1
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Hanafy MS, Cui Z. Connexin-Containing Vesicles for Drug Delivery. AAPS J 2024; 26:20. [PMID: 38267725 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Connexin is a transmembrane protein present on the cell membrane of most cell types. Connexins assemble into a hexameric hemichannel known as connexon that pairs with another hemichannel present on a neighboring cell to form gap junction that acts as a channel or pore for the transport of ions and small molecules between the cytoplasm of the two cells. Extracellular vesicles released from connexin-expressing cells could carry connexin hemichannels on their surface and couple with another connexin hemichannel on a distant recipient cell to allow the transfer of the intravesicular content directly into the cytoplasm. Connexin-containing vesicles can be potentially utilized for intracellular drug delivery. In this review, we introduced cell-derived, connexin-containing extracellular vesicles and cell-free connexin-containing liposomes, methods of preparing them, procedures to load cargos in them, factors regulating the connexin hemichannel activity, (potential) applications of connexin-containing vesicles in drug delivery, and finally the challenges and future directions in realizing the promises of this platform delivery system for (intracellular) drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Hanafy
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
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2
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Tosaka T, Kamiya K. Function Investigations and Applications of Membrane Proteins on Artificial Lipid Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087231. [PMID: 37108393 PMCID: PMC10138308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins play an important role in key cellular functions, such as signal transduction, apoptosis, and metabolism. Therefore, structural and functional studies of these proteins are essential in fields such as fundamental biology, medical science, pharmacology, biotechnology, and bioengineering. However, observing the precise elemental reactions and structures of membrane proteins is difficult, despite their functioning through interactions with various biomolecules in living cells. To investigate these properties, methodologies have been developed to study the functions of membrane proteins that have been purified from biological cells. In this paper, we introduce various methods for creating liposomes or lipid vesicles, from conventional to recent approaches, as well as techniques for reconstituting membrane proteins into artificial membranes. We also cover the different types of artificial membranes that can be used to observe the functions of reconstituted membrane proteins, including their structure, number of transmembrane domains, and functional type. Finally, we discuss the reconstitution of membrane proteins using a cell-free synthesis system and the reconstitution and function of multiple membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tosaka
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Koki Kamiya
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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3
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Nucleic Acid Aptamers Emerging as Modulators of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Challenge to Difficult Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111825. [PMID: 35681520 PMCID: PMC9180700 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), among various cell surface proteins, are essential targets in the fields of basic science and drug discovery. The discovery and development of modulators for the receptors have provided deep insights into the mechanism of action of receptors and have led to a new therapeutic option for human diseases. Although various modulators against GPCRs have been developed to date, the identification of new modulators for GPCRs remains a challenge due to several technical problems and limitations. To overcome this situation, a variety of strategies have been developed by several modalities, including nucleic acid aptamers, which are emerging as unique molecules isolated by a repetitive selection process against various types of targets from an enormous combinatorial library. This review summarized the achievements in the development of aptamers targeting GPCRs, and discussed their isolation methods and the diverse functional features of aptamers against GPCRs.
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4
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Furukawa H, Inaba H, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K, Matsuura K. Embedding a membrane protein into an enveloped artificial viral replica. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:231-241. [PMID: 35360888 PMCID: PMC8827153 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00166c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural enveloped viruses, in which nucleocapsids are covered with lipid bilayers, contain membrane proteins on the outer surface that are involved in diverse functions, such as adhesion and infection of host cells. Previously, we constructed an enveloped artificial viral capsid through the complexation of cationic lipid bilayers onto an anionic artificial viral capsid self-assembled from β-annulus peptides. Here we demonstrate the embedding of the membrane protein Connexin-43 (Cx43), on the enveloped artificial viral capsid using a cell-free expression system. The expression of Cx43 in the presence of the enveloped artificial viral capsid was confirmed by western blot analysis. The embedding of Cx43 on the envelope was evaluated by detection via the anti-Cx43 antibody, using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, many spherical structures connected to each other were observed in TEM images of the Cx43-embedded enveloped viral replica. In addition, it was shown that fluorescent dyes could be selectively transported from Cx43-embedded enveloped viral replicas into Cx43-expressing HepG2 cells. This study provides a proof of concept for the creation of multimolecular crowding complexes, that is, an enveloped artificial viral replica embedded with membrane proteins. We demonstrate the embedding membrane protein, Cx43, on the enveloped artificial viral capsid using a cell-free expression system. The embedding of Cx43 on the envelope was evaluated by detection with anti-Cx43 antibody using FCS and TEM.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
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5
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Shim J, Zhou C, Gong T, Iserlis DA, Linjawi HA, Wong M, Pan T, Tan C. Building protein networks in synthetic systems from the bottom-up. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107753. [PMID: 33857631 PMCID: PMC9558565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of synthetic biology has expanded the capability to design and construct protein networks outside of living cells from the bottom-up. The new capability has enabled us to assemble protein networks for the basic study of cellular pathways, expression of proteins outside cells, and building tissue materials. Furthermore, the integration of natural and synthetic protein networks has enabled new functions of synthetic or artificial cells. Here, we review the underlying technologies for assembling protein networks in liposomes, water-in-oil droplets, and biomaterials from the bottom-up. We cover the recent applications of protein networks in biological transduction pathways, energy self-supplying systems, cellular environmental sensors, and cell-free protein scaffolds. We also review new technologies for assembling protein networks, including multiprotein purification methods, high-throughput assay screen platforms, and controllable fusion of liposomes. Finally, we present existing challenges towards building protein networks that rival the complexity and dynamic response akin to natural systems. This review addresses the gap in our understanding of synthetic and natural protein networks. It presents a vision towards developing smart and resilient protein networks for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Chuqing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Dasha Aleksandra Iserlis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Hamad Abdullah Linjawi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
| | - Cheemeng Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
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6
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Fogeron ML, Lecoq L, Cole L, Harbers M, Böckmann A. Easy Synthesis of Complex Biomolecular Assemblies: Wheat Germ Cell-Free Protein Expression in Structural Biology. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:639587. [PMID: 33842544 PMCID: PMC8027086 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.639587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are gaining more importance as universal tools for basic research, applied sciences, and product development with new technologies emerging for their application. Huge progress was made in the field of synthetic biology using CFPS to develop new proteins for technical applications and therapy. Out of the available CFPS systems, wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis (WG-CFPS) merges the highest yields with the use of a eukaryotic ribosome, making it an excellent approach for the synthesis of complex eukaryotic proteins including, for example, protein complexes and membrane proteins. Separating the translation reaction from other cellular processes, CFPS offers a flexible means to adapt translation reactions to protein needs. There is a large demand for such potent, easy-to-use, rapid protein expression systems, which are optimally serving protein requirements to drive biochemical and structural biology research. We summarize here a general workflow for a wheat germ system providing examples from the literature, as well as applications used for our own studies in structural biology. With this review, we want to highlight the tremendous potential of the rapidly evolving and highly versatile CFPS systems, making them more widely used as common tools to recombinantly prepare particularly challenging recombinant eukaryotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Cole
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Harbers
- CellFree Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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7
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Iwabuchi S, Kawamata I, Murata S, Nomura SIM. A large, square-shaped, DNA origami nanopore with sealing function on a giant vesicle membrane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2990-2993. [PMID: 33587063 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intaking molecular information from the external environment is essential for the normal functioning of artificial cells/molecular robots. Herein, we report the design and function of a membrane nanopore using a DNA origami square tube with a cross-section of 100 nm2. When the nanopore is added to a giant vesicle that mimics a cell membrane, the permeation of large external hydrophilic fluorescent molecules is observed. Furthermore, the addition of up to four ssDNA strands enables size-based selective transport of molecules. A controllable artificial nanopore should facilitate the communication between the vesicle components and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Iwabuchi
- Department of Robotics, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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8
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From protocells to prototissues: a materials chemistry approach. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2579-2589. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prototissues comprise free-standing 3D networks of interconnected protocell consortia that communicate and display synergistic functions. Significantly, they can be constructed from functional molecules and materials, providing unprecedented opportunities to design tissue-like architectures that can do more than simply mimic living tissues. They could function under extreme conditions and exhibit a wide range of mechanical properties and bio-inspired metabolic functions. In this perspective, I will start by describing recent advancements in the design and synthetic construction of prototissues. I will then discuss the next challenges and the future impact of this emerging research field, which is destined to find applications in the most diverse areas of science and technology, from biomedical science to environmental science, and soft robotics.
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9
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Nishimura T, Akiyoshi K. Artificial Molecular Chaperone Systems for Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Synthetic Molecules. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1259-1267. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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10
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Wang Z, Wu C, Fan T, Han X, Wang Q, Lei J, Yang J. Electroformation and collection of giant liposomes on an integrated microchip. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Lu M, Zhao X, Xing H, Xun Z, Yang T, Cai C, Wang D, Ding P. Liposome-chaperoned cell-free synthesis for the design of proteoliposomes: Implications for therapeutic delivery. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:1-20. [PMID: 29625253 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free (CF) protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful technique platform for efficient protein production in vitro. Liposomes have been widely studied as therapeutic carriers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, flexible surface manipulation, easy preparation, and higher cargo encapsulation capability. However, rapid immune clearance, insufficient targeting capacity, and poor cytoplasmic delivery efficiency substantially restrict their clinical application. The incorporation of functional membrane proteins (MPs) or peptides allows the transfer of biological properties to liposomes and imparts them with improved circulation, increased targeting, and efficient intracellular delivery. Liposome-chaperoned CF synthesis enables production of proteoliposomes in one-step reaction, which not only substantially simplifies the production procedure but also keeps protein functionality intact. Building off these observations, proteoliposomes with integrated MPs represent an excellent candidate for therapeutic delivery. In this review, we describe recent advances in CF synthesis with emphasis on detailing key factors for improving CF expression efficiency. Furthermore, we provide insights into strategies for rational design of proteoliposomal nanodelivery systems via CF synthesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Liposome-chaperoned CF synthesis has emerged as a powerful approach for the design of recombinant proteoliposomes in one-step reaction. The incorporation of bioactive MPs or peptides into liposomes via CF synthesis can facilitate the development of proteoliposomal nanodelivery systems with improved circulation, increased targeting, and enhanced cellular delivery capacity. Moreover, by adapting lessons learned from natural delivery vehicles, novel bio-inspired proteoliposomes with enhanced delivery properties could be produced in CF systems. In this review, we first give an overview of CF synthesis with focus on enhancing protein expression in liposome-chaperoned CF systems. Furthermore, we intend to provide insight into harnessing CF-synthesized proteoliposomes for efficient therapeutic delivery.
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12
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Iwamoto M, Elfaramawy MA, Yamatake M, Matsuura T, Oiki S. Concurrent In Vitro Synthesis and Functional Detection of Nascent Activity of the KcsA Channel under a Membrane Potential. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1004-1011. [PMID: 29566487 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Processes involved in the functional formation of prokaryotic membrane proteins have remained elusive. Here, we developed a new in vitro membrane protein expression system to detect nascent activities of the KcsA potassium channel in lipid bilayers under an applied membrane potential. The channel was synthesized using a reconstituted Escherichia coli-based in vitro transcription/translation system (IVTT) in a water-in-oil droplet lined by a membrane. The synthesized channels spontaneously incorporated into the membrane even without the translocon machinery (unassisted pathway) and formed functional channels with the correct orientation. The single-channel current of the first appearing nascent channel was captured, followed by the subsequent appearance of multiple channels. Notably, the first appearance time shortened substantially as the membrane potential was hyperpolarized. Under a steadily applied membrane potential, this system serves as a production line of membrane proteins via the unassisted pathway, mimicking the bacterial synthetic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Maie A. Elfaramawy
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamatake
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Oiki
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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13
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Suzuki Y, Ogasawara T, Tanaka Y, Takeda H, Sawasaki T, Mogi M, Liu S, Maeyama K. Functional G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Synthesis: The Pharmacological Analysis of Human Histamine H1 Receptor (HRH1) Synthesized by a Wheat Germ Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System Combined with Asolectin Glycerosomes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:38. [PMID: 29467651 PMCID: PMC5808195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins distributed on the cell surface, and they may be potential drug targets. However, synthesizing GPCRs in vitro can be challenging. Recently, some cell-free protein synthesis systems have been shown to produce a large amount of membrane protein combined with chemical chaperones that include liposomes and glycerol. Liposomes containing high concentrations of glycerol are known as glycerosomes, which are used in new drug delivery systems. Glycerosomes have greater morphological stability than liposomes. Proteoglycerosomes are defined as glycerosomes that contain membrane proteins. Human histamine H1 receptor (HRH1) is one of the most studied GPCRs. In this study, we synthesized wild-type HRH1 (WT-HRH1) proteoglycerosomes and D107A-HRH1, (in which Asp107 was replaced by Ala) in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system combined with asolectin glycerosomes. The mutant HRH1 has been reported to have low affinity for the H1 antagonist. In this study, the amount of synthesized WT-HRH1 in one synthesis reaction was 434 ± 66.6 μg (7.75 ± 1.19 × 103pmol). The specific binding of [3H]pyrilamine to the WT-HRH1 proteoglycerosomes became saturated as the concentration of the radioligand increased. The dissociation constant (Kd) and maximum density (Bmax) of the synthesized WT-HRH1 were 9.76 ± 1.25 nM and 21.4 ± 0.936 pmol/mg protein, respectively. However, specific binding to D107A-HRH1 was reduced compared with WT-HRH1 and the binding did not become saturated. The findings of this study highlight that HRH1 synthesized using a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system combined with glycerosomes has the ability to bind to H1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Tanaka
- Advanced Research Support Center, Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Maeyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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14
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Nishigami M, Mori T, Tomita M, Takiguchi K, Tsumoto K. Membrane fusion between baculovirus budded virus-enveloped particles and giant liposomes generated using a droplet-transfer method for the incorporation of recombinant membrane proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:248-256. [PMID: 28432958 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Giant proteoliposomes are generally useful as artificial cell membranes in biochemical and biophysical studies, and various procedures for their preparation have been reported. We present here a novel preparation technique that involves the combination of i) cell-sized lipid vesicles (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs) that are generated using the droplet-transfer method, where lipid monolayer-coated water-in-oil microemulsion droplets interact with oil/water interfaces to form enclosed bilayer vesicles, and ii) budded viruses (BVs) of baculovirus (Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus) that express recombinant transmembrane proteins on their envelopes. GP64, a fusogenic glycoprotein on viral envelopes, is activated by weak acids and is thought to cause membrane fusion with liposomes. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we observed that the single giant liposomes fused with octadecyl rhodamine B chloride (R18)-labeled wild-type BV envelopes with moderate leakage of entrapped soluble compounds (calcein), and the fusion profile depended on the pH of the exterior solution: membrane fusion occurred at pH ∼4-5. We further demonstrated that recombinant transmembrane proteins, a red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged GPCR (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1, CRHR1) and envelope protein GP64 could be partly incorporated into membranes of the individual giant liposomes with a reduction of the pH value, though there were also some immobile fluorescent spots observed on their circumferences. This combination may be useful for preparing giant proteoliposomes containing the desired membranes and inner phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nishigami
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kingo Takiguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kanta Tsumoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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15
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Ohta N, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Mori H, Matsuura T. In vitro membrane protein synthesis inside Sec translocon-reconstituted cell-sized liposomes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36466. [PMID: 27808179 PMCID: PMC5093552 DOI: 10.1038/srep36466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis using an in vitro transcription-translation system (IVTT) inside cell-sized liposomes has become a valuable tool to study the properties of biological systems under cell-mimicking conditions. However, previous liposome systems lacked the machinery for membrane protein translocation. Here, we reconstituted the translocon consisting of SecYEG from Escherichia coli inside cell-sized liposomes. The cell-sized liposomes also carry the reconstituted IVTT, thereby providing a cell-mimicking environment for membrane protein synthesis. By using EmrE, a multidrug transporter from E. coli, as a model membrane protein, we found that both the amount and activity of EmrE synthesized inside the liposome is increased approximately three-fold by incorporating the Sec translocon. The topological change of EmrE induced by the translocon was also identified. The membrane integration of 6 out of 9 E. coli inner membrane proteins that was tested was increased by incorporation of the translocon. By introducing the Sec translocon, the membrane integration efficiency of the membrane protein of interest was increased, and enabled the integration of membrane proteins that otherwise cannot be inserted. In addition, this work represents an essential step toward the construction of an artificial cell through a bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ohta
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotada Mori
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-tyou, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Chen SY, Wu CY, Chen YC, Urban PL. One-Step Detection of Major Lipid Components in Submicroliter Volumes of Unpurified Liposome and Cell Suspensions. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7337-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Ying Chen
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University
Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Wu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University
Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University
Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University
Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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17
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Fujiwara K, Doi N. Biochemical Preparation of Cell Extract for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis without Physical Disruption. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154614. [PMID: 27128597 PMCID: PMC4851396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a powerful tool for the preparation of toxic proteins, directed protein evolution, and bottom-up synthetic biology. The transcription-translation machinery for CFPS is provided by cell extracts, which usually contain 20–30 mg/mL of proteins. In general, these cell extracts are prepared by physical disruption; however, this requires technical experience and special machinery. Here, we report a method to prepare cell extracts for CFPS using a biochemical method, which disrupts cells through the combination of lysozyme treatment, osmotic shock, and freeze-thaw cycles. The resulting cell extracts showed similar features to those obtained by physical disruption, and was able to synthesize active green fluorescent proteins in the presence of appropriate chemicals to a concentration of 20 μM (0.5 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223–8522, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuhide Doi
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223–8522, Japan
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18
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Ando M, Akiyama M, Okuno D, Hirano M, Ide T, Sawada S, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Liposome chaperon in cell-free membrane protein synthesis: one-step preparation of KcsA-integrated liposomes and electrophysiological analysis by the planar bilayer method. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:258-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00285k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chaperoning functions of liposomes were investigated using cell-free membrane protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ando
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - M. Akiyama
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - D. Okuno
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation
- Quantitative Biology Center
- RIKEN
- Osaka 565-0874
- Japan
| | - M. Hirano
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation
- Quantitative Biology Center
- RIKEN
- Osaka 565-0874
- Japan
| | - T. Ide
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - S. Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Y. Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - K. Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
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19
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Niwa T, Sasaki Y, Uemura E, Nakamura S, Akiyama M, Ando M, Sawada S, Mukai SA, Ueda T, Taguchi H, Akiyoshi K. Comprehensive study of liposome-assisted synthesis of membrane proteins using a reconstituted cell-free translation system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18025. [PMID: 26667602 PMCID: PMC4678891 DOI: 10.1038/srep18025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins play pivotal roles in cellular processes and are key targets for drug discovery. However, the reliable synthesis and folding of membrane proteins are significant problems that need to be addressed owing to their extremely high hydrophobic properties, which promote irreversible aggregation in hydrophilic conditions. Previous reports have suggested that protein aggregation could be prevented by including exogenous liposomes in cell-free translation processes. Systematic studies that identify which membrane proteins can be rescued from irreversible aggregation during translation by liposomes would be valuable in terms of understanding the effects of liposomes and developing applications for membrane protein engineering in the context of pharmaceutical science and nanodevice development. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive study to evaluate the effects of liposomes on 85 aggregation-prone membrane proteins from Escherichia coli by using a reconstituted, chemically defined cell-free translation system. Statistical analyses revealed that the presence of liposomes increased the solubility of >90% of the studied membrane proteins, and ultimately improved the yields of the synthesized proteins. Bioinformatics analyses revealed significant correlations between the liposome effect and the physicochemical properties of the membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Niwa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Eri Uemura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shugo Nakamura
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minato Akiyama
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ando
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Sada-atu Mukai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Takuya Ueda
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, FSB401, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hideki Taguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Bio-nanotransporter Project, Katsura Int'tech Center, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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20
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Nakata S, Deguchi A, Seki Y, Furuta M, Fukuhara K, Nishihara S, Inoue K, Kumazawa N, Mashiko S, Fujihira S, Goto M, Denda M. Characteristic responses of a phospholipid molecular layer to polyols. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:594-9. [PMID: 26454550 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyols (sugar alcohols) are widely used in foods, pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics, and therefore it is important to understand their effects on cell membranes and skin. To address this issue, we examined the effect of polyols (1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol), 1,3-butanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol), and 1,2,3,4-butanetetraol) on artificial membrane systems (liposomes, monolayers, or dry films) prepared from phospholipid (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)). 1,2-Ethanediol and 1,3-butanediol had little effect on the size of the DMPC liposomes or the surface pressure (π)-surface area (A) isotherm of DMPC monolayers at an air-water interface, whereas 1,2,3-propanetriol or 1,2,3,4-butanetetraol increased both liposome size and surface pressure. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate the interaction between DMPC and polyols. These experimental results suggest that the chemical structure of polyol plays an important role in the characteristic interaction between polyol and DMPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ayano Deguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yota Seki
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Miyuki Furuta
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukuhara
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Nishihara
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Katsuya Inoue
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kumazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Shun Mashiko
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Shota Fujihira
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Makiko Goto
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan; Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Denda
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan; Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan
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21
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Sengur-Tasdemir R, Aydin S, Turken T, Genceli EA, Koyuncu I. Biomimetic Approaches for Membrane Technologies. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2015.1035443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Miller DM, Gulbis JM. Engineering protocells: prospects for self-assembly and nanoscale production-lines. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:1019-53. [PMID: 25815781 PMCID: PMC4500129 DOI: 10.3390/life5021019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing ease of producing nucleic acids and proteins to specification offers potential for design and fabrication of artificial synthetic "organisms" with a myriad of possible capabilities. The prospects for these synthetic organisms are significant, with potential applications in diverse fields including synthesis of pharmaceuticals, sources of renewable fuel and environmental cleanup. Until now, artificial cell technology has been largely restricted to the modification and metabolic engineering of living unicellular organisms. This review discusses emerging possibilities for developing synthetic protocell "machines" assembled entirely from individual biological components. We describe a host of recent technological advances that could potentially be harnessed in design and construction of synthetic protocells, some of which have already been utilized toward these ends. More elaborate designs include options for building self-assembling machines by incorporating cellular transport and assembly machinery. We also discuss production in miniature, using microfluidic production lines. While there are still many unknowns in the design, engineering and optimization of protocells, current technologies are now tantalizingly close to the capabilities required to build the first prototype protocells with potential real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Miller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline M Gulbis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
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23
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Ding Y, Wu F, Tan C. Synthetic Biology: A Bridge between Artificial and Natural Cells. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:1092-116. [PMID: 25532531 PMCID: PMC4284483 DOI: 10.3390/life4041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial cells are simple cell-like entities that possess certain properties of natural cells. In general, artificial cells are constructed using three parts: (1) biological membranes that serve as protective barriers, while allowing communication between the cells and the environment; (2) transcription and translation machinery that synthesize proteins based on genetic sequences; and (3) genetic modules that control the dynamics of the whole cell. Artificial cells are minimal and well-defined systems that can be more easily engineered and controlled when compared to natural cells. Artificial cells can be used as biomimetic systems to study and understand natural dynamics of cells with minimal interference from cellular complexity. However, there remain significant gaps between artificial and natural cells. How much information can we encode into artificial cells? What is the minimal number of factors that are necessary to achieve robust functioning of artificial cells? Can artificial cells communicate with their environments efficiently? Can artificial cells replicate, divide or even evolve? Here, we review synthetic biological methods that could shrink the gaps between artificial and natural cells. The closure of these gaps will lead to advancement in synthetic biology, cellular biology and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Cheemeng Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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24
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Fujiwara K, Yanagisawa M, Nomura SIM. Reconstitution of intracellular environments in vitro and in artificial cells. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014; 10:43-8. [PMID: 27493497 PMCID: PMC4629665 DOI: 10.2142/biophysics.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward reconstitution of living cells by artificial cells technology, it is critical process to understand the differences between mixtures of biomolecules and living cells. For the aim, we have developed procedures for preparation of an additive-free cell extract (AFCE) and for concentrating biomacromolecules in artificial cells. In this review, we introduce our recent progress to reconstitute intracellular environments in vitro and in artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Miho Yanagisawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro M Nomura
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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25
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Soga H, Fujii S, Yomo T, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Matsuura T. In vitro membrane protein synthesis inside cell-sized vesicles reveals the dependence of membrane protein integration on vesicle volume. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:372-9. [PMID: 24328098 DOI: 10.1021/sb400094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are vesicles>1 μm in diameter that provide an environment in which the effect of a confined reaction volume on intravesicular reactions can be investigated. By synthesizing EmrE, a multidrug transporter from Escherichia coli, as a model membrane protein using a reconstituted in vitro transcription-translation system inside GUVs, we investigated the effect of a confined volume on the synthesis and membrane integration of EmrE. Flow cytometry was used to analyze multiple properties of the vesicles and to quantify EmrE synthesis inside GUVs composed of only 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. We found that EmrE was synthesized and integrated into the GUV membrane in its active form. We also found that the ratio of membrane-integrated EmrE to total synthesized EmrE increased with decreasing vesicle volume; this finding is explained by the effect of an increased surface-area-to-volume ratio in smaller vesicles. In vitro membrane synthesis inside GUVs is a useful approach to study quantitatively the properties of membrane proteins and their interaction with the membrane under cell-mimicking environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Soga
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Exploratory
Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Exploratory
Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department
of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science
and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Exploratory
Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Sachse R, Dondapati SK, Fenz SF, Schmidt T, Kubick S. Membrane protein synthesis in cell-free systems: From bio-mimetic systems to bio-membranes. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2774-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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Hein C, Henrich E, Orbán E, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Hydrophobic supplements in cell-free systems: Designing artificial environments for membrane proteins. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hein
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Erik Henrich
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Erika Orbán
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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28
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Hamada S, Tabuchi M, Toyota T, Sakurai T, Hosoi T, Nomoto T, Nakatani K, Fujinami M, Kanzaki R. Giant vesicles functionally expressing membrane receptors for an insect pheromone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2958-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48216b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Zhang X, Lian J, Kai L, Huang L, Cen P, Xu Z. Enhanced functional expression of aquaporin Z via fusion of in situ cleavable leader peptides in Escherichia coli cell-free system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 55:26-30. [PMID: 24411442 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin Z (AqpZ) is a water channel protein from Escherichia coli and has attracted many attentions to develop the biomimetic water filtration technology. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system, one of the most complex multi-enzymatic systems, has the ability of producing the integral membrane protein in vitro. To enhance the synthesis of AqpZ in E. coli cell-free system, several natural leader peptides were respectively fused at the N-terminus and were verified to enhance the expression level significantly. Moreover, the supplementation of detergents or liposome could activate leader peptidase from the cell-free extract and provide hydrophobic environment for proper folding of AqpZ. Thus, the release of mature AqpZ via the in situ removal of leader peptide was achieved, with a specific water transport activity of (2.1 ± 0.1) × 10⁻¹⁴ cm³ s⁻¹ monomer⁻¹. Using this in situ removable leader peptide strategy, the transcription-translation, leader sequence cleavage and membrane protein folding were integrated into a simple process in the cell-free system, providing a convenient approach to enhance the expression of target proteins, especially those membrane proteins difficult to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Kai
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Peilin Cen
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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30
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Ito H, Yamanaka T, Kato S, Hamada T, Takagi M, Ichikawa M, Yoshikawa K. Dynamical formation of lipid bilayer vesicles from lipid-coated droplets across a planar monolayer at an oil/water interface. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:9539-9547. [PMID: 26029760 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51766g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the transfer method has been shown to be useful for preparing cell-sized phospholipid bilayer vesicles, within which desired substances at desired concentrations can be encapsulated, with a desired asymmetric lipid composition. Here, we investigated the transfer process of water-in-oil (W/O) droplets coated by phospholipid monolayers across an oil/water interface by both experimental observation and theoretical modeling. Real-time experimental observation of the transfer revealed that the transfer process is characterized by three kinetic regimes: a precontact process (approaching regime), an early fast process (entering regime), and a late slow process (relaxation regime). In addition, bigger droplets require much more time to transfer than smaller droplets. We propose a theoretical model to interpret this kinetic process. Our theoretical model reproduces the essential aspects of the transfer kinetics, including its size-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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31
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Liu YJ, Hansen GPR, Venancio-Marques A, Baigl D. Cell-free preparation of functional and triggerable giant proteoliposomes. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2243-7. [PMID: 24115581 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heat, we leak: We express a membrane protein outside well-defined giant liposomes obtained by gravity-transferred sucrose-in-oil droplets into a cell-free, reconstituted expression system. We show that the presence of the liposome is necessary during expression for efficient protein insertion into the membrane and that temperature can trigger the resulting membrane function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris (France) http://www.baigllab.com/; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris (France); UMR 8640, CNRS, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris (France)
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32
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Ritz S, Hulko M, Zerfass C, May S, Hospach I, Krasteva N, Nelles G, Sinner EK. Cell-free expression of a mammalian olfactory receptor and unidirectional insertion into small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs). Biochimie 2013; 95:1909-16. [PMID: 23816872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the identification of the multigene family encoding mammalian olfactory receptors were identified more than 20 years ago, we are far from understanding olfactory perception because of the difficulties in functional expression of these receptors in heterologous cell systems. Cell-free (CF) or in vitro expression systems offer an elegant alternative route to cell based protein expression, as the functional expression of membrane proteins can be directly achieved from the genetic template without the need of cell cultivation and protein isolation. Here we investigated in detail the cell-free expression and membrane insertion of the olfactory receptor OR5 in dependence of different experimental conditions like probing different origins of the cell-free expression system (from bacteria, via plants and insects toward mammalian system) and lipid composition of the respective extracts. We provided substantial biochemical indications by radioactive labeling based on [(35)S]-methionine, followed by proteolytic digestion, and we found that the insertion of the olfactory receptor OR5 into liposomes resulted in an unidirectional orientation with the binding side exposed into the aqueous space, resembling the native orientation in the cilia of the olfactory neurons. We report the different results in synthesis capacity for the different in vitro systems employed as we like to demonstrate the first in vitro kit toward and ex situ and ex vivo odorant receptor array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ritz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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Huang YT, Liu TH, Lin SM, Chen YW, Pan YJ, Lee CH, Sun YJ, Tseng FG, Pan RL. Squeezing at entrance of proton transport pathway in proton-translocating pyrophosphatase upon substrate binding. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19312-20. [PMID: 23720778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homodimeric proton-translocating pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase; EC 3.6.1.1) is indispensable for many organisms in maintaining organellar pH homeostasis. This unique proton pump couples the hydrolysis of PPi to proton translocation across the membrane. H(+)-PPase consists of 14-16 relatively hydrophobic transmembrane domains presumably for proton translocation and hydrophilic loops primarily embedding a catalytic site. Several highly conserved polar residues located at or near the entrance of the transport pathway in H(+)-PPase are essential for proton pumping activity. In this investigation single molecule FRET was employed to dissect the action at the pathway entrance in homodimeric Clostridium tetani H(+)-PPase upon ligand binding. The presence of the substrate analog, imidodiphosphate mediated two sites at the pathway entrance moving toward each other. Moreover, single molecule FRET analyses after the mutation at the first proton-carrying residue (Arg-169) demonstrated that conformational changes at the entrance are conceivably essential for the initial step of H(+)-PPase proton translocation. A working model is accordingly proposed to illustrate the squeeze at the entrance of the transport pathway in H(+)-PPase upon substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tzu Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu 30013, Taiwan
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Fujiwara K, Nomura SIM. Condensation of an additive-free cell extract to mimic the conditions of live cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54155. [PMID: 23326590 PMCID: PMC3542322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular environment differs from that of reconstituted materials mainly because of the presence of highly condensed biomacromolecules. To mimic the environment and conditions in living cells, we developed a method to prepare additive-free, highly concentrated cell extracts. First, we verified the requirement for specific salts and buffers for functional cell-free translation extracts. The S30 fraction of Escherichia coli cell extracts without additives exhibited sufficient cell-free protein production. Next, we established a method to accumulate biological components by gradual evaporation by using a vacuum desiccator. Bovine serum albumin, green fluorescent protein, alkaline phosphatase, and a diluted reconstituted protein expression system were successfully condensed in their active forms using this method. The protein concentration of the prepared cell extract was elevated to 180 mg/mL, which was expected to contain approximately 260 mg/mL macromolecules, without the loss of cell-free protein expression activity. Such a condensed cell extract may be useful for investigating the differences between cells and reconstituted materials and may contribute to the development of methods to synthesize cells from cell extracts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail: (KF); (SMN)
| | - Shin-ichiro M. Nomura
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail: (KF); (SMN)
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Long AR, O'Brien CC, Alder NN. The cell-free integration of a polytopic mitochondrial membrane protein into liposomes occurs cotranslationally and in a lipid-dependent manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46332. [PMID: 23050015 PMCID: PMC3457961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ADP/ATP Carrier (AAC) is the most abundant transporter of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The central role that this transporter plays in cellular energy production highlights the importance of understanding its structure, function, and the basis of its pathologies. As a means of preparing proteoliposomes for the study of membrane proteins, several groups have explored the use of cell-free translation systems to facilitate membrane protein integration directly into preformed unilamellar vesicles without the use of surfactants. Using AAC as a model, we report for the first time the detergent-free reconstitution of a mitochondrial inner membrane protein into liposomes using a wheat germ-based in vitro translation system. Using a host of independent approaches, we demonstrate the efficient integration of AAC into vesicles with an inner membrane-mimetic lipid composition and, more importantly, that the integrated AAC is functionally active in transport. By adding liposomes at different stages of the translation reaction, we show that this direct integration is obligatorily cotranslational, and by synthesizing stable ribosome-bound nascent chain intermediates, we show that the nascent AAC polypeptide interacts with lipid vesicles while ribosome-bound. Finally, we show that the presence of the phospholipid cardiolipin in the liposomes specifically enhances AAC translation rate as well as the efficiency of vesicle association and integration. In light of these results, the possible mechanisms of liposome-assisted membrane protein integration during cell-free translation are discussed with respect to the mode of integration and the role of specific lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Long
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nathan N. Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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Roos C, Kai L, Proverbio D, Ghoshdastider U, Filipek S, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Co-translational association of cell-free expressed membrane proteins with supplied lipid bilayers. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 30:75-89. [PMID: 22716775 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.693212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Routine strategies for the cell-free production of membrane proteins in the presence of detergent micelles and for their efficient co-translational solubilization have been developed. Alternatively, the expression in the presence of rationally designed lipid bilayers becomes interesting in particular for biochemical studies. The synthesized membrane proteins would be directed into a more native-like environment and cell-free expression of transporters, channels or other membrane proteins in the presence of supplied artificial membranes could allow their subsequent functional analysis without any exposure to detergents. In addition, lipid-dependent effects on activity and stability of membrane proteins could systematically be studied. However, in contrast to the generally efficient detergent solubilization, the successful stabilization of membrane proteins with artificial membranes appears to be more difficult. A number of strategies have therefore been explored in order to optimize the co-translational association of membrane proteins with different forms of supplied lipid bilayers including liposomes, bicelles, microsomes or nanodiscs. In this review, we have compiled the current state-of-the-art of this technology and we summarize parameters which have been indicated as important for the co-translational association of cell-free synthesized membrane proteins with supplied membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roos
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Cadherin-integrated liposomes with potential application in a drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9899-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ohtsuka T, Neki S, Kanai T, Akiyoshi K, Nomura SIM, Ohtsuki T. Synthesis and in situ insertion of a site-specific fluorescently labeled membrane protein into cell-sized liposomes. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nozawa A, Ogasawara T, Matsunaga S, Iwasaki T, Sawasaki T, Endo Y. Production and partial purification of membrane proteins using a liposome-supplemented wheat cell-free translation system. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:35. [PMID: 21481249 PMCID: PMC3090341 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, some groups have reported on cell-free synthesis of functional membrane proteins (MPs) in the presence of exogenous liposomes (liposomes). Previously, we reported synthesis of a functional AtPPT1 plant phosphate transporter that was associated with liposomes during translation. However, it is unclear whether or not lipid/MP complex formation is common to all types of MPs in the wheat cell-free system. RESULTS AtPPT1 was synthesized using a wheat cell-free system with or without liposomes. AtPPT1 synthesized with liposomes showed high transport activity, but the activity of AtPPT1 synthesized without liposomes was less than 10% activity of that with liposomes. To test whether co-translational association with liposomes is observed in the synthesis of other MPs, we used 40 mammalian MPs having one to 14 transmembrane domains (TMDs) and five soluble proteins as a control. The association rate of all 40 MPs into liposomes was more than 40% (mean value: 59%), while that of the five soluble proteins was less than 20% (mean value: 12%). There were no significant differences in association rate among MPs regardless of the number of TMDs and synthesis yield. These results indicate that the wheat cell-free system is a highly productive method for lipid/MP complex formation and is suitable for large-scale preparation. The liposome association of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion MPs were also tested and recovered as lipid/MP complex after floatation by Accudenz density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU). Employment of GFP-MPs revealed optimal condition for Accudenz floatation. Using the optimized Accudenz DGU condition, P2RX4/lipid complexes were partially purified and detected as a major band by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB)-staining after SDS-PAGE. CONCLUSION Formation of lipid/AtPPT1 complex during the cell-free synthesis reaction is critical for synthesis of a functional MP. The lipid/MP complex during the translation was observed in all 40 MPs tested. At least 29 MPs, as judged by their higher productivity compared to GFP, might be suitable for a large-scale preparation. MPs synthesized by this method form lipid/MP complexes, which could be readily partially purified by Accudenz DGU. Wheat cell-free protein synthesis in the presence of liposomes will be a useful method for preparation of variety type of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nozawa
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center and the Venture Business, Laboratory, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Nakata S, Ikeguchi A, Shiota T, Komori R, Kumazawa N, Tsutsumi M, Denda M. Interactions between Sex Hormones and a 1,2-Di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Molecular Layer: Characteristics of the Liposome, Surface Area versus Surface Pressure of the Monolayer, and Microscopic Observation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stano P, Carrara P, Kuruma Y, Pereira de Souza T, Luisi PL. Compartmentalized reactions as a case of soft-matter biotechnology: synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids inside lipid vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12298c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Debnath DK, Otzen DE. Cell-free synthesis and folding of transmembrane OmpA reveals higher order structures and premature truncations. Biophys Chem 2010; 152:80-8. [PMID: 20813447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We use a cell-free transcription-translation system to monitor the effect of different lipids on the synthesis and folding of the transmembrane domain of the outer membrane protein OmpA from E. coli under physiological conditions. Folding is consistent with previous observations made in vitro at high pH. Synthesis and folding yields are optimal in phosphocholine lipids, particularly in short chain lipids and small vesicles, while lipid rafts do not promote folding compared to the folding in the absence of lipids. Truncated species are observed during translation in the presence of the periplasmic chaperone Skp, which likely binds to the newly synthesized polypeptide chain during cell-free translation and thus prematurely terminate polypeptide chain synthesis. In contrast, folded and unfolded dimers of OmpA correlate negatively with folding yields. This suggests that dimer formation competes with folding and insertion of monomeric OmpA, though folded dimers slowly appear to convert to folded monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Debnath
- Center for insoluble protein structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
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Moritani Y, Nomura SIM, Morita I, Akiyoshi K. Direct integration of cell-free-synthesized connexin-43 into liposomes and hemichannel formation. FEBS J 2010; 277:3343-52. [PMID: 20608976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteoliposomes were directly prepared by synthesizing membrane proteins with the use of minimal protein synthesis factors isolated from Escherichia coli (the PURE system) in the presence of liposomes. Connexin-43 (Cx43), which is a water-insoluble integral membrane protein that forms a hexameric complex in membranes, was cotranslationally integrated with an essentially uniform orientation in liposomes. The addition of liposomes following protein expression (post-translational presence of liposomes) did not lead to the integration of Cx43 into the liposome membranes. The amount of integrated Cx43 increased as the liposome concentration increased. The presence of liposomes did not influence the total amount of synthesized Cx43. The Cx43 integrated into the liposome membranes formed open membrane pores. These results indicate that the liposomes act in a chaperone-like manner by preventing Cx43 from aggregating in solution, because of integration into the bilayer, and also by functionalization of the integrated Cx43 in the membrane. This is the first report that cell-free-synthesized water-insoluble membrane protein is directly integrated with a uniform orientation as a functional oligomer into liposome membranes. This simple proteoliposome preparation procedure should be a valuable approach for structural and functional studies of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Moritani
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kamiya K, Tsumoto K, Arakawa S, Shimizu S, Morita I, Yoshimura T, Akiyoshi K. Preparation of connexin43-integrated giant Liposomes by a baculovirus expression-liposome fusion method. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:836-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Walde P, Cosentino K, Engel H, Stano P. Giant Vesicles: Preparations and Applications. Chembiochem 2010; 11:848-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Cell-free expression has emerged as a promising tool for the fast and efficient production of membrane proteins. The rapidly growing number of successfully produced targets in combination with the continuous development of new applications significantly promotes the distribution of this technology. Membrane protein synthesis by cell-free expression does not appear to be restricted by origin, size or topology of the target, and its global application is therefore a highly valuable characteristic. The technology is relatively fast to establish in standard biochemical labs, and it does not require expensive equipment. Moreover, it enables the production of membrane proteins in completely new modes, like the direct translation into detergent micelles, which is not possible with any other expression system. In this protocol, we focus on the currently most efficient cell-free expression system for membrane proteins based on Escherichia coli extracts.
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47
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Shimono K, Goto M, Kikukawa T, Miyauchi S, Shirouzu M, Kamo N, Yokoyama S. Production of functional bacteriorhodopsin by an Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis system supplemented with steroid detergent and lipid. Protein Sci 2009; 18:2160-71. [PMID: 19746358 DOI: 10.1002/pro.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free expression has become a highly promising tool for the efficient production of membrane proteins. In this study, we used a dialysis-based Escherichia coli cell-free system for the production of a membrane protein actively integrated into liposomes. The membrane protein was the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin, consisting of seven transmembrane alpha-helices. The cell-free expression system in the dialysis mode was supplemented with a combination of a detergent and a natural lipid, phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk, in only the reaction mixture. By examining a variety of detergents, we found that the combination of a steroid detergent (digitonin, cholate, or CHAPS) and egg phosphatidylcholine yielded a large amount (0.3-0.7 mg/mL reaction mixture) of the fully functional bacteriorhodopsin. We also analyzed the process of functional expression in our system. The synthesized polypeptide was well protected from aggregation by the detergent-lipid mixed micelles and/or lipid disks, and was integrated into liposomes upon detergent removal by dialysis. This approach might be useful for the high yield production of functional membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Shimono
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Yamaji K, Kanai T, Nomura SIM, Akiyoshi K, Negishi M, Chen Y, Atomi H, Yoshikawa K, Imanaka T. Protein synthesis in giant liposomes using the in vitro translation system of Thermococcus kodakaraensis. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2009; 8:325-31. [PMID: 19884103 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2009.2035278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro translation system, based on cell components of the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakaraensis, has previously been developed. The system has been optimized and applied for protein production at high temperatures (60-65 degrees C). In this paper, we have examined the possibilities to utilize this system at a lower temperature range using green fluorescence protein (GFP) as the reporter protein. By optimizing the composition of the reaction mixture, and adding chaperonins from the mesophilic Escherichia coli, the yield of protein production at 40 degrees C was increased by fivefold. For liposome encapsulation of the optimized system, water-in-oil cell-sized emulsions were prepared by adding the translation system/GFP mRNA mixture to mineral oil supplemented with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn -glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC). Giant liposomes were formed when these emulsions passed across a water/oil interface occupied with DOPC. The liposomes were incubated at 40 degrees C for 90 min, and fluorescence was examined by laser confocal microscopy. A significant increase in average fluorescence intensity was observed in liposomes with GFP mRNA, but not in those without mRNA. Our results indicate that the T. kodakaraensis in vitro translation system is applicable for protein production within giant liposomes, and these artificial cell models should provide the methodology to reconstitute various cell functions from a constitutional biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yamaji
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Katzen F, Peterson TC, Kudlicki W. Membrane protein expression: no cells required. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:455-60. [PMID: 19616329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional studies of membrane proteins have been severely hampered by difficulties in producing sufficient quantities of properly folded protein products. It is well established that cell-based expression of membrane proteins is generally problematic and frequently results in low yield, cell toxicity, protein aggregation and misfolding. Owing to its inherent open nature, cell-free protein expression has become a highly promising tool for the fast and efficient production of these difficult-to-express proteins. Here we review the most recent advances in this field, underscoring the potentials and weaknesses of the newly developed approaches and place specific emphasis on the use of nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs or nanodiscs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Katzen
- Life Technologies, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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50
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Kaneda M, Nomura SIM, Ichinose S, Kondo S, Nakahama KI, Akiyoshi K, Morita I. Direct formation of proteo-liposomes by in vitro synthesis and cellular cytosolic delivery with connexin-expressing liposomes. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3971-7. [PMID: 19423159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely utilized in molecular biology and medicine as drug carriers. Here we report a new liposome-cell interaction through connexins. Connexin 43 (Cx43)-containing liposomes were prepared by using cell-free transcription/translation systems with plasmids encoding Cx43 in the presence of liposome. The expressed membrane protein, Cx43, was directly constituted to the liposome membrane upon in vitro synthesis, leading to pure membrane protein-containing liposomes. The hydrophilic dye calcein was efficiently transferred from Cx43-expressing liposomes to cultured cells (Cx43 expressing). The transfer is significantly blocked in the presence of gap junction inhibitor (18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid) and in the case of the other type of connexin (Cx32)-expressing cell. The results show that calcein entered the cell through connexin-mediated pathway. Cx43 liposomes containing a soluble NEMO-binding domain peptide suppressed the intracellular signaling cascade IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in Cx43-expressing cells, confirming effective peptide transfer into the cell. This is a new method for direct cytosolic delivery of hydrophilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kaneda
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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