1
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Costello LF, Richards HL, Evans AR, Adams JW. Experimental assessment of diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) protocols. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17919. [PMID: 39247550 PMCID: PMC11380835 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) is an increasingly used digital complement, supplement, or alternative to traditional dissection-based anatomical research. The diceCT protocol, which has evolved and expanded over the past decade, employs passive diffusion of Lugol's iodine (KI3) to increase soft tissue radiodensity and improve structure contrast in the CT or microCT imaging of specimens. The development and application of diceCT has focused largely on specimens under 1 kg, and the varying reporting of methods on studies of both small and large specimens has initiated, but not yet established, an effective diceCT protocol for larger specimens based on monitored experiments of several fundamental variables (e.g., Lugol's iodine concentration, duration, and impacts of Lugol's iodine on tissues). In this study, we have experimentally assessed the efficacy of diceCT protocols for imaging whole-body specimens of the 1-4.5 kg Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) using sequential CT imaging assessment across experimental conditions. We assessed the impact of varying Lugol's iodine concentration, the presence/absence of skin, solution volume and agitation on tissue radiodensity changes through weekly CT-based monitoring of tissue radiodensities over an 8-week experimental period. We have also quantified tissue volumetric changes across our experiment to assess the impact of diceCT applications on subsequent analyses of imaging datasets. Our results indicate that substantial changes in both soft-tissue radiodensity and soft-tissue volume occur within the first 28 days of Lugol's iodine treatment, followed by a slower rate of progressive soft-tissue radiodensity and volume changes across the experiment duration. Our results demonstrate the negligible benefit of skinning larger specimens to improve solution diffusion, and document significant soft-tissue volumetric changes with high concentration solutions (e.g., 10%) and long-duration exposure (e.g., beyond 5 weeks) that should guide individual diceCT protocol design and/or quantification and analysis for mammal specimens above 1 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy F Costello
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Alistair R Evans
- Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin W Adams
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Taylor AB, Terhune CE, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. The impact of measurement technique and sampling on estimates of skeletal muscle fibre architecture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:3071-3084. [PMID: 38406878 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibre architecture provides important insights into performance of vertebrate locomotor and feeding behaviours. Chemical digestion and in situ sectioning of muscle bellies along their lengths to expose fibres, fibre orientation and intramuscular tendon, are two classical methods for estimating architectural variables such as fibre length (Lf) and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). It has recently been proposed that Lf estimates are systematically shorter and hence less accurate using in situ sectioning. Here we addressed this hypothesis by comparing Lf estimates between the two methods for the superficial masseter and temporalis muscles in a sample of strepsirrhine and platyrrhine primates. Means or single-specimen Lf estimates using chemical digestion were greater in 17/32 comparisons (53.13%), indicating the probability of achieving longer fibres using chemical digestion is no greater than chance in these taxonomic samples. We further explored the impact of sampling on scaling of Lf and PCSA in platyrrhines applying a bootstrapping approach. We found that sampling-both numbers of individuals within species and representation of species across the clade significantly influence scaling results of Lf and PCSA in platyrrhines. We show that intraspecific and clade sampling strategies can account for differences between previously published platyrrhine scaling studies. We suggest that differences in these two methodological approaches to assessing muscle architecture are relatively less consequential when estimating Lf and PCSA for comparative studies, whereas achieving more reliable estimates within species through larger samples and representation of the full clade space are important considerations in comparative studies of fibre architecture and scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher J Vinyard
- Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University-Heritage College of Osteopathic, Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
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3
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Beer D, Vijayaraman P. Current Role of Conduction System Pacing in Patients Requiring Permanent Pacing. Korean Circ J 2024; 54:427-453. [PMID: 38859643 PMCID: PMC11306426 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2024.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
His bundle pacing (HBP) and left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) are novel methods of pacing directly pacing the cardiac conduction system. HBP while developed more than two decades ago, only recently moved into the clinical mainstream. In contrast to conventional cardiac pacing, conduction system pacing including HBP and LBBP utilizes the native electrical system of the heart to rapidly disseminate the electrical impulse and generate a more synchronous ventricular contraction. Widespread adoption of conduction system pacing has resulted in a wealth of observational data, registries, and some early randomized controlled clinical trials. While much remains to be learned about conduction system pacing and its role in electrophysiology, data available thus far is very promising. In this review of conduction system pacing, the authors review the emergence of conduction system pacing and its contemporary role in patients requiring permanent cardiac pacing.
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4
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Ditton DM, Marchus CR, Bozeman AL, Martes AC, Brumley MR, Schiele NR. Visualization of rat tendon in three dimensions using micro-Computed Tomography. MethodsX 2024; 12:102565. [PMID: 38292310 PMCID: PMC10825692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (CT) is an X-ray-based imaging modality that produces three-dimensional (3D), high-resolution images of whole-mount tissues, but is typically limited to dense tissues, such as bone. The X-rays readily pass-through tendons, rendering them transparent. Contrast-enhancing chemical stains have been explored, but their use to improve contrast in different tendon types and across developmental stages for micro-CT imaging has not been systematically evaluated. Therefore, we investigated how phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining and tissue hydration impacts tendon contrast for micro-CT imaging. We showed that PTA staining increased X-ray absorption of tendon to enhance tissue contrast and obtain 3D micro-CT images of immature (postnatal day 21) and sexually mature (postnatal day 50) rat tendons within the tail and hindlimb. Further, we demonstrated that tissue hydration state following PTA staining significantly impacts soft tissue contrast. Using this method, we also found that tail tendon fascicles appear to cross between fascicle bundles. Ultimately, contrast-enhanced 3D micro-CT imaging will lead to better understanding of tendon structure, and relationships between the bone and soft tissues.•Simple tissue fixation and staining technique enhances soft tissue contrast for tendon visualization using micro-CT.•3D tendon visualization in situ advances understanding of musculoskeletal tissue structure and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destinee M. Ditton
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Colin R. Marchus
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Aimee L. Bozeman
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Alleyna C. Martes
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Michele R. Brumley
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Nathan R. Schiele
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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5
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Dickinson E, Manzo M, Davis CE, Kolli S, Schwenk A, Carter A, Liu C, Vasipalli N, Ratkiewicz A, Deutsch AR, Granatosky MC, Hartstone-Rose A. Ecological correlates of three-dimensional muscle architecture within the dietarily diverse Strepsirrhini. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1975-1994. [PMID: 38063131 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of muscle architecture, traditionally conducted via gross dissection, has been used to evaluate adaptive relationships between anatomical form and behavioral function. However, gross dissection cannot preserve three-dimensional relationships between myological structures for analysis. To analyze such data, we employ diffusible, iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) to explore the relationships between feeding ecology and masticatory muscle microanatomy in eight dietarily diverse strepsirrhines: allowing, for the first time, preservation of three-dimensional fascicle orientation and tortuosity across a functional comparative sample. We find that fascicle properties derived from these digital analyses generally agree with those measured from gross-dissected conspecifics. Physiological cross-sectional area was greatest in species with mechanically challenging diets. Frugivorous taxa and the wood-gouging species all exhibit long jaw adductor fascicles, while more folivorous species show the shortest relative jaw adductor fascicle lengths. Fascicle orientation in the parasagittal plane also seems to have a clear dietary association: most folivorous taxa have masseter and temporalis muscle vectors that intersect acutely while these vectors intersect obliquely in more frugivorous species. Finally, we observed notably greater magnitudes of fascicle tortuosity, as well as greater interspecific variation in tortuosity, within the jaw adductor musculature than in the jaw abductors. While the use of a single specimen per species precludes analysis of intraspecific variation, our data highlight the diversity of microanatomical variation that exists within the strepsirrhine feeding system and suggest that muscle architectural configurations are evolutionarily labile in response to dietary ecology-an observation to be explored across larger samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Madison Manzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cassidy E Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shruti Kolli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Alysa Schwenk
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- College of Public Health, Thomacharles Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Carter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cindy Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nimi Vasipalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aleksandra Ratkiewicz
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Ashley R Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Matsumoto R, Fujiwara SI, Evans SE. The anatomy and feeding mechanism of the Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus). J Anat 2024; 244:679-707. [PMID: 38217319 PMCID: PMC11021680 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The fully aquatic Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is a member of the Cryptobranchidae, and is currently distributed in western Japan, with other members of this group restricted to China and North America. Their feeding behaviour is characterized by a form of suction feeding that includes asymmetric movements of the jaw and hyobranchial apparatus. Previous studies on the North American species, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, have suggested that this specialized jaw movement is produced by a flexible quadrate-articular joint combined with a loosely connected lower jaw symphysis including two small fibrocartilaginous pads. However, little is known about this feeding behaviour in the Asian species, nor have the three-dimensional asymmetric jaw movements been fully investigated in any member of Cryptobranchidae. In this study, we explore the asymmetric jaw movements in A. japonicus using three methods: (1) dissection of musculoskeletal structures; (2) filming of feeding behaviour to understand in which situations asymmetric feeding is used; (3) analysis of 3D movement of jaws and skull. In the third component, fresh (from frozen) specimens of A. japonicus were manipulated to replicate asymmetric and symmetric jaw movements, with the specimens CT scanned after each step to obtain the 3D morphology of the jaws at different positions. These positions were combined and their Euler angles from resting (closed) jaw position were calculated for asymmetric or symmetric jaw positions. Our filming revealed that asymmetric jaw movements are linked to the position of the prey in relation to the snout, with the jaw closest to the prey opening asymmetrically. Moreover, this action allows the salamander to simultaneously grasp prey in one side of the mouth while ejecting water on the other side, if the first suction attempt fails. The asymmetric jaw movements are performed mainly by rotation of the mandible about its long axis, with very limited lateral jaw movements. During asymmetric and symmetric jaw movements, the posterior ends of the maxilla and quadrate move slightly. The asymmetric jaw movements are permitted by a mobile quadrate-articular joint formed by wide, round cartilages, and by two small fibrocartilage pads within the jaw symphysis that act as cushions during jaw rotation. Some of these soft tissue structures leave traces on the jaws and skull, allowing feeding mode to be reconstructed in fossil taxa. Understanding cryptobranchid asymmetric jaw movement thus requires a comprehensive assessment of not only the symphysial morphology but also that of other cranial and hyobranchial elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Matsumoto
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, University College London, London, UK
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7
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Li KYC, Dejea H, De Winne K, Bonnin A, D'Onofrio V, Cox JA, Garcia-Canadilla P, Lammens M, Cook AC, Bijnens B, Dendooven A. Feasibility and safety of synchrotron-based X-ray phase contrast imaging as a technique complementary to histopathology analysis. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:377-389. [PMID: 37523091 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
X-ray phase contrast imaging (X-PCI) is a powerful technique for high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of soft tissue samples in a non-destructive manner. In this technical report, we assess the quality of standard histopathological techniques performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissue samples that have been irradiated with different doses of X-rays in the context of an X-PCI experiment. The data from this study demonstrate that routine histochemical and immunohistochemical staining quality as well as DNA and RNA analyses are not affected by previous X-PCI on human FFPE samples. From these data we conclude it is feasible and acceptable to perform X-PCI on FFPE human biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Yan Chloe Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hector Dejea
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund, Sweden
| | - Koen De Winne
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Janneke A Cox
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Group, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- BCNatal Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Lammens
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Bijnens
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amélie Dendooven
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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8
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Xu E, Niu R, Lao J, Zhang S, Li J, Zhu Y, Shi H, Zhu Q, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Wang W, Yin J, Chen Q, Huang X, Chen J, Liu D. Tissue-like cultured fish fillets through a synthetic food pipeline. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:17. [PMID: 37149658 PMCID: PMC10164169 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-like cultured meats of some livestock have successfully been established by different approaches. However, the production of a structure similar to fish fillets is still challenging. Here, we develop tissue-like cultured fish fillets by assembly of large yellow croaker muscle fibers and adipocytes with 3D-printed gel. Inhibition of Tgf-β and Notch signals significantly promoted myogenic differentiation of piscine satellite cells (PSCs). The mixture of fish gelatin and sodium alginate combined with a p53 inhibitor and a Yap activator supported PSC viability and proliferation. Based on the texture of fish muscle tissue, a 3D scaffold was constructed by gelatin-based gel mixed with PSCs. After proliferation and differentiation, the muscle scaffold was filled with cultured piscine adipocytes. Finally, tissue-like fish fillets with 20 × 12 × 4 mm were formed, consisting of 5.67 × 107 muscles and 4.02 × 107 adipocytes. The biomanufacture of tissue-like cultured fish fillet here could be a promising technology to customize meat production with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Ruihao Niu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
| | - Jihui Lao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
| | - Huimin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
| | - Yijian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuyan Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qihe Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Corneal Diseases Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
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9
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Staggl MA, Ruthensteiner B, Straube N. Head anatomy of a lantern shark wet-collection specimen (Chondrichthyes: Etmopteridae). J Anat 2023; 242:872-890. [PMID: 36695312 PMCID: PMC10093163 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we apply a two-step (untreated and soft tissue stained) diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography array to a wet-collection Lantern Shark specimen of Etmopterus lucifer. The focus of our scanning approach is the head anatomy. The unstained CT data allow the imaging of mineralized (skeletal) tissue, while results for soft tissue were achieved after staining for 120 h in a 1% ethanolic iodine solution. Three-dimensional visualization after the segmentation of hard as well as soft tissue reveals new details of tissue organization and allows us to draw conclusions on the significance of organs in their function. Outstanding are the ampullae of Lorenzini for electroreception, which appear as the dominant sense along with the olfactory system. Corresponding brain areas of these sensory organs are significantly enlarged as well and likely reflect adaptations to the lantern sharks' deep-sea habitat. While electroreception supports the capture of living prey, the enlarged olfactory system can guide the scavenging of these opportunistic feeders. Compared to other approaches based on the manual dissection of similar species, CT scanning is superior in some but not all aspects. For example, fenestrae of the cranial nerves within the chondrocranium cannot be identified reflecting the limitations of the method, however, CT scanning is less invasive, and the staining is mostly reversible and can be rinsed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Andreas Staggl
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany.,Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nicolas Straube
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany.,Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Brualla NLM, Wilson LAB, Doube M, Carter RT, McElligott AG, Koyabu D. The vocal apparatus: An understudied tool to reconstruct the evolutionary history of echolocation in bats? J MAMM EVOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Maes A, Pestiaux C, Marino A, Balcaen T, Leyssens L, Vangrunderbeeck S, Pyka G, De Borggraeve WM, Bertrand L, Beauloye C, Horman S, Wevers M, Kerckhofs G. Cryogenic contrast-enhanced microCT enables nondestructive 3D quantitative histopathology of soft biological tissues. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6207. [PMID: 36266273 PMCID: PMC9584947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological tissues comprise a spatially complex structure, composition and organization at the microscale, named the microstructure. Given the close structure-function relationships in tissues, structural characterization is essential to fully understand the functioning of healthy and pathological tissues, as well as the impact of possible treatments. Here, we present a nondestructive imaging approach to perform quantitative 3D histo(patho)logy of biological tissues, termed Cryogenic Contrast-Enhanced MicroCT (cryo-CECT). By combining sample staining, using an X-ray contrast-enhancing staining agent, with freezing the sample at the optimal freezing rate, cryo-CECT enables 3D visualization and structural analysis of individual tissue constituents, such as muscle and collagen fibers. We applied cryo-CECT on murine hearts subjected to pressure overload following transverse aortic constriction surgery. Cryo-CECT allowed to analyze, in an unprecedented manner, the orientation and diameter of the individual muscle fibers in the entire heart, as well as the 3D localization of fibrotic regions within the myocardial layers. We foresee further applications of cryo-CECT in the optimization of tissue/food preservation and donor banking, showing that cryo-CECT also has clinical and industrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Maes
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Pestiaux
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alice Marino
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim Balcaen
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Leyssens
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vangrunderbeeck
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Grzegorz Pyka
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sandrine Horman
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Wevers
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
- Biomechanics lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
- Prometheus, Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Holliday CM, Sellers KC, Lessner EJ, Middleton KM, Cranor C, Verhulst CD, Lautenschlager S, Bader K, Brown MA, Colbert MW. New frontiers in imaging, anatomy, and mechanics of crocodylian jaw muscles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3016-3030. [PMID: 35723491 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New imaging and biomechanical approaches have heralded a renaissance in our understanding of crocodylian anatomy. Here, we review a series of approaches in the preparation, imaging, and functional analysis of the jaw muscles of crocodylians. Iodine-contrast microCT approaches are enabling new insights into the anatomy of muscles, nerves, and other soft tissues of embryonic as well as adult specimens of alligators. These imaging data and other muscle modeling methods offer increased accuracy of muscle sizes and attachments without destructive methods like dissection. 3D modeling approaches and imaging data together now enable us to see and reconstruct 3D muscle architecture which then allows us to estimate 3D muscle resultants, but also measurements of pennation in ways not seen before. These methods have already revealed new information on the ontogeny, diversity, and function of jaw muscles and the heads of alligators and other crocodylians. Such approaches will lead to enhanced and accurate analyses of form, function, and evolution of crocodylians, their fossil ancestors and vertebrates in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Holliday
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kaleb C Sellers
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily J Lessner
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin M Middleton
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Corrine Cranor
- Department of Geology and Geologic Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
| | - Conner D Verhulst
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Bader
- Texas Vertebrate Paleontology Collection, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Texas Vertebrate Paleontology Collection, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew W Colbert
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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13
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Demuth OE, Wiseman ALA, van Beesel J, Mallison H, Hutchinson JR. Three-dimensional polygonal muscle modelling and line of action estimation in living and extinct taxa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3358. [PMID: 35233027 PMCID: PMC8888607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical models and simulations of musculoskeletal function rely on accurate muscle parameters, such as muscle masses and lines of action, to estimate force production potential and moment arms. These parameters are often obtained through destructive techniques (i.e., dissection) in living taxa, frequently hindering the measurement of other relevant parameters from a single individual, thus making it necessary to combine multiple specimens and/or sources. Estimating these parameters in extinct taxa is even more challenging as soft tissues are rarely preserved in fossil taxa and the skeletal remains contain relatively little information about the size or exact path of a muscle. Here we describe a new protocol that facilitates the estimation of missing muscle parameters (i.e., muscle volume and path) for extant and extinct taxa. We created three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions for the hindlimb muscles of the extant Nile crocodile and extinct stem-archosaur Euparkeria, and the shoulder muscles of an extant gorilla to demonstrate the broad applicability of this methodology across living and extinct animal clades. Additionally, our method can be combined with surface geometry data digitally captured during dissection, thus facilitating downstream analyses. We evaluated the estimated muscle masses against physical measurements to test their accuracy in estimating missing parameters. Our estimated muscle masses generally compare favourably with segmented iodine-stained muscles and almost all fall within or close to the range of observed muscle masses, thus indicating that our estimates are reliable and the resulting lines of action calculated sufficiently accurately. This method has potential for diverse applications in evolutionary morphology and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E Demuth
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ashleigh L A Wiseman
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia van Beesel
- Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinrich Mallison
- Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Palaeo3D, Rain am Lech, Germany
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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14
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Katzke J, Puchenkov P, Stark H, Economo EP. A Roadmap to Reconstructing Muscle Architecture from CT Data. INTEGRATIVE ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 4:obac001. [PMID: 35211665 PMCID: PMC8857456 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary force generation across animals, and muscle architecture largely determines the parameters of mechanical output. The ability to analyze muscle performance through muscle architecture is thus a key step towards better understanding the ecology and evolution of movements and morphologies. In pennate skeletal muscle, volume, fiber lengths, and attachment angles to force transmitting structures comprise the most relevant parameters of muscle architecture. Measuring these features through tomographic techniques offers an alternative to tedious and destructive dissections, particularly as the availability of tomographic data is rapidly increasing. However, there is a need for streamlined computational methods to access this information efficiently. Here, we establish and compare workflows using partially automated image analysis for fast and accurate estimation of animal muscle architecture. After isolating a target muscle through segmentation, we evaluate freely available and proprietary fiber tracing algorithms to reconstruct muscle fibers. We then present a script using the Blender Python API to estimate attachment angles, fiber lengths, muscle volume, and physiological cross-sectional area. We apply these methods to insect and vertebrate muscle and provide guided workflows. Results from fiber tracing are consistent compared to manual measurements but much less time-consuming. Lastly, we emphasize the capabilities of the open-source three-dimensional software Blender as both a tool for visualization and a scriptable analytic tool to process digitized anatomical data. Across organisms, it is feasible to extract, analyze, and visualize muscle architecture from tomography data by exploiting the spatial features of scans and the geometric properties of muscle fibers. As digital libraries of anatomies continue to grow, the workflows and approach presented here can be part of the open-source future of digital comparative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Puchenkov
- Scientific Computing and Data Analysis Section, Research Support Division, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
| | - Heiko Stark
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fürstengraben 1,07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
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15
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Cleuren SGC, Parker WMG, Richards HL, Hocking DP, Evans AR. Sharp and fully loaded: 3D tissue reconstruction reveals how snake fangs stay deadly during fang replacement. J Anat 2022; 240:1-10. [PMID: 34346066 PMCID: PMC8655161 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom is produced, transported and delivered by the sophisticated venom delivery system (VDS). When snakes bite, the venom travels from the venom gland through the venom duct into needle-like fangs that inject it into their prey. To counteract breakages, fangs are continuously replaced throughout life. Currently, the anatomy of the connection between the duct and the fang has not been described, and the mechanism by which the duct is reconnected to the replacement fang has not been identified. We examined the VDS in 3D in representative species from two families and one subfamily (Elapidae, Viperidae, Atractaspidinae) using contrast-enhanced microCT (diceCT), followed by dissection and histology. We observed that the venom duct bifurcates immediately anterior to the fangs so that both the original and replacement fangs are separately connected and functional in delivering venom. When a fang is absent, the canal leading to the empty position is temporarily closed. We found that elapid snakes have a crescent-shaped venom reservoir where venom likely pools before it enters the fang. These findings form the final piece of the puzzle of VDS anatomy in front-fanged venomous snakes. Additionally, they provide further evidence for independent evolution of the VDS in these three snake taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hazel L. Richards
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityVICAustralia
- Museums VictoriaMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - David P. Hocking
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityVICAustralia
- Tasmanian Museum and Art GalleryHobartAustralia
| | - Alistair R. Evans
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityVICAustralia
- Museums VictoriaMelbourneVICAustralia
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16
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Sahd L, Bennett NC, Kotzé SH. Hind foot drumming: Volumetric micro-computed tomography investigation of the hind limb musculature of three African mole-rat species (Bathyergidae). J Anat 2022; 240:23-33. [PMID: 34374084 PMCID: PMC8655198 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of African mole-rats use seismic signalling by means of hind foot drumming for communication. The present study aimed to create three-dimensional reconstructions and compare volumetric measurements of 27 muscles of the hind limb of two drumming (Georychus capensis and Bathyergus suillus) and one non-drumming (Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis) species of African mole-rats. Diffusible iodine contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (diceCT) scans were performed on six specimens per species. Manual segmentation of the scans using VGMAX Studio imaging software allowed for individual muscles to be separated while automatically determining the volume of each muscle. The volume of the individual muscles was expressed as a percentage of the total hind limb volume and statistically compared between species. Subsequently, three-dimensional reconstructions of these muscles were created. Musculus gracilis anticus had a significantly larger percentage of the total hind limb muscle volume in both drumming species compared to the non-drumming C. h. natalensis. Furthermore, several hip and knee extensors, namely mm. gluteus superficialis, semimembranosus, gluteofemoralis, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis, had significantly larger muscle volume percentages in the two drumming species (G. capensis and B. suillus) compared to the non-drumming species. While not statistically significant, G. capensis had larger muscle volume percentages in several key hip and knee extensors compared to B. suillus. Additionally, G capensis had the largest summed percentage of the total hind limb volume in the hip flexor, hip extensor, knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscle groups in all the three species. This could be indicative of whole muscle hypertrophy in these muscles due to fast eccentric contractions that occur during hind foot drumming. However, significantly larger muscle volume percentages were observed in the scratch digging B. suillus compared to the other two chisel tooth digging species. Moreover, while not statistically significant, B. suillus had larger muscle volume percentages in several hip extensor and knee flexor muscles compared to G. capensis (except for m. vastus lateralis). These differences could be due to the large relative size of this species but could also be influenced by the scratch digging strategy employed by B. suillus. Therefore, while the action of hind foot drumming seems to influence certain key muscle volumes, digging strategy and body size may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Sahd
- Division of Clinical AnatomyDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Nigel C. Bennett
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyMammal Research InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Sanet H. Kotzé
- Division of Clinical AnatomyDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSt Kitts and Nevis
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17
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Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Palatopharyngeus and Its Relation to the Levator Veli Palatini Based on Micro-Computed Tomography. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 148:389e-397e. [PMID: 34432689 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although multiple studies have been reported on the palatopharyngeus and levator veli palatini, their subtle anatomy and functions remain unclear. The authors elucidated the relationship between these muscles and their functional implications based on three-dimensional digital techniques. METHODS Cadaveric specimens were stained with iodine-potassium iodide and scanned using micro-computed tomography. The muscle fibers were drawn on the exported Imaging and Communications in Medicine images to reconstruct a three-dimensional model and further simplified. RESULTS In the soft palate, the palatopharyngeus was divided into three bundles. The largest inferior head was found to attach to the palatine aponeurosis, soft palate, and the hard palate on the oral side, which occupied approximately the anterior 28.4 to 36.2 percent of the soft palate in the midline. The superior head was thin and attached to the palatine aponeurosis and the surrounding mucosa on the nasal side. The posterior head was located posterior to the levator veli palatini with fibers attaching to the levator veli palatini and the median portion of the uvula. The levator veli palatini was clasped by the three heads of the palatopharyngeus. The fasciculi of the palatopharyngeus converged into a bundle of muscles at the pharynx and inserted into the lateral and posterior pharyngeal wall. CONCLUSIONS The palatopharyngeus is the largest muscle that connects the soft palate and pharyngeal wall; it closely coordinates with the levator veli palatini to control levator veli palatini overlifting, narrow the velopharyngeal port with the help of the superior constrictor, and elevate the pharynx. The palatopharyngeus and levator veli palatini help each other in velopharyngeal closure through coordination from other muscles.
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Zhao J, Ma H, Wang Y, Song T, Jiang C, Wu D, Yin N. Micro-Computed Tomography-Based Three-Dimensional Anatomical Structure of the Region Around the Pterygoid Hamulus. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:918-925. [PMID: 34402314 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211036302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Palatoplasty would involve the structures around the pterygoid hamulus. However, clinicians hold different opinions on the optimal approach for the muscles and palatine aponeurosis around the pterygoid hamulus. The absence of a consensus regarding this point can be attributed to the lack of investigations on the exact anatomy of this region. Therefore, we used micro-computed tomography to examine the anatomical structure of the region surrounding the pterygoid hamulus. DESIGN Cadaveric specimens were stained with iodine-potassium iodide and scanned by micro-computed tomography to study the structures of the tissues, particularly the muscle fibers. We imported Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine images to Mimics to reconstruct a 3-dimensional model and simplified the model. RESULTS Three muscles were present around the pterygoid hamulus, namely the palatopharyngeus (PP), superior constrictor (SC), and tensor veli palatini (TVP). The hamulus connects these muscles as a key pivot. The TVP extended to the palatine aponeurosis, which bypassed the pterygoid hamulus, and linked the PP and SC. Some muscle fibers of the SC originated from the hamulus, the aponeurosis of which was wrapped around the hamulus. There was a distinct gap between the pterygoid hamulus and the palatine aponeurosis. This formed a pulley-like structure around the pterygoid hamulus. CONCLUSIONS Transection or fracture of the palatine aponeurosis or pterygoid hamulus, respectively, may have detrimental effects on the muscles around the pterygoid hamulus, which play essential roles in the velopharyngeal function and middle ear ventilation. Currently, cleft palate repair has limited treatment options with proven successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuli Zhao
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, 74698Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Hengyuan Ma
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, 74698Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Yongqian Wang
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, 74698Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, 74698Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Chanyuan Jiang
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, 74698Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, 74698Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Ningbei Yin
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, 74698Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, China
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Yamamoto M, Chen HK, Hidetomo H, Watanabe A, Sakiyama K, Kim HJ, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe S. Superior labial artery and vein anastomosis configuration to be considered in lip augmentation. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151808. [PMID: 34324994 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cleft lip and palate is performed over a long period, starting immediately after birth. However, esthetic problems remain after lip augmentation. Endothelial cells of new capillaries are important for wound healing. Thus, the reconstruction of vascular networks is key to postoperative wound healing during lip augmentation. However, studies describing the superior labial artery (SLA) and superior labial vein (SLV) are rare, and their mutual positional relationship thus remains unclear. We procured 29 adult cadavers and ten fetuses. Macroscopic and histological examinations were performed on adult cadavers. We extracted soft tissues and blood vessels after micro-computed tomography (CT) and 3D tissue reconstruction. We performed histological investigations of vascular networks within the cleft lip in fetal samples. In adults, the SLV was distributed throughout the cutaneous side of the orbicularis oris muscle and the SLA, throughout the mucosal side. The SLV and SLA were separated by this muscle. Micro-CT images revealed that the SLA on the mucosal side transversed the orbicularis oris muscle to the SLV (55%). Histological analysis of fetuses revealed that the SLA was on the mucosal side, similar to that in adults, and traversed the orbicularis oris muscle in continuity with the SLV of the cutaneous side (100%). In lip augmentation, the reconstruction of the vascular structure, which involves the anastomosis of SLA and SLV passing through the orbicularis oris muscle, is an important factor when considering esthetic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, 2-9-18 Kanda-misakicho, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
| | - Hsiu-Kuo Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirouchi Hidetomo
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, 2-9-18 Kanda-misakicho, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sakiyama
- Division of Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan; Division of Internal Medicine, Jikou-kai Clinic of Home Visits, 4-4-18, Bieicho-Minamimachi, 071-0202 Kamikawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, 2-9-18 Kanda-misakicho, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
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20
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Gignac PM, O'Brien HD, Sanchez J, Vazquez-Sanroman D. Multiscale imaging of the rat brain using an integrated diceCT and histology workflow. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2153-2168. [PMID: 34173869 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in tissue visualization techniques have spurred significant gains in the biomedical sciences by enabling researchers to integrate their datasets across anatomical scales. Of particular import are techniques that enable the interpolation of multiple hierarchical scales in samples taken from the same individuals. In this study, we demonstrate that two-dimensional histology techniques can be employed on neural tissues following three-dimensional diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) without causing tissue degradation. This represents the first step toward a multiscale pipeline for brain visualization. We studied brains from adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats, comparing experimental (diceCT-stained then de-stained) to control (without diceCT) brains to examine neural tissues for immunolabeling integrity, compare somata sizes, and distinguish neurons from glial cells within the telencephalon and diencephalon. We hypothesized that if experimental and control samples do not differ significantly in morphological cell analysis, then brain tissues are robust to the chemical, temperature, and radiation environments required for these multiple, successive imaging protocols. Visualizations for experimental brains were first captured via micro-computed tomography scanning of isolated, iodine-infused specimens. Samples were then cleared of iodine, serially sectioned, and prepared again using immunofluorescent, fluorescent, and cresyl violet labeling, followed by imaging with confocal and light microscopy, respectively. Our results show that many neural targets are resilient to diceCT imaging and compatible with downstream histological staining as part of a low-cost, multiscale brain imaging pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gignac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Haley D O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Jimena Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Dolores Vazquez-Sanroman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA.
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杨 榕, 李 庆, 王 逸, 周 闻, 王 雯, 郭 传, 刘 浩, 郭 玉. [Application of iodine staining technique for tumor identification in Micro-CT of mouse model with skull base-infratemporal fossa tumor]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2021; 53:598-601. [PMID: 34145868 PMCID: PMC8220050 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish an animal model with malignant tumor in the skull base-infratemporal region, and to explore the role of iodine staining technique in identifying tumor tissues with Micro-CT data. METHODS Sedation anesthesia was carried out on 12 BABL/c nude mice using inhaled isoflurane, and then WSU-HN6 cells that cultured and immortalized from human tongue squamous cell carcinoma were injected into the right infratemporal fossa via the submandibular area. The procedure was carried out under ultrasonographic guidance. The nude mice were sacrificed after 3 weeks observation. The head specimens were fixed and scanned by Micro-CT, and repeated scans were performed after staining with 3.75% compound iodine solution. Following decalcification in 20% EDTA for 2-4 weeks, the head specimens were embedded and sectioned. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Pan-Keratin immunohistochemical staining were carried out. Bright-field microscopy and stereomicroscopy were used to visualize. The Micro-CT data were analyzed using iPlan software (Brainlab). RESULTS Non-traumatic ultrasonography was used to guide HN-6 cells injection and confirm skull-base tumor formation in all the animals. Ultrasonographic guidance reduced the risk of cervical vessel injury when transferring tumor cells into the skull base space. An obvious asymmetrical appearance was detected via ultrasonography 3 weeks after tumor cell injection. The Micro-CT analysis showed that the bone was obviously damaged on the right side of the skull base, but the soft tissue image was unrecognizable. After four days staining with compound iodine solution, the morphology of the tumor and surrounding soft tissue could be clearly identified. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed the tumor formation of the right infratemporal fossa region accompanied by bone destruction. Human keratin immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor tissue originated from human squamous cell carcinoma, and the polynuclear osteoclasts could be seen at the margin of the skull base bone resorption. CONCLUSION The animal model with malignant tumor in the skull base-infratemporal region could be successfully established via submandibular injection under ultrasound-guidance. Bone changes of the skull were easily observed on Micro-CT, but the tumor counter was not able to be distinguished from surrounding soft tissue. The 3.75% compound iodine staining of the head specimen could help discern the tumor and surrounding soft tissue in more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- 榕 杨
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院, 口腔颌面外科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - 庆祥 李
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院, 口腔颌面外科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - 逸飞 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院, 口腔颌面外科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - 闻 周
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院中心实验室, 北京 100081Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - 雯 王
- 河北医科大学口腔医院正畸科, 石家庄 050017Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomotology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - 传瑸 郭
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院, 口腔颌面外科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - 浩 刘
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院中心实验室, 北京 100081Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - 玉兴 郭
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院, 口腔颌面外科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
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22
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Jeffery NS, Sarver DC, Mendias CL. Ontogenetic and in silico models of spatial-packing in the hypermuscular mouse skull. J Anat 2021; 238:1284-1295. [PMID: 33438210 PMCID: PMC8128773 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks linking single genes to multiple phenotypic outcomes can be founded on local anatomical interactions as well as on systemic factors like biochemical products. Here we explore the effects of such interactions by investigating the competing spatial demands of brain and masticatory muscle growth within the hypermuscular myostatin-deficient mouse model and in computational simulations. Mice that lacked both copies of the myostatin gene (-/-) and display gross hypermuscularity, and control mice that had both copies of the myostatin gene (+/+) were sampled at 1, 7, 14 and 28 postnatal days. A total of 48 mice were imaged with standard as well as contrast-enhanced microCT. Size metrics and landmark configurations were collected from the image data and were analysed alongside in silico models of tissue expansion. Findings revealed that: masseter muscle volume was smaller in -/- mice at day 1 but became, and remained thereafter, larger by 7 days; -/- endocranial volumes begin and remained smaller; -/- enlargement of the masticatory muscles was associated with caudolateral displacement of the calvarium, lateral displacement of the zygomatic arches, and slight dorsal deflection of the face and basicranium. Simulations revealed basicranial retroflexion (flattening) and dorsal deflection of the face associated with muscle expansion and abrogative covariations of basicranial flexion and ventral facial deflection associated with endocranial expansion. Our findings support the spatial-packing theory and highlight the importance of understanding the harmony of competing spatial demands that can shape and maintain mammalian skull architecture during ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S. Jeffery
- Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Dylan C. Sarver
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Christopher L. Mendias
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- HSS Research InstituteHospital for Special SurgeryNew YorkNYUSA
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23
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Busse M, Marciniszyn JP, Ferstl S, Kimm MA, Pfeiffer F, Gulder T. 3D-Non-destructive Imaging through Heavy-Metal Eosin Salt Contrast Agents. Chemistry 2021; 27:4561-4566. [PMID: 33300642 PMCID: PMC7986394 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional histology is a destructive technique based on the evaluation of 2D slices of a 3D biopsy. By using 3D X‐ray histology these obstacles can be overcome, but their application is still restricted due to the inherently low attenuation properties of soft tissue. In order to solve this problem, the tissue can be stained before X‐ray computed tomography imaging (CT) to enhance the soft tissue X‐ray contrast. Evaluation of brominated fluorescein salts revealed a mutual influence of the number of bromine atoms and the cations applied on the achieved contrast enhancement. The dibromo fluorescein barium salt turned out to be the ideal X‐ray contrast agent, allowing for 3D imaging and subsequent complementing counterstaining applying standard histological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madleen Busse
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw P Marciniszyn
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Simone Ferstl
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Melanie A Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Bailleul AM, Lu J, Li Z. DiceCT applied to fossilized hard tissues: A preliminary case study using a miocene bird. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:364-375. [PMID: 33666331 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Iodine-based contrasting agents for computed tomography (CT) have been used for decades in medicine. Agents like Lugol's iodine enhance the contrasts between soft tissues and mineralized (skeletal) tissues. Because a recent study on extant avian heads showed that iodine-ethanol (I2 E) is a better contrast enhancer overall than the standard Lugol's iodine, here, we tested if I2 E could also enhance the CT contrasts of two fossilized skeletal tissues: bone and calcified cartilage. For this, we used a partial ankle joint from an extinct pheasant from the Late Miocene of Northwest China (Linxia Basin). The pre-staining CT scans showed no microstructural details of the sample. After being immersed into a solution of 1% I2 E for 8 days and scanned a second time, the contrasts were drastically enhanced between the mineralized tissues (bony trabeculae and calcified cartilage) and the sediments and minerals inside vascular spaces. After three other staining-scanning cycles in 2%, 3%, and 6% I2 E solutions, the best contrasts were obtained after immersion in 6% I2 E for 7 days. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy showed that iodine was preferentially absorbed by the mineralized tissues and the minerals in the vascular spaces, but not by the sediments. This method not only effectively increased the contrasts of two different fossilized skeletal tissues, it was also non-destructive and reversible because part of the fossil was successfully de-stained after a few days in pure ethanol. These preliminary results indicate that iodine-ethanol has the potential to be used widely in vertebrate paleontology to improve CT imaging of fossilized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida M Bailleul
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
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25
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Schachner ER, Hedrick BP, Richbourg HA, Hutchinson JR, Farmer CG. Anatomy, ontogeny, and evolution of the archosaurian respiratory system: A case study on Alligator mississippiensis and Struthio camelus. J Anat 2020; 238:845-873. [PMID: 33345301 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian lung is highly specialized and is both functionally and morphologically distinct from that of their closest extant relatives, the crocodilians. It is highly partitioned, with a unidirectionally ventilated and immobilized gas-exchanging lung, and functionally decoupled, compliant, poorly vascularized ventilatory air-sacs. To understand the evolutionary history of the archosaurian respiratory system, it is essential to determine which anatomical characteristics are shared between birds and crocodilians and the role these shared traits play in their respective respiratory biology. To begin to address this larger question, we examined the anatomy of the lung and bronchial tree of 10 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and 11 ostriches (Struthio camelus) across an ontogenetic series using traditional and micro-computed tomography (µCT), three-dimensional (3D) digital models, and morphometry. Intraspecific variation and left to right asymmetry were present in certain aspects of the bronchial tree of both taxa but was particularly evident in the cardiac (medial) region of the lungs of alligators and the caudal aspect of the bronchial tree in both species. The cross-sectional area of the primary bronchus at the level of the major secondary airways and cross-sectional area of ostia scaled either isometrically or negatively allometrically in alligators and isometrically or positively allometrically in ostriches with respect to body mass. Of 15 lung metrics, five were significantly different between the alligator and ostrich, suggesting that these aspects of the lung are more interspecifically plastic in archosaurs. One metric, the distances between the carina and each of the major secondary airways, had minimal intraspecific or ontogenetic variation in both alligators and ostriches, and thus may be a conserved trait in both taxa. In contrast to previous descriptions, the 3D digital models and CT scan data demonstrate that the pulmonary diverticula pneumatize the axial skeleton of the ostrich directly from the gas-exchanging pulmonary tissues instead of the air sacs. Global and specific comparisons between the bronchial topography of the alligator and ostrich reveal multiple possible homologies, suggesting that certain structural aspects of the bronchial tree are likely conserved across Archosauria, and may have been present in the ancestral archosaurian lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Schachner
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Brandon P Hedrick
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Heather A Richbourg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Structure & Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - C G Farmer
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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26
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Novo Matos J, Garcia-Canadilla P, Simcock IC, Hutchinson JC, Dobromylskyj M, Guy A, Arthurs OJ, Cook AC, Luis Fuentes V. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for the assessment of myocardial disarray, fibrosis and ventricular mass in a feline model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20169. [PMID: 33214588 PMCID: PMC7678873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a high-resolution imaging modality that provides accurate tissue characterization. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) occurs as a spontaneous disease in cats, and is characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, disarray and fibrosis, as in humans. While hypertrophy/mass (LVM) can be objectively measured, fibrosis and myocyte disarray are difficult to assess. We evaluated the accuracy of micro-CT for detection and quantification of myocardial disarray and fibrosis by direct comparison with histopathology. 29 cat hearts (12 normal and 17 HCM hearts) underwent micro-CT and pathologic examination. Myocyte orientation was assessed using structure tensor analysis by determination of helical angle (HA), fractional anisotropy (FA) and myocardial disarray index (MDI). Fibrosis was segmented and quantified based on comparison of gray-scale values in normal and fibrotic myocardium. LVM was obtained by determining myocardial volume. Myocardial segments with low FA, low MDI and disruption of normal HA transmural profile on micro-CT were associated with myocardial disarray on histopathology. FA was consistently lower in HCM than normal hearts. Assessment of fibrosis on micro-CT closely matched the histopathologic evaluation. LVM determined by micro-CT was higher in HCM than normal hearts. Micro-CT can be used to detect and quantify myocardial disarray and fibrosis and determine myocardial mass in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Novo Matos
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
| | - Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian C Simcock
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - J Ciaran Hutchinson
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Anna Guy
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
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27
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Novo Matos J, Garcia-Canadilla P, Simcock IC, Hutchinson JC, Dobromylskyj M, Guy A, Arthurs OJ, Cook AC, Luis Fuentes V. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for the assessment of myocardial disarray, fibrosis and ventricular mass in a feline model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 33214588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76809-5.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a high-resolution imaging modality that provides accurate tissue characterization. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) occurs as a spontaneous disease in cats, and is characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, disarray and fibrosis, as in humans. While hypertrophy/mass (LVM) can be objectively measured, fibrosis and myocyte disarray are difficult to assess. We evaluated the accuracy of micro-CT for detection and quantification of myocardial disarray and fibrosis by direct comparison with histopathology. 29 cat hearts (12 normal and 17 HCM hearts) underwent micro-CT and pathologic examination. Myocyte orientation was assessed using structure tensor analysis by determination of helical angle (HA), fractional anisotropy (FA) and myocardial disarray index (MDI). Fibrosis was segmented and quantified based on comparison of gray-scale values in normal and fibrotic myocardium. LVM was obtained by determining myocardial volume. Myocardial segments with low FA, low MDI and disruption of normal HA transmural profile on micro-CT were associated with myocardial disarray on histopathology. FA was consistently lower in HCM than normal hearts. Assessment of fibrosis on micro-CT closely matched the histopathologic evaluation. LVM determined by micro-CT was higher in HCM than normal hearts. Micro-CT can be used to detect and quantify myocardial disarray and fibrosis and determine myocardial mass in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Novo Matos
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
| | - Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian C Simcock
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - J Ciaran Hutchinson
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Anna Guy
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Self TS, Ginn-Hedman AM, Kaulfus CN, Newell-Fugate AE, Weeks BR, Heaps CL. Iodine-enhanced micro-computed tomography of atherosclerotic plaque morphology complements conventional histology. Atherosclerosis 2020; 313:43-49. [PMID: 33022583 PMCID: PMC7655693 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Visualization of arterial lesions in situ can enhance understanding of atherosclerosis progression and potentially improve experimental therapies. Conventional histology methods for assessing atherosclerotic lesions are robust but are destructive and may prevent further tissue analysis. The objective of the current study was to evaluate a novel, nondestructive method for visualization and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions as an alternative or complementary to routine histology. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) paired with an iodine-based radiopaque stain would effectively characterize atherosclerotic plaques in a manner comparable to routine histology while maintaining sample integrity and providing whole-volume data. METHODS We examined porcine coronary arteries with varying degrees of atherosclerosis, using micro-CT in the absence and presence of iohexol (240 mgI/ml). Following iohexol washout, routine histological assessment of the samples was performed with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome. RESULTS Iohexol staining generated soft tissue delineation and subsequent atherosclerotic plaque assessment via augmented radiopacity, permitting three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of these lesions, maintaining in situ architecture. Although plaque distribution and arterial wall tissue layers were discernible, micro-CT was incapable of discriminating cell types comprising the plaque. Calcium phosphate deposition was readily located and visualized in 3D space, independent of iohexol. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study establish micro-CT, combined with a diffusible radiopaque contrast agent, as a powerful imaging modality for visualizing in situ architecture of atherosclerotic plaques. Our findings demonstrate that micro-CT can be used to identify plaque distribution and calcium deposition complementary to routine histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Self
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Annie E Newell-Fugate
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brad R Weeks
- Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cristine L Heaps
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Michael E. DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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29
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Xia CW, Gan RL, Pan JR, Hu SQ, Zhou QZ, Chen S, Zhang L, Hu QG, Wang YX. Lugol's Iodine-Enhanced Micro-CT: A Potential 3-D Imaging Method for Detecting Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Specimens in Surgery. Front Oncol 2020; 10:550171. [PMID: 33194607 PMCID: PMC7609877 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.550171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A positive surgical margin (PSM) following oral cancer resection results in local recurrence and poor prognosis. Mono-block tumor specimens, especially from the tumor base, are difficult to evaluate. This inaccurate sampling ultimately leads to a false pathological diagnosis. Lugol’s iodine (I2-IK)-enhanced micro-CT is an emerging method to image tumor specimens. This study explores the feasibility of I2-IK-enhanced micro-CT to evaluate the surgical margin for tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) specimens and to further seek optimal staining parameters. Methods Rabbit tongue tissues and human TSCC samples were imaged via I2-IK-enhanced micro-CT. The optimal I2-IK concentration and staining time were determined before clinical application using tissue shrinkage, micro-CT image quality, and effect on pathological diagnosis as assessment criteria. Next, 6 TSCC specimens were used to verify the process feasibility of surgical margin imaging with the optimal parameters. Finally, the possible reason by which I2-IK could enhance micro-CT imaging was validated in vitro. Results I2-IK staining influenced specimen shrinkage, micro-CT image quality, and pathological image quality in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After comprehensively considering these indicators, 3% I2-IK staining for 48 and 12 h were found to be optimal for rabbit tongue tissues and TSCC samples, respectively. This method could provide a detailed 3-D structure of TSCC samples compared with H&E sections. Moreover, tumor and normal tissues could be differentiated by their glycogen content, which has high affinity with I2-IK. Conclusions I2-IK-enhanced micro-CT could, thus, indicate the tumor margin and assist pathological sampling in patients with TSCC postoperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wan Xia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong-Lin Gan
- Department of Stomatology, The Suzhou Hospital That Is Affiliated to the Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiong-Ru Pan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Qi Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun-Zhi Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin-Gang Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Early CM, Morhardt AC, Cleland TP, Milensky CM, Kavich GM, James HF. Chemical effects of diceCT staining protocols on fluid-preserved avian specimens. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238783. [PMID: 32946473 PMCID: PMC7500670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) techniques allow visualization of soft tissues of fluid-preserved specimens in three dimensions without dissection or histology. Two popular diceCT stains, iodine-potassium iodide (I2KI) dissolved in water and elemental iodine (I2) dissolved in 100% ethanol (EtOH), yield striking results. Despite the widespread use of these stains in clinical and biological fields, the molecular mechanisms that result in color change and radiopacity attributed to iodine staining are poorly understood. Requests to apply these stains to anatomical specimens preserved in natural history museums are increasing, yet curators have little information about the potential for degradation of treated specimens. To assess the molecular effects of iodine staining on typical museum specimens, we compared the two popular stains and two relatively unexplored stains (I2KI in 70% EtOH, I2 in 70% EtOH). House sparrows (Passer domesticus) were collected and preserved under uniform conditions following standard museum protocols, and each was then subjected to one of the stains. Results show that the three ethanol-based stains worked equally well (producing fully stained, life-like, publication quality scans) but in different timeframes (five, six, or eight weeks). The specimen in I2KI in water became degraded in physical condition, including developing flexible, demineralized bones. The ethanol-based methods also resulted in some demineralization but less than the water-based stain. The pH of the water-based stain was notably acidic compared to the water used as solvent in the stain. Our molecular analyses indicate that whereas none of the stains resulted in unacceptable levels of protein degradation, the bones of a specimen stained with I2KI in water demineralized throughout the staining process. We conclude that staining with I2KI or elemental I2 in 70% EtOH can yield high-quality soft-tissue visualization in a timeframe that is similar to that of better-known iodine-based stains, with lower risk of negative impacts on specimen condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Early
- Biology Department, Science Museum of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Ashley C. Morhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Cleland
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Milensky
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Gwénaëlle M. Kavich
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Helen F. James
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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diceCT: A Valuable Technique to Study the Nervous System of Fish. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0076-20.2020. [PMID: 32471849 PMCID: PMC7642124 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0076-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced X-ray imaging provides a non-destructive and flexible approach to optimizing contrast in soft tissues, especially when incorporated with Lugol's solution (aqueous I2KI), a technique currently referred to as diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT). This stain exhibits high rates of penetration and results in excellent contrast between and within soft tissues, including the central nervous system. Here, we present a staining method for optimizing contrast in the brain of a cartilaginous fish, the brownbanded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum, and a bony fish, the common goldfish, Carassius auratus, using diceCT. The aim of this optimization procedure is to provide suitable contrast between neural tissue and background tissue(s) of the head, thereby facilitating digital segmentation and volumetric analysis of the central nervous system. Both species were scanned before staining and were rescanned at time (T) intervals, either every 48 h (C. punctatum) or every 24 h (C. auratus), to assess stain penetration and contrast enhancement. To compare stain intensities, raw X-ray CT data were reconstructed using air and water calibration phantoms that were scanned under identical conditions to the samples. Optimal contrast across the brain was achieved at T = 240 h for C. punctatum and T = 96 h for C. auratus Higher resolution scans of the whole brain were obtained at the two optimized staining times for all the corresponding specimens. The use of diceCT provides a new and valuable tool for visualizing differences in the anatomic organization of both the central and peripheral nervous systems of fish.
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Doost A, Rangel A, Nguyen Q, Morahan G, Arnolda L. Micro-CT scan with virtual dissection of left ventricle is a non-destructive, reproducible alternative to dissection and weighing for left ventricular size. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13853. [PMID: 32807896 PMCID: PMC7431593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-CT scan images enhanced by iodine staining provide high-resolution visualisation of soft tissues in laboratory mice. We have compared Micro-CT scan-derived left ventricular (LV) mass with dissection and weighing. Ex-vivo micro-CT scan images of the mouse hearts were obtained following staining by iodine. The LV was segmented and its volume was assessed using a semi-automated method by Drishti software. The left ventricle was then dissected in the laboratory and its actual weight was measured and compared against the estimated results. LV mass was calculated multiplying its estimated volume and myocardial specific gravity. Thirty-five iodine-stained post-natal mouse hearts were studied. Mice were of either sex and 68 to 352 days old (median age 202 days with interquartile range 103 to 245 days) at the time of sacrifice. Samples were from 20 genetically diverse strains. Median mouse body weight was 29 g with interquartile range 24 to 34 g. Left Ventricular weights ranged from 40.0 to 116.7 mg. The segmented LV mass estimated from micro-CT scan and directly measured dissected LV mass were strongly correlated (R2 = 0. 97). Segmented LV mass derived from Micro-CT images was very similar to the physically dissected LV mass (mean difference = 0.09 mg; 95% confidence interval − 3.29 mg to 3.1 mg). Micro-CT scanning provides a non-destructive, efficient and accurate visualisation tool for anatomical analysis of animal heart models of human cardiovascular conditions. Iodine-stained soft tissue imaging empowers researchers to perform qualitative and quantitative assessment of the cardiac structures with preservation of the samples for future histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Doost
- Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alejandra Rangel
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Building 32, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Quang Nguyen
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Leonard Arnolda
- Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Building 32, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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X-ray microtomography is a novel method for accurate evaluation of small-bowel mucosal morphology and surface area. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13164. [PMID: 32753621 PMCID: PMC7403326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The often poorly orientated small-bowel mucosal biopsies taken for the diagnostics of celiac disease and other intestinal disorders are prone to misinterpretation. Furthermore, conventional histopathology has suboptimal sensitivity for early histopathological changes observed in short-term challenge studies. X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) is a promising new method for accurate imaging of human-derived biological samples. Here, we report that micro-CT could be utilized to create virtual reconstructions of endoscopically obtained intestinal biopsies. The formed digital 3D images enabled selection of always optimal cutting angles for accurate measurement of the mucosal damage and revealed diagnostic lesions in cases interpreted as normal with conventional histomorphometry. We also demonstrate that computer-assisted point cloud analysis can be used to calculate biologically meaningful surface areas of the biopsies in different stages of mucosal damage with excellent replicability and correlation with other disease parameters. We expect the improved diagnostic accuracy and capability to measure the surface areas to provide a powerful tool for the diagnostics of intestinal diseases and for future clinical and pharmaceutical trials.
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Dickinson E, Atkinson E, Meza A, Kolli S, Deutsch AR, Burrows AM, Hartstone-Rose A. Visualization and quantification of mimetic musculature via DiceCT. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9343. [PMID: 32587802 PMCID: PMC7304424 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscles of facial expression are of significant interest to studies of communicative behaviors. However, due to their small size and high integration with other facial tissues, the current literature is largely restricted to descriptions of the presence or absence of specific muscles. Using diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) to stain and digitally image the mimetic mask of Eulemur flavifrons (the blue-eyed black lemur), we demonstrate-for the first time-the ability to visualize these muscles in three-dimensional space and to measure their relative volumes. Comparing these data to earlier accounts of mimetic organization with the face of lemuroidea, we demonstrate several novel configurations within this taxon, particularly in the superior auriculolabialis and the posterior auricularis. We conclude that DiceCT facilitates the study these muscles in closer detail than has been previously possible, and offers significant potential for future studies of this anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Emily Atkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Antonio Meza
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Shruti Kolli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Deutsch
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Thompson N, Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Iacoviello F, Aristovich K, Perkins J, Shearing PR, Holder D. MicroCT optimisation for imaging fascicular anatomy in peripheral nerves. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108652. [PMID: 32179090 PMCID: PMC7181190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of understanding of the fascicular organisation, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) leads to unwanted off-target effects. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) can be used to trace fascicles from periphery and image fascicular anatomy. NEW METHOD In this study, we present a simple and reproducible method for imaging fascicles in peripheral nerves with iodine staining and microCT for the determination of fascicular anatomy and organisation. RESULTS At the determined optimal pre-processing steps and scanning parameters, the microCT protocol allowed for segmentation and tracking of fascicles within the nerves. This was achieved after 24 hours and 120 hours of staining with Lugol's solution (1% total iodine) for rat sciatic and pig vagus nerves, respectively, and the following scanning parameters: 4 μm voxel size, 35 kVp energy, 114 μA current, 4 W power, 0.25 fps in 4 s exposure time, 3176 projections and a molybdenum target. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) This optimised method for imaging fascicles provides high-resolution, three-dimensional images and full imaging penetration depth not obtainable with methods typically used such as histology, magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography whilst obviating time-consuming pre-processing methods, the amount of memory required, destruction of the samples and the cost associated with current microCT methods. CONCLUSION The optimised microCT protocol facilitates segmentation and tracking of the fascicles within the nerve. The resulting segmentation map of the functional anatomical organisation of the vagus nerve will enable selective VNS ultimately allowing for the avoidance of the off-target effects and improving its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thompson
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Enrico Ravagli
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Chemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Aristovich
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Perkins
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Chemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David Holder
- EIT and Neurophysiology Lab, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Cox PG, Faulkes CG, Bennett NC. Masticatory musculature of the African mole-rats (Rodentia: Bathyergidae). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8847. [PMID: 32231887 PMCID: PMC7100595 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bathyergidae, commonly known as blesmols or African mole-rats, is a family of rodents well-known for their subterranean lifestyle and tunnelling behaviour. Four of the five extant bathyergid genera (Cryptomys, Fukomys, Georychus and Heliophobius) are chisel-tooth diggers, that is they dig through soil with their enlarged incisors, whereas the remaining genus (Bathyergus) is a scratch-digger, only using its forelimbs for burrowing. Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole-rat, is also a chisel-tooth digger and was until recently included within the Bathyergidae (as the most basally branching genus), but has now been placed by some researchers into its own family, the Heterocephalidae. Given the importance of the masticatory apparatus in habitat construction in this group, knowledge and understanding of the morphology and arrangement of the jaw-closing muscles in Bathyergidae is vital for future functional analyses. Here, we use diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced microCT to reveal and describe the muscles of mastication in representative specimens of each genus of bathyergid mole-rat and to compare them to the previously described musculature of the naked mole-rat. In all bathyergids, as in all rodents, the masseter muscle is the most dominant component of the masticatory musculature. However, the temporalis is also a relatively large muscle, a condition normally associated with sciuromorphous rodents. Unlike their hystricomorphous relatives, the bathyergids do not show an extension of the masseter through the infraorbital foramen on to the rostrum (other than a very slight protrusion in Cryptomys and Fukomys). Thus, morphologically, bathyergids are protrogomorphous, although this is thought to be secondarily derived rather than retained from ancestral rodents. Overall, the relative proportions of the jaw-closing muscles were found to be fairly consistent between genera except in Bathyergus, which was found to have an enlarged superficial masseter and relatively smaller pterygoid muscles. It is concluded that these differences may be a reflection of the behaviour of Bathyergus which, uniquely in the family, does not use its incisors for digging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Cox
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Chris G Faulkes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Santana SE, Arbour JH, Curtis AA, Stanchak KE. 3D Digitization in Functional Morphology: Where is the Point of Diminishing Returns? Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:656-668. [PMID: 31187133 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern computational and imaging methods are revolutionizing the fields of comparative morphology, biomechanics, and ecomorphology. In particular, imaging tools such as X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) and diffusible iodine-based contrast enhanced CT allow observing and measuring small and/or otherwise inaccessible anatomical structures, and creating highly accurate three-dimensional (3D) renditions that can be used in biomechanical modeling and tests of functional or evolutionary hypotheses. But, do the larger datasets generated through 3D digitization always confer greater power to uncover functional or evolutionary patterns, when compared with more traditional methodologies? And, if so, why? Here, we contrast the advantages and challenges of using data generated via (3D) CT methods versus more traditional (2D) approaches in the study of skull macroevolution and feeding functional morphology in bats. First, we test for the effect of dimensionality and landmark number on inferences of adaptive shifts during cranial evolution by contrasting results from 3D versus 2D geometric morphometric datasets of bat crania. We find sharp differences between results generated from the 3D versus some of the 2D datasets (xy, yz, ventral, and frontal), which appear to be primarily driven by the loss of critical dimensions of morphological variation rather than number of landmarks. Second, we examine differences in accuracy and precision among 2D and 3D predictive models of bite force by comparing three skull lever models that differ in the sources of skull and muscle anatomical data. We find that a 3D model that relies on skull µCT scans and muscle data partly derived from diceCT is slightly more accurate than models based on skull photographs or skull µCT and muscle data fully derived from dissections. However, the benefit of using the diceCT-informed model is modest given the effort it currently takes to virtually dissect muscles from CT scans. By contrasting traditional and modern tools, we illustrate when and why 3D datasets may be preferable over 2D data, and vice versa, and how different methodologies can complement each other in comparative analyses of morphological function and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica H Arbour
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stanchak
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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MR imaging as a precise technique to evaluate skull-base tumor volume: Comparison of CT, MR imaging and FDG PET from murine and clinical data. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 48:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lesciotto KM, Motch Perrine SM, Kawasaki M, Stecko T, Ryan TM, Kawasaki K, Richtsmeier JT. Phosphotungstic acid-enhanced microCT: Optimized protocols for embryonic and early postnatal mice. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:573-585. [PMID: 31736206 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the need for descriptive and increasingly mechanistic morphological analyses, contrast-enhanced microcomputed tomography (microCT) represents perhaps the best method for visualizing 3D biological soft tissues in situ. Although staining protocols using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) have been published with beautiful visualizations of soft tissue structures, these protocols are often aimed at highly specific research questions and are applicable to a limited set of model organisms, specimen ages, or tissue types. We provide detailed protocols for micro-level visualization of soft tissue structures in mice at several embryonic and early postnatal ages using PTA-enhanced microCT. RESULTS Our protocols produce microCT scans that enable visualization and quantitative analyses of whole organisms, individual tissues, and organ systems while preserving 3D morphology and relationships with surrounding structures, with minimal soft tissue shrinkage. Of particular note, both internal and external features of the murine heart, lungs, and liver, as well as embryonic cartilage, are captured at high resolution. CONCLUSION These protocols have broad applicability to mouse models for a variety of diseases and conditions. Minor experimentation in the staining duration can expand this protocol to additional age groups, permitting ontogenetic studies of internal organs and soft tissue structures within their 3D in situ position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Lesciotto
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Mizuho Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy Stecko
- Center for Quantitative Imaging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Dickinson E, Kolli S, Schwenk A, Davis CE, Hartstone‐Rose A. DiceCT Analysis of the Extreme Gouging Adaptations Within the Masticatory Apparatus of the Aye‐Aye (
Daubentonia madagascariensis
). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:282-294. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Shruti Kolli
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Alysa Schwenk
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Cassidy E. Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
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New Insights Into 3-Dimensional Anatomy of the Facial Mimetic Muscles Related to the Nasolabial Fold: An Iodine Staining Technique Based on Micro-Computed Tomography. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 84:322-327. [PMID: 31688114 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to introduce a novel approach to study the facial mimetic muscles (FMMs) related to the nasolabial fold (NLF) and realize the visualization of complex 3-dimensional (3D) structures of the FMM. METHODS Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and iodine staining technique were used to obtain the 2-dimensional radiographs of the FMM. Materialise Mimics software was then used to reconstruct the 3D model of the FMM. RESULTS The zygomaticus major muscle was not directly connected to the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM). The terminal fibers of the zygomaticus major muscle were located in the levator anguli oris. The surface of the FMM was covered with some unknown muscle fibers in the NLF. The terminal fibers of the zygolabialis ended in the middle of the ipsilateral OOM rather than the edge of the OOM. At the same anatomical level, the FMM fibers were so closely connected to each other that they were not separated by adipose tissue. A detailed 3D sequence of the muscle fibers in the modiolus at the corner of the mouth was determined. The muscle fibers in the modiolus were organized rather than disorganized. The terminal fibers of the levator anguli oris were located at the terminal fibers of the musculus depressor anguli oris at the corner of mouth. CONCLUSIONS Although the micro-CT had many disadvantages, the micro-CT combined with iodine staining technique enabled the 3D anatomical study of the FMM related to NLF. We imported the 2-dimensional images obtained by micro-CT scanning into Mimics software, successfully reconstructed the FMM related to the NLF, and finally obtained images of complex 3D structures of the FMM related to the NLF. The shapes, positions, and 3D spatial relationships between the FMM related to the NLF were clearly visualized. The novel insights into the 3D anatomy of the FMM related to NLF may help understand the formation of the NLF. Finally, the results of this study may help improve rejuvenation surgery of the NLF in the near future.
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Tsai HP, Turner ML, Manafzadeh AR, Gatesy SM. Contrast-enhanced XROMM reveals in vivo soft tissue interactions in the hip of Alligator mississippiensis. J Anat 2019; 236:288-304. [PMID: 31691966 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant archosaurs exhibit highly divergent articular soft tissue anatomies between avian and crocodilian lineages. However, the general lack of understanding of the dynamic interactions among archosaur joint soft tissues has hampered further inferences about the function and evolution of these joints. Here we use contrast-enhanced computed tomography to generate 3D surface models of the pelvis, femora, and hip joint soft tissues in an extant archosaur, the American alligator. The hip joints were then animated using marker-based X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to visualize soft tissue articulation during forward terrestrial locomotion. We found that the anatomical femoral head of the alligator travels beyond the cranial extent of the bony acetabulum and does not act as a central pivot, as has been suggested for some extinct archosaurs. Additionally, the fibrocartilaginous surfaces of the alligator's antitrochanter and femoral neck remain engaged during hip flexion and extension, similar to the articulation between homologous structures in birds. Moreover, the femoral insertion of the ligamentum capitis moves dorsoventrally against the membrane-bound portion of the medial acetabular wall, suggesting that the inner acetabular foramen constrains the excursion of this ligament as it undergoes cyclical stretching during the step cycle. Finally, the articular surface of the femoral cartilage model interpenetrates with those of the acetabular labrum and antitrochanter menisci; we interpret such interpenetration as evidence of compressive deformation of the labrum and of sliding movement of the menisci. Our data illustrate the utility of XROMM for studying in vivo articular soft tissue interactions. These results also allow us to propose functional hypotheses for crocodilian hip joint soft tissues, expanding our knowledge of vertebrate connective tissue biology and the role of joint soft tissues in locomotor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry P Tsai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Morgan L Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Armita R Manafzadeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen M Gatesy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Law CJ, Mehta RS. Dry versus wet and gross: Comparisons between the dry skull method and gross dissection in estimations of jaw muscle cross-sectional area and bite forces in sea otters. J Morphol 2019; 280:1706-1713. [PMID: 31513299 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bite force is a measure of feeding performance used to elucidate links between animal morphology, ecology, and fitness. Obtaining live individuals for in vivo bite-force measurements or freshly deceased specimens for bite force modeling is challenging for many species. Thomason's dry skull method for mammals relies solely on osteological specimens and, therefore, presents an advantageous approach that enables researchers to estimate and compare bite forces across extant and even extinct species. However, how accurately the dry skull method estimates physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of the jaw adductor muscles and theoretical bite force has rarely been tested. Here, we use an ontogenetic series of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) to test the hypothesis that skeletomuscular traits estimated from the dry skull method accurately predicts test traits derived from dissection-based biomechanical modeling. Although variables from these two methods exhibited strong positive relationships across ontogeny, we found that the dry skull method overestimates PCSA of the masseter and underestimates PCSA of the temporalis. Jaw adductor in-levers for both jaw muscles and overall bite force are overestimated. Surprisingly, we reveal that sexual dimorphism in craniomandibular shape affects temporalis PCSA estimations; the dry skull method predicted female temporalis PCSA well but underestimates male temporalis PCSA across ontogeny. These results highlight the importance of accounting for sexual dimorphism and other intraspecific variation when using the dry skull method. Together, we found the dry skull method provides an underestimation of bite force over ontogeny and that the underlying anatomical components driving bite force may be misrepresented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Law
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Rita S Mehta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
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Katsamenis OL, Olding M, Warner JA, Chatelet DS, Jones MG, Sgalla G, Smit B, Larkin OJ, Haig I, Richeldi L, Sinclair I, Lackie PM, Schneider P. X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Three-Dimensional (3D) X-ray Histology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1608-1620. [PMID: 31125553 PMCID: PMC6680277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, micro-computed tomography (μCT) has been considered unsuitable for histologic analysis of unstained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded soft tissue biopsy specimens because of a lack of image contrast between the tissue and the paraffin. However, we recently demonstrated that μCT can successfully resolve microstructural detail in routinely prepared tissue specimens. Herein, we illustrate how μCT imaging of standard formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens can be seamlessly integrated into conventional histology workflows, enabling nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) X-ray histology, the use and benefits of which we showcase for the exemplar of human lung biopsy specimens. This technology advancement was achieved through manufacturing a first-of-kind μCT scanner for X-ray histology and developing optimized imaging protocols, which do not require any additional sample preparation. 3D X-ray histology allows for nondestructive 3D imaging of tissue microstructure, resolving structural connectivity and heterogeneity of complex tissue networks, such as the vascular network or the respiratory tract. We also demonstrate that 3D X-ray histology can yield consistent and reproducible image quality, enabling quantitative assessment of a tissue's 3D microstructures, which is inaccessible to conventional two-dimensional histology. Being nondestructive, the technique does not interfere with histology workflows, permitting subsequent tissue characterization by means of conventional light microscopy-based histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. 3D X-ray histology can be readily applied to a plethora of archival materials, yielding unprecedented opportunities in diagnosis and research of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis L Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Olding
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Warner
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Jones
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bennie Smit
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Haig
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Richeldi
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Engineering Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Dickinson E, Basham C, Rana A, Hartstone‐Rose A. Visualization and Quantification of Digitally Dissected Muscle Fascicles in the Masticatory Muscles of
Callithrix jacchus
Using Nondestructive DiceCT. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1891-1900. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Colin Basham
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | | | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
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46
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Jian J, Zhao X, Qin L, Zhao Y, Sun M, Lv W, Hu C. Three-dimensional visualization of fibrous tissues in cirrhotic rats via X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography with iodine staining. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1354-1360. [PMID: 31274464 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To accurately characterize cirrhosis, knowledge of the 3D fibrous structures is essential. Histology is the gold standard in cirrhosis screening, but it mainly provides structural information in 2D planes and destroys the 3D samples in the process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) with iodine staining for the 3D nondestructive visualization of internal structural details in entire cirrhotic livers with histopathologic correlation. In this study, cirrhotic livers induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats were imaged via PCCT and then histopathologically processed. Characteristics of the cirrhosis, i.e. abnormal nodules surrounded by annular fibrosis, were established and a 3D reconstruction of these structures was also performed via PCCT. Fibrosis area, septal width and nodular size were measured and the correlation for these quantitative measurements between PCCT and histopathologic findings was analyzed. The results showed that fibrous bands, small nodules and angio-architecture in cirrhosis were clearly presented in the PCCT images, with histopathologic findings as standard reference. In comparison with histopathology, PCCT was associated with a very close value for fibrosis area, septal width and nodular size. The quantitative measurements showed a strong correlation between PCCT and histopathology. Additionally, the 3D structures of fibrous bands and microvasculature were presented simultaneously. PCCT provides excellent results in the assessment of cirrhosis characteristics and 3D presentation of these feature structures compared with histopathology. Thus, the technique may serve as an adjunct nondestructive 3D modality for cirrhosis characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Jian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
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47
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Chaturvedi D, Prabhakar S, Aggarwal A, Atreya KB, VijayRaghavan K. Adult Drosophila muscle morphometry through microCT reveals dynamics during ageing. Open Biol 2019; 9:190087. [PMID: 31238820 PMCID: PMC6597753 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in adult Drosophila provide the key power stroke for wing beating. They also serve as a valuable model for studying muscle development. An age-dependent decline in Drosophila free flight has been documented, but its relation to gross muscle structure has not yet been explored satisfactorily. Such analyses are impeded by conventional histological preparations and imaging techniques that limit exact morphometry of flight muscles. In this study, we employ microCT scanning on a tissue preparation that retains muscle morphology under homeostatic conditions. Focusing on a subset of IFMs called the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), we find that DLM volumes increase with age, partially due to the increased separation between myofibrillar fascicles, in a sex-dependent manner. We have uncovered and quantified asymmetry in the size of these muscles on either side of the longitudinal midline. Measurements of this resolution and scale make substantive studies that test the connection between form and function possible. We also demonstrate the application of this method to other insect species making it a valuable tool for histological analysis of insect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Chaturvedi
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
| | - Sunil Prabhakar
- 2 microCT and EM Facility, National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
| | - Aman Aggarwal
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India.,3 Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka 576104 , India
| | - Krishan B Atreya
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
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48
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Jones MEH, Button DJ, Barrett PM, Porro LB. Digital dissection of the head of the rock dove ( Columba livia) using contrast-enhanced computed tomography. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:17. [PMID: 31205748 PMCID: PMC6558907 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rock dove (or common pigeon), Columba livia, is an important model organism in biological studies, including research focusing on head muscle anatomy, feeding kinematics, and cranial kinesis. However, no integrated computer-based biomechanical model of the pigeon head has yet been attempted. As an initial step towards achieving this goal, we present the first three-dimensional digital dissection of the pigeon head based on a contrast-enhanced computed tomographic dataset achieved using iodine potassium iodide as a staining agent. Our datasets enable us to visualize the skeletal and muscular anatomy, brain and cranial nerves, and major sense organs of the pigeon, including very small and fragile features, as well as maintaining the three-dimensional topology of anatomical structures. This work updates and supplements earlier anatomical work on this widely used laboratory organism. We resolve several key points of disagreement arising from previous descriptions of pigeon anatomy, including the precise arrangement of the external adductor muscles and their relationship to the posterior adductor. Examination of the eye muscles highlights differences between avian taxa and shows that pigeon eye muscles are more similar to those of a tinamou than they are to those of a house sparrow. Furthermore, we present our three-dimensional data as publicly accessible files for further research and education purposes. Digital dissection permits exceptional visualisation and will be a valuable resource for further investigations into the head anatomy of other bird species, as well as efforts to reconstruct soft tissues in fossil archosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E. H. Jones
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - David J. Button
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Paul M. Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Laura B. Porro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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49
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Collings AJ, Richards CT. Digital dissection of the pelvis and hindlimb of the red-legged running frog, Phlyctimantis maculatus, using Diffusible Iodine Contrast Enhanced computed microtomography (DICE μCT). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7003. [PMID: 31211012 PMCID: PMC6557250 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study applies both traditional and Diffusible Iodine Contrast Enhanced computed microtomography (DICE µCT) techniques to reveal the musculoskeletal anatomy of Phlyctimantis maculatus. DICE µCT has emerged as a powerful tool to visualise intricate musculoskeletal anatomy. By generating 3D digital models, anatomical analyses can be conducted non-destructively, preserving the in situ 3D topography of the system, therefore eliminating some of the drawbacks associated with traditional methods. We aim to describe the musculature of the spine, pelvis, and hindlimb, compare the musculoskeletal anatomy and pelvic morphology of P. maculatus with functionally diverse frogs, and produce 3D digital anatomy reference data. Method An adult frog was stained using an aqueous Lugol’s solution and scanned in a SkyScan1176 in vivo µCT scanner. Scan images were reconstructed, resampled, and digitally segmented to produce a 3D model. A further adult female frog was dissected traditionally for visualisation of tendinous insertions. Results Our work revealed three main findings: (1) P. maculatus has similar gross muscular anatomy to Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) but is distinct from those species that exhibit ancestral traits (leopelmids) and those that are highly specialised (pipids), (2) P. maculatus’s pelvic anatomy best fits the description of Emerson’s walking/hopping pelvic morphotype IIA, and (3) a split in the semimembranosus and gracilis major muscles is consistent with the reported myology in other anuran species. Discussion While DICE µCT methods were instrumental in characterising the 3D anatomy, traditional dissection was still required to visualise important structures such as the knee aponeurosis, tendinous insertions, and fasciae. Nonetheless, the anatomical data presented here marks the first detailed digital description of an arboreal and terrestrial frog. Further, our digital model presents P. maculatus as a good frog model system and as such has formed a crucial platform for further functional analysis within the anuran pelvis and hindlimb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Collings
- School of Science Engineering and Design, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.,Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Brocklehurst R, Porro L, Herrel A, Adriaens D, Rayfield E. A digital dissection of two teleost fishes: comparative functional anatomy of the cranial musculoskeletal system in pike (Esox lucius) and eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Anat 2019; 235:189-204. [PMID: 31148160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in X-ray computed tomography (CT) have led to a rise in the use of non-destructive imaging methods in comparative anatomy. Among these is contrast-enhanced CT scanning, which employs chemical stains to visualize soft tissues. Specimens may then be 'digitally dissected', producing detailed, three-dimensional digital reconstructions of the soft- and hard-tissue anatomy, allowing examination of anatomical structures in situ and making accurate measurements (lengths, volumes, etc.). Here, we apply this technique to two species of teleost fish, providing one of the first comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) descriptions of teleost cranial soft tissue and quantifying differences in muscle anatomy that may be related to differences in feeding ecology. Two species with different feeding ecologies were stained, scanned and imaged to create digital 3D musculoskeletal reconstructions: Esox lucius (Northern Pike), predominantly a suction feeder; and Anguilla anguilla (European eel), which captures prey predominantly by biting. Muscle cross-sectional areas were calculated and compared between taxa, focusing on muscles that serve important roles in feeding. The adductor mandibulae complex - used in biting - was larger in Esox than Anguilla relative to head size. However, the overall architecture of the adductor mandibulae was also very different between the two species, with that of Anguilla better optimized for delivering forceful bites. Levator arcus palatini and sternohyoideus - which are used in suction feeding - are larger in Esox, whereas the levator operculi is larger in Anguilla. Therefore, differences in the size of functionally important muscles do not necessarily correlate neatly with presumed differences in feeding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brocklehurst
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Porro
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 (MNHN-CNRS) MECADEV, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Adriaens
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Emily Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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