1
|
Kerrigan JA, Yoshida H, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Temple B, Kojima K, Sode K. Improvement of substrate specificity of the direct electron transfer type FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase catalytic subunit. J Biotechnol 2024:S0168-1656(24)00256-6. [PMID: 39326560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent glucose dehydrogenase derived from Burkholderia cepacia (BcGDH) has many exceptional features for its use in glucose sensing-including that this enzyme is capable of direct electron transfer with an electrode in its heterotrimeric configuration. However, this enzyme's high catalytic activity towards not only glucose but also galactose presents an engineering challenge. To increase the substrate specificity of this enzyme, it must be engineered to reduce its specificity towards galactose while maintaining its activity towards glucose. To aid in these mutagenesis studies, the crystal structure composed of BcGDH's small subunit and catalytic subunit (BcGDHγα), in complex with D-glucono-1,5-lactone was elucidated and used to construct the three-dimensional model for targeted site-directed mutagenesis. BcGDHγα was then mutated at three different residues, glycine 322, asparagine 474 and asparagine 475.The single mutations that showed the greatest glucose selectivity were combined to create the resulting mutant, α-G322Q-N474S-N475S. The α-G322Q-N474S-N475S mutant and BcGDHγα wild type were then characterized with dye-mediated dehydrogenase activity assays to determine their kinetic parameters. The α-G322Q-N474S-N475S mutant showed more than a 2-fold increase in Vmax towards glucose and this mutant showed a lower activity towards galactose in the physiological range (5mM) of 4.19 U mg-1, as compared to the wild type, 86.6 U mg-1. This resulting increase in specificity lead to an 81.7gal/glc % activity for the wild type while the α-G322Q-N474S-N475S mutant had just 10.9gal/glc % activity at 5mM. While the BcGDHγα wild type has high specificity towards galactose, our engineering α-G322Q-N474S-N475S mutant showed concentration dependent response to glucose and was not affected by galactose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Kerrigan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Department of Basic Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brenda Temple
- Department of Bioinformatics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sowa K, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Fukawa E, Sode K. Direct Electron Transfer-Type Oxidoreductases for Biomedical Applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:357-382. [PMID: 38424090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Among the various types of enzyme-based biosensors, sensors utilizing enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) are recognized as the most ideal. However, only a limited number of redox enzymes are capable of DET with electrodes, that is, dehydrogenases harboring a subunit or domain that functions specifically to accept electrons from the redox cofactor of the catalytic site and transfer the electrons to the external electron acceptor. Such subunits or domains act as built-in mediators for electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes; consequently, such enzymes enable direct electron transfer to electrodes and are designated as DET-type enzymes. DET-type enzymes fall into several categories, including redox cofactors of catalytic reactions, built-in mediators for DET with electrodes and by their protein hierarchic structures, DET-type oxidoreductases with oligomeric structures harboring electron transfer subunits, and monomeric DET-type oxidoreductases harboring electron transfer domains. In this review, we cover the science of DET-type oxidoreductases and their biomedical applications. First, we introduce the structural biology and current understanding of DET-type enzyme reactions. Next, we describe recent technological developments based on DET-type enzymes for biomedical applications, such as biosensors and biochemical energy harvesting for self-powered medical devices. Finally, after discussing how to further engineer and create DET-type enzymes, we address the future prospects for DET-type enzymes in biomedical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisei Sowa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Kogane, Tokyo, Japan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Eole Fukawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Probst D, Twiddy J, Hatada M, Pavlidis S, Daniele M, Sode K. Development of Direct Electron Transfer-Type Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor Enzymatic Sensors for Metabolite Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4076-4085. [PMID: 38408165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this work, direct electron transfer (DET)-type extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) enzymatic sensors were developed by employing DET-type or quasi-DET-type enzymes to detect glucose or lactate in both 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer and artificial sweat. The system employed either a DET-type glucose dehydrogenase or a quasi-DET-type lactate oxidase, the latter of which was a mutant enzyme with suppressed oxidase activity and modified with amine-reactive phenazine ethosulfate. These enzymes were immobilized on the extended gate electrodes. Changes in the measured transistor drain current (ID) resulting from changes to the working electrode junction potential (φ) were observed as glucose and lactate concentrations were varied. Calibration curves were generated for both absolute measured ID and ΔID (normalized to a blank solution containing no substrate) to account for variations in enzyme immobilization and conjugation to the mediator and variations in reference electrode potential. This work resulted in a limit of detection of 53.9 μM (based on ID) for glucose and 2.12 mM (based on ID) for lactate, respectively. The DET-type and Quasi-DET-type EGFET enzymatic sensor was then modeled using the case of the lactate sensor as an equivalent circuit to validate the principle of sensor operation being driven through OCP changes caused by the substrate-enzyme interaction. The model showed slight deviation from collected empirical data with 7.3% error for the slope and 8.6% error for the y-intercept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Probst
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jack Twiddy
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mika Hatada
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Spyridon Pavlidis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wijayanti SD, Schachinger F, Ludwig R, Haltrich D. Electrochemical and biosensing properties of an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Trichoderma virens. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108480. [PMID: 37269684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the bioelectrochemical properties of an FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Trichoderma virens (TvGDH) and its electrochemical behaviour when immobilized on a graphite electrode. TvGDH was recently shown to have an unusual substrate spectrum and to prefer maltose over glucose as substrate, and hence could be of interest as recognition element in a maltose sensor. In this study, we determined the redox potential of TvGDH, which is -0.268 ± 0.007 V vs. SHE, and advantageously low to be used with many redox mediators or redox polymers. The enzyme was entrapped in, and wired by an osmium redox polymer (poly(1-vinylimidazole-co-allylamine)-{[Os(2,2'-bipyridine)2Cl]Cl}) with formal redox potential of +0.275 V vs. Ag|AgCl via poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether crosslinking onto a graphite electrode. When the TvGDH-based biosensor was tested with maltose it showed a sensitivity of 1.7 μA mM-1cm-2, a linear range of 0.5-15 mM, and a detection limit of 0.45 mM. Furthermore, it gave the lowest apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (KM app) of 19.2 ± 1.5 mM towards maltose when compared to other sugars. The biosensor is also able to detect other saccharides including glucose, maltotriose and galactose, these however also interfere with maltose sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudarma Dita Wijayanti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Brawijaya University, Veteran, 65145 Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Franziska Schachinger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Lee I, Kojima K, Suzuki N, Tsugawa W, Yamada M, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Sode K. Microgravity environment grown crystal structure information based engineering of direct electron transfer type glucose dehydrogenase. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1334. [PMID: 36473944 PMCID: PMC9727119 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric flavin adenine dinucleotide dependent glucose dehydrogenase is a promising enzyme for direct electron transfer (DET) principle-based glucose sensors within continuous glucose monitoring systems. We elucidate the structure of the subunit interface of this enzyme by preparing heterotrimer complex protein crystals grown under a space microgravity environment. Based on the proposed structure, we introduce inter-subunit disulfide bonds between the small and electron transfer subunits (5 pairs), as well as the catalytic and the electron transfer subunits (9 pairs). Without compromising the enzyme's catalytic efficiency, a mutant enzyme harboring Pro205Cys in the catalytic subunit, Asp383Cys and Tyr349Cys in the electron transfer subunit, and Lys155Cys in the small subunit, is determined to be the most stable of the variants. The developed engineered enzyme demonstrate a higher catalytic activity and DET ability than the wild type. This mutant retains its full activity below 70 °C as well as after incubation at 75 °C for 15 min - much higher temperatures than the current gold standard enzyme, glucose oxidase, is capable of withstanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- grid.258331.e0000 0000 8662 309XDepartment of Basic Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Inyoung Lee
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Nanoha Suzuki
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamada
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916JEM Utilization Center Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8505 Japan
| | - Koji Inaka
- grid.459744.fMaruwa Foods and Biosciences, 170-1 Tsutsui-cho, Yamato Koriyama-shi, Nara 639-1123 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- grid.459486.2Confocal Science Inc., Musashino Bldg, 5-14-15 Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0081 Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee I, Wakako T, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. In Vitro Continuous 3 Months Operation of Direct Electron Transfer Type Open Circuit Potential Based Glucose Sensor: Heralding the Next CGM Sensor. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1107-1113. [PMID: 35466718 PMCID: PMC9445357 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems allow precise and real-time blood glucose control, current electrochemicalbased CGM technologies inherently harbor enzyme instability issues. The direct electron transfer (DET) type open circuit potential (OCP) based enzyme sensing principle can minimize the catalytic turnover of the enzyme reaction, thereby providing longer-term operational stability in future CGM glucose sensors. METHOD DET-type OCP based glucose sensors were constructed using gold disk electrodes with glucose dehydrogenase capable of DET which was immobilized using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The single enzyme layer prepared on the gold electrode was operated in the presence of glucose, using in vitro buffer solution, continuously for over 3 months with the OCP sensor signal monitored every 10 seconds at 25°C. RESULTS The DET-type OCP glucose sensor was continuously operated for more than 3 months without a significant decrease of the sensor signal and sensitivity (slope). These results suggest that the DET-type OCP glucose sensor is far more stable than the sensor constructed based on the amperometric principle. The long-term stability of DET-type OCP glucose sensor is attributed to the enzyme's minimized catalytic reaction during the operation, thereby extending the lifetime of enzyme. CONCLUSION The DET-type OCP glucose sensor can be continuously operated for more than 3 months at 25 °C, in vitro without significant decreases in sensor signal and sensitivity. While the further investigation will be required for in vivo validation, the DET-type OCP glucose sensor is ideal for next generation CGM's, especially in long duration implantable use cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tsugawa Wakako
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Koji Sode, PhD, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, 10202B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Campus Box 7575, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inoue Y, Kusaka Y, Shinozaki K, Lee I, Sode K. In Vitro Evaluation of Miniaturized Amperometric Enzyme Sensor Based on the Direct Electron Transfer Principle for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1101-1106. [PMID: 34986665 PMCID: PMC9445329 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211070614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterial derived flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) is the most promising enzyme for the third-generation principle-based enzyme sensor for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Due to the ability of the enzyme to transfer electrons directly to the electrode, recognized as direct electron transfer (DET)-type FADGDH, although no investigation has been reported about DET-type FADGDH employed on a miniaturized integrated electrode. METHODS The miniaturized integrated electrode was formed by sputtering gold (Au) onto a flexible film with 0.1 mm in thickness and divided into 3 parts. After an insulation layer was laminated, 3 openings for a working electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode were formed by dry etching. A reagent mix containing 1.2 × 10-4 Unit of DET-type FADGDH and carbon particles was deposited. The long-term stability of sensor was evaluated by continuous operation, and its performance was also evaluated in the presence of acetaminophen and the change in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) level. RESULTS The amperometric response of the sensor showed a linear response to glucose concentration up to 500 mg/dL without significant change of the response over an 11-day continuous measurement. Moreover, the effect of acetaminophen and pO2 on the response were negligible. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the superb potential of the DET-type FADGDH-based sensor with the combination of a miniaturized integrated electrode. Thus, the described miniaturized DET-type glucose sensor for CGM will be a promising tool for effective glycemic control. This will be further investigated using an in vivo study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Inyoung Lee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Koji Sode, PhD, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The development of micro-sized enzyme sensor based on direct electron transfer type open circuit potential sensing principle. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Lee I, Probst D, Klonoff D, Sode K. Continuous glucose monitoring systems - Current status and future perspectives of the flagship technologies in biosensor research -. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Hiraka K, Tsugawa W, Asano R, Yokus MA, Ikebukuro K, Daniele MA, Sode K. Rational design of direct electron transfer type l-lactate dehydrogenase for the development of multiplexed biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 176:112933. [PMID: 33395570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of wearable multiplexed biosensors has been focused on systems to measure sweat l-lactate and other metabolites, where the employment of the direct electron transfer (DET) principle is expected. In this paper, a fusion enzyme between an engineered l-lactate oxidase derived from Aerococcus viridans, AvLOx A96L/N212K mutant, which is minimized its oxidase activity and b-type cytochrome protein was constructed to realize multiplexed DET-type lactate and glucose sensors. The sensor with a fusion enzyme showed DET to a gold electrode, with a limited operational range less than 0.5 mM. A mutation was introduced into the fusion enzyme to increase Km value and eliminate its substrate inhibition to construct "b2LOxS". Together with the employment of an outer membrane, the detection range of the sensor with b2LOxS was expanded up to 10 mM. A simultaneous lactate and glucose monitoring system was constructed using a flexible thin-film multiplexed electrodes with b2LOxS and a DET-type glucose dehydrogenase, and evaluated their performance in the artificial sweat. The sensors achieved simultaneous detection of lactate and glucose without cross-talking error, with the detected linear ranges of 0.5-20 mM for lactate and 0.1-5 mM for glucose, sensitivities of 4.1 nA/mM∙mm2 for lactate and 56 nA/mM∙mm2 for glucose, and limit of detections of 0.41 mM for lactate and 0.057 mM for glucose. The impact of the presence of electrochemical interferants (ascorbic acid, acetaminophen and uric acid), was revealed to be negligible. This is the first report of the DET-type enzyme based lactate and glucose dual sensing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hiraka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cohen R, Cohen Y, Mukha D, Yehezkeli O. Oxygen insensitive amperometric glucose biosensor based on FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase co-entrapped with DCPIP or DCNQ in a polydopamine layer. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
12
|
Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes at Nanostructured Electrodes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis, which couples the electrode reactions and catalytic functions of redox enzymes without any redox mediator, is one of the most intriguing subjects that has been studied over the past few decades in the field of bioelectrochemistry. In order to realize the DET-type bioelectrocatalysis and improve the performance, nanostructures of the electrode surface have to be carefully tuned for each enzyme. In addition, enzymes can also be tuned by the protein engineering approach for the DET-type reaction. This review summarizes the recent progresses in this field of the research while considering the importance of nanostructure of electrodes as well as redox enzymes. This review also describes the basic concepts and theoretical aspects of DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, the significance of nanostructures as scaffolds for DET-type reactions, protein engineering approaches for DET-type reactions, and concepts and facts of bidirectional DET-type reactions from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint.
Collapse
|
13
|
Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Sode K. FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenases - Discovery and engineering of representative glucose sensing enzymes. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107414. [PMID: 31838457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The history of the development of glucose sensors goes hand-in-hand with the history of the discovery and the engineering of glucose-sensing enzymes. Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been used for glucose sensing since the development of the first electrochemical glucose sensor. The principle utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor is designated as the first-generation electrochemical enzyme sensors. With increasing demand for hand-held and cost-effective devices for the "self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)", second-generation electrochemical sensor strips employing electron mediators have become the most popular platform. To overcome the inherent drawback of GOx, namely, the use of oxygen as the electron acceptor, various glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs) have been utilized in second-generation principle-based sensors. Among the various enzymes employed in glucose sensors, GDHs harboring FAD as the redox cofactor, FADGDHs, especially those derived from fungi, fFADGDHs, are currently the most popular enzymes in the sensor strips of second-generation SMBG sensors. In addition, the third-generation principle, employing direct electron transfer (DET), is considered the most elegant approach and is ideal for use in electrochemical enzyme sensors. However, glucose oxidoreductases capable of DET are limited. One of the most prominent GDHs capable of DET is a bacteria-derived FADGDH complex (bFADGDH). bFADGDH has three distinct subunits; the FAD harboring the catalytic subunit, the small subunit, and the electron-transfer subunit, which makes bFADGDH capable of DET. In this review, we focused on the two representative glucose sensing enzymes, fFADGDHs and bFADGDHs, by presenting their discovery, sources, and protein and enzyme properties, and the current engineering strategies to improve their potential in sensor applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yoshida H, Kojima K, Shiota M, Yoshimatsu K, Yamazaki T, Ferri S, Tsugawa W, Kamitori S, Sode K. X-ray structure of the direct electron transfer-type FAD glucose dehydrogenase catalytic subunit complexed with a hitchhiker protein. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:841-851. [PMID: 31478907 PMCID: PMC6719666 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319010878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase complex derived from Burkholderia cepacia (BcGDH) is a representative molecule of direct electron transfer-type FAD-dependent dehydrogenase complexes. In this study, the X-ray structure of BcGDHγα, the catalytic subunit (α-subunit) of BcGDH complexed with a hitchhiker protein (γ-subunit), was determined. The most prominent feature of this enzyme is the presence of the 3Fe-4S cluster, which is located at the surface of the catalytic subunit and functions in intramolecular and intermolecular electron transfer from FAD to the electron-transfer subunit. The structure of the complex revealed that these two molecules are connected through disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions, and that the formation of disulfide bonds is required to stabilize the catalytic subunit. The structure of the complex revealed the putative position of the electron-transfer subunit. A comparison of the structures of BcGDHγα and membrane-bound fumarate reductases suggested that the whole BcGDH complex, which also includes the membrane-bound β-subunit containing three heme c moieties, may form a similar overall structure to fumarate reductases, thus accomplishing effective electron transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masaki Shiota
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Stefano Ferri
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kamitori
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Improvement in the thermal stability of Mucor prainii-derived FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase via protein chimerization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 132:109387. [PMID: 31731974 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH, EC 1.1.5.9) is an enzyme utilized industrially in glucose sensors. Previously, FAD-GDH isolated from Mucor prainii (MpGDH) was demonstrated to have high substrate specificity for glucose. However, MpGDH displays poor thermostability and is inactivated after incubation at 45 °C for only 15 min, which prevents its use in industrial applications, especially in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. Therefore, in this study, a chimeric MpGDH (Mr144-297) was engineered from the glucose-specific MpGDH and the highly thermostable FAD-GDH obtained from Mucor sp. RD056860 (MrdGDH). Mr144-297 demonstrated significantly higher heat resistance, with stability at even 55 °C. In addition, Mr144-297 maintained both high affinity and accurate substrate specificity for D-glucose. Furthermore, eight mutation sites that contributed to improved thermal stability and increased productivity in Escherichia coli were identified. Collectively, chimerization of FAD-GDHs can be an effective method for the construction of an FAD-GDH with greater stability, and the chimeric FAD-GDH described herein could be adapted for use in continuous glucose monitoring sensors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ito Y, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Tsugawa W, Loew N, Shitanda I, Lin CE, La Belle J, Sode K. Third generation impedimetric sensor employing direct electron transfer type glucose dehydrogenase. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:189-197. [PMID: 30721794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (faradaic EIS) is an attractive measurement principle for biosensors. However, there have been no reports on sensors employing direct electron transfer (DET)-type redox enzymes based on faradaic EIS principle. In this study, we have attempted to construct the 3rd-generation faradaic enzyme EIS sensor, which used DET-type flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) complex, to elucidate its characteristic properties as well as to investigate its potential application as the future immunosensor platform. The gold disk electrodes (GDEs) with DET-type FADGDH prepared using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) showed the glucose concentration dependent impedance change, which was confirmed by the change in the charge transfer resistance (Rct). The Δ(1/Rct) values were also affected by DC bias potential and the length of SAM. Based on the Nyquist plot and Bode plot simulations, glucose sensing by imaginary impedance monitoring under fixed frequency (5 mHz) was carried out, revealing the higher sensitivity at low glucose concentration with wider linear range (0.02-0.2 mM). Considering this high sensitivity toward glucose, the 3rd-generation faradaic enzyme EIS sensor would provide alternative platform for future impedimetric immunosensing system, which does not use redox probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Noya Loew
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Isao Shitanda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chi-En Lin
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O.Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Jeffrey La Belle
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O.Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee I, Loew N, Tsugawa W, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. Development of a third-generation glucose sensor based on the open circuit potential for continuous glucose monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 124-125:216-223. [PMID: 30388564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are most important in the current Type I diabetes care and as component for the development of artificial pancreas systems because the amount of insulin being supplied is calculated based on the CGM results. Therefore, to stably and accurately control the blood glucose level, CGM should be stable and accurate for a long period. We have been engaged in the biomolecular engineering and application of FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase complex (FADGDH) which is capable of direct electron transfer. In this study, we report the development of the third-generation type open circuit potential (OCP) principle-based glucose sensor with direct electron transfer FADGDH immobilized on gold electrodes using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). We developed a novel algorithm for OCP-based glucose sensors. By employing this new algorithm, high reproducibility of measurement and sensor preparation were achieved. In addition, the signal was not affected by the presence of acetaminophen and ascorbic acid in the sample solution. The thus optimized third-generation OCP-based glucose sensor could be operated continuously for more than 9 days without significant change in the signal, sensitivity and dynamic range, indicating its potential application for CGM systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Noya Loew
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee YS, Baek S, Lee H, Reginald SS, Kim Y, Kang H, Choi IG, Chang IS. Construction of Uniform Monolayer- and Orientation-Tunable Enzyme Electrode by a Synthetic Glucose Dehydrogenase without Electron-Transfer Subunit via Optimized Site-Specific Gold-Binding Peptide Capable of Direct Electron Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28615-28626. [PMID: 30067023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET) between enzymes and electrodes is a key issue for practical use of bioelectrocatalytic devices as a bioenergy process, such as enzymatic electrosynthesis, biosensors, and enzyme biofuel cells. To date, based on the DET of bioelectrocatalysis, less than 1% of the calculated theoretical current was transferred to final electron acceptor due to energy loss at enzyme-electrode interface. This study describes the design and construction of a synthetic glucose dehydrogenase (GDH; α and γ subunits) combined with a gold-binding peptide at its amino or carboxy terminus for direct contact between enzyme and electrode. The fused gold-binding peptide facilitated stable immobilization of GDH and constructed uniform monolayer of GDH onto a Au electrode. Depending on the fused site of binding peptide to the enzyme complex, nine combinations of recombinant GDH proteins on the electrode show significantly different direct electron-transfer efficiency across the enzyme-electrode interface. The fusion of site-specific binding peptide to the catalytic subunit (α subunit, carboxy terminus) of the enzyme complex enabled apparent direct electron transfer (DET) across the enzyme-electrode interface even in the absence of the electron-transfer subunit (i.e., β subunit having cytochrome domain). The catalytic glucose oxidation current at an onset potential of ca. (-)0.46 V vs Ag/AgCl was associated with the appearance of an flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)/FADH2 redox wave and a stabilized bioelectrocatalytic current of more than 100 μA, determined from chronoamperometric analysis. Electron recovery was 7.64%, and the catalytic current generation was 249 μA per GDH enzyme loading unit (U), several orders of magnitude higher than the values reported previously. These observations corroborated that the last electron donor facing to electrode was controlled to be in close proximity without electron-transfer intermediates and the native affinity for glucose was preserved. The design and construction of the site-specific "sticky-ended" proteins without loss of catalytic activity could be applied to other redox enzymes having a buried active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seok Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeong Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Stacy Simai Reginald
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongeun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - In Seop Chang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miyazaki R, Yamazaki T, Yoshimatsu K, Kojima K, Asano R, Sode K, Tsugawa W. Elucidation of the intra- and inter-molecular electron transfer pathways of glucoside 3-dehydrogenase. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 122:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Okuda-Shimazaki J, Loew N, Hirose N, Kojima K, Mori K, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Construction and characterization of flavin adenine dinucleotide glucose dehydrogenase complex harboring a truncated electron transfer subunit. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Yamashita Y, Suzuki N, Hirose N, Kojima K, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Mutagenesis Study of the Cytochrome c Subunit Responsible for the Direct Electron Transfer-Type Catalytic Activity of FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040931. [PMID: 29561779 PMCID: PMC5979317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Burkholderia cepacia (FADGDH) is a hetero-oligomeric enzyme that is capable of direct electron transfer (DET) with an electrode. The cytochrome c (cyt c) subunit, which possesses three hemes (heme 1, heme 2, and heme 3, from the N-terminal sequence), is known to enable DET; however, details of the electron transfer pathway remain unknown. A mutagenesis investigation of the heme axial ligands was carried out to elucidate the electron transfer pathway to the electron mediators and/or the electrode. The sixth axial ligand for each of the three heme irons, Met109, Met263, and Met386 were substituted with His. The catalytic activities of the wild-type (WT) and mutant enzymes were compared by investigating their dye-mediated dehydrogenase activities and their DET abilities toward the electrode. The results suggested that (1) heme 1 with Met109 as an axial ligand is mainly responsible for the electron transfer with electron acceptors in the solution, but not for the DET with the electrode; (2) heme 2 with Met263 is responsible for the DET-type reaction with the electrode; and (3) heme 3 with Met386 seemed to be the electron acceptor from the catalytic subunit. From these results, two electron transfer pathways were proposed depending on the electron acceptors. Electrons are transferred from the catalytic subunit to heme 3, then to heme 2, to heme 1 and, finally, to electron acceptors in solution. However, if the enzyme complex is immobilized on the electrode and is used as electron acceptors, electrons are passed to the electrode from heme 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamashita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nanoha Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nana Hirose
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
- Ultizyme International Ltd., Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan.
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee I, Loew N, Tsugawa W, Lin CE, Probst D, La Belle JT, Sode K. The electrochemical behavior of a FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase with direct electron transfer subunit by immobilization on self-assembled monolayers. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 121:1-6. [PMID: 29291433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a vital technology for diabetes patients by providing tight glycemic control. Currently, many commercially available CGM sensors use glucose oxidase (GOD) as sensor element, but this enzyme is not able to transfer electrons directly to the electrode without oxygen or an electronic mediator. We previously reported a mutated FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase complex (FADGDH) capable of direct electron transfer (DET) via an electron transfer subunit without involving oxygen or a mediator. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical response of DET by controlling the immobilization of DET-FADGDH using 3 types of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with varying lengths. With the employment of DET-FADGDH and SAM, high current densities were achieved without being affected by interfering substances such as acetaminophen and ascorbic acid. Additionally, the current generated from DET-FADGDH electrodes decreased with increasing length of SAM, suggesting that the DET ability can be affected by the distance between the enzyme and the electrode. These results indicate the feasibility of controlling the immobilization state of the enzymes on the electrode surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Noya Loew
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chi-En Lin
- Harrington Program of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - David Probst
- Harrington Program of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Jeffrey T La Belle
- Harrington Program of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16 Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Algov I, Grushka J, Zarivach R, Alfonta L. Highly Efficient Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide Glucose Dehydrogenase Fused to a Minimal Cytochrome C Domain. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17217-17220. [PMID: 28915057 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is a thermostable, oxygen insensitive redox enzyme used in bioelectrochemical applications. The FAD cofactor of the enzyme is buried within the proteinaceous matrix of the enzyme, which makes it almost unreachable for a direct communication with an electrode. In this study, FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase was fused to a natural minimal cytochrome domain in its c-terminus to achieve direct electron transfer. We introduce a fusion enzyme that can communicate with an electrode directly, without the use of a mediator molecule. The new fusion enzyme, with its direct electron transfer abilities displays superior activity to that of the native enzyme, with a kcat that is ca. 3 times higher than that of the native enzyme, a kcat/KM that is more than 3 times higher than that of GDH and 5 to 7 times higher catalytic currents with an onset potential of ca. (-) 0.15 V vs Ag/AgCl, affording higher glucose sensing selectivity. Taking these parameters into consideration, the fusion enzyme presented can serve as a good candidate for blood glucose monitoring and for other glucose based bioelectrochemical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itay Algov
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jennifer Grushka
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee I, Sode T, Loew N, Tsugawa W, Lowe C, Sode K. Continuous operation of an ultra-low-power microcontroller using glucose as the sole energy source. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 93:335-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
An Fe-S cluster in the conserved Cys-rich region in the catalytic subunit of FAD-dependent dehydrogenase complexes. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:178-83. [PMID: 26951961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several bacterial flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-harboring dehydrogenase complexes comprise three distinct subunits: a catalytic subunit with FAD, a cytochrome c subunit containing three hemes, and a small subunit. Owing to the cytochrome c subunit, these dehydrogenase complexes have the potential to transfer electrons directly to an electrode. Despite various electrochemical applications and engineering studies of FAD-dependent dehydrogenase complexes, the intra/inter-molecular electron transfer pathway has not yet been revealed. In this study, we focused on the conserved Cys-rich region in the catalytic subunits using the catalytic subunit of FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase complex (FADGDH) as a model, and site-directed mutagenesis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were performed. By co-expressing a hitch-hiker protein (γ-subunit) and a catalytic subunit (α-subunit), FADGDH γα complexes were prepared, and the properties of the catalytic subunit of both wild type and mutant FADGDHs were investigated. Substitution of the conserved Cys residues with Ser resulted in the loss of dye-mediated glucose dehydrogenase activity. ICP-AEM and EPR analyses of the wild-type FADGDH catalytic subunit revealed the presence of a 3Fe-4S-type iron-sulfur cluster, whereas none of the Ser-substituted mutants showed the EPR spectrum characteristic for this cluster. The results suggested that three Cys residues in the Cys-rich region constitute an iron-sulfur cluster that may play an important role in the electron transfer from FAD (intra-molecular) to the multi-heme cytochrome c subunit (inter-molecular) electron transfer pathway. These features appear to be conserved in the other three-subunit dehydrogenases having an FAD cofactor.
Collapse
|
26
|
La Belle JT, Adams A, Lin CE, Engelschall E, Pratt B, Cook CB. Self-monitoring of tear glucose: the development of a tear based glucose sensor as an alternative to self-monitoring of blood glucose. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9197-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tear glucose sensing for diabetes management has long been sought as an alternative to more invasive self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. La Belle
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Anngela Adams
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Chi-En Lin
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Erica Engelschall
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Breanna Pratt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Curtiss B. Cook
- Divisions of Endocrinology and of Preventive
- Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine
- Mayo Clinic
- Scottsdale
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ravenna Y, Xia L, Gun J, Mikhaylov AA, Medvedev AG, Lev O, Alfonta L. Biocomposite based on reduced graphene oxide film modified with phenothiazone and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase for glucose sensing and biofuel cell applications. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9567-71. [PMID: 26334692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel composite material for the encapsulation of redox enzymes was prepared. Reduced graphene oxide film with adsorbed phenothiazone was used as a highly efficient composite for electron transfer between flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and electrodes. Measured redox potential for glucose oxidation was lower than 0 V vs Ag/AgCl electrode. The fabricated biosensor showed high sensitivity of 42 mA M(-1) cm(-2), a linear range of glucose detection of 0.5-12 mM, and good reproducibility and stability as well as high selectivity for different interfering compounds. In a semibiofuel cell configuration, the hybrid film generated high power output of 345 μW cm(-2). These results demonstrate a promising potential for this composition in various bioelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehonatan Ravenna
- Department of Life Sciences and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Life Sciences and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jenny Gun
- The Casali Institute, The Institute of Chemistry, and The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexey A Mikhaylov
- The Casali Institute, The Institute of Chemistry, and The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexander G Medvedev
- The Casali Institute, The Institute of Chemistry, and The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- The Casali Institute, The Institute of Chemistry, and The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Department of Life Sciences and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yoshida H, Sakai G, Mori K, Kojima K, Kamitori S, Sode K. Structural analysis of fungus-derived FAD glucose dehydrogenase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13498. [PMID: 26311535 PMCID: PMC4642536 DOI: 10.1038/srep13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first three-dimensional structure of fungus-derived glucose dehydrogenase using flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as the cofactor. This is currently the most advanced and popular enzyme used in glucose sensor strips manufactured for glycemic control by diabetic patients. We prepared recombinant nonglycosylated FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) derived from Aspergillus flavus (AfGDH) and obtained the X-ray structures of the binary complex of enzyme and reduced FAD at a resolution of 1.78 Å and the ternary complex with reduced FAD and D-glucono-1,5-lactone (LGC) at a resolution of 1.57 Å. The overall structure is similar to that of fungal glucose oxidases (GOxs) reported till date. The ternary complex with reduced FAD and LGC revealed the residues recognizing the substrate. His505 and His548 were subjected for site-directed mutagenesis studies, and these two residues were revealed to form the catalytic pair, as those conserved in GOxs. The absence of residues that recognize the sixth hydroxyl group of the glucose of AfGDH, and the presence of significant cavity around the active site may account for this enzyme activity toward xylose. The structural information will contribute to the further engineering of FADGDH for use in more reliable and economical biosensing technology for diabetes management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Genki Sakai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mori
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kamitori
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.,Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aiba H, Nishiya Y, Azuma M, Yokooji Y, Atomi H, Imanaka T. Characterization of a thermostable glucose dehydrogenase with strict substrate specificity from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermoproteus sp. GDH-1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1094-102. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1018120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A hyperthermophilic archaeon was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring on Kodakara Island, Japan and designated as Thermoproteus sp. glucose dehydrogenase (GDH-1). Cell extracts from cells grown in medium supplemented with glucose exhibited NAD(P)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase activity. The enzyme (TgGDH) was purified and found to display a strict preference for d-glucose. The gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, resulting in the production of a soluble and active protein. Recombinant TgGDH displayed extremely high thermostability and an optimal temperature higher than 85 °C, in addition to its strict specificity for d-glucose. Despite its thermophilic nature, TgGDH still exhibited activity at 25 °C. We confirmed that the enzyme could be applied for glucose measurements at ambient temperatures, suggesting a potential of the enzyme for use in measurements in blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Aiba
- Institute of Biotechnology, TOYOBO CO., LTD., Tsuruga, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishiya
- Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Yokooji
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Atomi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Imanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fapyane D, Lee Y, Lim CY, Ahn JH, Kim SW, Chang IS. Immobilisation of Flavin-Adenine-Dinucleotide-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase α Subunit in Free-Standing Graphitised Carbon Nanofiber Paper Using a Bifunctional Cross-Linker for an Enzymatic Biofuel Cell. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Fapyane D, Lee SJ, Kang SH, Lim DH, Cho KK, Nam TH, Ahn JP, Ahn JH, Kim SW, Chang IS. High performance enzyme fuel cells using a genetically expressed FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase α-subunit of Burkholderia cepacia immobilized in a carbon nanotube electrode for low glucose conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9508-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51864g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
32
|
Electrochemical biosensors using aptamers for theranostics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:183-202. [PMID: 23873093 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Theranostics, a new term consisting of the words "therapy" and "diagnostics," represents the concept of selecting specific patients for appropriate drug administration using diagnostics. For the development of a molecular targeting drug, the theranostics approach is effective. Therefore, the market for molecular diagnostics is likely to grow at an extraordinary rate over the next 10 years. In this review, we focus on aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors for theranostics. Aptamers are molecular recognition elements that can bind to various target molecules from small compounds to proteins with affinities and specificities comparable to those of antibodies. Inasmuch as various molecules would be targeted for analysis using theranostics, aptamer-based biosensors would be an attractive format because they can be developed for various molecules using the same sensing format. Although a diverse sensing system can be constructed, we focus on electrochemical biosensors in this review because they can measure biomarkers rapidly in a miniaturized sensing system with low cost, such as blood glucose sensors. We summarize the sensing systems of aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors and discuss their advantages for theranostics.
Collapse
|
33
|
Heterologous overexpression and characterization of a flavoprotein-cytochrome c complex fructose dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter japonicus NBRC3260. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1654-60. [PMID: 23275508 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03152-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterotrimeric flavoprotein-cytochrome c complex fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) of Gluconobacter japonicus NBRC3260 catalyzes the oxidation of d-fructose to produce 5-keto-d-fructose and is used for diagnosis and basic research purposes as a direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis. The fdhSCL genes encoding the FDH complex of G. japonicus NBRC3260 were isolated by a PCR-based gene amplification method with degenerate primers designed from the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the large subunit and sequenced. Three open reading frames for fdhSCL encoding the small, cytochrome c, and large subunits, respectively, were found and were presumably in a polycistronic transcriptional unit. Heterologous overexpression of fdhSCL was conducted using a broad-host-range plasmid vector, pBBR1MCS-4, carrying a DNA fragment containing the putative promoter region of the membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase gene of Gluconobacter oxydans and a G. oxydans strain as the expression host. We also constructed derivatives modified in the translational initiation codon to ATG from TTG, designated (TTG)FDH and (ATG)FDH. Membranes of the cells producing recombinant (TTG)FDH and (ATG)FDH showed approximately 20 times and 100 times higher specific activity than those of G. japonicus NBRC3260, respectively. The cells producing only FdhS and FdhL had no fructose-oxidizing activity, but showed significantly high d-fructose:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity in the soluble fraction of cell extracts, whereas the cells producing the FDH complex showed activity in the membrane fraction. It is reasonable to conclude that the cytochrome c subunit is responsible not only for membrane anchoring but also for ubiquinone reduction.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yamashita Y, Ferri S, Huynh ML, Shimizu H, Yamaoka H, Sode K. Direct electron transfer type disposable sensor strip for glucose sensing employing an engineered FAD glucose dehydrogenase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 52:123-8. [PMID: 23273282 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) from Burkholderia cepacia has several attractive features for glucose sensing. However, expanding the application of this enzyme requires improvement of its substrate specificity, especially decreasing its high activity toward maltose. A three-dimensional structural model of the FADGDH catalytic subunit was generated by homology modeling. By comparing the predicted active site with that of glucose oxidase, the two amino acid residues serine 326 and serine 365 were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis. The single mutations that produced the highest glucose specificity were combined, leading to the creation of the S326Q/S365Y double mutant, which was virtually nonreactive to maltose while retaining high glucose dehydrogenase activity. The engineered FADGDH was used to develop a direct electron transfer-type, disposable glucose sensor strip by immobilizing the enzyme complex onto a carbon screen-printed electrode. While the electrode employing wild-type FADGDH provided dangerously flawed results in the presence of maltose, the sensor employing our engineered FADGDH showed a clear glucose concentration-dependent response that was not affected by the presence of maltose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamashita
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hanashi T, Yamazaki T, Tsugawa W, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. BioRadioTransmitter: a self-powered wireless glucose-sensing system. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011; 5:1030-5. [PMID: 22027294 PMCID: PMC3208857 DOI: 10.1177/193229681100500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an enzyme fuel cell can be utilized as a glucose sensor, the output power generated is too low to power a device such as a currently available transmitter and operating system, and an external power source is required for operating an enzyme-fuel-cell-based biosensing system. We proposed a novel biosensor that we named BioCapacitor, in which a capacitor serves as a transducer. In this study, we constructed a new BioCapacitor-based system with an added radio-transmitter circuit and a miniaturized enzyme fuel cell. METHODS A miniaturized direct-electron-transfer-type compartmentless enzyme fuel cell was constructed with flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase complex-based anode and a bilirubin-oxidase-based cathode. For construction of a BioRadioTransmitter wireless sensing system, a capacitor, an ultra-low-voltage charge-pump-integrated circuit, and Hartley oscillator circuit were connected to the miniaturized enzyme fuel cell. A radio-receiver circuit, comprising two field-effect transistors and a coil as an antenna, was used to amplify the signal generated from the biofuel cells. RESULTS Radio wave signals generated by the BioRadioTransmitter were received, amplified, and converted from alternate to direct current by the radio receiver. When the capacitor discharges in the presence of glucose, the BioRadioTransmitter generates a radio wave, which is monitored by a radio receiver connected wirelessly to the sensing device. Magnitude of the radio wave transmission frequency change observed at the radio receiver was correlated to glucose concentration in the fuel cells. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a stand-alone, self-powered, wireless glucose-sensing system called a BioRadioTransmitter by using a radio transmitter in which the radio wave transmission frequency changes with the glucose concentration in the fuel cell. The BioRadioTransmitter is a significant advance toward construction of an implantable continuous glucose monitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hanashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
- Ultizyme International LtdTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Japanese companies were the first in the world to achieve a colorimetric glucose measurement meter back in 1973. Over the following 40 or so years, they succeeded in achieving a much greater level of user-friendliness and performance and in so doing, have contributed to the spread of self-monitoring of blood glucose. This article aims to unravel the history of blood glucose measurement's technological developments; to look at the direction and features of the development path Japan is taking; as well as to introduce some Japanese products that are on the market.
Collapse
|
37
|
Development of a novel biosensing system based on the structural change of a polymerized guanine-quadruplex DNA nanostructure. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4837-41. [PMID: 21704505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
By inserting an adenosine aptamer into an aptamer that forms a G-quadruplex, we developed an adaptor molecule, named the Gq-switch, which links an electrode with flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) that is capable of transferring electron to a electrode directly. First, we selected an FADGDH-binding aptamer and identified that its sequence is composed of two blocks of consecutive six guanine bases and it forms a polymerized G-quadruplex structure. Then, we inserted a sequence of an adenosine aptamer between the two blocks of consecutive guanine bases, and we found it also bound to adenosine. Then we named it as Gq-switch. In the absence of adenosine, the Gq-switch-FADGDH complex forms a 30-nm high bulb-shaped structure that changes in the presence of adenosine to give an 8-nm high wire-shaped structure. This structural change brings the FADGDH sufficiently close to the electrode for electron transfer to occur, and the adenosine can be detected from the current produced by the FADGDH. Adenosine was successfully detected with a concentration dependency using the Gq-switch-FADGDH complex immobilized Au electrode by measuring response current to the addition of glucose.
Collapse
|
38
|
BioCapacitor—A novel category of biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1837-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
39
|
Yamazaki T, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Sakata C, Tsuya T, Sode K. Construction and Characterization of Direct Electron Transfer-Type Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Employing Thermostable Glucose Dehydrogenase Complex. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802350567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
40
|
Site directed mutagenesis studies of FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase catalytic subunit of Burkholderia cepacia. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1967-72. [PMID: 18581061 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) mutant with narrow substrate specificity was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. Several characteristics of FADGDH, such as high catalytic activity and high electron transfer ability, make this enzyme suitable for application to glucose sensors. However, for further applications, improvement of the broad substrate specificity is needed. In this paper, we mutated two residues, Asn475 and Ala472, which are located near the putative active site of the catalytic subunit of FADGDH and have been predicted from the alignment with the active site of glucose oxidase. Of the 38 mutants constructed, Ala472Phe and Asn475Asp were purified and their activities were analyzed. Both mutants showed a higher specificity toward glucose compared to the wild type enzyme.
Collapse
|
41
|
Biofuel cell system employing thermostable glucose dehydrogenase. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1753-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
42
|
Kakehi N, Yamazaki T, Tsugawa W, Sode K. A novel wireless glucose sensor employing direct electron transfer principle based enzyme fuel cell. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2250-5. [PMID: 17166711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present a novel wireless glucose biosensing system employing direct electron transfer principle based enzyme fuel cell. Using the glucose dehydrogenase complex, which is composed of a catalytic subunit containing FAD, the cytochrome c subunit that harbors heme c as the electron transfer subunit, and chaperone-like subunit, a direct electron transfer-type glucose enzyme fuel cell was constructed. The enzyme glucose fuel cell generated electric power, and the open-circuit voltage showed glucose concentration dependence, which suggests potential applications for this glucose-sensing system. We constructed a miniaturized "all-in-one" glucose enzyme fuel cell, which represents a compartmentless fuel that is based on the direct electron transfer principle. This involved the combination of a wireless transmitter system and a simple and miniaturized continuous glucose monitoring system, which operated continuously for about 3 days with stable response. This is the first demonstration of an enzyme-based direct electron transfer-type enzyme fuel cell and fuel cell-type glucose sensor which can be utilized as a subcutaneously implantable system for continuous glucose monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kakehi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yamaoka H, Sode K. SPCE based glucose sensor employing novel thermostable glucose dehydrogenase, FADGDH: blood glucose measurement with 150nL sample in one second. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2007; 1:28-35. [PMID: 19888376 PMCID: PMC2769609 DOI: 10.1177/193229680700100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an important component of the modern therapy for diabetes mellitus. Thanks to the current progress in electronics and sensor fabrication technology, both the time and the blood sample volume required for the measurement have decreased drastically. However, devices that work with an even smaller sample volume and a shorter measurement time are in demand. METHODS A disposable glucose sensor that works with an ultra-small sample volume was developed employing the novel thermostable glucose-dehydrogenase (FADGDH) complex composed of a catalytic subunit, an electron transfer subunit (cytochrome c), and a small subunit. The electrode is a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), and hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride (Ru complex) is utilized as the electron mediator. A disposable enzyme sensor was constructed by depositing the FADGDH complex and Ru complex onto the SPCE, and the sensor performance was evaluated. RESULTS Whole-blood glucose can be measured within 1 sec using this enzyme sensor and a 150-nL whole-blood sample, with high precision (>0.99br>) and high reproducibility (CV<0.45%br>) within the glucose concentration range of 0-533 mg/dL. The sensor reading was stable for more than 60 days even at 70 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS The simplicity of the construction and the high precision of this FADGDH-based glucose biosensor makes it an alternative to previously reported commercially available glucose sensors. Especially the sample volume of 150 nL and the 1-sec measurement time are the highest specifications in the world for currently available glucose sensors designed for the SMBG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamaoka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo
- Department of Technology Risk Management, Graduate School of Technology Management, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|