3 and grown in subcutaneous pockets in mice over eight weeks. Consistent with the in vitro results, the PGH had greater potential to induce chondrogenesis by BMSCs in vivo compared to the GEL as evidenced by elevated gene expression of chondrogenic markers, supporting its potential for stable cartilage engineering. The PGH also showed a greater percentage of GAG positive cells compared to the GEL. Unlike the GEL, the PGH hydrogel exhibited anti-osteogenic effects in vivo as evidenced by negative Von Kossa staining and suppressed gene expression of hypertrophic and osteogenic markers. By nature of their polymer composition alone, the PGH and GEL regulated BMSC differentiation down different osteochondral lineages. Thus, the PGH and GEL are promising hydrogels to regenerate stratified cartilaginous interfacial tissues in situ, such as the mandibular condyle surface, using undifferentiated BMSCs and a stratified scaffold design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Chen
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America. Center for Craniofacial Regeneration; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Duong P, Mostoufi-Moab S, Raya JG, Jaimes C, Delgado J, Jaramillo D. Imaging Biomarkers of the Physis: Cartilage Volume on MRI vs. Tract Volume and Length on Diffusion Tensor Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:544-551. [PMID: 32039525 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods to predict height and growth failure are imprecise. MRI measures of physeal cartilage are promising biomarkers for growth. PURPOSE In the physis, to assess how 3D MRI volume measurements, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements (tract volume and length) correlate with growth parameters and detect differences in growth. We compared patients exposed to cis-retinoic acid, which causes physeal damage and growth failure, with normal subjects. STUDY TYPE Case-control. POPULATION Twenty pediatric neuroblastoma survivors treated with cis-retinoic acid and 20 age- and sex-matched controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T; DTI and 3D double-echo steady-state (DESS) sequences. ASSESSMENT On distal femoral MR studies, physeal 3D volume and DTI tract measurements were calculated and compared to height. STATISTICAL TESTS We used partial Spearman correlation, analysis of covariance, logistic regression, Wald test, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS The height percentile correlated most strongly with DTI tract volumes (r = 0.74), followed by mean tract length (r = 0.53) and 3D volume (r = 0.40) (all P < 0.02). Only tract volumes and lengths correlated with annualized growth velocity. Relative to controls, patients showed smaller tract volumes (8.00 cc vs. 13.71 cc, P < 0.01), shorter tract lengths (5.92 mm vs 6.99 mm, P = 0.03), and smaller ratios of 3D cartilage volume to tract length; but no difference (4.51 cc vs 4.85 cc) in 3D MRI volumes. The 10 patients with the lowest height percentiles had smaller tract volumes (5.07 cc vs. 10.93 cc, P < 0.01), but not significantly different 3D MRI volumes. Tract volume is associated with abnormal growth, with an accuracy of 75%. DATA CONCLUSION DTI tract volume of the physis/metaphysis predicts abnormal growth better than physeal cartilage volumetric measurement and correlates best with height percentile and growth velocity. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:544-551.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Duong
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sogol Mostoufi-Moab
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - José G Raya
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camilo Jaimes
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jorge Delgado
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diego Jaramillo
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lalande V, Villemure I, Vonthron M, Parent S, Aubin CÉ. Cyclically controlled vertebral body tethering for scoliosis: an in vivo verification in a pig model of the pressure exerted on vertebral end plates. Spine Deform 2020; 8:39-44. [PMID: 31981151 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-019-00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vivo study of the pressure exerted on the spine of a pig by a new cyclic anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) prototype. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between the tether tension and the pressures transmitted onto the vertebral end plates by a cyclic AVBT prototype. AVBT is a recent surgical technique for the treatment of pediatric scoliosis that compresses the convex side of the spine with a sustained tension, to modulate the growth to progressively correct the deformity over time. Previous studies demonstrated that cyclic compression has similar growth modulation capacity but with less detrimental effects on the integrity of the discs and growth plates. METHODS A 3-month-old healthy Duroc pig was anesthetized and a lateral thoracotomy was performed. The T7-T10 segment was instrumented and compressed during 50 s with the load oscillating (0.2 Hz) from + 30 to - 30% of the following mean tensions: 29, 35, 40, 44, and 49 N. The pressure exerted on T9 superior vertebral end plate was monitored during the cyclic loading. Three repetitions of each test were performed. RESULTS The resulting mean pressure exerted on the vertebral end plate was linearly correlated with the mean tether tension (r2 = 0.86). Each cycle translated in a hysteresis profile of the measured pressure and tension, with amplitudes varying between ± 11.5 and ± 29.9%. CONCLUSIONS This experimental study documented the relationship between the tether tension and the pressure. This study confirmed the feasibility of cyclic AVBT principle to transfer varying pressures on the vertebral end plates, which is intended to control vertebral growth, while keeping the spine flexibility and preserving the health of soft tissues such as the intervertebral discs and the growth plate but remained to be further verified. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Lalande
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Manuel Vonthron
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stefan Parent
- CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Université de Montréal, 2900, Boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Carl-Éric Aubin
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada. .,Université de Montréal, 2900, Boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rolian C. Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e373. [PMID: 31997553 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|