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Veronez SDO, do Espirito-Santo CC, Dantas AFODA, Pereira ND, Ilha J. The use of nonlinear analysis in understanding postural control: A scoping review. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 96:103246. [PMID: 38905821 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear analyses have emerged as an approach to unraveling the intricate dynamics and underlying mechanisms of postural control, offering insights into the complex interplay of physiological and biomechanical factors. However, achieving a comprehensive understanding of the application of nonlinear analysis in postural control studies remains a challenge due to the various nonlinear measurement methods currently available. Thus, this scoping review aimed to identify existing nonlinear analyses used to study postural control in both dynamic and quiet tasks, and to summarize and disseminate the available literature on the use of nonlinear analysis in postural control. For this purpose, a scoping review was conducted and reported following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist and Explanation. Searches were conducted up to July 2023 on PubMed/Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, resulting in the inclusion of 397 unique studies. The main classes employed among the studies were entropy-based, fractal-based, quantification of recurrence plots, and quantification of stability, with a total of 91 different algorithms distributed among these classes. The most common condition used to study postural control was quiet standing, followed by dynamic standing and gait tasks. Although various algorithms were utilized for this purpose, sample entropy was employed in 43% of studies to explore mechanisms related to postural control. Among them, 28% were in quiet standing, 3.27% were in dynamic standing, and 4.78% to study postural control during the gait. The results also provide insights into nonlinear analysis for future studies, concerning the complexity and interactions within the postural control system across various task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen de Oliveira Veronez
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Caroline Cunha do Espirito-Santo
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Instituto Santos Dumont (ISD), Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Duarte Pereira
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jocemar Ilha
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Mahmood I, Maqbool HF, Raza A, Iqbal N, Dehghani-Sanij AA. Gait dynamic stability evaluation in patients undergoing hip joint fractures - tools to measure rehabilitation effectiveness. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:045050. [PMID: 38861944 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad567b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A hip joint fracture includes a break in the thigh (femur) or coxa bone near the pelvis. During fracture healing, stability and weight bearing by the affected limb are key indicators to measure patients' improvement. Conventionally, the rehabilitation effectiveness is monitored through clinical examinations, patients' feedback, and few studies also reported instrumented gait evaluations. A gap remains there to numerically quantify the recovery in patients' stability and weight bearing in response to rehabilitation therapies. This study introduces Nyquist and Bode (N&B) methods to analyse the instrumented gait signals further and evaluate gait stability in hip fracture patients during weight loading and unloading transitions. The centre of pressure (CoP) data was recorded using force plates for conditions: coxa hip fracture (HC), femur hip fracture (HF), and normal hip joint (NH). The time rate of CoP signals illustrated two major impulses during the loading and unloading phases which were modelled in time and frequency domains. The frequency models were further analysed by applying N&B methods and stability margins were computed for both impaired and healthy conditions. Results illustrated a significant decrease (Kruskal-Wallis's test, p < 0.001) in the intralimb walking stability of both fracture conditions. Further, Spearman's correlation between CoP velocities of fractured and intact limbs illustrated significant interlimb dependencies to maintain walking stability (p < 0.001) during weight loading and unloading transitions. Overall, the HF impairment illustrated the least intralimb walking stability and relatively greater interlimb dependencies. Clinically, these methods and findings are important to measure the recovery in patients undergoing rehabilitation after a hip joint or other lower limb impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mahmood
- Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Farhan Maqbool
- Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Anam Raza
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
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Shokouhi S, Sritharan P, Lee PVS. Recovering whole-body angular momentum and margin of stability after treadmill-induced perturbations during sloped walking in healthy young adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4421. [PMID: 38388724 PMCID: PMC10884438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Although humans are well-adapted to negotiating sloped terrain, balance recovery after a disturbance on slopes is poorly understood. This study investigated how slope affects recovery from unanticipated simulated trips and slips. Eighteen healthy young adults walked on a split-belt treadmill at 1.25 m/s and three slope angles (downhill: - 8°; level: 0°; uphill: + 8°), with slip- and trip-like perturbations applied randomly at heel-strike. We evaluated balance recovery using whole-body angular momentum (WBAM) and perturbation response (PR), for which larger PR values indicate greater deviation of the margin of stability from baseline, therefore, greater destabilisation after perturbation. Overall, trips were more destabilising than slips, producing larger PR and greater range and integral of WBAM across all tested slopes, most significantly in the sagittal plane. Contrary to expectation, sagittal-plane PR post-trip was greatest for level walking and smallest for downhill walking. Heightened vigilance during downhill walking may explain this finding. Recovery strategy in both frontal and sagittal planes was consistent across all slopes and perturbation types, characterized by a wider and shorter first recovery step, with trips requiring the greatest step adjustment. Our findings advance understanding of the robustness of human locomotion and may offer insights into fall prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Shokouhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Prasanna Sritharan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Vee-Sin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Muroi D, Kodama K, Tomono T, Saito Y, Koyake A, Higuchi T. Approaching Process in Walking through an Aperture for Individuals with Stroke. J Mot Behav 2023; 56:139-149. [PMID: 38047437 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2280259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Muroi et al. show that individuals with stroke have improved collision avoidance behavior when passing through an aperture while entering from the paretic-side of the body. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We reanalyzed Muroi et al.'s data to reveal how individuals with stroke walk through an aperture by examining changes in walking velocity and behavioral complexity (i.e., sample entropy, an index of (ir)regularity of time series, regarded lower entropy as more regular and less complex) by focusing on the approaching process. The results showed that individuals with stroke reduced their walking velocity and behavioral complexity before passing through the narrow aperture when approaching from the paretic side. We interpreted that the improved obstacle avoidance when penetrating from the paretic side may be due to careful body rotation and adjusting the walking velocity in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Muroi
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kodama
- University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tomono
- Faculty of Humanities, Sapporo Gakuin University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaro Saito
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kameda Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aki Koyake
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kameda Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Padulo J, Rampichini S, Borrelli M, Buono DM, Doria C, Esposito F. Gait Variability at Different Walking Speeds. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:158. [PMID: 37987494 PMCID: PMC10660777 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait variability (GV) is a crucial measure of inconsistency of muscular activities or body segmental movements during repeated tasks. Hence, GV might serve as a relevant and sensitive measure to quantify adjustments of walking control. However, it has not been clarified whether GV is associated with walking speed, a clarification needed to exploit effective better bilateral coordination level. For this aim, fourteen male students (age 22.4 ± 2.7 years, body mass 74.9 ± 6.8 kg, and body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m) took part in this study. After three days of walking 1 km each day at a self-selected speed (SS) on asphalt with an Apple Watch S. 7 (AppleTM, Cupertino, CA, USA), the participants were randomly evaluated on a treadmill at three different walking speed intensities for 10 min at each one, SS - 20%/SS + 20%/ SS, with 5 min of passive recovery in-between. Heart rate (HR) was monitored and normalized as %HRmax, while the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (CR-10 scale) was asked after each trial. Kinematic analysis was performed, assessing the Contact Time (CT), Swing Time (ST), Stride Length (SL), Stride Cycle (SC), and Gait Variability as Phase Coordination Index (PCI). RPE and HR increased as the walking speed increased (p = 0.005 and p = 0.035, respectively). CT and SC decreased as the speed increased (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.013, respectively), while ST remained unchanged (p = 0.277). SL increased with higher walking speed (p = 0.0001). Conversely, PCI was 3.81 ± 0.88% (high variability) at 3.96 ± 0.47 km·h-1, 2.64 ± 0.75% (low variability) at SS (4.94 ± 0.58 km·h-1), and 3.36 ± 1.09% (high variability) at 5.94 ± 0.70 km·h-1 (p = 0.001). These results indicate that while the metabolic demand and kinematics variables change linearly with increasing speed, the most effective GV was observed at SS. Therefore, SS could be a new methodological approach to choose the individual walking speed, normalize the speed intensity, and avoid a gait pattern alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Daniel Maria Buono
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Lu C, Al-Juaid R, Al-Amri M. Gait Stability Characteristics in Able-Bodied Individuals During Self-paced Inclined Treadmill Walking: Within-Subject Repeated-Measures Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e42769. [PMID: 37276010 DOI: 10.2196/42769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclined walking is a challenging task that requires active neuromuscular control to maintain stability. However, the adaptive strategies that preserve stability during inclined walking are not well understood. Investigating the effects of self-paced inclined treadmill walking on gait stability characteristics and the activation patterns of key lower limb muscles can provide insights into these strategies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of self-paced inclined treadmill walking on gait stability characteristics and the activation of key lower limb muscles. METHODS Twenty-eight able-bodied individuals (mean age 25.02, SD 2.06 years) walked on an augmented instrumented treadmill for 3 minutes at 3 inclination angles (-8°, 0°, and 8°) at their preferred walking speed. Changes in gait characteristics (ie, stability, walking speed, spatial-temporal, kinematic, and muscle forces) across inclination angles were assessed using a repeated measures ANOVA and the Friedman test. RESULTS The study revealed that inclined treadmill walking has a significant impact on gait characteristics (P<.001). Changes were observed in spatial-temporal parameters, joint angles, and muscle activations depending on the treadmill inclination. Specifically, stability and walking speed decreased significantly during uphill walking, indicating that it was the most challenging walking condition. Uphill walking also led to a decrease in spatial parameters by at least 13.53% and a 5.26% to 10.96% increase in temporal parameters. Furthermore, joint kinematics and peak activation of several muscles, including the hamstrings (biceps femoris, long head=109.5%, biceps femoris, short head=53.3%, semimembranosus=98.9%, semitendinosus=90.9%), gastrocnemius (medial gastrocnemius=40.6%, lateral gastrocnemius=35.3%), and vastii muscles (vastus intermedius=12.8%, vastus lateralis=16.7%) increased significantly during uphill walking. In contrast, downhill walking resulted in bilateral reductions in spatial-temporal gait parameters, with knee flexion increasing and hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion decreasing. The peak activation of antagonist muscles, such as the quadriceps, tibialis anterior, and tibialis posterior, significantly increased during downhill walking (rectus femoris=97.7%, vastus lateralis =70.6%, vastus intermedius=68.7%, tibialis anterior=72%, tibialis posterior=107.1%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that able-bodied individuals adopt specific walking patterns during inclined treadmill walking to maintain a comfortable and safe walking performance. The results suggest that inclined treadmill walking has the potential to serve as a functional assessment and rehabilitation tool for gait stability by targeting muscle training. Future research should investigate the effects of inclined treadmill walking on individuals with gait impairments and the potential benefits of targeted muscle training. A better understanding of the adaptive strategies used during inclined walking may lead to the development of more effective rehabilitation interventions for individuals with lower limb injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rawan Al-Juaid
- Physical Therapy Department, Almuwaih General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Al-Amri
- School of Healthcare Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Nakamura T, Kodama K, Sakazaki J, Higuchi T. Relationship between adaptability during turning and the complexity of walking before turning in older adults. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:331-340. [PMID: 37040902 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2199692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the relationship between behavioral complexity (sample entropy, SEn) during steady walking and the quickness of subsequent turning performance in older adults. Herein, healthy older and younger adults (n = 12 each) were instructed to walk straight and then turn into an intersection surrounded by four pylons. This walking task was performed under two turning conditions: reactive and pre-planned turning, where the direction of turning was unknown until immediately before turning or was informed beforehand, respectively. For older adults, behavioral complexity was comparable under both conditions, but was higher under reactive than pre-planned turning condition for younger adults. This suggests that older adults cannot adapt their walking patterns in response to turning conditions. Correlation analysis showed that older adults with lower SEn had more difficulty in turning rapidly under reactive turning condition, indicating a relationship between the two variables. Thus, deterioration of the reactive turning performance in older adults is related to stereotyped movements during steady walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kodama
- University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juntaro Sakazaki
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Xie H, Liang H, Chien JH. Different types of plantar vibration affect gait characteristics differently while walking on different inclines. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14619. [PMID: 36643634 PMCID: PMC9835691 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plantar vibration has been widely used to strengthen the sensation of the somatosensory system, further enhancing balance during walking on a level surface in patients with stroke. However, previous studies with plantar vibration only involved the level surface, which neglected the importance of inclined/declined walking in daily life. Thus, combining the plantar vibration and inclined/declined walking might answer a critical research question: whether different types of plantar vibration had different effects on gait characteristics during walking on different inclines. Methods Eighteen healthy young adults were recruited. Fifteen walking conditions were assigned randomly to these healthy adults (no, sub-, and supra-threshold plantar vibration × five different inclines: +15%, +8%, 0%, -8%, -15% grade). A motion capture system with eight cameras captured 12 retro-reflective markers and measured the stride time, stride length, step width, and respective variabilities. Results A significant interaction between vibration and inclination was observed in the stride time (p < 0.0001) and step width (p = 0.015). Post hoc comparisons found that supra-threshold vibration significantly decreased the stride time (-8%: p < 0.001; -15%: p < 0.001) while the sub-threshold vibration significantly increased the step width (-8%: p = 0.036) in comparison with no plantar vibration. Conclusions When walking downhill, any perceivable (supra-threshold) vibration on the plantar area decreased the stride time. Also, the increase in step width was observed by non-perceivable (sub-threshold) plantar vibration while walking uphill. These observations were crucial as follows: (1) applying sub-threshold plantar vibrations during uphill walking could increase the base of support, and (2) for those who may need challenges in locomotor training, applying supra-threshold vibration during downhill walking could reach this specific training goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Xie
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Haolan Liang
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Mahmood I, Zia Ur Rahman M, Dehghani-Sanij AA. Modelling and analysis of orthoses generated whole-body vertical vibrations impact on limb stability and compliant dynamics in a ramp gait. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Quantification of Gait Stability During Incline and Decline Walking: The Responses of Required Coefficient of Friction and Dynamic Postural Index. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:7716821. [PMID: 36275397 PMCID: PMC9581656 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7716821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the gait stability response during incline and decline walking for various surface inclination angles in terms of the required coefficient of friction (RCOF), postural stability index (PSI), and center of pressure (COP)-center of mass (COM) distance. A customized platform with different surface inclinations (0°, 5°, 7.5°, and 10°) was designed. Twenty-three male volunteers participated by walking on an inclined platform for each inclination. The process was then repeated for declined platform as well. Qualysis motion capture system was used to capture and collect the trajectories motion of ten reflective markers that attached to the subjects before being exported to a visual three-dimensional (3D) software and executed in Matlab to obtain the RCOF, PSI, as well as dynamic PSI (DPSI) and COP-COM distance parameters. According to the result for incline walking, during initial contact, the RCOF was not affected to inclination. However, it was affected during peak ground reaction force (GRF) starting at 7.5° towards 10° for both walking conditions. The most affected PSI was found at anterior-posterior PSI (APSI) even as low as 5° inclination during both incline and decline walking. On the other hand, DPSI was not affected during both walking conditions. Furthermore, COP-COM distance was most affected during decline walking in anterior-posterior direction. The findings of this research indicate that in order to decrease the risk of falling and manage the inclination demand, a suitable walking strategy and improved safety measures should be applied during slope walking, particularly for decline and anterior-posterior orientations. This study also provides additional understanding on the best incline walking technique for secure and practical incline locomotion.
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Jacobsen NSJ, Blum S, Scanlon JEM, Witt K, Debener S. Mobile electroencephalography captures differences of walking over even and uneven terrain but not of single and dual-task gait. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:945341. [PMID: 36275441 PMCID: PMC9582531 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.945341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking on natural terrain while performing a dual-task, such as typing on a smartphone is a common behavior. Since dual-tasking and terrain change gait characteristics, it is of interest to understand how altered gait is reflected by changes in gait-associated neural signatures. A study was performed with 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) of healthy volunteers, which was recorded while they walked over uneven and even terrain outdoors with and without performing a concurrent task (self-paced button pressing with both thumbs). Data from n = 19 participants (M = 24 years, 13 females) were analyzed regarding gait-phase related power modulations (GPM) and gait performance (stride time and stride time-variability). GPMs changed significantly with terrain, but not with the task. Descriptively, a greater beta power decrease following right-heel strikes was observed on uneven compared to even terrain. No evidence of an interaction was observed. Beta band power reduction following the initial contact of the right foot was more pronounced on uneven than on even terrain. Stride times were longer on uneven compared to even terrain and during dual- compared to single-task gait, but no significant interaction was observed. Stride time variability increased on uneven terrain compared to even terrain but not during single- compared to dual-tasking. The results reflect that as the terrain difficulty increases, the strides become slower and more irregular, whereas a secondary task slows stride duration only. Mobile EEG captures GPM differences linked to terrain changes, suggesting that the altered gait control demands and associated cortical processes can be identified. This and further studies may help to lay the foundation for protocols assessing the cognitive demand of natural gait on the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Svenja Josée Jacobsen
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Nadine Svenja Josée Jacobsen
| | - Sarah Blum
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Hörzentrum Oldenburg GmbH, Oldenburg, Germany,Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Elizabeth Mary Scanlon
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Branch for Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology HSA, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Witt
- Department of Neurology and Research Center Neurosensory Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Oldenburg, Germany
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Nóbrega LR, Cabral AM, Oliveira FHM, de Oliveira Andrade A, Krishnan S, Pereira AA. Wrist Movement Variability Assessment in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091656. [PMID: 36141268 PMCID: PMC9498573 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder represented by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons, it decreases the individual’s motor functions and affects the execution of movements. There is a real need to include quantitative techniques and reliable methods to assess the evolution of PD. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed the variability of wrist RUD (radial and ulnar deviation) and FE (flexion and extension) movements measured by two pairs of capacitive sensors (PS25454 EPIC). The hypothesis was that PD patients have less variability in wrist movement execution than healthy individuals. The data was collected from 29 participants (age: 62.13 ± 9.7) with PD and 29 healthy individuals (60.70 ± 8). Subjects performed the experimental tasks at normal and fast speeds. Six features that captured the amplitude of the hand movements around two axes were estimated from the collected signals. (3) Results: The movement variability was greater for healthy individuals than for PD patients (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusion: The low variability seen in the PD group may indicate they execute wrist RUD and FE in a more restricted way. The variability analysis proposed here could be used as an indicator of patient progress in therapeutic programs and required changes in medication dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Reis Nóbrega
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Ariana Moura Cabral
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sridhar Krishnan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Adriano Alves Pereira
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-34-3239-4711
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Mahmood I, Raza A, Maqbool HF, Dehghani-Sanij AA. Evaluation of an ankle–foot orthosis effect on gait transitional stability during ramp ascent/descent. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2119-2132. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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MacDonald ME, Siragy T, Hill A, Nantel J. Walking on Mild Slopes and Altering Arm Swing Each Induce Specific Strategies in Healthy Young Adults. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:805147. [PMID: 35146424 PMCID: PMC8821106 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.805147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Slopes are present in everyday environments and require specific postural strategies for successful navigation; different arm strategies may be used to manage external perturbations while walking. It has yet to be determined what impact arm swing has on postural strategies and gait stability during sloped walking. We investigated the potentially interacting effects of surface slope and arm motion on gait stability and postural strategies in healthy young adults. We tested 15 healthy adults, using the CAREN-Extended system to simulate a rolling-hills environment which imparted both incline (uphill) and decline (downhill) slopes (± 3°). This protocol was completed under three imposed arm swing conditions: held, normal, active. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, mediolateral margin of stability, and postural kinematics in anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral (ML), and vertical (VT) directions were assessed. Main effects of conditions and interactions were evaluated by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Our results showed no interactions between arm swing and slope; however, we found main effects of arm swing and main effects of slope. As expected, uphill and downhill sections of the rolling-hills yielded opposite stepping and postural strategies compared to level walking, and active and held arm swings led to opposite postural strategies compared to normal arm swing. Arm swing effects were consistent across slope conditions. Walking with arms held decreased gait speed, indicating a level of caution, but maintained stability comparable to that of walking with normal arm swing. Active arm swing increased both step width variability and ML-MoS during downhill sections. Alternately, ML-MoS was larger with increased step width and double support time during uphill sections compared to level, which demonstrates that distinct base of support strategies are used to manage arm swing compared to slope. The variability of the rolling-hills also required proactive base of support changes despite the mild slopes to maintain balance.
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15
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Zanin M, Olivares F, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Rausell E, Gomez-Andres D. Gait analysis under the lens of statistical physics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3257-3267. [PMID: 35782747 PMCID: PMC9237948 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gait is a fundamental activity, essential for the survival of the individual, and an emergent property of the interactions between complex physical and cognitive processes. Gait is altered in many situations, due both to external constraints, as e.g. paced walk, and to physical and neurological pathologies. Its study is therefore important as a way of improving the quality of life of patients, but also as a door to understanding the inner working of the human nervous system. In this review we explore how four statistical physics concepts have been used to characterise normal and pathological gait: entropy, maximum Lyapunov exponent, multi-fractal analysis and irreversibility. Beyond some basic definitions, we present the main results that have been obtained in this field, as well as a discussion of the main limitations researchers have dealt and will have to deal with. We finally conclude with some biomedical considerations and avenues for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Zanin
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Felipe Olivares
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Estrella Rausell
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Gomez-Andres
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, ERN-RND & EURO-NMD, Pg. de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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Zhao G, Chen L, Ning H. Sensor-Based Fall Risk Assessment: A Survey. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1448. [PMID: 34828494 PMCID: PMC8624006 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fall is a major problem leading to serious injuries in geriatric populations. Sensor-based fall risk assessment is one of the emerging technologies to identify people with high fall risk by sensors, so as to implement fall prevention measures. Research on this domain has recently made great progress, attracting the growing attention of researchers from medicine and engineering. However, there is a lack of studies on this topic which elaborate the state of the art. This paper presents a comprehensive survey to discuss the development and current status of various aspects of sensor-based fall risk assessment. Firstly, we present the principles of fall risk assessment. Secondly, we show knowledge of fall risk monitoring techniques, including wearable sensor based and non-wearable sensor based. After that we discuss features which are extracted from sensors in fall risk assessment. Then we review the major methods of fall risk modeling and assessment. We also discuss some challenges and promising directions in this field at last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Zhao
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Liming Chen
- School of Computing, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK;
| | - Huansheng Ning
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100089, China;
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17
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Muscle synergy differences between voluntary and reactive backward stepping. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15462. [PMID: 34326376 PMCID: PMC8322057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive stepping responses are essential to prevent falls after a loss of balance. It has previously been well described that both voluntary and reactive step training could improve the efficacy of reactive stepping in different populations. However, the effect of aging on neuromuscular control during voluntary and reactive stepping remains unclear. Electromyography (EMG) signals during both backward voluntary stepping in response to an auditory cue and backward reactive stepping elicited by a forward slip-like treadmill perturbation during stance were recorded in ten healthy young adults and ten healthy older adults. Using muscle synergy analysis, we extracted the muscle synergies for both voluntary and reactive stepping. Our results showed that fewer muscle synergies were used during reactive stepping than during voluntary stepping in both young and older adults. Minor differences in the synergy structure were observed for both voluntary and reactive stepping between age groups. Our results indicate that there is a low similarity of muscle synergies between voluntary stepping and reactive stepping and that aging had a limited effect on the structure of muscle synergies. This study enhances our understanding of the neuromuscular basis of both voluntary and reactive stepping as well as the potential effect of aging on neuromuscular control during balance tasks.
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Mesquita EDM, Rodrigues FB, Rodrigues AP, Lemes TS, Andrade AO, Vieira MF. Discrimination capability of linear and nonlinear gait features in group classification. Med Eng Phys 2021; 93:59-71. [PMID: 34154776 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The variability of human movement can be defined as normal variations occurring in motor activity and quantified using linear statistics or nonlinear methods. In the human movement field, linear and nonlinear measures of variability have been used to discriminate groups and conditions in different contexts. Indeed, some authors support the idea that these gait features provide complementary information about movement. However, it is unclear which type of gait variability measure best discriminates different groups or conditions, as a comparison of the discrimination capacity between linear and nonlinear gait variability features in different groups has not been assessed. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to test the discrimination capacity of linear and nonlinear gait features to determine which type of feature would be the most efficient for discriminating older and younger adults and between lower limb amputees and nonamputees using classification algorithms. Data from previously published studies were used. The classification task was performed using the k-nearest neighbors and random forest algorithms. Our results showed that using a combination of linear and nonlinear features resulted in the highest mean accuracy rates (>90%) in group classification, reinforcing the idea that these features are complementary and express different aspects of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Mendonça Mesquita
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Barbosa Rodrigues
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; State University of Goiás - UnU Trindade, Trindade, Brazil
| | - Adriano Péricles Rodrigues
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santana Lemes
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Adriano O Andrade
- Center for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcus Fraga Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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19
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Rodrigues FB, de Sá E Souza GS, de Mendonça Mesquita E, de Sousa Gomide R, Baptista RR, Pereira AA, Andrade AO, Vieira MF. Margins of stability of persons with transtibial or transfemoral amputations walking on sloped surfaces. J Biomech 2021; 123:110453. [PMID: 34022534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gait is a complex motor skill. However, most falls in humans occur during gait, and people with lower limb amputation have an increased risk of falls. Thus, this study evaluated the stability of persons with unilateral amputation by quantifying the margin of stability (MoS) during gait, to contribute to understanding the strategies adopted by these people to reduce falls. The participants were divided into 3 groups: persons with transtibial amputations (n = 12, 32.27 ± 10.10 years, 76.9 ± 10.3 kg, 1.74 ± 0.06 m); persons with transfemoral amputations (n = 13, 32.21 ± 8.34 years, 72.55 ± 10.23 kg, 1.73 ± 0.05 m); and controls (n = 15, 32.2 ± 10.17 years, 75.4 ± 9.25 kg, 1.75 ± 0.05 m), who walked for 4 min on a level and sloped (8% down and up) treadmill. The pelvic and foot marker kinematic data were used to estimate the center of mass and base of support, and from these, the MoS was estimated. Although both groups of persons with amputations showed higher values for the ML MoS than did the control group (transtibial: 8.81 ± 1.79, 8.97 ± 1.74, 8.79 ± 1.76, transfemoral: 10.15 ± 2.03, 10.60 ± 1.98, 10.11 ± 1.75, control: 8.13 ± 1.30, 7.18 ± 1.85, 8.15 ± 1.57, level, down, and up, respectively), only the transfemoral group presented a significant higher value compared to the control group. Our findings suggest that the documented limitations in persons with amputations, especially with transfemoral amputation, are exacerbated in situations that require more skills, such as walking on sloped surfaces, triggering protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Barbosa Rodrigues
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; State University of Goiás - UnU Trindade, Trindade, Goiás, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Reimann Baptista
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, School of Health and Life Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Alves Pereira
- Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS), Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Adriano O Andrade
- Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS), Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcus Fraga Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Abstract
The understanding that sports injury is the result of the interaction among many factors and that specific profiles could increase the risk of the occurrence of a given injury was a significant step in establishing programs for injury prevention. However, injury forecasting is far from being attained. To be able to estimate future states of a complex system (forecasting), it is necessary to understand its nature and comply with the methods usually used to analyze such a system. In this sense, sports injury forecasting must implement the concepts and tools used to study the behavior of self-organizing systems, since it is by self-organizing that systems (i.e., athletes) evolve and adapt (or not) to a constantly changing environment. Instead of concentrating on the identification of factors related to the injury occurrence (i.e., risk factors), a complex systems approach looks for the high-order variables (order parameters) that describe the macroscopic dynamic behavior of the athlete. The time evolution of this order parameter informs on the state of the athlete and may warn about upcoming events, such as injury. In this article, we describe the fundamental concepts related to complexity based on physical principles of self-organization and the consequence of accepting sports injury as a complex phenomenon. In the end, we will present the four steps necessary to formulate a synergetics approach based on self-organization and phase transition to sports injuries. Future studies based on this experimental paradigm may help sports professionals to forecast sports injuries occurrence.
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21
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Yentes JM, Raffalt PC. Entropy Analysis in Gait Research: Methodological Considerations and Recommendations. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:979-990. [PMID: 33560467 PMCID: PMC8051436 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The usage of entropy analysis in gait research has grown considerably the last two decades. The present paper reviews the application of different entropy analyses in gait research and provides recommendations for future studies. While single-scale entropy analysis such as approximate and sample entropy can be used to quantify regularity/predictability/probability, they do not capture the structural richness and component entanglement characterized by a complex system operating across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Thus, for quantification of complexity, either multiscale entropy or refined composite multiscale entropy is recommended. For both single- and multiscale-scale entropy analyses, care should be made when selecting the input parameters of tolerance window r, vector length m, time series length N and number of scales. This selection should be based on the proposed research question and the type of data collected and not copied from previous studies. Parameter consistency should be investigated and published along with the main results to ensure transparency and enable comparisons between studies. Furthermore, since the interpretation of the absolute size of both single- and multiscale entropy analyses outcomes is not straightforward, comparisons should always be made with a control condition or group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Yentes
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive South, Omaha, NE, 68182-0860, USA.
| | - Peter C Raffalt
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, 0806, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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22
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Gait Variability and IEMG Variation in Gastrocnemius and Medial Hamstring Muscles on Inclined Even and Uneven Planes. Ing Rech Biomed 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Intra-limb and muscular coordination during walking on slopes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1841-1854. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Effects of triceps surae fatigue and weight training level on gait variability and local stability in young adults. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:1791-1802. [PMID: 32504344 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fatigue negatively affects gait, and the changes in gait pattern due to muscle fatigue is influenced by which muscles are fatigued and pre-existing physical activity levels. However, how these factors alter gait stability and variability, measures related to risk of fall, remains unclear. To explore how muscular fatigue affects linear and nonlinear gait features in young adults, the effects of triceps surae fatigue and weight training level on gait variability and local stability, as well as a 12-min recovery time of post-fatigue period, were evaluated in young adults (trained and untrained groups). Some features were estimated, i.e., (i) step length (SL) and step frequency (SF), (ii) average standard deviation of trunk acceleration along strides (VAR), and (iii) local dynamic stability (LDS; maximum Lyapunov exponent). LDS presented a significant increase in the anterior-posterior direction with recovery to trained group. SL and SF changed immediately post-fatigue and recovered for both groups, while VAR increased significantly in all directions, with a recovery in the vertical direction for both groups and in the medial-lateral direction for trained group. Localized fatigue affected the analyzed gait variables independent of the participant's training condition, and an interval of 12 min does not seem to be enough for a complete recovery, suggesting a longer recovery period after tasks involving localized triceps surae fatigue to guarantee basal levels of gait variability and local stability. Graphical abstract Flow chart of the experimental protocol. A) Pre-fatigue: 4 min walking at PWS. B) Post-fatigue: first 4 min walking after fatigue protocol. C) Post-fatigue: second 4 min walking after fatigue protocol. D) Post-fatigue: third 4 min walking after fatigue protocol (PWS, preferred walking speed; AP, anterior-posterior; V, vertical; ML, medial-lateral).
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Thomson D, Liston M, Gupta A. Does surface slope affect dual task performance and gait? An exploratory study in younger and older adults. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1577-1589. [PMID: 32488327 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An increased risk of falling is associated with changes in gait while dual-tasking. The degree to which gait stability is altered during walking is influenced by an individual's cognitive and postural capacity, and the difficulty of the presented tasks. However, it is unknown how greater walking task difficulty affects gait stability in younger and older adults when dual-tasking. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of walking task difficulty on gait stability in younger and older adults while performing a difficult audiospatial task. Ten younger [mean (SD) age 30.8 (6.6) years; 5 women] and 10 older [66.8 (5.7) years; 6 women] healthy adults walked on a treadmill at their preferred walking speed [younger 4.8 (0.4) ms-1, older 4.5 (0.5) ms-1) on either a level, or downhill slope both with and without responding to an audiospatial task. Step width, step width SD and mediolateral centre of mass displacement were calculated to determine changes in gait, and response time and accuracy were calculated to determine secondary task performance. Results indicated that older adults displayed a consistently greater step width (p ≤ 0.015) and maintained their mediolateral centre of mass displacement (p > 0.05) while walking downhill and responding to the audiospatial task, compared to downhill walking only. In contrast, younger adults maintained a regular step width during both level and downhill dual-tasking compared to level and downhill walking only (p > 0.05), however displayed a lower mediolateral centre of mass displacement during level dual-task walking compared to level walking only (p = 0.013). When the difficulty of the walking task was greater, older adults increased their step width, which increased their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thomson
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2571, NSW, Australia.
| | - Matthew Liston
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2571, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amitabh Gupta
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2571, NSW, Australia
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Park GY, Yeo SS, Kwon YC, Song HS, Lim YJ, Ha YM, Han SH, Oh S. Changes in Gait Parameters and Gait Variability in Young Adults during a Cognitive Task while Slope and Flat Walking. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8010030. [PMID: 32028651 PMCID: PMC7151225 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of a cognitive task while walking on a slope or a flat surface on gait parameters and gait variability in young adults. The participants consisted of thirty healthy young subjects. They were instructed to walk on a slope or on a flat surface while performing or not performing a cognitive task, which involved speaking a four-syllable word in reverse. A wearable inertia measurement unit (IMU) system was used to measure spatiotemporal parameters and gait variability. Flat gait (FG) while performing the cognitive task (FGC) and uphill gait (UG) while performing the cognitive task (UGC) significantly altered stride times, gait speeds, and cadence as compared with FG and UG, respectively. Downhill gait (DG) while performing the cognitive task (DGC) caused no significant difference as compared with DG. Gait variability comparisons showed no significant difference between UGC and UG or between FGC and FG, respectively. On the other hand, variabilities of stride times and gait speeds were significantly greater for DGC than DG. FGC and UGC induce natural changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters that enable the cognitive task to be performed safely. DGC should be regarded as high complexity tasks involving greater gait variability to reduce fall risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Young Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea;
| | - Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea; (S.S.Y.); (Y.C.K.); (H.S.S.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Young Chan Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea; (S.S.Y.); (Y.C.K.); (H.S.S.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Hyeong Seok Song
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea; (S.S.Y.); (Y.C.K.); (H.S.S.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Yu Jin Lim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea; (S.S.Y.); (Y.C.K.); (H.S.S.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Yu Mi Ha
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea; (S.S.Y.); (Y.C.K.); (H.S.S.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Seung Hee Han
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea; (S.S.Y.); (Y.C.K.); (H.S.S.); (Y.J.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Seunghue Oh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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The higher they go the harder they could fall: The impact of risk-glorifying commercials on risk behavior. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225884. [PMID: 31794575 PMCID: PMC6890243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on risk-glorifying media has provided encompassing evidence for a positive connection between risk-glorifying contents and (a) risk-positive emotions, (b) risk-positive cognitions and attitudes, and (c) risk-positive behavioral inclinations. Nevertheless, little evidence shows whether risk-glorifying content increases actual risk behavior. We conducted three experimental studies to assess whether risk-glorifying commercials increase risk behavior. In all studies, participants were randomly assigned to a risk-glorifying or a neutral commercial. Additionally, in Study 2 participants were randomly assigned to an arousal or a non-arousal condition to test the mediating effect of arousal. In Study 3, we tested the mediating effect of the accessibility to risk-positive cognitions. We measured participants’ risk behavior via the risk assessment ramp (RAR). Our results revealed that participants who watched the risk-glorifying commercial walked faster to the jumping-off point (Studies 1, 2, & 3) and would have jumped from a higher level (Studies 2 & 3), thus, indicating the exposure to risk-glorifying media content increases people’s risk behavior. Neither arousal nor the accessibility to risk-positive cognitions mediated the effect of risk-glorifying media content. Beyond our findings, we offer a new tool to assess risk behavior that is effective and easy to apply.
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Effects of inclined surfaces on gait variability and stability in unilateral lower limb amputees. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:2337-2346. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Oliveira EA, Andrade AO, Vieira MF. Linear and nonlinear measures of gait variability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 46:21-27. [PMID: 30878649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess gait variability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), as an indicative of possible altered gait pattern and a measure of recovery compared to control subjects. Forty subjects (32 male), divided into 4 groups of 10 participants, were enrolled in the study: a control group (CG), and observational groups OG-I (90 days), OG-II (180 days), and OG-III (360 days) after ACLR. All subjects underwent the same rehabilitation program for six months. For kinematic recording, each subject walked on a treadmill for 4 min at a preferred walking speed. Linear gait variability was assessed using average standard deviation (VAR) and normalized root mean square of medial-lateral (ML) trunk acceleration (RMSratio). Gait stability was assessed using the margin of stability (MoS) and local dynamic stability (LDS), and nonlinear variability was assessed using sample entropy (SEn). Compared to the CG, the VAR ML increased significantly in the OG-I group and decreased incrementally in OG-II and OG-III. MoS increased significantly in the OG-I group and tends to maintain in OG-II and OG-III, while LDS was greater in the CG and decreased incrementally in the OG groups. The SEn was higher in the OG groups than in the CG and increased in OG-II and OG-III. The results indicated that ACL reconstruction was followed by a progressive increase in stability and a progressive increase in variability over the postoperative rehabilitation period. In terms of stability and gait variability, six months of physiotherapy for rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction appears to be effective, but it is insufficient for a complete recovery as compared to healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano O Andrade
- Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcus Fraga Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Speed and temporal adaptations during nonmotorized treadmill walking in Parkinson disease and nondisabled individuals. Int J Rehabil Res 2018; 42:126-132. [PMID: 30570519 DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the potential of gait analysis and training in nonmotorized treadmill (NMT) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We investigated (a) the walking strategy adopted by patients with PD on NMT and (b) how balance may influence spatiotemporal gait parameters. We enrolled 12 patients with PD of modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 2-3 and 13 nondisabled individuals as controls. All participants were evaluated using Tinetti's performance oriented mobility assessment scale, freezing of gait questionnaire, modified falls efficacy scale, and the timed up and go test. They were asked to ambulate with comfortable and maximal speeds on the NMT. The gait parameters acquired on the NMT included walking speed, cadence (CAD), step length, and vertical ground reaction force, which were calculated for intragroup and intergroup comparisons. The PD group took on with higher contribution of CAD and less contribution of step length to increase walking speed as compared with control group. The postural stability is correlated significantly positively to the CAD at the setting of maximal speed in the PD group. Moreover, a significantly lower ratio of vertical ground reaction force/body weight was noted in the PD group during both comfortable and maximal walking speeds compared with the nondisabled controls. Our study outcomes clearly support the perceived benefits of NMT to differentiate spatiotemporal gait parameters between PD and controls. NMT may potentially be useful to evaluate the recovery of physical activities in PD receiving medications and/or rehabilitation.
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Wu Y, Liu A, Dai KR, Gu DY. Local Dynamic Stability of the Locomotion of Lower Extremity Joints and Trunk During Backward Upslope Walking. J Mot Behav 2018; 51:587-599. [PMID: 30523747 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2018.1538096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Backward slope walking was considered as a practical rehabilitation and training skill. However, its gait stability has been hardly studied, resulting in its limited application as a rehabilitation tool. In this study, the effect of walking direction and slope grade were investigated on the local dynamic stability of the motion of lower extremity joints and trunk segment during backward and forward upslope walking (BUW/FUW). The local divergence exponents (λS) of 16 adults were calculated during their BUW and FUW at grades of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Mean standard deviation over strides (MeanSD) was analyzed as their gait variability. Backward walking showed larger λS for the abduction-adduction and rotational angles of knee and ankle on inclined surface than forward walking, while λS for hip flexion-extension angle at steeper grades was opposite. No grade effect for any joint existed during BUW, while λS increased with the increasing grade during FUW. As to the trunk, walking direction did little impact on λS. Still, significant larger λS for its medial-lateral and vertical motion were found at the steeper grades during both FUW and BUW. Results indicate that during BUW, the backward direction may influence the stability of joint motions, while the trunk stability was challenged by the increasing grades. Therefore, BUW may be a training tool for the stability of both upper and lower body motion during gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,Biomedical Engineering School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China , Shanghai , China
| | - Anmin Liu
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford , Manchester , United Kingdom
| | - Ke-Rong Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,Biomedical Engineering School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China , Shanghai , China
| | - Dong-Yun Gu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,Biomedical Engineering School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China , Shanghai , China
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Yılmaz Topçuoğlu MS, Krautwurst BK, Klotz M, Dreher T, Wolf SI. How do children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy manage walking on inclines? Gait Posture 2018; 66:172-180. [PMID: 30195221 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking on inclined surfaces is an everyday task, which challenges stability and propulsion even in healthy adults. Children with cerebral palsy adapt similarly to inclines like healthy children do. However, how stability and propulsion in these subjects are influenced by different inclines remained unaddressed as of yet. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim was to examine the feeling of safety, stability and propulsion of children with cerebral palsy when walking on inclines to gain insight into the challenges they might face on these conditions. METHODS Eighteen children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy with gross motor function classification scale level I and II and nineteen healthy children underwent instrumented 3D gait analysis on level ground and on a 5° and a 10° incline. A mixed linear model was used to draw between and within group comparisons. RESULTS Reduced lateral trunk sway, a relative lengthening of the lower limb at initial contact and a controlled walking speed were employed during downhill gait compared to level walking. Patients showed an increased sagittal ROM of trunk (3-4°) and pelvis (2-3°) and a decreased sagittal knee ROM (13°) compared to the typically developed children. During uphill gait, an insufficient increase of push-off power at the ankle (increase by 0.48 W/kg) was noted in children with CP, which appeared to lead to particularly shorter strides (about 0.1 m) in patients compared to healthy children (increase by 1.32 W/kg). SIGNIFICANCE Depending on inclination angle, children with cerebral palsy managed to walk on inclines in a controlled manner. The steeper the incline, the more the gait appeared to be affected: decreased feeling of safety, increased need for stabilising mechanisms for downhill gait and less sufficient uphill propulsion were seen. Helping these patients to attain better control during downhill gait and strengthening uphill gait mechanisms may support their participation in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miray-Su Yılmaz Topçuoğlu
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Britta K Krautwurst
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Klotz
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Dreher
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian I Wolf
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hamacher D, Hamacher D, Hohnbaum M, Gerth K, Schega L, Zech A. Effects of physical exhaustion on local dynamic stability and automaticity of walking. Gait Posture 2018; 66:135-138. [PMID: 30189371 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the effects of diseases, performance of proprioceptors, anxiety or pain on gait stability or automaticity of walking are well-explored, physical fatigue might be another relevant factor whose consequences are not sufficiently investigated, yet. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of physical exhaustion on local dynamic stability (LDS) and automaticity of gait. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, 30 young and healthy adults were randomly assigned to either a passive control group or a fatigue group. The participants assigned to the fatigue group passed a shuttle-run test which finished at maximal exhaustion while those of the control group rested in sitting position for 15 min. Immediately before and after the intervention, local dynamic gait stability as well as the cognitive (serial seven subtractions) and motor dual-task costs, as a measure of automaticity, were registered. RESULTS While there was no effect of fatigue on LDS during single-task walking, we observed an interaction effect for LDS in the dual-task condition (p = .034) and for the motor dual-task costs (p = .031). Lower dual-task costs were found in the fatigued group in the post-test compared to the pre-test while the control group increased their costs at the same time. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, gait automaticity might increase after total exhaustion in young adults. Still, the underlying mechanisms are not completely resolved and further research incorporating measurements of cortical gait control might be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hamacher
- Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Michèle Hohnbaum
- Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Karsten Gerth
- Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid Zech
- Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749 Jena, Germany.
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Blair S, Lake MJ, Ding R, Sterzing T. Magnitude and variability of gait characteristics when walking on an irregular surface at different speeds. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:112-120. [PMID: 29653340 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Different modes of perturbations have been used to understand how individuals negotiate irregular surfaces, with a general notion that increased locomotion variability induces a positive training stimulus. Individuals tend to walk slower when initially exposed to such locomotion tasks, potentially influencing the magnitude and variability of biomechanical parameters. This study investigated theeffects of gait speed on lower extremity biomechanics when walking on an irregular (IS) and regular surface (RS). Twenty physically active males walked on a RS and IS at three different speeds (4 km/h, 5 km/h, 6 km/h). Lower extremity kinematics (300 Hz) and surface electromyography (3000 Hz) were recorded during the first 90 s of gait. Two-factor repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine surface and speed effects (p < 0.05). Gait speed influences walking biomechanics (kinematic and muscle activity parameters) the same irrespective of surface condition. As walking speed increased, sagittal shoe-surface angle, maximum ankle inversion, ankle abduction, knee and hip flexion increased during stance phase when walking on the IS and RS (p < 0.05). Increasing walking speed caused increased muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, vastus medialis and biceps femoris (p < 0.05) on the IS and RS during the gait cycle. Increased gait, kinematic and muscle activity variability was reported at lower walking speed on both the IS and RS. Further, irrespective of gait speed, walking on an IS triggers postural adjustments, higher muscle activity and increased gait variability compared to RS walking. Our findings suggest the benefits of training on the irregular surface may be further enhanced at slower gait speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Blair
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore University, Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China.
| | - Mark J Lake
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore University, Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Ding
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Thorsten Sterzing
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
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Reynard F, Terrier P. Determinants of gait stability while walking on a treadmill: A machine learning approach. J Biomech 2017; 65:212-215. [PMID: 29100597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic balance in human locomotion can be assessed through the local dynamic stability (LDS) method. Whereas gait LDS has been used successfully in many settings and applications, little is known about its sensitivity to individual characteristics of healthy adults. Therefore, we reanalyzed a large dataset of accelerometric data measured for 100 healthy adults from 20 to 70 years of age performing 10 min treadmill walking. We sought to assess the extent to which the variations of age, body mass and height, sex, and preferred walking speed (PWS) could influence gait LDS. The random forest (RF) and multiple adaptive regression splines (MARS) algorithms were selected for their good bias-variance tradeoff and their capabilities to handle nonlinear associations. First, through variable importance measure (VIM), we used RF to evaluate which individual characteristics had the highest influence on gait LDS. Second, we used MARS to detect potential interactions among individual characteristics that may influence LDS. The VIM and MARS results indicated that PWS and age correlated with LDS, whereas no associations were found for sex, body height, and body mass. Further, the MARS model detected an age by PWS interaction: on one hand, at high PWS, gait stability is constant across age while, on the other hand, at low PWS, gait instability increases substantially with age. We conclude that it is advisable to consider the participants' age as well as their PWS to avoid potential biases in evaluating dynamic balance through LDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Terrier
- Clinique romande de réadaptation SUVACare, Sion, Switzerland; IRR, Institute for Research in Rehabilitation, Sion, Switzerland.
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Catena RD, Chen SH, Chou LS. Does the anthropometric model influence whole-body center of mass calculations in gait? J Biomech 2017; 59:23-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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