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Song Y, Yang X, Li S, Luo Y, Chang JS, Hu Z. Thraustochytrids as a promising source of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols: bioactive compound biosynthesis, and modern biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:618-640. [PMID: 37158096 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are eukaryotes and obligate marine protists. They are increasingly considered to be a promising feed additive because of their superior and sustainable application in the production of health-benefiting bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols. Moreover, the increasing demand makes it critical to rationally design the targeted products by engineering industrial strains. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in thraustochytrids were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Metabolic networks and biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols were methodically summarized. Further, stress-based strategies used in thraustochytrids were reviewed to explore the potential methodologies for enhancing specific product yields. There are internal relationships between the biosynthesis of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols in thraustochytrids since they share some branches of the synthetic routes with some intermediate substrates in common. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these compounds are being synthesized in thraustochytrids still remains uncovered. Further, combined with omics technologies to deeply understand the mechanism and effects of different stresses is necessary, which could provide guidance for genetic engineering. While gene-editing technology has allowed targeted gene knock-in and knock-outs in thraustochytrids, efficient gene editing is still required. This critical review will provide comprehensive information to benefit boosting the commercial productivity of specific bioactive substances by thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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Ma Y, Shang Y, Stephanopoulos G. Engineering peroxisomal biosynthetic pathways for maximization of triterpene production in Yarrowia lipolytica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314798121. [PMID: 38261612 PMCID: PMC10835042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314798121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Constructing efficient cell factories for product synthesis is frequently hampered by competing pathways and/or insufficient precursor supply. This is particularly evident in the case of triterpenoid biosynthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica, where squalene biosynthesis is tightly coupled to cytosolic biosynthesis of sterols essential for cell viability. Here, we addressed this problem by reconstructing the complete squalene biosynthetic pathway, starting from acetyl-CoA, in the peroxisome, thus harnessing peroxisomal acetyl-CoA pool and sequestering squalene synthesis in this organelle from competing cytosolic reactions. This strategy led to increasing the squalene levels by 1,300-fold relatively to native cytosolic synthesis. Subsequent enhancement of the peroxisomal acetyl-CoA supply by two independent approaches, 1) converting cellular lipid pool to peroxisomal acetyl-CoA and 2) establishing an orthogonal acetyl-CoA shortcut from CO2-derived acetate in the peroxisome, further significantly improved local squalene accumulation. Using these approaches, we constructed squalene-producing strains capable of yielding 32.8 g/L from glucose, and 31.6 g/L from acetate by employing a cofeeding strategy, in bioreactor fermentations. Our findings provide a feasible strategy for protecting intermediate metabolites that can be claimed by multiple reactions by engineering peroxisomes in Y. lipolytica as microfactories for the production of such intermediates and in particular acetyl-CoA-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02142
| | - Yi Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)-Yunnan Normal University (YNNU)-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming650500, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Normal University, Kunming650500, China
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02142
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Fracchia-Durán AG, Ramos-Zambrano E, Márquez-Rocha FJ, Martínez-Ayala AL. Bioprocess conditions and regulation factors to optimize squalene production in thraustochytrids. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:251. [PMID: 37442840 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a widely distributed natural triterpene, as it is a key precursor in the biosynthesis of all sterols. It is a compound of high commercial value worldwide because it has nutritional, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications, due to its different biological properties. The main source of extraction has been shark liver oil, which is currently unviable on a larger scale due to the impacts of overexploitation. Secondary sources are mainly vegetable oils, although a limited one, as they allow low productive yields. Due to the diversity of applications that squalene presents and its growing demand, there is an increasing interest in identifying sustainable sources of extraction. Wild species of thraustochytrids, which are heterotrophic protists, have been identified to have the highest squalene content compared to bacteria, yeasts, microalgae, and vegetable sources. Several studies have been carried out to identify the bioprocess conditions and regulation factors, such as the use of eustressors that promote an increase in the production of this triterpene; however, studies focused on optimizing their productive yields are still in its infancy. This review includes the current trends that also comprises the advances in genetic regulations in these microorganisms, with a view to identify the culture conditions that have been favorable in increasing the production of squalene, and the influences that both bioprocess conditions and applied regulation factors partake at a metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guadalupe Fracchia-Durán
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI-IPN, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km 6, Calle Ceprobi 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, 62731, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Emilia Ramos-Zambrano
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI-IPN, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km 6, Calle Ceprobi 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, 62731, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Facundo Joaquín Márquez-Rocha
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia, Unidad Tabasco, 86691, Cunduacán, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Alma Leticia Martínez-Ayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI-IPN, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km 6, Calle Ceprobi 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, 62731, Morelos, Mexico.
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Germann AT, Nakielski A, Dietsch M, Petzel T, Moser D, Triesch S, Westhoff P, Axmann IM. A systematic overexpression approach reveals native targets to increase squalene production in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1024981. [PMID: 37324717 PMCID: PMC10266222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1024981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a promising platform for the production of the triterpene squalene (C30), a precursor for all plant and animal sterols, and a highly attractive intermediate towards triterpenoids, a large group of secondary plant metabolites. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 natively produces squalene from CO2 through the MEP pathway. Based on the predictions of a constraint-based metabolic model, we took a systematic overexpression approach to quantify native Synechocystis gene's impact on squalene production in a squalene-hopene cyclase gene knock-out strain (Δshc). Our in silico analysis revealed an increased flux through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in the Δshc mutant compared to the wildtype, including the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as lower glycolysis, while the tricarboxylic acid cycle predicted to be downregulated. Further, all enzymes of the MEP pathway and terpenoid synthesis, as well as enzymes from the central carbon metabolism, Gap2, Tpi and PyrK, were predicted to positively contribute to squalene production upon their overexpression. Each identified target gene was integrated into the genome of Synechocystis Δshc under the control of the rhamnose-inducible promoter Prha. Squalene production was increased in an inducer concentration dependent manner through the overexpression of most predicted genes, which are genes of the MEP pathway, ispH, ispE, and idi, leading to the greatest improvements. Moreover, we were able to overexpress the native squalene synthase gene (sqs) in Synechocystis Δshc, which reached the highest production titer of 13.72 mg l-1 reported for squalene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 so far, thereby providing a promising and sustainable platform for triterpene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T. Germann
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Nakielski
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dietsch
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Petzel
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Moser
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Triesch
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Westhoff
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilka M. Axmann
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zong C, Wu Q, Shao T, Dong Z, Liu Q. Exploiting the anaerobic fermentation of alfalfa as a renewable source of squalene. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:221-232. [PMID: 35857393 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of alfalfa is a promising response to the increasing demand for squalene. Ensiling could enhance the squalene content of fresh alfalfa and silage. To investigate and exploit the anaerobic fermentation of forage as a new squalene source, alfalfa was ensiled without (CON) or with molasses (ML) and sunflower seed oil (SSL) for 10, 40, and 70 days. RESULTS Naturally ensiled alfalfa was of poor quality but had up to 1.93 times higher squalene content (P < 0.001) than fresh alfalfa. The squalene-producing bacteria were found to be cocci lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Adding ML and SSL decreased squalene content (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001) by 6.89% and 11.6%, respectively. Multiple linear regression models and correlation analysis indicated that squalene synthase was the key enzyme for squalene synthesis. The addition of ML and SSL altered the structure of LAB communities, mainly decreasing the relative abundance of cocci LAB, which was responsible for squalene synthesis, and changing the fermentation products (lactic acid, propionic acid, and ammonia-N) influencing the squalene-related enzymes, thereby decreasing squalene production. Compared with squalene production from the reference bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici Ch-2, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Bacillus subtilis, engineered Escherichia coli), alfalfa silage had the potential to be a new squalene source. CONCLUSION Natural ensiled alfalfa was a promising source for squalene, and ensiling was a potential pathway to obtain novel high-yield squalene bacteria. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qifeng Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinhua Liu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Yang T, Juntila DJ, Fujihara N, Inada T, Yoneda K, Suzuki I. Enhancement of Squalene Production by Constitutive Expression of the 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase in Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:733-743. [PMID: 35841466 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Squalene has a wide range of applications in the industry sectors of dietary supplements, cosmetics, immunization, and pharmaceuticals. Yet, suitable organisms as the source of squalene are limited. It is reported that the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain 18W-13a can accumulate high content of squalene. However, squalene production in this organism is fluctuated under various conditions and is not yet optimized for commercialization. In this organism, the mevalonate pathway supplies isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the initial substrate for squalene production. In this pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is the rate-limiting enzyme. We found that the HMGR activity had a strong positive correlation with the squalene contents in the strain. We constitutively expressed the HMGR in this organism and found that the transformant showed increased and stable production of squalene as well as carotenoids and biomass. These results clearly indicated that the HMGR expression is the bottleneck of squalene synthesis in Aurantiochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Yang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Darryl Joy Juntila
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Algal Bio Co. Ltd, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Naomichi Fujihara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takashi Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Chitose Laboratory Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-0041, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoneda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Sho T, Kawashima H, Fujitani T, Choi JC, Kijima M. Preferential Formation of Squalene Monoepoxides via Microflow Reaction of Squalene and m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sho
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawashima
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Fujitani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masashi Kijima
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Enhanced squalene production by modulation of pathways consuming squalene and its precursor. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Recent advances in the microbial production of squalene. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:91. [PMID: 35426523 PMCID: PMC9010451 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpene hydrocarbon, a biochemical precursor for all steroids in plants and animals. It is a principal component of human surface lipids, in particular of sebum. Squalene has several applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical sectors. It is essentially used as a dietary supplement, vaccine adjuvant, moisturizer, cardio-protective agent, anti-tumor agent and natural antioxidant. With the increased demand for squalene along with regulations on shark-derived squalene, there is a need to find alternatives for squalene production which are low-cost as well as sustainable. Microbial platforms are being considered as a potential option to meet such challenges. Considerable progress has been made using both wild-type and engineered microbial strains for improved productivity and yields of squalene. Native strains for squalene production are usually limited by low growth rates and lesser titers. Metabolic engineering, which is a rational strain engineering tool, has enabled the development of microbial strains such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, to overproduce the squalene in high titers. This review focuses on key strain engineering strategies involving both in-silico and in-vitro techniques. Emphasis is made on gene manipulations for improved precursor pool, enzyme modifications, cofactor regeneration, up-regulation of limiting reactions, and downregulation of competing reactions during squalene production. Process strategies and challenges related to both upstream and downstream during mass cultivation are detailed.
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Genetic regulation and fermentation strategy for squalene production in Schizochytrium sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2415-2431. [PMID: 35352151 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Squalene, as an important terpenoid, is extensively used in the medicine and health care fields owing to its functions of anti-oxidation, blood lipid regulation and cancer prevention. The marine microalgae, Schizochytrium sp., which acts as an excellent strain with potential of high squalene production was selected as the starting strain. The overexpressed strain with sqs gene got the reduced biomass and lipid, while the squalene titer was increased by 79.6% ± 4.7% to 12.8 ± 0.2 mg/L. In order to further increase squalene production, the recombinant strain (HS strain) with sqs and hmgr gene co-overexpression was further constructed. The biomass and squalene titer of the HS strain were increased by 13.6% ± 1.2% and 88.8% ± 5.3%, respectively, which indicated the carbon flux of the mevalonate pathway was enhanced for squalene accumulation. Regarding the squalene synthesis is completely coupled with cell growth, fermentation strategy to prolong the logarithmic growth phase was conducive to improve squalene production. Under the condition of optimal composition and concentrated medium, the squalene titer of HS strain was 27.0 ± 1.3 mg/L, which was 2.0 times that of the basal medium condition (13.5 ± 0.4 mg/L). This study which combined the metabolic engineering and fermentation strategy provides a new strategy for squalene production in Schizochytrium sp. KEY POINTS: •The overexpression of sqs and hmgr genes promoted carbon metabolism for squalene. •The optimal and concentrated media can increase squalene yield.
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Chen HY, Lei JY, Li SL, Guo LQ, Lin JF, Wu GH, Lu J, Ye ZW. Progress in biological activities and biosynthesis of edible fungi terpenoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7288-7310. [PMID: 35238261 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2045559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The edible fungi have both edible and medicinal functions, in which terpenoids are one of the most important active ingredients. Terpenoids possess a wide range of biological activities and show great potential in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. In this review, the diverse biological activities of edible fungi terpenoids were summarized with emphasis on the mechanism of anti-cancer and anti-inflammation. Subsequently, this review focuses on advances in knowledge and understanding of the biosynthesis of terpenoids in edible fungi, especially in the generation of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenes. This paper is aim to provide an overview of biological functions and biosynthesis developed for utilizing the terpenoids in edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yu Lei
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Li Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hong Wu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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From Sharks to Yeasts: Squalene in the Development of Vaccine Adjuvants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030265. [PMID: 35337064 PMCID: PMC8951290 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a natural linear triterpene that can be found in high amounts in certain fish liver oils, especially from deep-sea sharks, and to a lesser extent in a wide variety of vegeTable oils. It is currently used for numerous vaccine and drug delivery emulsions due to its stability-enhancing properties and biocompatibility. Squalene-based vaccine adjuvants, such as MF59 (Novartis), AS03 (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals), or AF03 (Sanofi) are included in seasonal vaccines against influenza viruses and are presently being considered for inclusion in several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and future pandemic threats. However, harvesting sharks for this purpose raises serious ecological concerns that the exceptional demand of the pandemic has exacerbated. In this line, the use of plants to obtain phytosqualene has been seen as a more sustainable alternative, yet the lower yields and the need for huge investments in infrastructures and equipment makes this solution economically ineffective. More recently, the enormous advances in the field of synthetic biology provided innovative approaches to make squalene production more sustainable, flexible, and cheaper by using genetically modified microbes to produce pharmaceutical-grade squalene. Here, we review the biological mechanisms by which squalene-based vaccine adjuvants boost the immune response, and further compare the existing sources of squalene and their environmental impact. We propose that genetically engineered microbes are a sustainable alternative to produce squalene at industrial scale, which are likely to become the sole source of pharmaceutical-grade squalene in the foreseeable future.
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Zong C, Wu Q, Dong Z, Wu A, Wu J, Shao T, Liu Q. Recycling deteriorated silage to remove hazardous mycotoxins and produce a value-added product. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127627. [PMID: 34740509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silage, an important forage feed, contains hazardous mycotoxins due to spoilage caused by unreasonable management. Deteriorated silage becomes a mycotoxin source and threatens human health and the eco-environment. Recycling deteriorated silage and exploiting beneficial substances would be profitable and environmentally friendly. Squalene [60.3-73.9 mg/kg fresh matter (FM)] and 6 types of mycotoxins (4.56-10,080 ug/kg FM) were found in deteriorated silages. To clarify the source and synthesis mechanism of squalene, alfalfa was ensiled at low temperature (LT, 3-20 ℃), 25 ℃ (T25), 30 ℃ (T30) or 35 ℃ (T35) for 10, 40 and 70 d. The highest squalene was detected when alfalfa ensiled for 40 d (P = 0.033) or ensiled at LT and T30 (P < 0.001). Squalene source was traced as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using next-generation sequencing. Multiple linear regression models inferred that squalene synthase of LAB positively contributed to the squalene synthesis but was negatively adjusted by ammonia-N during ensiling. Two promising squalene-producing LAB strains were screened from alfalfa silage, which fermented deteriorated silage to enhanced squalene yield (190~279 mg/L) with low cost and high mycotoxin removal ratios (up to 85.5%). Therefore, the environmentally friendly strategy of recycling deteriorated silage to produce beneficial squalene was created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qifeng Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aili Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinxin Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qinhua Liu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
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14
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Xia L, Lv Y, Liu S, Yu S, Zeng W, Zhou J. Enhancing Squalene Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Metabolic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.790261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is an important polyunsaturated triterpene with wide applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, the main method for squalene production is extraction from oil-producing plants, but the scale is limited. The microbial fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae still needs improvement to be economically viable. This study aimed to improve squalene production by metabolic engineering and random mutagenesis. First, the mevalonate (MVA) pathway was enhanced, by integrating tHMG1 and IDI1 into multi-copy site Ty2. Subsequently, the ACL gene from Yarrowia lipolytica, encoding citrate lyase was introduced and the β-oxidation pathway was enhanced with multiple copies of key genes. In addition, a high throughput screening strategy based on Nile red staining was established for high squalene-producer screening. After treatment with ARTP mutagenesis, a higher-producing mutant was obtained, with squalene production enhanced by 18.4%. A two-stage fermentation of this mutant in a 5 L bioreactor produced 8.2 g/L of squalene. These findings may facilitate the development of industrial squalene production by fermentation and potentially, other terpenoids.
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15
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Liu HR, Ahmad N, Lv B, Li C. Advances in production and structural derivatization of the promising molecule ursolic acid. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000657. [PMID: 34096160 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a ursane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, naturally produced in plants via specialized metabolism and exhibits vast range of remarkable physiological activities and pharmacological manifestations. Owing to significant safety and efficacy in different medical conditions, UA may serve as a backbone to produce its derivatives with novel therapeutic functions. This review aims to provide ideas for exploring more diverse structures to improve UA pharmacological activity and increasing its biological yield to meet the industrial requirements by systematically reviewing the current research progress of UA. We first provides an overview of the pharmacological activities, acquisition methods and structural modifications of UA. Among them, we focused on the synthetic modifications of UA to yield valuable derivatives with enhanced therapeutic potential. Furthermore, harnessing the essential advances for green synthesis of UA and its derivatives by advent of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are of great concern. In this regard, all pivotal advances for enhancing the production of UA have been discussed. In combination with the advantages of UA biosynthesis and transformation strategy, large-scale microbial production of UA is a promising platform for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Nadeem Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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16
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Heath RS, Ruscoe RE, Turner NJ. The beauty of biocatalysis: sustainable synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:335-388. [PMID: 34879125 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 up to July 2021The market for cosmetics is consumer driven and the desire for green, sustainable and natural ingredients is increasing. The use of isolated enzymes and whole-cell organisms to synthesise these products is congruent with these values, especially when combined with the use of renewable, recyclable or waste feedstocks. The literature of biocatalysis for the synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics in the past five years is herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Heath
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Ruscoe
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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17
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Wei LJ, Cao X, Liu JJ, Kwak S, Jin YS, Wang W, Hua Q. Increased Accumulation of Squalene in Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica through Deletion of PEX10 and URE2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0048121. [PMID: 34132586 PMCID: PMC8357297 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00481-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpenoid serving as an ingredient of various products in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica offers enormous potential as a microbial chassis for the production of terpenoids, such as carotenoid, limonene, linalool, and farnesene, as the yeast provides ample storage space for hydrophobic products. Here, we present a metabolic design that allows the enhanced accumulation of squalene in Y. lipolytica. First, we improved squalene accumulation in Y. lipolytica by overexpressing the genes (ERG and HMG) coding for the mevalonate pathway enzymes. Second, we increased the production of lipid where squalene is accumulated by overexpressing DGA1 (encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase) and deleting PEX10 (for peroxisomal membrane E3 ubiquitin ligase). Third, we deleted URE2 (coding for a transcriptional regulator in charge of nitrogen catabolite repression [NCR]) to induce lipid accumulation regardless of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in culture media. The resulting engineered Y. lipolytica exhibited a 115-fold higher squalene content (22.0 mg/g dry cell weight) than the parental strain. These results suggest that the biological function of Ure2p in Y. lipolytica is similar to that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its deletion can be utilized to enhance the production of hydrophobic target products in oleaginous yeast strains. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated a novel strategy for increasing squalene production in Y. lipolytica. URE2, a bifunctional protein that is involved in both nitrogen catabolite repression and oxidative stress response, was identified and demonstrated correlation to squalene production. The data suggest that double deletion of PEX10 and URE2 can serve as a positive synergistic effect to help yeast cells in boosting squalene production. This discovery can be combined with other strategies to engineer cell factories to efficiently produce terpenoid in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Suryang Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Xu W, Wang D, Fan J, Zhang L, Ma X, Yao J, Wang Y. Improving squalene production by blocking the competitive branched pathways and expressing rate-limiting enzymes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1502-1508. [PMID: 34278608 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squalene is a medically valuable bioactive compound that can be used as a raw material for fuels. Microbial fermentation is the preferred method for the squalene production. In this study, we employed several metabolic engineering strategies to increase squalene yield in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. A 57% increase in squalene titer was achieved by blocking the carotenoid pathway, thus directing more FPP into the squalene biosynthetic pathway. In order to cut down the conversion of squalene to haponoids, a recombinant strain R. palustris [Δshc, ΔcrtB] in which both carotenoid and haponoid pathways were blocked was then constructed, resulting in a 50-fold increase in squalene titer. Based on the expression of rate-limiting enzymes involved in the squalene pathway, the final squalene content reached 23.3 mg/g DCW, which was 178-times higher than that of the wild-type strain. In this study, several methods effective in improving squalene yield have been described and the potential of R. palustris for producing squalene has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinbo Fan
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Ma
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Yao
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Hage-Hülsmann J, Klaus O, Linke K, Troost K, Gora L, Hilgers F, Wirtz A, Santiago-Schübel B, Loeschcke A, Jaeger KE, Drepper T. Production of C20, C30 and C40 terpenes in the engineered phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:20-30. [PMID: 34237394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites that are used, for example, as food-additives, fragrances or pharmaceuticals. Due to the formation of an intracytoplasmic membrane system and an efficient intrinsic tetraterpene pathway, the phototrophic α-proteobacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus offers favorable properties for the production of hydrophobic terpenes. However, research efforts have largely focused on sesquiterpene production. Recently, we have developed modular tools allowing to engineer the biosynthesis of terpene precursors. These tools were now applied to boost the biosynthesis of the diterpene casbene, the triterpene squalene and the tetraterpene β-carotene in R. capsulatus SB1003. Selected enzymes of the intrinsic isoprenoid pathway and the heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathway were co-expressed together with the respective terpene synthases in various combinations. Remarkably, co-expression of genes ispA, idi and dxs enhanced the synthesis of casbene and β-carotene. In contrast, co-expression of precursor biosynthetic genes with the squalene synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana reduced squalene titers. Therefore, we further employed four alternative pro- and eukaryotic squalene synthases. Here, the synthase from Methylococcus capsulatus enabled highest product levels of 90 mg/L squalene upon co-expression with ispA. In summary, we demonstrate the applicability of R. capsulatus for the heterologous production of diverse terpene classes and provide relevant insights for further development of such platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hage-Hülsmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany.
| | - Oliver Klaus
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Karl Linke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Troost
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Lukas Gora
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Fabienne Hilgers
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Astrid Wirtz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Beatrix Santiago-Schübel
- Central Division of Analytical Chemistry ZEA-3: Analytik/Biospec, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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20
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Tang WY, Wang DP, Tian Y, Fan X, Wang C, Lu XY, Li PW, Ji XJ, Liu HH. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for improving squalene production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124652. [PMID: 33421835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this present research is to enhance the squalene production in Yarrowia lipolytica using pathway engineering and bioprocess engineering. Firstly, to improve the production of squalene, the endogenous HMG-CoA reductase (HMG1) was overexpressed in Y. lipolytica to yield 208.88 mg/L squalene. Secondly, the HMG1 and diacylglycerol acyltranferase (DGA1) were co-overexpressed, the derived recombinant Y. lipolytica SQ-1 strain produced 439.14 mg/L of squalene. Thirdly, by optimizing the fermentation medium, the improved titer of squalene with 514.34 mg/L was obtained by the engineered strain SQ-1 grown on YPD-80 medium. Finally, by optimizing the addition concentrations of acetate, citrate and terbinafine, the 731.18 mg/L squalene was produced in the engineered strain SQ-1 with the addition of 0.5 mg/L terbinafine. This work describes the highest reported squalene titer in Y. lipolytica to date. This study will provide the foundation for further engineering Y. lipolytica capable of cost-efficiently producing squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Tang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dong-Ping Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Pei-Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu-Hu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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21
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Shukla V, Phulara SC. Impact of culture condition modulation on the high-yield, high-specificity and cost-effective production of terpenoids from microbial sources: A review. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02369-20. [PMID: 33257314 PMCID: PMC7851692 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02369-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a remarkable increase in the non-natural production of terpenoids from microbial route. This is due to the advancements in synthetic biology tools and techniques, which have overcome the challenges associated with the non-native production of terpenoids from microbial hosts. Although, microbes in their native form have ability to grow in wide range of physicochemical parameters such as, pH, temperature, agitation, aeration etc; however, after genetic modifications, culture conditions need to be optimized in order to achieve improved titers of desired terpenoids from engineered microbes. The physicochemical parameters together with medium supplements, such as, inducer, carbon and nitrogen source, and cofactor supply not only play an important role in high-yield production of target terpenoids from engineered host, but also reduce the accumulation of undesired metabolites in fermentation medium, thus facilitate product recovery. Further, for the economic production of terpenoids, the biomass derived sugars can be utilized together with the optimized culture conditions. In the present mini-review, we have highlighted the impact of culture conditions modulation on the high-yield and high-specificity production of terpenoids from engineered microbes. Lastly, utilization of economic feedstock has also been discussed for the cost-effective and sustainable production of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Suresh Chandra Phulara
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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22
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Pfeifer K, Ergal İ, Koller M, Basen M, Schuster B, Rittmann SKMR. Archaea Biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 47:107668. [PMID: 33271237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Archaea are a domain of prokaryotic organisms with intriguing physiological characteristics and ecological importance. In Microbial Biotechnology, archaea are historically overshadowed by bacteria and eukaryotes in terms of public awareness, industrial application, and scientific studies, although their biochemical and physiological properties show a vast potential for a wide range of biotechnological applications. Today, the majority of microbial cell factories utilized for the production of value-added and high value compounds on an industrial scale are bacterial, fungal or algae based. Nevertheless, archaea are becoming ever more relevant for biotechnology as their cultivation and genetic systems improve. Some of the main advantages of archaeal cell factories are the ability to cultivate many of these often extremophilic organisms under non-sterile conditions, and to utilize inexpensive feedstocks often toxic to other microorganisms, thus drastically reducing cultivation costs. Currently, the only commercially available products of archaeal cell factories are bacterioruberin, squalene, bacteriorhodopsin and diether-/tetraether-lipids, all of which are produced utilizing halophiles. Other archaeal products, such as carotenoids and biohydrogen, as well as polyhydroxyalkanoates and methane are in early to advanced development stages, respectively. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of Archaea Biotechnology by describing the actual state of research and development as well as the industrial utilization of archaeal cell factories, their role and their potential in the future of sustainable bioprocessing, and to illustrate their physiological and biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pfeifer
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria
| | - İpek Ergal
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Koller
- Office of Research Management and Service, c/o Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Mirko Basen
- Microbial Physiology Group, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria
| | - Simon K-M R Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
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23
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Santos DN, Aredo V, Bazito RC, Oliveira AL. Water free incorporation of shark liver oil into starch microparticles by supercritical
CO
2
impregnation at low temperature. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Nascimento Santos
- Natural Products and High Pressure Technology Laboratory (LTAPPN), Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) University of São Paulo (USP) Pirassununga São Paulo Brazil
| | - Victor Aredo
- Natural Products and High Pressure Technology Laboratory (LTAPPN), Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) University of São Paulo (USP) Pirassununga São Paulo Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Camino Bazito
- Group of Green and Environmental Chemistry (GQVA), Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of São Paulo (USP) Butantã São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alessandra Lopes Oliveira
- Natural Products and High Pressure Technology Laboratory (LTAPPN), Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) University of São Paulo (USP) Pirassununga São Paulo Brazil
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24
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Meng Y, Shao X, Wang Y, Li Y, Zheng X, Wei G, Kim S, Wang C. Extension of cell membrane boosting squalene production in the engineered
Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3499-3507. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Meng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Xixi Shao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Xiaojian Zheng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Gongyuan Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Seon‐Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus) PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University Jinju Republic of Korea
| | - Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
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25
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Song Y, Guan Z, van Merkerk R, Pramastya H, Abdallah II, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ. Production of Squalene in Bacillus subtilis by Squalene Synthase Screening and Metabolic Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4447-4455. [PMID: 32208656 PMCID: PMC7168599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) catalyzes the conversion of two farnesyl pyrophosphates to squalene, an important intermediate in between isoprene and valuable triterpenoids. In this study, we have constructed a novel biosynthesis pathway for squalene in Bacillus subtilis and performed metabolic engineering aiming at facilitating further exploitation and production of squalene-derived triterpenoids. Therefore, systematic studies and analysis were performed including selection of multiple SQS candidates from various organisms, comparison of expression vectors, optimization of cultivation temperatures, and examination of rate-limiting factors within the synthetic pathway. We were, for the first time, able to obtain squalene synthesis in B. subtilis. Furthermore, we achieved a 29-fold increase of squalene yield (0.26-7.5 mg/L) by expressing SQS from Bacillus megaterium and eliminating bottlenecks within the upstream methylerythritol-phosphate pathway. Moreover, our findings showed that also ispA could positively affect the production of squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Song
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zheng Guan
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hegar Pramastya
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pharmaceutical
Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ingy I. Abdallah
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Zhang A, Xie Y, He Y, Wang W, Sen B, Wang G. Bio-based squalene production by Aurantiochytrium sp. through optimization of culture conditions, and elucidation of the putative biosynthetic pathway genes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121415. [PMID: 31078814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Newly-isolated thraustochytrid strains from coastal waters of China were characterized as bioresource of squalene and the culture condition for the top producer was systematically optimized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that eight squalene-producing isolates were closely related to genus Aurantiochytrium and one to genus Labyrinthula. The top producer, Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97, produced squalene up to 188.6 mg/L at 28 °C in a 5-L bioreactor containing optimal medium (glucose: 40 g/L, monosodium glutamate: 3 g/L, yeast extract: 25 g/L, and NaCl: 6 g/L), which was 6-fold higher than that under unoptimized condition. Transcriptome analysis revealed for the first time the presence of seven key genes of mevalonate pathway for squalene biosynthesis in strain TWZ-97. Medium optimization yielded a 2.23-fold higher expression of the squalene synthase gene under optimal condition compared to unoptimized. This study provides a potential thraustochytrid strain TWZ-97 as bioresource of squalene and uncovers novel information about its squalene biosynthesis pathway for future strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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27
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Paramasivan K, Kumar HN P, Mutturi S. Systems-based Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain design for improved squalene synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Systems Metabolic Engineering Strategies: Integrating Systems and Synthetic Biology with Metabolic Engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:817-837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Corrigendum: Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31192199 PMCID: PMC6547300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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30
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Otani Y, Maoka T, Kawai-Noma S, Saito K, Umeno D. Construction of a pathway to C50-ε-carotene. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216729. [PMID: 31086389 PMCID: PMC6516660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate tolerance of bacterial cyclases has been demonstrated in various contexts, but little is known about that of plant cyclases. Here, we tested two plant ε-cyclases to convert C50-lycopene, which we previously established by rounds of directed evolution. Unlike bacterial β-cyclases, two-end cyclase from lettuce exhibited complete specificity against this molecule, indicating that this enzyme has some mechanism that exerts size-specificity. Arabidopsis one-end cyclase At-y2 showed detectable activity to C50-lycopene. Interestingly, we found that it functions as a two-end cyclase in a C50 context. Based on this observation, a possible model for substrate discrimination of this enzyme is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Otani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeko Kawai-Noma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Xu W, Yao J, Liu L, Ma X, Li W, Sun X, Wang Y. Improving squalene production by enhancing the NADPH/NADP + ratio, modifying the isoprenoid-feeding module and blocking the menaquinone pathway in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 30962822 PMCID: PMC6437923 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squalene is currently used widely in the food, cosmetics, and medicine industries. It could also replace petroleum as a raw material for fuels. Microbial fermentation processes for squalene production have been emerging over recent years. In this study, to study the squalene-producing potential of Escherichia coli (E. coli), we employed several increasing strategies for systematic metabolic engineering. These include the expression of human truncated squalene synthase, the overexpression of rate-limiting enzymes in isoprenoid pathway, the modification of isoprenoid-feeding module and the blocking of menaquinone pathway. RESULTS Herein, human truncated squalene synthase was engineered in Escherichia coli to create a squalene-producing bacterial strain. To increase squalene yield, we employed several metabolic engineering strategies. A fivefold squalene titer increase was achieved by expressing rate-limiting enzymes (IDI, DXS, and FPS) involved in the isoprenoid pathway. Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (UdhA) was then expressed to improve the cellular NADPH/NADP+ ratio, resulting in a 59% increase in squalene titer. The Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP) was replaced with the Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to feed the isoprenoid pathway, along with the overexpression of zwf and pgl genes which encode rate-limiting enzymes in the EDP and PPP, leading to a 104% squalene content increase. Based on the blocking of menaquinone pathway, a further 17.7% increase in squalene content was achieved. Squalene content reached a final 28.5 mg/g DCW and 52.1 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS This study provided novel strategies for improving squalene yield and demonstrated the potential of producing squalene by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Jia Yao
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Lijun Liu
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Xi Ma
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Wei Li
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
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32
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 30968019 PMCID: PMC6439483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is a natural compound that has demonstrated an extraordinary diversity of uses in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and personal care industries. Emboldened by this range of uses, novel applications that can gain profit from the benefits of squalene as an additive or supplement are expanding, resulting in its increasing demand. Ever since its discovery, the primary source has been the deep-sea shark liver, although recent declines in their populations and justified animal conservation and protection regulations have encouraged researchers to identify a novel route for squalene biosynthesis. This renewed scientific interest has profited from immense developments in synthetic biology, which now allows fine-tuning of a wider range of plants, fungi, and microorganisms for improved squalene production. There are numerous naturally squalene producing species and strains; although they generally do not make commercially viable yields as primary shark liver sources can deliver. The recent advances made toward improving squalene output from natural and engineered species have inspired this review. Accordingly, it will cover in-depth knowledge offered by the studies of the natural sources, and various engineering-based strategies that have been used to drive the improvements in the pathways toward large-scale production. The wide uses of squalene are also discussed, including the notable developments in anti-cancer applications and in augmenting influenza vaccines for greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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33
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Improving lupeol production in yeast by recruiting pathway genes from different organisms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2992. [PMID: 30816209 PMCID: PMC6395594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpene that shows a variety of pharmacological properties. Compared to engineering the production of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, it is much more challenging to engineer the biosynthesis of triterpenes in microbial platforms. This study showed our efforts on engineering the triterpene pathway in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by recruiting the codon-optimized three lupeol pathway genes from different organisms. By comparing their activities with their respective counterparts, the squalene synthase from Thermosynechococcus elongates (tSQS), the squalene epoxidase from Rattus norvegicus (rSE) and the lupeol synthase from Olea europaea (OeLUP) were introduced into E. coli BL21(DE3), a break-through from zero was observed for lupeol biosynthesis in a prokaryotic host. We also assessed the lupeol pathway under two different yeast backgrounds-WAT11 and EPY300, and have found that the engineered strains based on EPY300, named ECHHOe, processed the best lupeol-producing ability with the maximum lupeol titer being 200.1 mg l−1 at 30 °C in a 72 h-flask culture, which so far was the highest amount of lupeol obtained by a microbial system and provides a basis for further industrial application of lupeol in the future.
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34
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Park J, Yu BJ, Choi JI, Woo HM. Heterologous Production of Squalene from Glucose in Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum Using Multiplex CRISPR Interference and High-Throughput Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:308-319. [PMID: 30558416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable production of squalene has driven the development of microbial cell factories due to the limitation of low-yielding bioprocesses from plants and illegal harvesting shark liver. We report the metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce squalene from glucose. Combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies for precursor rebalancing, redox balancing, and blocking the competing pathway for the isopentenyl diphosphate availabilities were applied by repressing the target genes using the CRISPR interference. The best engineered strain using high-throughput fermentation produced squalene from glucose at 5.4 ± 0.3 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) and 105.3 ± 3.0 mg/L, which was a 5.2-fold increase over the parental strain. In addition, flask cultivation of C. glutamicum overexpressing the dxs and idi genes with squalene synthase gene and repressing the idsA gene resulted in production of squalene at 5.8 ± 0.4 mg/g DCW and 82.8 ± 6.2 mg/L, which was a 3.4-fold increase over the parental strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jo Yu
- Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , 89 Yangdaegiro-gil , Ipjang-myeon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan 31056 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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35
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Ko SC, Lee HJ, Choi SY, Choi JI, Woo HM. Bio-solar cell factories for photosynthetic isoprenoids production. PLANTA 2019; 249:181-193. [PMID: 30078076 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic production of isoprenoids in cyanobacteria is considered in terms of metabolic engineering and biological importance. Metabolic engineering of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) has been performed to construct bio-solar cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to various value-added chemicals. Isoprenoids, which are found in nature and range from essential cell components to defensive molecules, have great value in cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and biofuels. In this review, we summarize the recent engineering of cyanobacteria for photosynthetic isoprenoids production as well as carbon molar basis comparisons with heterotrophic isoprenoids production in engineered Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Cheon Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Zhou J, Zhang Y, Hu T, Su P, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Huang L, Gao W. Functional characterization of squalene epoxidase genes in the medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:203-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lu X, Ma S, Chen Y, Yangzom D, Jiang H. Squalene Found in Alpine Grassland Soils under a Harsh Environment in the Tibetan Plateau, China. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040154. [PMID: 30463288 PMCID: PMC6315835 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is found in a large number of plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as other sources, playing an important role as an intermediate in sterol biosynthesis. It is used widely in the food, cosmetics, and medicine industries because of its antioxidant, antistatic, and anti-carcinogenic properties. A higher natural squalene component of lipids is usually reported as being isolated to organisms living in harsh environments. In the Tibetan Plateau, which is characterized by high altitude, strong solar radiation, drought, low temperatures, and thin air, the squalene component was identified in five alpine grasslands soils using the pyrolysis gas chromatography⁻mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique. The relative abundance of squalene ranged from 0.93% to 10.66% in soils from the five alpine grasslands, with the highest value found in alpine desert and the lowest in alpine meadow. Furthermore, the relative abundance of squalene in alpine grassland soils was significantly negatively associated with soil chemical/microbial characteristics. These results indicate that the extreme environmental conditions of the Tibetan Plateau may stimulate the microbial biosynthesis of squalene, and the harsher the environment, the higher the relative abundance of soil squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Lu
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Shuqin Ma
- College of Tourism, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Youchao Chen
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Degyi Yangzom
- Ecological Monitoring & Research Center, Tibetan Environment Monitoring Station, Lhasa 850000, China.
| | - Hongmao Jiang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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38
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Hataminia F, Farhadian N, Karimi M, Ebrahimi M. A novel method for squalene extraction from pumpkin seed oil using magnetic nanoparticles and exploring the inhibition effect of extracted squalene on angiogenesis property. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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39
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Paramasivan K, Rajagopal K, Mutturi S. Studies on Squalene Biosynthesis and the Standardization of Its Extraction Methodology from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:691-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Choi SY, Sim SJ, Choi JI, Woo HM. Identification of small droplets of photosynthetic squalene in engineered Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 using TEM and selective fluorescent Nile red analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29527705 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To identify microbial squalene that has been widely used in various industrial applications, intracellular formation of photosynthetic squalene was investigated using the previously engineered Synechococcus elongatusPCC 7942 strain. Unlike the proposed localization of squalene in the membrane bilayer, small droplets were identified in the cytoplasm of S. elongatusPCC 7942 as squalene using transmission electron microscopy analysis. Determination of the diameters of the squalene droplets with manual examination of 1016 droplets in different squalene-producing strains indicated larger squalene droplets in larger cells. Based on the observation of a sole droplet of squalene in a cyanobacterium, fluorescent Nile red was used for the selective staining of squalene. The fluorescent intensities were correlated with squalene contents determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Photosynthetic squalene was identified as a small droplet in S. elongatusPCC 7942, and this noninvasive quantitative method could be useful to promote high-throughput strain development for squalene production. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Engineering of Cyanobacteria has focused on sustainable production of squalene by converting CO2 . Before improving the photosynthetic squalene production, we characterized formation of squalene, showing small droplets in the cytoplasm instead of single granule. Based on the finding and the analysis, this study has provided valuable evidences how further metabolic engineering strategies should apply to enhance the production yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Jangan-gu, Suwon, Korea.,Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Jangan-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - S J Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-I Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - H M Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Jangan-gu, Suwon, Korea
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41
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Heterologous biosynthesis of triterpenoid ambrein in engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 40:399-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Xie Y, Sen B, Wang G. Mining terpenoids production and biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1269-1280. [PMID: 28549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are major bioactive compounds produced by microalgae and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Mining metabolic potential of marine microalgae for commercial production of terpenoids suggest thraustochytrids as one of the promising cell factories. The identification of potential thraustochytrid strains and relevant laboratory scale bioprocesses has been pursued largely. Further investigations in the improvement of terpenoids biosynthesis expect relevant molecular mechanisms to be understood directing metabolic engineering of the pathways. In this review, fermentative and mechanistic studies to identify key enzymes and pathways that are associated to terpenoids biosynthesis in thraustochytrids are discussed. Exploration of biosynthesis mechanisms in other model organisms facilitated identification of potential molecular targets for engineering terpenoids biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. In addition, the preliminary genetic manipulation and in silico analysis in this review provides a platform for system-level metabolic engineering towards thraustochytrid strains improvement. Overall, the review contributes comprehensive information to allow better terpenoids productivity in thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Wang C, Zada B, Wei G, Kim SW. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches driving isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:430-438. [PMID: 28599221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise the largest family of natural organic compounds with many useful applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and industrial fields. Rapid developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have facilitated the engineering of isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli to induce high levels of production of many different isoprenoids. In this review, the stem pathways for synthesizing isoprene units as well as the branch pathways deriving diverse isoprenoids from the isoprene units have been summarized. The review also highlights the metabolic engineering efforts made for the biosynthesis of hemiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, carotenoids, retinoids, and coenzyme Q10 in E. coli. Perspectives and future directions for the synthesis of novel isoprenoids, decoration of isoprenoids using cytochrome P450 enzymes, and secretion or storage of isoprenoids in E. coli have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bakht Zada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gongyuan Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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Pathway engineering for the production of β-amyrin and cycloartenol in Escherichia coli—a method to biosynthesize plant-derived triterpene skeletons in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6615-6625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu M, Li LN, Pan YT, Kong JQ. cDNA isolation and functional characterization of squalene synthase gene from Ornithogalum caudatum. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 130:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Production of squalene by microbes: an update. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:195. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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47
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Heterologous biosynthesis of triterpenoid dammarenediol-II in engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:603-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Choi SY, Lee HJ, Choi J, Kim J, Sim SJ, Um Y, Kim Y, Lee TS, Keasling JD, Woo HM. Photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to farnesyl diphosphate-derived phytochemicals (amorpha-4,11-diene and squalene) by engineered cyanobacteria. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:202. [PMID: 27688805 PMCID: PMC5034544 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria has enabled photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to value-added chemicals as bio-solar cell factories. However, the production levels of isoprenoids in engineered cyanobacteria were quite low, compared to other microbial hosts. Therefore, modular optimization of multiple gene expressions for metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria is required for the production of farnesyl diphosphate-derived isoprenoids from CO2. RESULTS Here, we engineered Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 with modular metabolic pathways consisting of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway enzymes and the amorphadiene synthase for production of amorpha-4,11-diene, resulting in significantly increased levels (23-fold) of amorpha-4,11-diene (19.8 mg/L) in the best strain relative to a parental strain. Replacing amorphadiene synthase with squalene synthase led to the synthesis of a high amount of squalene (4.98 mg/L/OD730). Overexpression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase is the most critical factor for the significant production, whereas overexpression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductase is detrimental to the cell growth and the production. Additionally, the cyanobacterial growth inhibition was alleviated by expressing a terpene synthase in S. elongatus PCC 7942 strain with the optimized MEP pathway only (SeHL33). CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of photosynthetic production of amorpha-4,11-diene from CO2 in cyanobacteria and production of squalene in S. elongatus PCC 7942. Our optimized modular OverMEP strain (SeHL33) with either co-expression of ADS or SQS demonstrated the highest production levels of amorpha-4,11-diene and squalene, which could expand the list of farnesyl diphosphate-derived isoprenoids from CO2 as bio-solar cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Choi
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Choi
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiye Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Yunje Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
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Banta AB, Wei JH, Welander PV. A distinct pathway for tetrahymanol synthesis in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13478-83. [PMID: 26483502 PMCID: PMC4640766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511482112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahymanol is a polycyclic triterpenoid lipid first discovered in the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis whose potential diagenetic product, gammacerane, is often used as a biomarker for water column stratification in ancient ecosystems. Bacteria are also a potential source of tetrahymanol, but neither the distribution of this lipid in extant bacteria nor the significance of bacterial tetrahymanol synthesis for interpreting gammacerane biosignatures is known. Here we couple comparative genomics with genetic and lipid analyses to link a protein of unknown function to tetrahymanol synthesis in bacteria. This tetrahymanol synthase (Ths) is found in a variety of bacterial genomes, including aerobic methanotrophs, nitrite-oxidizers, and sulfate-reducers, and in a subset of aquatic and terrestrial metagenomes. Thus, the potential to produce tetrahymanol is more widespread in the bacterial domain than previously thought. However, Ths is not encoded in any eukaryotic genomes, nor is it homologous to eukaryotic squalene-tetrahymanol cyclase, which catalyzes the cyclization of squalene directly to tetrahymanol. Rather, heterologous expression studies suggest that bacteria couple the cyclization of squalene to a hopene molecule by squalene-hopene cyclase with a subsequent Ths-dependent ring expansion to form tetrahymanol. Thus, bacteria and eukaryotes have evolved distinct biochemical mechanisms for producing tetrahymanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Banta
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jeremy H Wei
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paula V Welander
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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50
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Directed optimization of a newly identified squalene synthase from Mortierella alpine based on sequence truncation and site-directed mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:1341-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Terpenoids, a class of isoprenoids usually isolated from plants, are always used as commercial flavor and anticancer drugs. As a key precursor for triterpenes and sterols, biosynthesis of squalene (SQ) can be catalyzed by squalene synthase (SQS) from two farnesyl diphosphate molecules. In this work, the key SQS gene involved in sterols synthesis by Mortierella alpine, an industrial strain often used to produce unsaturated fatty acid such as γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, was identified and characterized. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that MaSQS contained 416 amino acid residues involved in four highly conserved regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest relationship of MaSQS with Ganoderma lucidum and Aspergillus, which also belonged to the member of the fungus. Subsequently, the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and detected by SDS-PAGE. To improve the expression and solubility of protein, 17 or 27 amino acids in the C-terminal were deleted. In vitro activity investigation based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that both the truncated enzymes could functionally catalyze the reaction from FPP to SQ and the enzymatic activity was optimal at 37 °C, pH 7.2. Moreover, based on the site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme mMaSQSΔC17 (E186K) displayed a 3.4-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) compared to the control. It was the first report of characterization and modification of SQS from M. alpine, which facilitated the investigation of isoprenoid biosynthesis in the fungus. The engineered mMaSQSΔC17 (E186K) can be a potential candidate of the terpenes and steroids synthesis employed for synthetic biology.
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