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de Angelo LA, Pereira FL, Duarte BB, Cahali MB. Use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of patients with sleep apnea: a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 90:101468. [PMID: 39106548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2024.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to review the current role of various ultrasonographic methods in the evaluation of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS A literature review was performed on the medical databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase. After analyzing the available studies, six of them were selected for data extraction. RESULTS All selected studies demonstrated that it is possible to use ultrasonography as a method of evaluating the upper airway. Studies with gray-scale ultrasound concluded that the lateral pharyngeal wall and tongue are thicker in patients with obstructive sleep apnea compared to non-apneic patients. Moreover, studies with tissue characterization ultrasound, nowadays called quantitative ultrasound, have identified unique features in obstructive sleep apnea patients: standardized backscatter ultrasonography demonstrated that this particular sound wave analysis is associated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Ultrasonography with elastography shows that the electrical stimulus generated in the hypoglossal nerve results in greater stiffness on the side of the tongue that is stimulated; whereas studies show conflicting results regarding the evaluation of baseline tongue stiffness in obstructive sleep apnea patients compared to non-apneic subjects. CONCLUSION There is feasibility of different methods of ultrasonographic evaluation of the upper airway, with emphasis on ultrasonographic methods of tissue characterization, such as elastography, which proved to be a promising method of evaluating the mechanical properties of the muscles involved in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea and which require further studies for a better elucidation of its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Bernardo Duarte
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel Burihan Cahali
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Tran T, Perry J, Blemker S, Mason K. Simulation of Velopharyngeal Biomechanics Identifies Differences in Sphincter Pharyngoplasty Outcomes: A Matched Case-Control Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:339-349. [PMID: 35996316 PMCID: PMC9943793 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for 3D subject-specific computational models capable of simulating velopharyngeal biomechanics for anatomic changes that occur following pharyngoplasty and to gain insight into biomechanical factors that may lead to different speech/surgical outcomes. Patient-specific models for two, matched participants with differing speech/surgical outcomes were developed: one with a successful pharyngoplasty outcome and one with a failed pharyngoplasty outcome. Surgical scenarios were simulated to model pharyngoplasty location, identify LVP muscle biomechanics, and identify an optimal pharyngoplasty location for each participant. These simulations illustrate the potential for optimizing pharyngoplasties based on patient-specific geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia
| | - Jamie Perry
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Eastern Carolina University
| | - Silvia Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia
| | - Kazlin Mason
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia
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3
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Lacoste-Ferré MH, Ober C, Samouillan V. Viscoelastic behavior of oral mucosa. A rheological study using small-amplitude oscillatory shear tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105898. [PMID: 37156074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the viscoelastic behavior of porcine and human oral mucosa under physiological conditions of temperature, hydration and chewing. The linear elastic and viscous shear moduli of these soft tissues were determined by small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests at masticatory frequency using a stress-controlled rheometer equipped with an immersion cell on punched biopsies 8 mm in diameter. Non physiological conditions of temperature were also used to access other parameters such as the denaturation temperature of collagen. First, the different parameters such as normal force, frequency and maximal strain were adjusted to obtain reliable data on porcine mucosa. The optimal normal force was 0.1N and the linear viscoelastic limit was found for a strain amplitude of 0.5% for both 0.1 and 1 Hz. The storage moduli of porcine mucosa, ranging from 5 to 16 kPa, were in the same range as cutaneous tissues determined by SAOS at equivalent frequencies. The storage modulus, superior to the loss modulus G″, indicates a predominant elastic contribution to shear stress in chewing conditions. Second, this protocol evidenced an influence of the anatomic site of the mouth on the viscoelastic behavior of porcine mucosa, mandibular biopsies having higher storage moduli than maxillary biopsies. Temperature scans showed the mechanical manifestation of collagen denaturation in the 60-70 °C range as previous calorimetric analyses. Finally, this mechanical protocol was successfully adapted to characterize human mucosa in an elderly population. It was shown that the elastic modulus is impacted by local inflammation (gingivitis), decreasing significantly from 6 ± 1.4 kPa to 2.5 ± 0.3 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Lacoste-Ferré
- CIRIMAT UMR 5085, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3106, Toulouse Cedex, France; Gérontopôle- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Garonne, 224 Avenue de Casselardit, TSA 40031, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Ober
- CIRIMAT UMR 5085, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3106, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Samouillan
- CIRIMAT UMR 5085, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3106, Toulouse Cedex, France.
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4
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Hartfield PJ, Janczy J, Sharma A, Newsome HA, Sparapani RA, Rhee JS, Woodson BT, Garcia GJM. Anatomical determinants of upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 68:101741. [PMID: 36634409 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Upper airway (UA) collapsibility is one of the key factors that determine the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Interventions for OSA are aimed at reducing UA collapsibility, but selecting the optimal alternative intervention for patients who fail CPAP is challenging because currently no validated method predicts how anatomical changes affect UA collapsibility. The gold standard objective measure of UA collapsibility is the pharyngeal critical pressure (Pcrit). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were performed to identify the anatomical factors with the strongest correlation with Pcrit. A search using the PRISMA methodology was performed on PubMed for English language scientific papers that correlated Pcrit to anatomic variables and OSA severity as measured by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). A total of 29 papers that matched eligibility criteria were included in the quantitative synthesis. The meta-analysis suggested that AHI has only a moderate correlation with Pcrit (estimated Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.46). The meta-analysis identified four key anatomical variables associated with UA collapsibility, namely hyoid position (r = 0.53), tongue volume (r = 0.51), pharyngeal length (r = 0.50), and waist circumference (r = 0.49). In the future, biomechanical models that quantify the relative importance of these anatomical factors in determining UA collapsibility may help identify the optimal intervention for each patient. Many anatomical and structural factors such as airspace cross-sectional areas, epiglottic collapse, and palatal prolapse have inadequate data and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Hartfield
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Janczy
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Abhay Sharma
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hillary A Newsome
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rodney A Sparapani
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John S Rhee
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - B Tucker Woodson
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Guilherme J M Garcia
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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5
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A review of upper airway physiology relevant to the delivery and deposition of inhalation aerosols. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114530. [PMID: 36152685 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective oral inhaled drug delivery treatment strategies for respiratory diseases necessitates a thorough knowledge of the respiratory system physiology, such as the differences in the airway channel's structure and geometry in health and diseases, their surface properties, and mechanisms that maintain their patency. While respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma and their implications on the lower airways have been the core focus of most of the current research, the role of the upper airway in these diseases is less known, especially in the context of inhaled drug delivery. This is despite the fact that the upper airway is the passageway for inhaled drugs to be delivered to the lower airways, and their replicas are indispensable in current standards, such as the cascade impactor experiments for testing inhaled drug delivery technology. This review provides an overview of upper airway collapsibility and their mechanical properties, the effects of age and gender on upper airway geometry, and surface properties. The review also discusses how COPD and asthma affect the upper airway and the typical inhalation flow characteristics exhibited by the patients with these diseases.
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6
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Ashraf W, Jacobson N, Popplewell N, Moussavi Z. Fluid–structure interaction modelling of the upper airway with and without obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:1827-1849. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Singh J, Steele TWJ, Lim S. Fibrillated bacterial cellulose liquid carbene bioadhesives for mimicking and bonding oral cavity surfaces. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2570-2583. [PMID: 34981107 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02044g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topical treatments for oral wounds and infections exhibit weak adhesion to wet surfaces which results in short retention duration (6-8 hours), frequent dosing requirement and patient incompatibility. To address these limitations, aqueous composites made of fibrillated bacterial cellulose and photoactive bioadhesives are designed for soft epithelial surfaces. The aqueous composites crosslink upon photocuring within a minute and exhibit a transition from viscous to elastic adhesive hydrogels. The light-cured composites have shear moduli mimicking oral mucosa and other soft tissues. The tunable adhesion strength ranges from 3 to 35 kPa on hydrated tissue-mimicking surfaces (collagen film). The results support the application of bacterial cellulose hydrogel systems for potential treatment of mucosal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Singh
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, 637335, Singapore. .,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Block N1.3, 637457, Singapore.
| | - Terry W J Steele
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Division of Materials Technology, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Block N1.3, 637457, Singapore.
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8
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Pépin JL, Eastwood P, Eckert DJ. Novel avenues to approach non-CPAP therapy and implement comprehensive OSA care. Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.01788-2021. [PMID: 34824053 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01788-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) pathophysiology and translational research have opened new lines of investigation for OSA treatment and management. Key goals of such investigations are to provide efficacious, alternative treatment and management pathways that are better tailored to individual risk profiles to move beyond the traditional, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-focused, "one size fits all", trial and error approach which is too frequently inadequate for many patients. Identification of different clinical manifestations of OSA (clinical phenotypes) and underlying pathophysiological phenotypes (endotypes), that contribute to OSA have provided novel insights into underlying mechanisms and have underpinned these efforts. Indeed, this new knowledge has provided the framework for precision medicine for OSA to improve treatment success rates with existing non-CPAP therapies such as mandibular advancement devices and upper airway surgery, and newly developed therapies such as hypoglossal nerve stimulation and emerging therapies such as pharmacotherapies and combination therapy. These concepts have also provided insight into potential physiological barriers to CPAP adherence for certain patients. This review summarises the recent advances in OSA pathogenesis, non-CPAP treatment, clinical management approaches and highlights knowledge gaps for future research. OSA endotyping and clinical phenotyping, risk stratification and personalised treatment allocation approaches are rapidly evolving and will further benefit from the support of recent advances in e-health and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Pépin
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France .,EFCR Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Eastwood
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Danny J Eckert
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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9
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Xu W, Xu Q, Zhong M. Lubrication study of representative fluid foods between mimicked oral surfaces. J Texture Stud 2021; 53:96-107. [PMID: 34750817 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The lubricities of glycerol solutions with different viscosities were investigated at various frictional pairs, speeds, and loads to explore the lubrication regulations of diverse foods in mouths of different people. The friction pairs were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, surface morphology, and hydrophobicity. The results showed that the partial or complete Stribeck curves occurred with different speeds and viscosities. Various friction pairs had great influences on the boundary lubrication zone, but little influences on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) zone. Increasing loads caused the friction coefficient decreasing in boundary lubrication zone; however, the friction coefficient changed a little in the mixed lubrication and EHL zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Xu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tribology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qixiang Xu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tribology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Zhong
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tribology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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10
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Singh G, Chanda A. Mechanical properties of whole-body soft human tissues: a review. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34587593 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac2b7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of soft tissues play a key role in studying human injuries and their mitigation strategies. While such properties are indispensable for computational modelling of biological systems, they serve as important references in loading and failure experiments, and also for the development of tissue simulants. To date, experimental studies have measured the mechanical properties of peripheral tissues (e.g. skin)in-vivoand limited internal tissuesex-vivoin cadavers (e.g. brain and the heart). The lack of knowledge on a majority of human tissues inhibit their study for applications ranging from surgical planning, ballistic testing, implantable medical device development, and the assessment of traumatic injuries. The purpose of this work is to overcome such challenges through an extensive review of the literature reporting the mechanical properties of whole-body soft tissues from head to toe. Specifically, the available linear mechanical properties of all human tissues were compiled. Non-linear biomechanical models were also introduced, and the soft human tissues characterized using such models were summarized. The literature gaps identified from this work will help future biomechanical studies on soft human tissue characterization and the development of accurate medical models for the study and mitigation of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, India
| | - Arnab Chanda
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, India
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11
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Babaei B, Fovargue D, Lloyd RA, Miller R, Jugé L, Kaplan M, Sinkus R, Nordsletten DA, Bilston LE. Magnetic Resonance Elastography Reconstruction for Anisotropic Tissues. Med Image Anal 2021; 74:102212. [PMID: 34587584 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elastography has become widely used clinically for characterising changes in soft tissue mechanics that are associated with altered tissue structure and composition. However, some soft tissues, such as muscle, are not isotropic as is assumed in clinical elastography implementations. This limits the ability of these methods to capture changes in anisotropic tissues associated with disease. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel elastography reconstruction technique suitable for estimating the linear viscoelastic mechanical properties of transversely isotropic soft tissues. We derived a divergence-free formulation of the governing equations for acoustic wave propagation through a linearly transversely isotropic viscoelastic material, and transformed this into a weak form. This was then implemented into a finite element framework, enabling the analysis of wave input data and tissue structural fibre orientations, in this case based on diffusion tensor imaging. To validate the material constants obtained with this method, numerous in silico phantom experiments were run which encompassed a range of variations in wave input directions, material properties, fibre structure and noise. The method was also tested on ex vivo muscle and in vivo human volunteer calf muscles, and compared with a previous curl-based inversion method. The new method robustly extracted the transversely isotropic shear moduli (G⊥', G∥', G″) from the in silico phantom tests with minimal bias, including in the presence of experimentally realistic levels of noise in either fibre orientation or wave data. This new method performed better than the previous method in the presence of noise. Anisotropy estimates from the ex vivo muscle phantom agreed well with rheological tests. In vivo experiments on human calf muscles were able to detect increases in muscle shear moduli with passive muscle stretch. This new reconstruction method can be applied to quantify tissue mechanical properties of anisotropic soft tissues, such as muscle, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Fovargue
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Lloyd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee Miller
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauriane Jugé
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Kaplan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Nordsletten
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Ilegbusi OJ, Kuruppumullage DNS, Schiefer M, Strohl KP. A computational model of upper airway respiratory function with muscular coupling. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 25:675-687. [PMID: 34494928 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1973445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A two dimensional finite element model of upper airway respiratory function was developed emphasizing the effects of dilator muscular activation on the human retro-lingual airway. The model utilized an upright mid-sagittal computed tomography of the human head and neck to reconstruct relevant structures of the tongue, mandible, and the hyoid-related soft tissues, along with the retro-lingual airway. The reconstructed geometry was divided into fluid and solid domains and discretized into finite element (FE) meshes used for the computational model. Three cases were investigated: standing position; supine position; and supine position coupled with dilator muscle activation. Computations were performed for the inspiration stage of the breathing cycle, utilizing a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method to couple structural deformation with airflow dynamics. The spatio-temporal deformation of the structures surrounding the airway wall were predicted to be in general agreement with known changes from upright to supine posture on luminal opening, as well as the distribution of airflow. The model effectively captured the effects of muscular stimulation on the upper airway anatomical changes, the flow characteristics relevant to airway reduction in the supine position and airway enlargement with muscle activation. The smallest airway opening in the retro-lingual section is predicted to occur at the epiglottic region in all the three cases considered, an unexpected vulnerable location of airway obstruction. The model also predicted that hyoid displacement would be associated with recovery from airway collapse. This information may be useful for building more complex models relevant to mechanisms and clinical interventions for obstructive sleep apnea.
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13
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A new biomimetic set-up to understand the role of the kinematic, mechanical, and surface characteristics of the tongue in food oral tribological studies. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Gasik M, Lambert F, Bacevic M. Biomechanical Properties of Bone and Mucosa for Design and Application of Dental Implants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112845. [PMID: 34073388 PMCID: PMC8199480 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental implants’ success comprises their proper stability and adherence to different oral tissues (integration). The implant is exposed to different mechanical stresses from swallowing, mastication and parafunctions for a normal tooth, leading to the simultaneous mechanical movement and deformation of the whole structure. The knowledge of the mechanical properties of the bone and gingival tissues in normal and pathological conditions is very important for the successful conception of dental implants and for clinical practice to access and prevent potential failures and complications originating from incorrect mechanical factors’ combinations. The challenge is that many reported biomechanical properties of these tissues are substantially scattered. This study carries out a critical analysis of known data on mechanical properties of bone and oral soft tissues, suggests more convenient computation methods incorporating invariant parameters and non-linearity with tissues anisotropy, and applies a consistent use of these properties for in silico design and the application of dental implants. Results show the advantages of this approach in analysis and visualization of stress and strain components with potential translation to dental implantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gasik
- School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - France Lambert
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (F.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Miljana Bacevic
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (F.L.); (M.B.)
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15
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Arnold M, Burgmann S, Bonitz L, Pugachev A, Janoske U. Experimental study on the influence of model variations on the airway occlusion of an obstructive sleep apnea patient. J Biomech 2021; 123:110529. [PMID: 34062349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the analysis of model parameters to mimic the airway collapse of an obstructive sleep apnea patient during nasal breathing. Different material properties and geometry variations of a patient-specific airway model are analyzed in detail. The patient-specific airway geometry is obtained from MRI data. A completely rigid model is compared to two partly elastic variations with different elasticities. Furthermore, the influence of the nasal cavities and the treatment effect of a mandibular protrusion are studied. Rigid model parts are 3D-printed and elastic parts cast from silicone. The models are analyzed under the impact of a transient airflow which is realized through a computer controlled piston pump. The results suggest, that, for moderate deformations, the elasticity of the soft tissue replicate influences rather the level of the pressure drop inside the airway than the shape of the pressure curve. The same suggestion can be made for the influence of the nasal cavities. Often, the spatial location of the minimum pressure is taken as the collapse site of the airway geometry. This study demonstrates, that the spatial locations of the minimum pressure and the maximum deformation do not match. This reveals the importance of a coupled approach of soft tissue and airflow analysis in the search of the collapse site and therefore the best treatment option. A treatment effect of the mandibular protrusion can be anticipated with an accurate patient-specific airway model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arnold
- University of Wuppertal, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Germany.
| | - S Burgmann
- University of Wuppertal, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Germany
| | - L Bonitz
- Dortmund General Hospital, Germany
| | | | - U Janoske
- University of Wuppertal, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Germany
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16
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Miao Y, Jing JJ, Chen Z. Graph-based rotational nonuniformity correction for localized compliance measurement in the human nasopharynx. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2508-2518. [PMID: 33996244 PMCID: PMC8086476 DOI: 10.1364/boe.419997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the high-speed long-range optical coherence tomography (OCT) endoscopy allow characterization of tissue compliance in the upper airway, an indicator of collapsibility. However, the resolution and accuracy of localized tissue compliance measurement are currently limited by the lack of a reliable nonuniform rotational distortion (NURD) correction method. In this study, we developed a robust 2-step NURD correction algorithm that can be applied to the dynamic OCT images obtained during the compliance measurement. We demonstrated the utility of the NURD correction algorithm by characterizing the local compliance of nasopharynx from an awake human subject for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Miao
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joseph J. Jing
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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17
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Oliver-Urrutia C, Rosales Ibañez R, Flores-Merino MV, Vojtova L, Salplachta J, Čelko L, Kaiser J, Montufar EB. Lyophilized Polyvinylpyrrolidone Hydrogel for Culture of Human Oral Mucosa Stem Cells. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14010227. [PMID: 33466418 PMCID: PMC7796241 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the synthesis of a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogel by heat-activated polymerization and explores the production of hydrogels with an open porous network by lyophilisation to allow the three-dimensional culture of human oral mucosa stem cells (hOMSCs). The swollen hydrogel showed a storage modulus similar to oral mucosa and elastic solid rheological behaviour without sol transition. A comprehensive characterization of porosity by scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and nano-computed tomography (with spatial resolution below 1 μm) showed that lyophilisation resulted in the heterogeneous incorporation of closed oval-like pores in the hydrogel with broad size distribution (5 to 180 μm, d50 = 65 μm). Human oral mucosa biopsies were used to isolate hOMSCs, expressing typical markers of mesenchymal stem cells in more than 95% of the cell population. Direct contact cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that PVP hydrogel have no negative effect on cell metabolic activity, allowing the culture of hOMSCs with normal fusiform morphology. Pore connectivity should be improved in future to allow cell growth in the bulk of the PVP hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Oliver-Urrutia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Paseo Colon S/N, Toluca 50120, Mexico;
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (L.Č.); (J.K.); (E.B.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.O.-U.); (J.S.); Tel.: +420-54114-9284 (J.S.)
| | - Raúl Rosales Ibañez
- Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Los Reyes Iztacala 1, Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - Miriam V. Flores-Merino
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Paseo Colon S/N, Toluca 50120, Mexico;
| | - Lucy Vojtova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (L.Č.); (J.K.); (E.B.M.)
| | - Jakub Salplachta
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (L.Č.); (J.K.); (E.B.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.O.-U.); (J.S.); Tel.: +420-54114-9284 (J.S.)
| | - Ladislav Čelko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (L.Č.); (J.K.); (E.B.M.)
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (L.Č.); (J.K.); (E.B.M.)
| | - Edgar B. Montufar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (L.Č.); (J.K.); (E.B.M.)
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18
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Fox D, Lynch KM, Sahin AW, Arendt EK. Soft Tribology Using Rheometers: A Practical Guide and Introduction. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1843959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fox
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran M. Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aylin W. Sahin
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Kappert KDR, Connesson N, Elahi SA, Boonstra S, Balm AJM, van der Heijden F, Payan Y. In-vivo tongue stiffness measured by aspiration: Resting vs general anesthesia. J Biomech 2020; 114:110147. [PMID: 33276256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tongue cancer treatment often results in impaired speech, swallowing, or mastication. Simulating the effect of treatments can help the patient and the treating physician to understand the effects and impact of the intervention. To simulate deformations of the tongue, identifying accurate mechanical properties of tissue is essential. However, not many succeeded in characterizing in-vivo tongue stiffness. Those who did, measured the tongue At Rest (AR), in which muscle tone subsides even if muscles are not willingly activated. We expected to find an absolute rest state in participants 'under General Anesthesia' (GA). We elaborated on previous work by measuring the mechanical behavior of the in-vivo tongue under aspiration using an improved volume-based method. Using this technique, 5 to 7 measurements were performed on 10 participants both AR and under GA. The obtained Pressure-Shape curves were first analyzed using the initial slope and its variations. Hereafter, an inverse Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was applied to identify the mechanical parameters using the Yeoh, Gent, and Ogden hyperelastic models. The measurements AR provided a mean Young's Modulus of 1638 Pa (min 1035 - max 2019) using the Yeoh constitutive model, which is in line with previous ex-vivo measurements. However, while hoping to find a rest state under GA, the tongue unexpectedly appeared to be approximately 2 to 2.5 times stiffer under GA than AR. Explanations for this were sought by examining drugs administered during GA, blood flow, perfusion, and upper airway reflexes, but neither of these explanations could be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D R Kappert
- Head & Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Robotics and Mechatronics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - N Connesson
- TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, University Grenoble Alpes & CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - S A Elahi
- Human Movement Science Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Boonstra
- Head & Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Robotics and Mechatronics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A J M Balm
- Head & Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Robotics and Mechatronics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Heijden
- Head & Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Robotics and Mechatronics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Y Payan
- TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, University Grenoble Alpes & CNRS, Grenoble, France
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20
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Andablo-Reyes E, Bryant M, Neville A, Hyde P, Sarkar R, Francis M, Sarkar A. 3D Biomimetic Tongue-Emulating Surfaces for Tribological Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49371-49385. [PMID: 33105986 PMCID: PMC7645869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oral friction on the tongue surface plays a pivotal role in mechanics of food transport, speech, sensing, and hedonic responses. The highly specialized biophysical features of the human tongue such as micropapillae-dense topology, optimum wettability, and deformability present architectural challenges in designing artificial tongue surfaces, and the absence of such a biomimetic surface impedes the fundamental understanding of tongue-food/fluid interaction. Herein, we fabricate for the first time, a 3D soft biomimetic surface that replicates the topography and wettability of a real human tongue. The 3D-printed fabrication contains a Poisson point process-based (random) papillae distribution and is employed to micromold soft silicone surfaces with wettability modifications. We demonstrate the unprecedented capability of these surfaces to replicate the theoretically defined and simulated collision probability of papillae and to closely resemble the tribological performances of human tongue masks. These de novo biomimetic surfaces pave the way for accurate quantification of mechanical interactions in the soft oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efren Andablo-Reyes
- Food
Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bryant
- Institute
of Functional Surfaces, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Neville
- Institute
of Functional Surfaces, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Hyde
- School
of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rik Sarkar
- School
of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Francis
- Food
Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food
Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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21
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Pugachev A, Arnold M, Burgmann S, Janoske U, Bicsák Á, Abel D, Linssen J, Bonitz L. Application of patient-specific simulation workflow for obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis and treatment with a mandibular advancement device. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3350. [PMID: 32412654 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A computational fluid dynamics simulation workflow was developed to analyze the upper airway of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, which is a potentially serious sleep-related breathing disorder. A single characteristic parameter was introduced to assess the severity of sleep apnea on the basis of the numerical results. Additionally, a fluid-structure interaction simulation was applied to study in detail the behavior of compliant pharyngeal walls. An experimental setup was designed to validate the patient-specific upper airway modeling. The suitability of the characteristic parameter was demonstrated in a retrospective analysis of radiological and clinical data of 58 patients as well as a prospective analysis of 22 patients. The simulation workflow was successfully used as part of an ongoing clinical investigation to predict the outcome of the obstructive sleep apnea treatment with a mandibular advancement device. The simulation results provided essential information about the critical region in the pharynx for the selection of an appropriate treatment and readily demonstrated the effect of mandibular protrusion on the air flow in the upper airway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marleen Arnold
- Chair of Fluid Mechanics, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Janoske
- Chair of Fluid Mechanics, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ákos Bicsák
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dortmund General Hospital, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dietmar Abel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dortmund General Hospital, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Johannes Linssen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dortmund General Hospital, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lars Bonitz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dortmund General Hospital, Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Estimation of the hyperelastic parameters of fresh human oropharyngeal soft tissues using indentation testing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 108:103798. [PMID: 32469719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Patient-specific finite element (FE) modeling of the upper airway is an effective tool for accurate assessment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. It is also useful for planning minimally invasive surgical procedures under severe OSA conditions. A major requirement of FE modeling is having reliable data characterizing the biomechanical properties of the upper airway tissues, particularly oropharyngeal soft tissue. While some data characterizing this tissue's linear elastic regime is available, reliable data characterizing its hyperelasticity is scarce. The aim of the current study is to estimate the hyperelastic mechanical properties of the oropharyngeal soft tissues, including the palatine tonsil, soft palate, uvula, and tongue base. Fresh tissue specimens of human oropharyngeal tissue were acquired from 13 OSA patients who underwent standard surgical procedures. Indentation testing was performed on the specimens to obtain their force-displacement data. To determine the specimens' hyperelastic parameters using these data, an inverse FE framework was utilized. In this work, the hyperelastic parameters corresponding to the commonly used Yeoh and 2nd order Ogden models were obtained. Both models captured the experimental force-displacement data of the tissue specimens reasonably accurately with mean errors of 11.65% or smaller. This study has provided estimates of the hyperelastic parameters of all upper airway soft tissues using fresh human tissue specimens for the first time.
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23
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Impact of sleeping position, gravitational force & effective tissue stiffness on obstructive sleep apnoea. J Biomech 2020; 104:109715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Nishinari K, Ishihara S, Hori K, Fang Y. Tongue-palate squeezing of soft gels in food oral processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Fluid-structure interaction modeling of lactating breast. J Biomech 2020; 103:109640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Dalaka E, Kronenberg NM, Liehm P, Segall JE, Prystowsky MB, Gather MC. Direct measurement of vertical forces shows correlation between mechanical activity and proteolytic ability of invadopodia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax6912. [PMID: 32195338 PMCID: PMC7065877 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanobiology plays a prominent role in cancer invasion and metastasis. The ability of a cancer to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) is likely connected to its invasiveness. Many cancer cells form invadopodia-micrometer-sized cellular protrusions that promote invasion through matrix degradation (proteolysis). Although it has been hypothesized that invadopodia exert mechanical force that is implicated in cancer invasion, direct measurements remain elusive. Here, we use a recently developed interferometric force imaging technique that provides piconewton resolution to quantify invadopodial forces in cells of head and neck squamous carcinoma and to monitor their temporal dynamics. We compare the force exerted by individual protrusions to their ability to degrade ECM and investigate the mechanical effects of inhibiting invadopodia through overexpression of microRNA-375. By connecting the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of invadopodia, our study provides a new perspective on cancer invasion that, in the future, may help to identify biomechanical targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Dalaka
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - N. M. Kronenberg
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - P. Liehm
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - J. E. Segall
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - M. C. Gather
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Corresponding author.
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27
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Munialo CD, Kontogiorgos V, Euston SR, Nyambayo I. Rheological, tribological and sensory attributes of texture‐modified foods for dysphagia patients and the elderly: A review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassilis Kontogiorgos
- Department of Biological Sciences School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield UK
| | - Stephen R. Euston
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering School of Engineering & Physical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University Edinburgh UK
| | - Isabella Nyambayo
- School of Life Sciences Coventry University Priory Street Coventry CV1 5FB UK
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28
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Strijkers GJ, Araujo EC, Azzabou N, Bendahan D, Blamire A, Burakiewicz J, Carlier PG, Damon B, Deligianni X, Froeling M, Heerschap A, Hollingsworth KG, Hooijmans MT, Karampinos DC, Loudos G, Madelin G, Marty B, Nagel AM, Nederveen AJ, Nelissen JL, Santini F, Scheidegger O, Schick F, Sinclair C, Sinkus R, de Sousa PL, Straub V, Walter G, Kan HE. Exploration of New Contrasts, Targets, and MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques for Neuromuscular Disease - A Workshop Report of Working Group 3 of the Biomedicine and Molecular Biosciences COST Action BM1304 MYO-MRI. J Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 6:1-30. [PMID: 30714967 PMCID: PMC6398566 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-180333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases are characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and muscle weakness resulting in functional disabilities. While each of these diseases is individually rare, they are common as a group, and a large majority lacks effective treatment with fully market approved drugs. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy techniques (MRI and MRS) are showing increasing promise as an outcome measure in clinical trials for these diseases. In 2013, the European Union funded the COST (co-operation in science and technology) action BM1304 called MYO-MRI (www.myo-mri.eu), with the overall aim to advance novel MRI and MRS techniques for both diagnosis and quantitative monitoring of neuromuscular diseases through sharing of expertise and data, joint development of protocols, opportunities for young researchers and creation of an online atlas of muscle MRI and MRS. In this report, the topics that were discussed in the framework of working group 3, which had the objective to: Explore new contrasts, new targets and new imaging techniques for NMD are described. The report is written by the scientists who attended the meetings and presented their data. An overview is given on the different contrasts that MRI can generate and their application, clinical needs and desired readouts, and emerging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ericky C.A. Araujo
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Noura Azzabou
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | | | - Andrew Blamire
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jedrek Burakiewicz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre G. Carlier
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Bruce Damon
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Xeni Deligianni
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Arend Heerschap
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Marty
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Armin M. Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany & Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Francesco Santini
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Scheidegger
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Schick
- University of Tübingen, Section on Experimental Radiology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Hermien E. Kan
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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29
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Cheng S, Kourmatzis A, Mekonnen T, Gholizadeh H, Raco J, Chen L, Tang P, Chan HK. Does upper airway deformation affect drug deposition? Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118773. [PMID: 31678391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge that enables the accurate simulation of drug deposition in the human upper airway is necessary to develop robust platforms for efficient drug delivery by inhalation devices. The human upper airway is deformable during inhalation but how it could affect the deposition of inhaled drugs is unknown. We aimed to determine whether pharyngeal deformation at the soft palate level would have any significant effects on throat deposition, in vitro lung dose and fine particle fraction. In this study, dry mannitol powders were delivered to the next-generation cascade impactor (NGI) through the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) throat, and a realistic upper airway cast (RUPAC) at flow rates of 40, 60 and 80 L min-1. Deformation of the upper airway at 25%, 50%, and 75% in the lateral and antero-posterior directions were experimentally simulated in the RUPAC. Throat deposition (p = 0.04) is significantly affected when the upper airway deforms laterally but not antero-posteriorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokoon Cheng
- Macquarie University, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering Sydney, Australia
| | - Agisilaos Kourmatzis
- University of Sydney, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Sydney, Australia
| | - Taye Mekonnen
- Macquarie University, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering Sydney, Australia
| | - Hanieh Gholizadeh
- Macquarie University, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering Sydney, Australia
| | - Joel Raco
- Macquarie University, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering Sydney, Australia
| | - Lan Chen
- Hangzhou Chance Pharmaceuticals, Hangzhou, China
| | - Patricia Tang
- University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney, Australia.
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30
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Viscoelasticity in natural tissues and engineered scaffolds for tissue reconstruction. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:74-92. [PMID: 31400521 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelasticity of living tissues plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and its implication in disease development and progression is being recognized recently. In this review, we first explored the state of knowledge regarding the potential application of tissue viscoelasticity in disease diagnosis. In order to better characterize viscoelasticity with local resolution and non-invasiveness, emerging characterization methods have been developed with the potential to be supplemented to existing facilities. To understand cellular responses to matrix viscoelastic behaviors in vitro, hydrogels made of natural polymers have been developed and the relationships between their molecular structure and viscoelastic behaviors, are elucidated. Moreover, how cells perceive the viscoelastic microenvironment and cellular responses including cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation and matrix production, have been discussed. Finally, some future perspective on an integrated mechanobiological comprehension of the viscoelastic behaviors involved in tissue homeostasis, cellular responses and biomaterial design are highlighted. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue- or organ-scale viscoelastic behavior is critical for homeostasis, and the molecular basis and cellular responses of viscoelastic materials at micro- or nano-scale are being recognized recently. We summarized the potential applications of viscoelasticity in disease diagnosis enabled by emerging non-invasive characterization technologies, and discussed the underlying mechanism of viscoelasticity of hydrogels and current understandings of cell regulatory functions of them. With a growing understanding of the molecular basis of hydrogel viscoelasticity and recognition of its regulatory functions on cell behaviors, it is important to bring the clinical insights on how these characterization technologies and engineered materials may contribute to disease diagnosis and treatment. This review explains the basics in characterizing viscoelasticity with our hope to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical applications.
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31
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Shewan HM, Pradal C, Stokes JR. Tribology and its growing use toward the study of food oral processing and sensory perception. J Texture Stud 2019; 51:7-22. [PMID: 31149733 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Here we provide a comprehensive review of the knowledge base of soft tribology, the study of friction, lubrication, and wear on deformable surfaces, with consideration for its application toward oral tribology and food lubrication. Studies on "soft-tribology" have emerged to provide knowledge and tools to predict oral behavior and assess the performance of foods and beverages. We have shown that there is a comprehensive set of fundamental literature, mainly based on soft contacts in the Mini-traction machine with rolling ball on disk configuration, which provides a baseline for interpreting tribological data from complex food systems. Tribology-sensory relationships do currently exist. However, they are restricted to the specific formulations and tribological configuration utilized, and cannot usually be applied more broadly. With a careful and rigorous formulation/experimental design, we envisage tribological tools to provide insights into the sensory perception of foods in combination with other in vitro technique such as rheology, particle sizing or characterization of surface interactions. This can only occur with the use of well characterized tribopairs and equipment; a careful characterization of simpler model foods before considering complex food products; the incorporation of saliva in tribological studies; the removal of confounding factors from the sensory study and a global approach that considers all regimes of lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Shewan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clementine Pradal
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jason R Stokes
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Rudge RED, Scholten E, Dijksman JA. Advances and challenges in soft tribology with applications to foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bilston LE, Bolsterlee B, Nordez A, Sinha S. Contemporary image-based methods for measuring passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscles in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1454-1464. [PMID: 30236053 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00672.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles' primary function in the body is mechanical: to move and stabilize the skeleton. As such, their mechanical behavior is a key aspect of their physiology. Recent developments in medical imaging technology have enabled quantitative studies of passive muscle mechanics, ranging from measurements of intrinsic muscle mechanical properties, such as elasticity and viscosity, to three-dimensional muscle architecture and dynamic muscle deformation and kinematics. In this review we summarize the principles and applications of contemporary imaging methods that have been used to study the passive mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles. Elastography measurements can provide in vivo maps of passive muscle mechanical parameters, and both MRI and ultrasound methods are available (magnetic resonance elastography and ultrasound shear wave elastography, respectively). Both have been shown to differentiate between healthy muscle and muscles affected by a broad range of clinical conditions. Detailed muscle architecture can now be depicted using diffusion tensor imaging, which not only is particularly useful for computational modeling of muscle but also has potential in assessing architectural changes in muscle disorders. More dynamic information about muscle mechanics can be obtained using a range of dynamic MRI methods, which characterize the detailed internal muscle deformations during motion. There are several MRI techniques available (e.g., phase-contrast MRI, displacement-encoded MRI, and "tagged" MRI), each of which can be collected in synchrony with muscle motion and postprocessed to quantify muscle deformation. Together, these modern imaging techniques can characterize muscle motion, deformation, mechanical properties, and architecture, providing complementary insights into skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.,Movement, Interactions, Performance Laboratory (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Muscle Imaging and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California , San Diego, California
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Anderson P, Fels S, Stavness I, Pearson WG, Gick B. Intravelar and Extravelar Portions of Soft Palate Muscles in Velic Constrictions: A Three-Dimensional Modeling Study. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:802-814. [PMID: 30964714 PMCID: PMC6802881 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study predicts and simulates the function and relative contributions of the intravelar and extravelar portions of the levator veli palatini (LVP) and palatoglossus (PG) muscles in velic constrictions. Method A finite element-based model of the 3-dimensional upper airway structures (palate, pharynx, tongue, jaw, maxilla) was implemented, with LVP and PG divided into intravelar and extravelar portions. Simulations were run to investigate the contributions of these muscles in velopharyngeal port (VPP) closure and constriction of the oropharyngeal isthmus (OPI). Results Simulations reveal that the extravelar portion of LVP, though crucial for lifting the palate, is not sufficient to effect VPP closure. Specifically, the characteristic "bulge" appearing in the posterior soft palate during VPP closure ( Pigott, 1969 ; Serrurier & Badin, 2008 ) is found to result from activation of the intravelar portion of LVP. Likewise, the intravelar portion of posterior PG is crucial in bending the "veil" or "traverse" ( Gick, Francis, Klenin, Mizrahi, & Tom, 2013 ) of the velum anteriorly to produce uvular constrictions of the OPI ( Gick et al., 2014 ). Conclusions Simulations support the view that intravelar LVP and PG play significant roles in VPP and OPI constrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anderson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sidney Fels
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ian Stavness
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - William G. Pearson
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta
| | - Bryan Gick
- Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
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A review of the approaches to predict the ease of swallowing and post-swallow residues. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kwan BCH, Jugé L, Gandevia SC, Bilston LE. Sagittal Measurement of Tongue Movement During Respiration: Comparison Between Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:921-934. [PMID: 30691918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tongue makes up the anterior pharyngeal wall and is critical for airway patency. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to study pharyngeal muscle function in pharyngeal disorders such as obstructive sleep apnoea. Tagged MRI and ultrasound studies have separately revealed ∼1 mm of anterior tongue movement during inspiration in healthy patients, but these modalities have not been directly compared. In the study described here, agreement between ultrasound and MRI in measuring regional tongue displacement in 21 healthy patients and 21 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea was evaluated. We found good consistency and agreement between the two techniques, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.75-0.82) for anteroposterior tongue motion during inspiration. Ultrasound measurements of posterior tongue displacement were 0.24 ± 0.64 mm greater than MRI measurements (95% limits of agreement: 1.03 to -1.49). This may reflect the higher spatial and temporal resolution of the ultrasound technique. This study confirms that ultrasound is a suitable method for quantifying inspiratory tongue movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C H Kwan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lauriane Jugé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon C Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sarkar A, Andablo-Reyes E, Bryant M, Dowson D, Neville A. Lubrication of soft oral surfaces. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Karan NB, Kahraman S. Evaluation of posterior airway space after setback surgery by simulation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:1145-1150. [PMID: 30673976 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The possible negative outcomes of mandibular setback surgery (MSS) on the upper airway (UA) have become an important issue in recent years. The purpose of the present study was to compare the different amounts of MSS and to confirm the accepted maximum amount of mandibular setback by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. An anatomically similar UA model was constructed from magnetic resonance images of a systemically healthy individual. Two out of six models were kept as control models and the remaining four models were created to represent MSS scenarios with different amounts to correct Class III skeletal abnormality. The airflow was assumed laminar, incompressible, and the surrounding soft tissue was assumed to be linear elastic. The sixth model that was representative of 15 mm of MSS showed statistically significant differences from the other models (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among other models in terms of all the parameters (p > 0.05). CFD has been recently used in researches by modeling the UA flow; however, to the best of our knowledge, none of the studies have proved the maximum limits of MSS amounts with this technique. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazife Begum Karan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Sevil Kahraman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Matte BF, Kumar A, Placone JK, Zanella VG, Martins MD, Engler AJ, Lamers ML. Matrix stiffness mechanically conditions EMT and migratory behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224360. [PMID: 30559248 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of heterogeneous phenotypes, each having different sensitivities to the microenvironment. One microenvironment characteristic - matrix stiffness - helps to regulate malignant transformation and invasion in mammary tumors, but its influence on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unclear. We observed that, on stiff matrices, a highly invasive OSCC cell line (SCC25) comprising a low E-cad to N-cad ratio (InvH/E:NL; SCC25) had increased migration velocity and decreased adhesion strength compared to a less invasive OSCC cell line (Cal27) with high E-cad to N-cad ratio (InvL/E:NH; Cal27). However, InvL/E:NH cells acquire a mesenchymal signature and begin to migrate faster when exposed to prolonged time on a stiff niche, suggesting that cells can be mechanically conditioned. Owing to increased focal adhesion assembly, InvL/E:NH cells migrated faster, which could be reduced when increasing integrin affinity with high divalent cation concentrations. Mirroring these data in human patients, we observed that collagen organization, an indicator of matrix stiffness, was increased with advanced disease and correlated with early recurrence. Consistent with epithelial tumors, our data suggest that OSCC cells are mechanically sensitive and that their contribution to tumor progression is mediated in part by this sensitivity.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana F Matte
- Department of Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Virgílio G Zanella
- Department of Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Head and Neck Surgery Department, Santa Rita Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manoela D Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA .,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marcelo L Lamers
- Department of Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil .,Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Mechanical behaviors of tension and relaxation of tongue and soft palate: Experimental and analytical modeling. J Theor Biol 2018; 459:142-153. [PMID: 30287357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is to characterize mechanical properties of uniaxial tension and stress relaxation responses of muscle tissues of tongue and soft palate. Uniaxial tension test and stress relaxation test on 39 fresh tissue samples from four five-month-old boars (65 ± 15 kg) are conducted. Firstly, the rationality of the samples' dimension design and experimenal data measurement is validated by one-way ANOVA F-type test. Mechanical properties, including stress-strain relationship and stress relaxation characteristic, are then investigated in details to show the nonlinear behaviors of the tissue samples clearly. Finally, a constitutive model of representing the mechanical properties is formulated within the nonlinear integral representation framework proposed by Pinkin and Rogers, and corresponding material parameters are fitted to the experimental data based on the Levenberg-Marquardt minimization algorithm. The results of the fitting comparison prove that the formulated constitutive model can capture the observed nonlinear behaviors of the muscle tissue samples in both the axial tension and stress relaxation experiments.
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41
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Soft palate muscle activation: a modeling approach for improved understanding of obstructive sleep apnea. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 18:531-546. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fovargue D, Nordsletten D, Sinkus R. Stiffness reconstruction methods for MR elastography. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3935. [PMID: 29774974 PMCID: PMC6175248 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of tissue stiffness is desirable for clinicians and researchers, as it is well established that pathophysiological mechanisms often alter the structural properties of tissue. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) provides an avenue for measuring tissue stiffness and has a long history of clinical application, including staging liver fibrosis and stratifying breast cancer malignancy. A vital component of MRE consists of the reconstruction algorithms used to derive stiffness from wave-motion images by solving inverse problems. A large range of reconstruction methods have been presented in the literature, with differing computational expense, required user input, underlying physical assumptions, and techniques for numerical evaluation. These differences, in turn, have led to varying accuracy, robustness, and ease of use. While most reconstruction techniques have been validated against in silico or in vitro phantoms, performance with real data is often more challenging, stressing the robustness and assumptions of these algorithms. This article reviews many current MRE reconstruction methods and discusses the aforementioned differences. The material assumptions underlying the methods are developed and various approaches for noise reduction, regularization, and numerical discretization are discussed. Reconstruction methods are categorized by inversion type, underlying assumptions, and their use in human and animal studies. Future directions, such as alternative material assumptions, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fovargue
- Imaging Sciences & Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - David Nordsletten
- Imaging Sciences & Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Imaging Sciences & Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Inserm U1148, LVTSUniversity Paris Diderot, University Paris 13Paris75018France
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Liu H, Prot VE, Skallerud BH. 3D patient-specific numerical modeling of the soft palate considering adhesion from the tongue. J Biomech 2018; 77:107-114. [PMID: 29960734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Collapse of the soft palate in the upper airway contributes to obstructive sleeping apnea (OSA). In this study, we investigate the influence of the adhesion from the tongue on the soft palate global response. This is achieved using a cohesive zone finite element approach. A traction-separation law is determined to describe the adhesion effect from the surface tension of the lining liquid between the soft palate and the tongue. According to pull-off experimental tests of human lining liquid from the oral surface of the soft palate, the corresponding cohesive properties, including the critical normal traction stress and the failure separation displacement, are obtained. The 3D patient-specific soft palate geometry is accounted for, based on one specific patient's computed tomography (CT) images. The calculation results show that influence of the adhesion from the tongue surface on the global response of the soft palate depends on the length ratio between the cohesive length and the soft palate length. When the length of the cohesive zone is smaller than half of the soft palate length, the adhesion's influence is negligible. When the adhesion length is larger than 70 percent of soft palate length, the adhesion force contributes to preventing the soft palate from collapsing towards to the pharynx wall, i.e. the closing pressure is more negative than in the no adhesion case. These results may provide useful information to the clinical treatment of OSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Biomechanics Division, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Victorien Emile Prot
- Biomechanics Division, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Skallerud
- Biomechanics Division, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Baseline Biomechanical Properties of Epithelia prior to Tissue Expansion in Dogs. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1773. [PMID: 29922558 PMCID: PMC5999427 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Soft-tissue deficiencies pose a challenge in a variety of disease processes when the end result is exposure of underlying tissue. Although multiple surgical techniques exist, the transposition of tissue from one location to another can cause donor-site morbidity, long incisions prone to dehiscence, and poor patient outcomes as a result. Use of tissue expansion prior to grafting procedures has been shown to have success in increasing available soft tissue to aid in repairing wounds. However, the current tissue expanders have biomechanical limits to the extent and rate of expansion that usually exceeds the tissue capacity, leading to incisional dehiscence or expander extrusion. Understanding the baseline biomechanical properties of the tissue to be expanded would provide useful information regarding surgical protocol employed for a given anatomical location. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test and compare the baseline (preexpansion) biomechanical properties of different common expansion sites in dogs. Methods: Four samples measuring approximately 20 × 15 × 1 mm were harvested from 8 dogs. The samples were collected from the hard palate, alveolar mucosa, scalp, and chest of the animal and analyzed for stress, strain, maximum tangential stiffness, maximum tangential modulus, and tensile strength using a Texture Technologies TA.XT texture analyzer with corresponding biomechanical measurement software. Samples were compared as to their baseline biomechanical properties prior to any soft-tissue expansion. Histological sections of the samples were analyzed using hematoxylin eosin in an attempt to correlate the histological description to the biomechanical properties seen during testing. Summary statistics (mean, standard deviation, standard error, range) are reported for stress, strain, maximum tangential stiffness, maximum tangential modulus, and tensile strength and for the histological parameters by intraoral site. Analysis of variance was used to compare the biomechanical and histological parameters among the 4 locations while accounting for multiple measurements from each dog. Results: The scalp had significantly higher maximum stress (σmax) than chest, mucosa, and palate (P < 0.0001), with no differences among the other 3 locations (P > 0.63). Scalp site also had significantly higher maximum tangential modulus (ε) than chest, mucosa, and palate (P < 0.006), with no differences among the other 3 locations (P > 0.17). The locations did not have significantly different maximum tangential stiffness (k; P = 0.72). Histologically, 2 separate patterns of collagen disruption were evident. Conclusion: Although different results were obtained than theorized, this study showed that the scalp had the greatest resiliency to expand prior to tearing, and the highest tangential modulus, with all sites having statistically similar modulus of elasticity. Based on this study, the scalp could be expanded more aggressively compared with the other sites.
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Chang KK, Kim KB, McQuilling MW, Movahed R. Fluid structure interaction simulations of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea patients before and after maxillomandibular advancement surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018; 153:895-904. [PMID: 29853247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to analyze pharyngeal airflow using both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and fluid structure interactions (FSI) in obstructive sleep apnea patients before and after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery. The airflow characteristics before and after surgery were compared with both CFD and FSI. In addition, the presurgery and postsurgery deformations of the airway were evaluated using FSI. METHODS Digitized pharyngeal airway models of 2 obstructive sleep apnea patients were generated from cone-beam computed tomography scans before and after MMA surgery. CFD and FSI were used to evaluate the pharyngeal airflow at a maximum inspiration rate of 166 ml per second. Standard steady-state numeric formulations were used for airflow simulations. RESULTS Airway volume increased, pressure drop decreased, maximum airflow velocity decreased, and airway resistance dropped for both patients after the MMA surgery. These findings occurred in both the CFD and FSI simulations. The FSI simulations showed an area of marked airway deformation in both patients before surgery, but this deformation was negligible after surgery for both patients. CONCLUSIONS Both CFD and FSI simulations produced airflow results that indicated less effort was needed to breathe after MMA surgery. The FSI simulations demonstrated a substantial decrease in airway deformation after surgery. These beneficial changes positively correlated with the large improvements in polysomnography outcomes after MMA surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang K Chang
- Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Mo.
| | - Ki Beom Kim
- Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Mark W McQuilling
- College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Reza Movahed
- Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Mo; private practice, St. Louis, Mo
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Subramaniam DR, Arens R, Wagshul ME, Sin S, Wootton DM, Gutmark EJ. Biomechanics of the soft-palate in sleep apnea patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Biomech 2018; 76:8-15. [PMID: 29793766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly compliant tissue supporting the pharynx and low muscle tone enhance the possibility of upper airway occlusion in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The present study describes subject-specific computational modeling of flow-induced velopharyngeal narrowing in a female child with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) with OSA and a non-OSA control. Anatomically accurate three-dimensional geometries of the upper airway and soft-palate were reconstructed for both subjects using magnetic resonance (MR) images. A fluid-structure interaction (FSI) shape registration analysis was performed using subject-specific values of flow rate to iteratively compute the biomechanical properties of the soft-palate. The optimized shear modulus for the control was 38 percent higher than the corresponding value for the OSA patient. The proposed computational FSI model was then employed for planning surgical treatment for the apneic subject. A virtual surgery comprising of a combined adenoidectomy, palatoplasty and genioglossus advancement was performed to estimate the resulting post-operative patterns of airflow and tissue displacement. Maximum flow velocity and velopharyngeal resistance decreased by 80 percent and 66 percent respectively following surgery. Post-operative flow-induced forces on the anterior and posterior faces of the soft-palate were equilibrated and the resulting magnitude of tissue displacement was 63 percent lower compared to the pre-operative case. Results from this pilot study indicate that FSI computational modeling can be employed to characterize the mechanical properties of pharyngeal tissue and evaluate the effectiveness of various upper airway surgeries prior to their application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raanan Arens
- Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mark E Wagshul
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sanghun Sin
- Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David M Wootton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ephraim J Gutmark
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, CEAS, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; UC Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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47
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Mathieu V, de Loubens C, Thomas C, Panouillé M, Magnin A, Souchon I. An experimental model to investigate the biomechanical determinants of pharyngeal mucosa coating during swallowing. J Biomech 2018; 72:144-151. [PMID: 29559243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative experimental approaches is necessary to gain insights in the complex biomechanics of swallowing. In particular, unraveling the mechanisms of formation of the thin film of bolus coating the pharyngeal mucosa after the ingestion of liquid or semi-liquid food products is an important challenge, with implication in dysphagia treatment and sensory perceptions. The aim here is to propose an original experimental model of swallowing (i) to simulate the peristaltic motions driving the bolus from the oral cavity to the esophagus, (ii) to mimic and vary complex physiological variables of the pharyngeal mucosa (lubrication, deformability and velocity) and (iii) to measure the thickness and the composition of the coatings resulting from bolus flow. Three Newtonian glucose solutions were considered as model food boli, through sets of experiments covering different ranges of each physiological parameter mimicked. The properties of the coatings (thickness and dilution in saliva film) were shown to depend significantly on the physical properties of food products considered (viscosity and density), but also on physiological variables such as lubrication by saliva, velocity of the peristaltic wave, and to a lesser extent, the deformability of the pharyngeal mucosa. The biomechanical peristalsis simulator developed here can contribute to unravel the determinants of bolus adhesion on pharyngeal mucosa, necessary both for the design of alternative food products for people affected by swallowing disorders, and for a better understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of aroma perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mathieu
- UMR GMPA, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Clément de Loubens
- UMR GMPA, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chloé Thomas
- UMR GMPA, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Maud Panouillé
- UMR GMPA, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Albert Magnin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Souchon
- UMR GMPA, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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48
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Liu Y, Mitchell J, Chen Y, Yim W, Chu W, Wang RC. Study of the upper airway of obstructive sleep apnea patient using fluid structure interaction. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 249:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Palatal implant surgery effectiveness in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: A numerical method with 3D patient-specific geometries. J Biomech 2018; 66:86-94. [PMID: 29162228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects a large percentage of the population and is increasingly recognized as a major global health problem. One surgical procedure for OSA is to implant polyethylene (PET) material into the soft palate, but its efficacy remains to be discussed. In this study, we provide input to this topic based on numerical simulations. Three 3 dimensional (3D) soft palate finite element models including mouth-close and mouth-open cases were created based on three patient-specific computed tomography (CT) images. A simplified material modeling approach with the Neo-Hookean material model was applied, and nonlinear geometry was accounted for. Young's modulus for the implant material was obtained from uniaxial tests, and the PET implant pillars were inserted to the 3D soft palate model. With the finite element model, we designed different surgical schemes and investigated their efficacy with respect to avoiding the soft palate collapse. Several pillar schemes were tested, including different placement directions, different placement positions, different settings for the radius and the array parameters of the implant pillars, and different Young's moduli for the pillars. Based on our simulation results, the longitudinal-direction implant surgery improved the stiffness of the soft palate to a small degree, and implanting in the transverse direction was evaluated to be a good choice for improving the existing surgical scheme. In addition, the Young's modulus of the polyethylene material implants has an influence on the reinforcement efficacy of the soft palate.
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50
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Koike N, Ii S, Yoshinaga T, Nozaki K, Wada S. Model-based inverse estimation for active contraction stresses of tongue muscles using 3D surface shape in speech production. J Biomech 2017; 64:69-76. [PMID: 28947160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel inverse estimation approach for the active contraction stresses of tongue muscles during speech. The proposed method is based on variational data assimilation using a mechanical tongue model and 3D tongue surface shapes for speech production. The mechanical tongue model considers nonlinear hyperelasticity, finite deformation, actual geometry from computed tomography (CT) images, and anisotropic active contraction by muscle fibers, the orientations of which are ideally determined using anatomical drawings. The tongue deformation is obtained by solving a stationary force-equilibrium equation using a finite element method. An inverse problem is established to find the combination of muscle contraction stresses that minimizes the Euclidean distance of the tongue surfaces between the mechanical analysis and CT results of speech production, where a signed-distance function represents the tongue surface. Our approach is validated through an ideal numerical example and extended to the real-world case of two Japanese vowels, /ʉ/ and /ɯ/. The results capture the target shape completely and provide an excellent estimation of the active contraction stresses in the ideal case, and exhibit similar tendencies as in previous observations and simulations for the actual vowel cases. The present approach can reveal the relative relationship among the muscle contraction stresses in similar utterances with different tongue shapes, and enables the investigation of the coordination of tongue muscles during speech using only the deformed tongue shape obtained from medical images. This will enhance our understanding of speech motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihiko Koike
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ii
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Yoshinaga
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nozaki
- Division of Dental Informatics, Osaka University Dental Hospital, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeo Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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