1
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de Fátima NG, Barriga A, Cáceres JC, Pinto E, Cabrera R. Oxidation of chlortetracycline and its isomers by Botrytis aclada laccase in the absence of mediators: pH dependence and identification of transformation products by LC-MS. Biodegradation 2024; 35:155-171. [PMID: 37428416 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are antibiotics considered emerging pollutants and currently, wastewater treatment plants are not able to remove them efficiently. Laccases are promising enzymes for bioremediation because they can oxidize a wide variety of substrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Botrytis aclada laccase for the oxidation of chlortetracycline and its isomers in the absence of a mediator molecule, at a pH range between 3.0 to 7.0, and to characterize the transformation products by LC-MS. Chlortetracycline and three isomers were detected in both, controls and reaction mixtures at 0 h and in controls after 48 h of incubation but in different proportions depending on pH. An additional isomer was also detected, but only in the presence of BaLac. Based on the transformation products identified in the enzymatic reactions and information from literature, we assembled a network of transformation pathways starting from chlortetracycline and its isomers. The spectrometric analysis of the products indicated the probable occurrence of oxygen insertion, dehydrogenation, demethylation and deamination reactions. Four new products were identified, and we also described a novel transformation product without the chloro group. We observed that increasing pH led to higher diversity of main products. This is the first study using the laccase from fungi Botrytis aclada to oxidate chlortetracycline and its isomers and it can be considered as an ecological alternative to be used in bioremediation processes such as wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Gavilán de Fátima
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Unidad de Espectrometría de Masas-CEPEDEQ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- Unidad de Espectrometría de Masas-CEPEDEQ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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Xu X, Lin X, Ma W, Huo M, Tian X, Wang H, Huang L. Biodegradation strategies of veterinary medicines in the environment: Enzymatic degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169598. [PMID: 38157911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
One Health closely integrates healthy farming, human medicine, and environmental ecology. Due to the ecotoxicity and risk of transmission of drug resistance, veterinary medicines (VMs) are regarded as emerging environmental pollutants. To reduce or mitigate the environmental risk of VMs, developing friendly, safe, and effective removal technologies is an important means of environmental remediation for VMs. Many previous studies have proved that biodegradation has significant advantages in removing VMs, and biodegradation based on enzyme catalysis presents higher operability and specificity. This review focused on biodegradation strategies of environmental pollutants and reviewed the enzymatic degradation of VMs including antimicrobial drugs, insecticides, and disinfectants. We reviewed the sources and catalytic mechanisms of peroxidase, laccase, and organophosphorus hydrolases, and summarized the latest research status of immobilization methods and bioengineering techniques in improving the performance of degrading enzymes. The mechanism of enzymatic degradation for VMs was elucidated in the current research. Suggestions and prospects for researching and developing enzymatic degradation of VMs were also put forward. This review will offer new ideas for the biodegradation of VMs and have a guide significance for the risk mitigation and detoxification of VMs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xvdong Lin
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meixia Huo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Tian
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China; National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China; National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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3
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Renfeld ZV, Chernykh AM, Egorova Shebanova AD, Baskunov BP, Gaidina AS, Myasoedova NM, Moiseeva OV, Kolomytseva MP. The Laccase of Myrothecium roridum VKM F-3565: A New Look at Fungal Laccase Tolerance to Neutral and Alkaline Conditions. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200600. [PMID: 36513608 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most of the currently known fungal laccases show their maximum activity under acidic environmental conditions. It is known that a decrease in the activity of a typical laccase at neutral or alkaline pH values is the result of an increase in the binding of the hydroxide anion to the T2/T3 copper center, which prevents the transfer of an electron from the T1 Cu to the trinuclear copper center. However, evolutionary pressure has resolved the existing limitations in the catalytic mechanism of laccase, allowing such enzymes to be functionally active under neutral/alkaline pH conditions, thereby giving fungi an advantage for their survival. Combined molecular and biochemical studies, homological modeling, calculation of the electrostatic potential on the Connolly surface at pH 5.0 and 7.0, and structural analysis of the novel alkaliphilic laccase of Myrothecium roridum VKM F-3565 and alkaliphilic and acidophilic fungal laccases with a known structure allowed a new intramolecular channel near the one of the catalytic aspartate residues at T2-copper atom to be found. The amino acid residues of alkaliphilic laccases forming this channel can presumably serve as proton donors for catalytic aspartates under neutral conditions, thus ensuring proper functioning. For the first time for ascomycetous laccases, the production of new trimeric products of phenylpropanoid condensation under neutral conditions has been shown, which could have a potential for use in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna V Renfeld
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey M Chernykh
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Anna D Egorova Shebanova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Boris P Baskunov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasya S Gaidina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Nina M Myasoedova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Moiseeva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Marina P Kolomytseva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
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Biochemical and Structural Properties of a High-Temperature-Active Laccase from Bacillus pumilus and Its Application in the Decolorization of Food Dyes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101387. [PMID: 35626959 PMCID: PMC9141572 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel laccase gene isolated from Bacillus pumilus TCCC 11568 was expressed, and the recombinant laccase (rLAC) displayed maximal activity at 80 °C and at pH 6.0 against ABTS. rLAC maintained its structural integrity at a high temperature (355 K) compared to its tertiary structure at a low temperature (325 K), except for some minor adjustments of certain loops. However, those adjustments were presumed to be responsible for the formation of a more open access aisle that facilitated the binding of ABTS in the active site, resulting in a shorter distance between the catalytic residue and the elevated binding energy. Additionally, rLAC showed good thermostability (≤70 °C) and pH stability over a wide range (3.0–10.0), and displayed high efficiency in decolorizing azo dyes that are applicable to the food industry. This work will improve our knowledge on the relationship of structure–function for thermophilic laccase, and provide a candidate for dye effluent treatment in the food industry.
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Csarman F, Gusenbauer C, Wohlschlager L, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Konnerth J, Potthast A, Ludwig R. Non-productive binding of cellobiohydrolase i investigated by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 28:9525-9545. [PMID: 34720466 PMCID: PMC8550311 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Future biorefineries are facing the challenge to separate and depolymerize biopolymers into their building blocks for the production of biofuels and basic molecules as chemical stock. Fungi have evolved lignocellulolytic enzymes to perform this task specifically and efficiently, but a detailed understanding of their heterogeneous reactions is a prerequisite for the optimization of large-scale enzymatic biomass degradation. Here, we investigate the binding of cellulolytic enzymes onto biopolymers by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy for the fast and precise characterization of enzyme adsorption processes. Using different sensor architectures, SPR probes modified with regenerated cellulose as well as with lignin films were prepared by spin-coating techniques. The modified SPR probes were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and static contact angle measurements to determine physical and surface molecular properties. SPR spectroscopy was used to study the activity and affinity of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) glycoforms on the modified SPR probes. N-glycan removal led to no significant change in activity or cellulose binding, while a slightly higher tendency for non-productive binding to SPR probes modified with different lignin fractions was observed. The results suggest that the main role of the N-glycosylation in CBHI is not to prevent non-productive binding to lignin, but probably to increase its stability against proteolytic degradation. The work also demonstrates the suitability of SPR-based techniques for the characterization of the binding of lignocellulolytic enzymes to biomass-derived polymers. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gusenbauer
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Csarman F, Obermann T, Zanjko MC, Man P, Halada P, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Functional expression and characterization of two laccases from the brown rot Fomitopsis pinicola. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 148:109801. [PMID: 34116754 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laccase is predominantly found in lignin degrading filamentous white rot fungi, where it is involved in the oxidative degradation of this recalcitrant heteropolymer. In brown rot fungi it is much less prevalent: laccases from only a few brown rots have been detected and only two have been characterized. This study tries to understand the role of this ligninolytic enzyme in brown rots by investigating the catalytic properties of laccases secreted by Fomitopsis pinicola FP58527 SS1. When grown on either poplar or spruce wood blocks, several laccases were detected in the secretome. Two of them (FpLcc1 and FpLcc2) were heterologously produced using Trichoderma reesei QM9414 Δxyr1 as expression host and purified to homogeneity by consecutive steps of hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. With the substrates 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and guaiacol both laccases showed similar, low pH-optima below 3 for ABTS and 2,6-DMP and at pH 3.5 for guaiacol which is at the acidic end of laccases isolated from white rot fungi. The determined KM values were low while kcat values measured at acidic conditions were comparable to those reported for other laccases from white rot fungi. While both enzymes showed a moderate decrease in activity in the presence of oxalic and citric acid FpLcc2 was activated by acetic acid up to 3.7 times. This activation effect is much more pronounced at pH 5.0 compared to pH 3.0 and could already be observed at a concentration of 1 mM acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tobias Obermann
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Mihael Colar Zanjko
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Petr Man
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Radveikienė I, Vidžiūnaitė R, Meškienė R, Meškys R, Časaitė V. Characterization of a Yellow Laccase from Botrytis cinerea 241. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020143. [PMID: 33671199 PMCID: PMC7922139 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical laccases have four copper atoms, which form three different copper centers, of which the T1 copper is responsible for the blue color of the enzyme and gives it a characteristic absorbance around 610 nm. Several laccases have unusual spectral properties and are referred to as yellow or white laccases. Only two yellow laccases from the Ascomycota phylum have been described previously, and only one amino acid sequence of those enzymes is available. A yellow laccase Bcl1 from Botrytis cinerea strain 241 has been identified, purified and characterized in this work. The enzyme appears to be a dimer with a molecular mass of 186 kDa. The gene encoding the Bcl1 protein has been cloned, and the sequence analysis shows that the yellow laccase Bcl1 is phylogenetically distinct from other known yellow laccases. In addition, a comparison of amino acid sequences, and 3D modeling shows that the Bcl1 laccase lacks a conservative tyrosine, which is responsible for absorption quenching at 610 nm in another yellow asco-laccase from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. High thermostability, high salt tolerance, broad substrate specificity, and the ability to decolorize dyes without the mediators suggest that the Bcl1 laccase is a potential enzyme for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrida Radveikienė
- Life Sciences Center, Department of Bioanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (V.Č.)
| | - Regina Vidžiūnaitė
- Life Sciences Center, Department of Bioanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Rita Meškienė
- Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Vida Časaitė
- Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.M.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (V.Č.)
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Asemoloye MD, Marchisio MA, Gupta VK, Pecoraro L. Genome-based engineering of ligninolytic enzymes in fungi. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:20. [PMID: 33478513 PMCID: PMC7819241 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many fungi grow as saprobic organisms and obtain nutrients from a wide range of dead organic materials. Among saprobes, fungal species that grow on wood or in polluted environments have evolved prolific mechanisms for the production of degrading compounds, such as ligninolytic enzymes. These enzymes include arrays of intense redox-potential oxidoreductase, such as laccase, catalase, and peroxidases. The ability to produce ligninolytic enzymes makes a variety of fungal species suitable for application in many industries, including the production of biofuels and antibiotics, bioremediation, and biomedical application as biosensors. However, fungal ligninolytic enzymes are produced naturally in small quantities that may not meet the industrial or market demands. Over the last decade, combined synthetic biology and computational designs have yielded significant results in enhancing the synthesis of natural compounds in fungi. Main body of the abstract In this review, we gave insights into different protein engineering methods, including rational, semi-rational, and directed evolution approaches that have been employed to enhance the production of some important ligninolytic enzymes in fungi. We described the role of metabolic pathway engineering to optimize the synthesis of chemical compounds of interest in various fields. We highlighted synthetic biology novel techniques for biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) activation in fungo and heterologous reconstruction of BGC in microbial cells. We also discussed in detail some recombinant ligninolytic enzymes that have been successfully enhanced and expressed in different heterologous hosts. Finally, we described recent advance in CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated) protein systems as the most promising biotechnology for large-scale production of ligninolytic enzymes. Short conclusion Aggregation, expression, and regulation of ligninolytic enzymes in fungi require very complex procedures with many interfering factors. Synthetic and computational biology strategies, as explained in this review, are powerful tools that can be combined to solve these puzzles. These integrated strategies can lead to the production of enzymes with special abilities, such as wide substrate specifications, thermo-stability, tolerance to long time storage, and stability in different substrate conditions, such as pH and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dare Asemoloye
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mario Andrea Marchisio
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Tülek A, Karataş E, Çakar MM, Aydın D, Yılmazcan Ö, Binay B. Optimisation of the Production and Bleaching Process for a New Laccase from Madurella mycetomatis, Expressed in Pichia pastoris: from Secretion to Yielding Prominent. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 63:24-39. [PMID: 33058020 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are polyphenol oxidoreductases used in a number of industrial applications. Due to the increasing demand for these "green catalysis" enzymes, the identification and biochemical characterisation of their novel properties is essential. In our study, cloned Madurella mycetomatis laccase (mmlac) genes were heterologously expressed in the methylotrophic yeast host Pichia pastoris. The high yield of the active recombinant protein in P. pastoris demonstrates the efficiency of a reliably constructed plasmid to express the laccase gene. The optimal biochemical conditions for the successfully expressed MmLac enzyme were identified. Detailed structural properties of the recombinant laccase were determined, and its utility in decolourisation and textile bleaching applications was examined. MmLac demonstrates good activity in an acidic pH range (4.0-6.0); is stable in the presence of cationic metals, organic solvents and under high temperatures (50-60 °C); and is stable for long-term storage at - 20 °C and - 80 °C for up to eight weeks. The structural analysis revealed that the catalytic residues are partially similar to other laccases. MmLac resulted in an increase in whiteness, whilst demonstrating high efficiency and stability and requiring the input of fewer chemicals. The performance of this enzyme makes it worthy of investigation for use in textile biotechnology applications, as well as within environmental and food technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Tülek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ersin Karataş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mervan Çakar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Derya Aydın
- Ak-Kim Kimya San. Ve Tic. A.S., 77600, Çiftlikköy, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Özlem Yılmazcan
- Ak-Kim Kimya San. Ve Tic. A.S., 77600, Çiftlikköy, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Barış Binay
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Expression of Pleurotus ostreatus Laccase Gene in Pichia pastoris and Its Degradation of Corn Stover Lignin. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040601. [PMID: 32326242 PMCID: PMC7232166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is a species of white-rot fungi that effectively degrades lignin. In this study, we aimed to efficiently express the lac-2 gene of Pleurotus ostreatus in the Pichia pastoris X33 yeast strain. The enzymatic properties of recombinant yeast were determined, and its ability to degrade corn stover lignin was determined. The results showed the optimum pH values of recombinant laccase for 2,2’-Azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and 2-methoxyphenol were 3.0, 3.0, and 3.5, respectively. The optimum reaction temperature was 50 °C, and it had good thermal stability and acid and alkali resistance. The degradation rate of lignin in corn stover by recombinant laccase was 18.36%, and the native Pleurotus ostreatus degradation rate was 14.05%, the difference between them is significant (p < 0.05). This experiment lays a foundation for the study of the degradation mechanism of lignin by laccase.
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Mao H, Wang K, Wang Z, Peng J, Ren N. Metabolic function, trophic mode, organics degradation ability and influence factor of bacterial and fungal communities in chicken manure composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 302:122883. [PMID: 32006923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic function and organic degradation behavior of bacterial and fungal communities were detected in 60 days composting of chicken manure and pumice by using Biolog tools, PICRUSt and FUNGuild. Fungal diversity increased from 57 OTUs in fresh chicken manure to 109 OTUs in high temperature stage, while bacterial diversity decreased from 86 OTUs to 44 OTUs after composting treatment. The carbohydrates degradation ability of bacterial community was enhanced in the high temperature stage. Fungal community had relatively higher degradation rates of carboxylic acids and amino acids in the maturation stage. Saprotroph was the main trophic mode of fungal community during the incubation process. The fungal animal pathogen decreased from 12.5% to 1.2% after composting treatment. Bacterial community composition and substrates degradation rate were mainly influenced by redox potential, pH and moisture, while temperature was the main environmental factor influencing on organic degradation of fungal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Mao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
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12
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Kwiatos N, Jędrzejczak-Krzepkowska M, Krzemińska A, Delavari A, Paneth P, Bielecki S. Evolved Fusarium oxysporum laccase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3244. [PMID: 32094483 PMCID: PMC7039978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum laccase was functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and engineered towards higher expression levels and higher reactivity towards 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, that could be used as a mediator for lignin modification. A combination of classical culture optimization and protein engineering led to around 30 times higher activity in the culture supernatant. The winner mutant exhibited three times lower Km, four times higher kcat and ten times higher catalytic efficiency than the parental enzyme. The strategy for laccase engineering was composed of a combination of random methods with a rational approach based on QM/MM MD studies of the enzyme complex with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. Laccase mediator system with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol caused fulvic acids release from biosolubilized coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kwiatos
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzena Jędrzejczak-Krzepkowska
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krzemińska
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 219, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wróblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland
| | - Stanisław Bielecki
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
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Yang X, Gu C, Lin Y. A novel fungal laccase from Sordaria macrospora k-hell: expression, characterization, and application for lignin degradation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1133-1139. [PMID: 32067135 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The laccase has the ability to oxidize substituted phenols and the water is the sole byproduct, thus it has been employed to remove and/or modify the lignin in lignocellulosic material. A putative laccase gene, LacSM, from Sordaria macrospora k-hell was screened by a genome mining approach. Then, it was cloned and highly expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of recombinant LacSM was ~ 67 kDa. The optimal pH values for the LacSM oxidation of guaiacol, syringaldazine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) were 6, 7, 5, and 5, respectively. The optimal activity of laccase was observed at 60, 55, 55, and 50 °C for four respective substrates. LacSM remained stable at pH 5-8 and thermostable at 60 °C with guaiacol as the substrate. 1 mM K+, Na+, or Mn2+ ions slightly stimulated laccase activity. In addition, LacSM was moderately tolerant to the Cl- ion and showed an ability to remove and/or modify lignin. Thus, LacSM was a potential candidate for industrial applications, such as lignin degradation of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 334 Building 6, University Park, Panyu district, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenguang Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 334 Building 6, University Park, Panyu district, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 334 Building 6, University Park, Panyu district, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Valles M, Kamaruddin AF, Wong LS, Blanford CF. Inhibition in multicopper oxidases: a critical review. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review critiques the literature on inhibition of O2-reduction catalysis in multicopper oxidases like laccase and bilirubin oxidase and provide recommendations for best practice when carrying out experiments and interpreting published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Valles
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Amirah F. Kamaruddin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Department of Materials
| | - Lu Shin Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Christopher F. Blanford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Department of Materials
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15
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Li Z, Jiang S, Xie Y, Fang Z, Xiao Y, Fang W, Zhang X. Mechanism of the salt activation of laccase Lac15. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Ardila-Leal LD, Albarracín-Pardo DA, Rivera-Hoyos CM, Morales-Álvarez ED, Poutou-Piñales RA, Cardozo-Bernal AM, Quevedo-Hidalgo BE, Pedroza-Rodríguez AM, Díaz-Rincón DJ, Rodríguez-López A, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Cuervo-Patiño CL. Media improvement for 10 L bioreactor production of rPOXA 1B laccase by P. pastoris. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:447. [PMID: 31763125 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we statistically improved culture media for rPOXA 1B laccase production, expressed in Pichia pastoris containing pGAPZαA-LaccPost-Stop construct and assayed at 10 L bioreactor production scale (6 L effective work volume). The concentrated enzyme was evaluated for temperature and pH stability and kinetic parameter, characterized by monitoring oxidation of different ABTS [2, 20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] substrate concentrations. Plackett-Burman experimental design (PBED) implementation improved previous work results by 3.05-fold, obtaining a laccase activity of 1373.72 ± 0.37 U L-1 at 168 h of culture in a 500 mL shake flask. In contrast, one factor experimental design (OFED) applied after PBED improved by threefold the previous study, additionally increasing the C/N ratio. Employing OFED media at 10 L bioreactor scale was capable of producing 3159.93 ± 498.90 U L-1 at 192 h, representing a 2.4-fold increase. rPOXA 1B concentrate remained stable between 10 and 50 °C and retained over 70% residual enzymatic activity at 60 °C and 50% at 70 °C. Concerning pH stability, the enzyme was stable at pH 4.0 ± 0.2 with a residual activity greater than 90%. The lowest residual activity (60%) was obtained at pH 10.0 ± 0.2. Furthermore, the apparent kinetic parameters were V max of 3.163 × 10-2 mM min-1 and K m of 1.716 mM. Collectively, regarding enzyme stability our data provide possibilities for applications involving a wide range of pH and temperatures.
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Mtibaà R, Barriuso J, de Eugenio L, Aranda E, Belbahri L, Nasri M, Martínez MJ, Mechichi T. Purification and characterization of a fungal laccase from the ascomycete Thielavia sp. and its role in the decolorization of a recalcitrant dye. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1744-1751. [PMID: 30268749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A laccase-producing ascomycete was isolated from arid soil in Tunisia. This fungus was identified as Thielavia sp. using the phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacers. The extracellular laccase produced by the fungus was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, showing a molecular mass around 70 kDa. The enzyme had an optimum pH of 5.0 and 6.0 for ABTS and 2,6‑DMP, respectively and it showed remarkable high thermal stability, showing its optimal temperature at 70 °C (against 2,6‑DMP). It presented slight inhibiting effect by EDTA, SDS and l‑cyst although this effect was more marked by sodium azide (0.1 mM). On the other hand, it showed tolerance to up to 300 mM NaCl, retaining around 50% of its activity at 900 mM. Among the metal ions tested on TaLac1, Mn2+ showed an activating effect. Their kinetic parameters Km and kcat were 23.7 μM and 4.14 s-1 for ABTS, and 24.3 μM and 3.46 s-1 towards 2,6‑DMP. The purified enzyme displayed greater efficiency in Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolorization (90%) in absence of redox mediator, an important property for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Mtibaà
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, University of Sfax, National School of Engineers of Sfax, BP «1173», 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientίficas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Eugenio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientίficas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Calle Ramón y Cajal 4, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Lasaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, University of Sfax, National School of Engineers of Sfax, BP «1173», 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - María Jesùs Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientίficas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, University of Sfax, National School of Engineers of Sfax, BP «1173», 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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19
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Breslmayr E, Hanžek M, Hanrahan A, Leitner C, Kittl R, Šantek B, Oostenbrink C, Ludwig R. A fast and sensitive activity assay for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:79. [PMID: 29588664 PMCID: PMC5865291 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) release a spectrum of cleavage products from their polymeric substrates cellulose, hemicellulose, or chitin. The correct identification and quantitation of these released products is the basis of MS/HPLC-based detection methods for LPMO activity. The duration, effort, and intricate analysis allow only specialized laboratories to measure LPMO activity in day-to-day work. A spectrophotometric assay will simplify the screening for LPMO in culture supernatants, help monitor recombinant LPMO expression and purification, and support enzyme characterization. RESULTS Based on a newly discovered peroxidase activity of LPMO, we propose a fast, robust, and sensitive spectrophotometric activity assay using 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and H2O2. The fast enzymatic assay (300 s) consists of 1 mM 2,6-DMP as chromogenic substrate, 100 µM H2O2 as cosubstrate, and an adequate activity of LPMO in a suitable buffer. The high molar absorption coefficient of the formed product coerulignone (ε469 = 53,200 M-1 cm-1) makes the assay sensitive and allows reliable activity measurements of LPMO in concentrations of approx. 0.5-50 mg L-1. CONCLUSIONS The activity assay based on 2,6-DMP detects a novel peroxidase activity of LPMO. This activity can be accurately measured and used for enzyme screening, production, and purification, and can also be applied to study binding constants or thermal stability. However, the assay has to be used with care in crude extracts, because other enzymes such as laccase or peroxidase will interfere with the assay. We also want to stress that the peroxidase activity is a homogeneous reaction with soluble substrates and should not be correlated to heterogeneous LPMO activity on polymeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Breslmayr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Hanžek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aoife Hanrahan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Leitner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Kittl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Bronikowski A, Hagedoorn PL, Koschorreck K, Urlacher VB. Expression of a new laccase from Moniliophthora roreri at high levels in Pichia pastoris and its potential application in micropollutant degradation. AMB Express 2017; 7:73. [PMID: 28357784 PMCID: PMC5371579 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases have gained significant attention due to their emerging applications including bioremediation, biomass degradation and biofuel cells. One of the prerequisites for the industrial application of laccases is their sufficient availability. However, expression levels of recombinantly expressed laccases are often low. In this study Mrl2, a new laccase from the basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri, was cloned in Pichia pastoris and produced in an optimized fed-batch process at an exceptionally high yield of 1.05 g l−1. With a redox potential of 0.58 V, Mrl2 belongs to mid-redox potential laccases. However, Mrl2 demonstrated high kcat values of 316, 20, 74, and 36 s−1 towards 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine (SGZ), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and guaiacol, respectively. Mrl2 remained stable above pH 6 and in the presence of many metal ions, which is important for application in bioremediation. Mrl2 was investigated for the ability to degrade endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSDAIs) at neutral pH value. The enzyme accepted and converted estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, the synthetic contraceptive 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A at pH 7 faster than high-potential laccases from Trametes versicolor. For example, within 30 min Mrl2 removed more than 90% bisphenol A, 17ß-estradiol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol and estriol, respectively. The concentration of the recalcitrant drug diclofenac dropped by 56% after 20 h incubation with Mrl2.
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21
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Scheiblbrandner S, Breslmayr E, Csarman F, Paukner R, Führer J, Herzog PL, Shleev SV, Osipov EM, Tikhonova TV, Popov VO, Haltrich D, Ludwig R, Kittl R. Evolving stability and pH-dependent activity of the high redox potential Botrytis aclada laccase for enzymatic fuel cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13688. [PMID: 29057958 PMCID: PMC5651918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal high redox potential laccases are proposed as cathodic biocatalysts in implantable enzymatic fuel cells to generate high cell voltages. Their application is limited mainly through their acidic pH optimum and chloride inhibition. This work investigates evolutionary and engineering strategies to increase the pH optimum of a chloride-tolerant, high redox potential laccase from the ascomycete Botrytis aclada. The laccase was subjected to two rounds of directed evolution and the clones screened for increased stability and activity at pH 6.5. Beneficial mutation sites were investigated by semi-rational and combinatorial mutagenesis. Fourteen variants were characterised in detail to evaluate changes of the kinetic constants. Mutations increasing thermostability were distributed over the entire structure. Among them, T383I showed a 2.6-fold increased half-life by preventing the loss of the T2 copper through unfolding of a loop. Mutations affecting the pH-dependence cluster around the T1 copper and categorise in three types of altered pH profiles: pH-type I changes the monotonic decreasing pH profile into a bell-shaped profile, pH-type II describes increased specific activity below pH 6.5, and pH-type III increased specific activity above pH 6.5. Specific activities of the best variants were up to 5-fold higher (13 U mg−1) than BaL WT at pH 7.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Paukner
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Führer
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter L Herzog
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey V Shleev
- Biomedical Sciences, Health and Society, Malmö University, 20560, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Evgeny M Osipov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tamara V Tikhonova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir O Popov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Kittl
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Mtibaà R, de Eugenio L, Ghariani B, Louati I, Belbahri L, Nasri M, Mechichi T. A halotolerant laccase from Chaetomium strain isolated from desert soil and its ability for dye decolourization. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:329. [PMID: 28955626 PMCID: PMC5602793 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fungal laccase produced by the ascomycete Chaetomium sp. isolated from arid soil was purified and characterized and its ability to remove dyes was determined. Extracellular laccase was purified 15-fold from the crude culture to homogeneity with an overall yield of 50% using ultrafiltration and anion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme was found to be a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 68 kDa, estimated by SDS-PAGE, and with an isoelectric point of 5.5. The optimal temperature and pH value for laccase activity toward 2,6-DMP were 60 °C and 3.0, respectively. It was stable at temperatures below 50 °C and at alkaline conditions. Kinetic study showed that this laccase showed higher affinity on ABTS than on 2,6-DMP. Its activity was enhanced by the presence of several metal ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+, while it was strongly inhibited by Fe2+, Ag+ and Hg2+. The novel laccase also showed high, remarkable sodium chloride tolerance. Its ability to decolorize different dyes, with or without HBT (1-hydroxy-benzotriazole), as redox mediator, suggests that this protein may be useful for different industrial applications and/or bioremediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Mtibaà
- Present Address: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4.5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Laura de Eugenio
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bouthaina Ghariani
- Present Address: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4.5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ibtihel Louati
- Present Address: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4.5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lasaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Present Address: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4.5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Present Address: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4.5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Li J, Xie Y, Wang R, Fang Z, Fang W, Zhang X, Xiao Y. Mechanism of salt-induced activity enhancement of a marine-derived laccase, Lac15. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 47:225-236. [PMID: 28875401 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductases, EC1.10.3.2) is a multi-copper oxidase capable of oxidizing a variety of phenolic and other aromatic organic compounds. The catalytic power of laccase makes it an attractive candidate for potential applications in many areas of industry including biodegradation of organic pollutants and synthesis of novel drugs. Most laccases are vulnerable to high salt and have limited applications. However, some laccases are not only tolerant to but also activated by certain concentrations of salt and thus have great application potential. The mechanisms of salt-induced activity enhancement of laccases are unclear as yet. In this study, we used dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, intrinsic fluorescence emission, circular dichroism, ultraviolet-visible light absorption, and an enzymatic assay to investigate the potential correlation between the structure and activity of the marine-derived laccase, Lac15, whose activity is promoted by low concentrations of NaCl. The results showed that low concentrations of NaCl exert little influence on the protein structure, which was partially folded in the absence of the salt; moreover, the partially folded rather than the fully folded state seemed to be favorable for enzyme activity, and this partially folded state was distinctive from the so-called 'molten globule' occasionally observed in active enzymes. More data indicated that salt might promote laccase activity through mechanisms involving perturbation of specific local sites rather than a change in global structure. Potential binding sites for chloride ions and their roles in enzyme activity promotion are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yanan Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Guo H, Zheng B, Jiang D, Qin W. Overexpression of a Laccase with Dye Decolorization Activity from Bacillus sp. Induced in Escherichia coli. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:217-227. [DOI: 10.1159/000478859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases from bacteria have been widely studied in the past 2 decades due to the higher growth rate of bacteria and their excellent thermal and alkaline pH stability. In this study, a novel laccase gene was cloned from<i> Bacillus</i> sp., analyzed, and functionally expressed in<i> Escherichia coli</i>. The laccase was highly induced in the <i>E. coli</i> expression system with a maximum intracellular activity of 16 U mg<sup>-1</sup> protein. The optimal temperature and pH of the purified laccase were 40°C and 4.6, respectively, when ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate]) was used as the substrate. The purified laccase showed high stability in the pH range of 3.0-9.0, and retained more than 70% of its activity after 24 h of incubation at 40°C with a pH value of 9.0. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited extremely high temperature and ion metal tolerance. The half-life of the purified laccase at 70°C was 15.9 h. The purified laccase could efficiently decolorize 3 chemical dyes, especially in the presence of ABTS as a mediator. The high production of this laccase in<i> E. coli</i> and exceptional characteristics of the recombinant enzyme protein make it a promising candidate for industrial applications.
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25
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Ma X, Liu L, Li Q, Liu Y, Yi L, Ma L, Zhai C. High-level expression of a bacterial laccase, CueO from Escherichia coli K12 in Pichia pastoris GS115 and its application on the decolorization of synthetic dyes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 103:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pezzella C, Giacobelli VG, Lettera V, Olivieri G, Cicatiello P, Sannia G, Piscitelli A. A step forward in laccase exploitation: Recombinant production and evaluation of techno-economic feasibility of the process. J Biotechnol 2017; 259:175-181. [PMID: 28751274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein heterologous production offers viable opportunities to tailor laccase properties to specific industrial needs. The high redox potential laccase POXA1b from Pleurotus ostreatus was chosen as case study of marketable enzyme, due to its desirable properties in terms of activity/stability profile, and already assessed applicability. POXA1b was heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris by investigating the effect of inducible and constitutive expression systems on both the yield and the cost of its production. System performances were first assessed in shaken-flasks and then scaled-up in bioreactor. The production level obtained in the inducible system is 42U/mL, while the activity value achieved with the constitutive one is 60U/mL, the highest obtained in constitutive systems so far. The economic feasibility of recombinant laccase production was simulated, describing the case of an Italian small-medium enterprise. Two scenarios were evaluated: Scenario (I) production based on methanol inducible system; Scenario (II) production based on the constitutive system, fed with glycerol. At all the scales the glycerol-based fermentation is more economic than the methanol-based one. The price forecast for rPOXA1b production is 0.34€kU-1 for glycerol-based process, and is very competitive with the current price of commercial laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Guido Giacobelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Cicatiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sannia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piscitelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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27
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Variants of PpuLcc, a multi-dye decolorizing laccase from Pleurotus pulmonarius expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 137:34-42. [PMID: 28651974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A laccase of the basidiomycete Pleurotus pulmonarius (PpuLcc) possessed strong decolorizing abilities towards artificial and natural dyes. The PpuLcc was purified from the culture supernatant via FPLC, and the corresponding gene cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. To examine the impact of the C-terminal tail region and the signal peptide on the recombinant expression of PpuLcc, a non-modified version or different truncations (-2, -5, -13 AA) of the target protein were combined with different secretion signals. Heterologous expression of codon optimized constructs resulted in extracellular activities of the PpuLcc variants of up to 7000 U L-1 (substrate ABTS) which was six times higher than non-codon optimized constructs. In contrast to previous works, altering the C-terminal end of the protein did not influence kinetic parameters or the rate of expression. The His-Tag purified enzymes showed high temperature optima (50-70 °C) and thermo stability. All of the recombinant variants degraded triarylmethane and azo dyes. Rapid bleaching of β-carotene (E 160a) and the polyene acid norbixin (E 160b) using a laccase was found for the first time. Thus, the enzyme may be useful in decolorizing unwanted polyene pigments, for example from the processing of cheese, bakery, desserts, ice cream or coloured casings.
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28
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Yang J, Li W, Ng TB, Deng X, Lin J, Ye X. Laccases: Production, Expression Regulation, and Applications in Pharmaceutical Biodegradation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:832. [PMID: 28559880 PMCID: PMC5432550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases are a family of copper-containing oxidases with important applications in bioremediation and other various industrial and biotechnological areas. There have been over two dozen reviews on laccases since 2010 covering various aspects of this group of versatile enzymes, from their occurrence, biochemical properties, and expression to immobilization and applications. This review is not intended to be all-encompassing; instead, we highlighted some of the latest developments in basic and applied laccase research with an emphasis on laccase-mediated bioremediation of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals are a broad class of emerging organic contaminants that are recalcitrant and prevalent. The recent surge in the relevant literature justifies a short review on the topic. Since low laccase yields in natural and genetically modified hosts constitute a bottleneck to industrial-scale applications, we also accentuated a genus of laccase-producing white-rot fungi, Cerrena, and included a discussion with regards to regulation of laccase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiangzhen Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Juan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFujian, China
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29
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Lin H, Hildebrand A, Kasuga T, Fan Z. Engineering Neurospora crassa for cellobionate production directly from cellulose without any enzyme addition. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 99:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Laccases are multi-copper oxidoreductases which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates during the simultaneous reduction of oxygen to water. These enzymes, originally found in fungi, plants, and other natural sources, have many industrial and biotechnological applications. They are used in the food, textile, pulp, and paper industries, as well as for bioremediation purposes. Although natural hosts can provide relatively high levels of active laccases after production optimization, heterologous expression can bring, moreover, engineered enzymes with desired properties, such as different substrate specificity or improved stability. Hence, diverse hosts suitable for laccase production are reviewed here, while the greatest emphasis is placed on yeasts which are commonly used for industrial production of various proteins. Different approaches to optimize the laccase expression and activity are also discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Antošová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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31
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Ergün BG, Çalık P. Lignocellulose degrading extremozymes produced by Pichia pastoris: current status and future prospects. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1-36. [PMID: 26497303 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, extremophilic lignocellulosic enzymes with special interest on xylanases, β-mannanases, laccases and finally cellulases, namely, endoglucanases, exoglucanases and β-glucosidases produced by Pichia pastoris are reviewed for the first time. Recombinant lignocellulosic extremozymes are discussed from the perspectives of their potential application areas; characteristics of recombinant and native enzymes; the effects of P. pastoris expression system on recombinant extremozymes; and their expression levels and applied strategies to increase the enzyme expression yield. Further, effects of enzyme domains on activity and stability, protein engineering via molecular dynamics simulation and computational prediction, and site-directed mutagenesis and amino acid modifications done are also focused. Superior enzyme characteristics and improved stability due to the proper post-translational modifications and better protein folding performed by P. pastoris make this host favourable for extremozyme production. Especially, glycosylation contributes to the structure, function and stability of enzymes, as generally glycosylated enzymes produced by P. pastoris exhibit better thermostability than non-glycosylated enzymes. However, there has been limited study on enzyme engineering to improve catalytic efficiency and stability of lignocellulosic enzymes. Thus, in the future, studies should focus on protein engineering to improve stability and catalytic efficiency via computational modelling, mutations, domain replacements and fusion enzyme technology. Also metagenomic data need to be used more extensively to produce novel enzymes with extreme characteristics and stability.
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32
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Balakumaran PA, Förster J, Zimmermann M, Charumathi J, Schmitz A, Czarnotta E, Lehnen M, Sudarsan S, Ebert BE, Blank LM, Meenakshisundaram S. The trade-off of availability and growth inhibition through copper for the production of copper-dependent enzymes by Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:20. [PMID: 26897180 PMCID: PMC4761204 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Copper is an essential chemical element for life as it is a part of prosthetic groups of enzymes including super oxide dismutase and cytochrome c oxidase; however, it is also toxic at high concentrations. Here, we present the trade-off of copper availability and growth inhibition of a common host used for copper-dependent protein production, Pichia pastoris. Results At copper concentrations ranging from 0.1 mM (6.35 mg/L) to 2 mM (127 mg/L), growth rates of 0.25 h−1 to 0.16 h−1 were observed with copper uptake of as high as 20 mgcopper/gCDW. The intracellular copper content was estimated by subtracting the copper adsorbed on the cell wall from the total copper concentration in the biomass. Higher copper concentrations led to stronger cell growth retardation and, at 10 mM (635 mg/L) and above, to growth inhibition. To test the determined copper concentration range for optimal recombinant protein production, a laccase gene from Aspergillus clavatus [EMBL: EAW07265.1] was cloned under the control of the constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) dehydrogenase promoter for expression in P. pastoris. Notably, in the presence of copper, laccase expression improved the specific growth rate of P. pastoris. Although copper concentrations of 0.1 mM and 0.2 mM augmented laccase expression 4 times up to 3 U/mL compared to the control (0.75 U/mL), while higher copper concentrations resulted in reduced laccase production. An intracellular copper content between 1 and 2 mgcopper/gCDW was sufficient for increased laccase activity. The physiology of the yeast could be excluded as a reason for the stop of laccase production at moderate copper concentrations as no flux redistribution could be observed by 13C-metabolic flux analysis. Conclusion Copper and its pivotal role to sustain cellular functions is noteworthy. However, knowledge on its cellular accumulation, availability and distribution for recombinant protein production is limited. This study attempts to address one such challenge, which revealed the fact that intracellular copper accumulation influenced laccase production and should be considered for high protein expression of copper-dependent enzymes when using P. pastoris. The results are discussed in the context of P. pastoris as a general host for copper -dependent enzyme production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0251-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Förster
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martin Zimmermann
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jayachandran Charumathi
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai, 600025, India.
| | - Andreas Schmitz
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Eik Czarnotta
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Mathias Lehnen
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Suresh Sudarsan
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Osipov EM, Polyakov KM, Tikhonova TV, Kittl R, Dorovatovskii P, Shleev SV, Popov VO, Ludwig R. Incorporation of copper ions into crystals of T2 copper-depleted laccase from Botrytis aclada. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1465-9. [PMID: 26625287 PMCID: PMC4666473 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1502052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases belong to the class of multicopper oxidases catalyzing the oxidation of phenols accompanied by the reduction of molecular oxygen to water without the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The activity of laccases depends on the number of Cu atoms per enzyme molecule. The structure of type 2 copper-depleted laccase from Botrytis aclada has been solved previously. With the aim of obtaining the structure of the native form of the enzyme, crystals of the depleted laccase were soaked in Cu(+)- and Cu(2+)-containing solutions. Copper ions were found to be incorporated into the active site only when Cu(+) was used. A comparative analysis of the native and depleted forms of the enzymes was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Osipov
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - K. M. Polyakov
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilova str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - T. V. Tikhonova
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - R. Kittl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - P.V. Dorovatovskii
- RSC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Acad. Kurchatov sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - S. V. Shleev
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
- RSC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Acad. Kurchatov sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - V. O. Popov
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
- RSC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Acad. Kurchatov sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - R. Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
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34
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Forootanfar H, Faramarzi MA. Insights into laccase producing organisms, fermentation states, purification strategies, and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1443-63. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Forootanfar
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417614411 Iran
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Liu H, Tong C, Du B, Liang S, Lin Y. Expression and characterization of LacMP, a novel fungal laccase of Moniliophthora perniciosa FA553. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1829-35. [PMID: 26093604 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize a putative laccase gene, LacMP, of Moniliophthora perniciosa FA553 that had been screened using a genome mining approach, then cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. RESULTS The purified recombinant LacMP was ~57 kDa with a maximum laccase activity of 232 U/l. The optimal pH for oxidation reactions with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), syringaldazine, guaiacol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, were 6, 7.5, 6.5, and 6.5, respectively. The laccase activity was optimal at 60, 45, 45, and 55 °C for the four respective substrates. LacMP was stable at pH 6-8 and <30 °C. Li(+), K(+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+) at 1 mM had no obvious effect on its activity. CONCLUSION Given that LacMP has optimal activity under neutral and alkaline oxidation reaction conditions, it could be a potential candidate for industrial biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China,
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36
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Spohner SC, Müller H, Quitmann H, Czermak P. Expression of enzymes for the usage in food and feed industry with Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2015; 202:118-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Liu H, Cheng Y, Du B, Tong C, Liang S, Han S, Zheng S, Lin Y. Overexpression of a novel thermostable and chloride-tolerant laccase from Thermus thermophilus SG0.5JP17-16 in Pichia pastoris and its application in synthetic dye decolorization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119833. [PMID: 25790466 PMCID: PMC4366370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases have been used for the decolorization and detoxification of synthetic dyes due to their ability to oxidize a wide variety of dyes with water as the sole byproduct. A putative laccase gene (LacTT) from Thermus thermophilus SG0.5JP17-16 was screened using the genome mining approach, and it was highly expressed in Pichia pastoris, yielding a high laccase activity of 6130 U/L in a 10-L fermentor. The LacTT open reading frame encoded a protein of 466 amino acid residues with four putative Cu-binding regions. The optimal pH of the recombinant LacTT was 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 8.0 with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine (SGZ), guaiacol, and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) as the substrate, respectively. The optimal temperature of LacTT was 90°C with guaiacol as the substrate. LacTT was highly stable at pH 4.0-11.0 and thermostable at 40°C-90°C, confirming that it is a pH-stable and thermostable laccase. Furthermore, LacTT also exhibited high tolerance to halides such as NaCl, NaBr and NaF, and decolorized 100%, 94%, 94% and 73% of Congo Red, Reactive Black B and Reactive Black WNN, and Remazol Brilliant Blue R, respectively. Interestingly, addition of high concentration of NaCl increased the RBBR decolorization efficiency of LacTT. These results suggest that LacTT is a good candidate for industrial applications such as dyestuff processing and degradation of dyes in textile wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Chaofan Tong
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Suiping Zheng
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Laccase engineering: From rational design to directed evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Expression, purification, and characterization of galactose oxidase of Fusarium sambucinum in E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 108:73-79. [PMID: 25543085 PMCID: PMC4370742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a galactose oxidase (GalOx) was isolated from Fusarium sambucinum cultures and overexpressed in Escherichia coli yielding 4.4mg enzyme per L of growth culture with a specific activity of 159Umg(-1). By adding a C-terminal His-tag the enzyme could be easily purified with a single affinity chromatography step with high recovery rate (90%). The enzyme showed a single band on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 68.5kDa. The pH optimum for the oxidation of galactose was in the range of pH 6-7.5. Optimum temperature for the enzyme activity was 35°C, with a half-life of 11.2min, 5.3min, and 2.7min for incubation at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, respectively. From all tested substrates, the highest relative activity was found for 1-methyl-β-galactopyranoside (226Umg(-1)) and the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for melibiose (2700mM(-1)s(-1)). The enzyme was highly specific for molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, and showed no appreciable activity with a range of alternative acceptors investigated. Different chemicals were tested for their effect on GalOx activity. The activity was significantly reduced by EDTA, NaN3, and KCN.
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Osipov E, Polyakov K, Kittl R, Shleev S, Dorovatovsky P, Tikhonova T, Hann S, Ludwig R, Popov V. Effect of the L499M mutation of the ascomycetous Botrytis aclada laccase on redox potential and catalytic properties. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:2913-23. [PMID: 25372682 PMCID: PMC4220974 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are members of a large family of multicopper oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of organic and inorganic substrates accompanied by the reduction of dioxygen to water. These enzymes contain four Cu atoms per molecule organized into three sites: T1, T2 and T3. In all laccases, the T1 copper ion is coordinated by two histidines and one cysteine in the equatorial plane and is covered by the side chains of hydrophobic residues in the axial positions. The redox potential of the T1 copper ion influences the enzymatic reaction and is determined by the nature of the axial ligands and the structure of the second coordination sphere. In this work, the laccase from the ascomycete Botrytis aclada was studied, which contains conserved Ile491 and nonconserved Leu499 residues in the axial positions. The three-dimensional structures of the wild-type enzyme and the L499M mutant were determined by X-ray crystallography at 1.7 Å resolution. Crystals suitable for X-ray analysis could only be grown after deglycosylation. Both structures did not contain the T2 copper ion. The catalytic properties of the enzyme were characterized and the redox potentials of both enzyme forms were determined: E0 = 720 and 580 mV for the wild-type enzyme and the mutant, respectively. Since the structures of the wild-type and mutant forms are very similar, the change in the redox potential can be related to the L499M mutation in the T1 site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Osipov
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Prospect 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin Polyakov
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Prospect 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilova Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Kittl
- BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Sergey Shleev
- RSC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Acad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
- Biomedical Sciences, Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pavel Dorovatovsky
- RSC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Acad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Tamara Tikhonova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Prospect 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Stephan Hann
- BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Vladimir Popov
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Prospect 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
- RSC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Acad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
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Ramírez-Cavazos LI, Junghanns C, Ornelas-Soto N, Cárdenas-Chávez DL, Hernández-Luna C, Demarche P, Enaud E, García-Morales R, Agathos SN, Parra R. Purification and characterization of two thermostable laccases from Pycnoporus sanguineus and potential role in degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Das M, Barbora L, Das P, Goswami P. Biofuel cell for generating power from methanol substrate using alcohol oxidase bioanode and air-breathed laccase biocathode. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 59:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brander S, Mikkelsen JD, Kepp KP. Characterization of an alkali- and halide-resistant laccase expressed in E. coli: CotA from Bacillus clausii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99402. [PMID: 24915287 PMCID: PMC4051777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The limitations of fungal laccases at higher pH and salt concentrations have intensified the search for new extremophilic bacterial laccases. We report the cloning, expression, and characterization of the bacterial cotA from Bacillus clausii, a supposed alkalophilic ortholog of cotA from B. subtilis. Both laccases were expressed in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) and characterized fully in parallel for strict benchmarking. We report activity on ABTS, SGZ, DMP, caffeic acid, promazine, phenyl hydrazine, tannic acid, and bilirubin at variable pH. Whereas ABTS, promazine, and phenyl hydrazine activities vs. pH were similar, the activity of B. clausii cotA was shifted upwards by ∼0.5–2 pH units for the simple phenolic substrates DMP, SGZ, and caffeic acid. This shift is not due to substrate affinity (KM) but to pH dependence of catalytic turnover: The kcat of B. clausii cotA was 1 s−1 at pH 6 and 5 s−1 at pH 8 in contrast to 6 s−1 at pH 6 and 2 s−1 at pH 8 for of B. subtilis cotA. Overall, kcat/KM was 10-fold higher for B. subtilis cotA at pHopt. While both proteins were heat activated, activation increased with pH and was larger in cotA from B. clausii. NaCl inhibited activity at acidic pH, but not up to 500–700 mM NaCl in alkaline pH, a further advantage of the alkali regime in laccase applications. The B. clausii cotA had ∼20 minutes half-life at 80°C, less than the ∼50 minutes at 80°C for cotA from B. subtilis. While cotA from B. subtilis had optimal stability at pH∼8, the cotA from B. clausii displayed higher combined salt- and alkali-resistance. This resistance is possibly caused by two substitutions (S427Q and V110E) that could repel anions to reduce anion-copper interactions at the expense of catalytic proficiency, a trade-off of potential relevance to laccase optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brander
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemical Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jørn D. Mikkelsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemical Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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A non-ionic surfactant reduces the induction time and enhances expression levels of bubaline somatotropin in Pichia pastoris. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:855-63. [PMID: 24442314 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a simple approach for enhanced secretory expression of bubaline somatotropin (BbST) in the methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris. A Mut(s) Pichia transformant carrying multi-copy, non-codon optimized BbST cDNA sequence, expressed and secreted the recombinant protein into the culture medium to a level of 25 % of the total proteins in the culture supernatant, after 120 h of induction. Inclusion of polysorbate-80 in the inducing medium resulted in a significant improvement in the BbST expression (up to 45 % of the total culture supernatant proteins) with concomitant reduction in the induction time to 48 h. The amount of BbST obtained was 148 mg/L, which was around fivefold higher than that obtained without the surfactant. BbST was purified to near homogeneity by FPLC on Q-sepharose FF anion-exchange column. Protein authenticity was judged by SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses. A bioassay based on proliferation of Nb2 rat lymphoma cell lines confirmed that the purified, recombinant BbST is biologically active. Use of polysorbate-80 in combination with methanol, during the induction phase, is likely to have general applicability in lowering the induction time and enhancing the secretory expression of other commercially important proteins in Mut(s) strains of P. pastoris.
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Mate DM, Gonzalez-Perez D, Falk M, Kittl R, Pita M, De Lacey AL, Ludwig R, Shleev S, Alcalde M. Blood tolerant laccase by directed evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:223-31. [PMID: 23438751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High-redox potential laccases are powerful biocatalysts with a wide range of applications in biotechnology. We have converted a thermostable laccase from a white-rot fungus into a blood tolerant laccase. Adapting the fitness of this laccase to the specific composition of human blood (above neutral pH, high chloride concentration) required several generations of directed evolution in a surrogate complex blood medium. Our evolved laccase was tested in both human plasma and blood, displaying catalytic activity while retaining a high redox potential at the T1 copper site. Mutations introduced in the second coordination sphere of the T1 site shifted the pH activity profile and drastically reduced the inhibitory effect of chloride. This proof of concept that laccases can be adapted to function in extreme conditions opens an array of opportunities for implantable nanobiodevices, chemical syntheses, and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mate
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Si J, Cui BK. A new fungal peroxidase with alkaline-tolerant, chloride-enhancing activity and dye decolorization capacity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Mate DM, Gonzalez-Perez D, Kittl R, Ludwig R, Alcalde M. Functional expression of a blood tolerant laccase in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:38. [PMID: 23627343 PMCID: PMC3655043 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basidiomycete high-redox potential laccases (HRPLs) working in human physiological fluids (pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl) arise great interest in the engineering of 3D-nanobiodevices for biomedical uses. In two previous reports, we described the directed evolution of a HRPL from basidiomycete PM1 strain CECT 2971: i) to be expressed in an active, soluble and stable form in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and ii) to be active in human blood. In spite of the fact that S. cerevisiae is suited for the directed evolution of HRPLs, the secretion levels obtained in this host are not high enough for further research and exploitation. Thus, the search for an alternative host to over-express the evolved laccases is mandatory. RESULTS A blood-active laccase (ChU-B mutant) fused to the native/evolved α-factor prepro-leader was cloned under the control of two different promoters (P(AOX1) and P(GAP)) and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The most active construct, which contained the P(AOX1) and the evolved prepro-leader, was fermented in a 42-L fed-batch bioreactor yielding production levels of 43 mg/L. The recombinant laccase was purified to homogeneity and thoroughly characterized. As happened in S. cerevisiae, the laccase produced by P. pastoris presented an extra N-terminal extension (ETEAEF) generated by an alternative processing of the α-factor pro-leader at the Golgi compartment. The laccase mutant secreted by P. pastoris showed the same improved properties acquired after several cycles of directed evolution in S. cerevisiae for blood-tolerance: a characteristic pH-activity profile shifted to the neutral-basic range and a greatly increased resistance against inhibition by halides. Slight biochemical differences between both expression systems were found in glycosylation, thermostability and turnover numbers. CONCLUSIONS The tandem-yeast system based on S. cerevisiae to perform directed evolution and P. pastoris to over-express the evolved laccases constitutes a promising approach for the in vitro evolution and production of these enzymes towards different biocatalytic and bioelectrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mate
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Lu L, Wang TN, Xu TF, Wang JY, Wang CL, Zhao M. Cloning and expression of thermo-alkali-stable laccase of Bacillus licheniformis in Pichia pastoris and its characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 134:81-6. [PMID: 23500563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A thermo-alkali-stable laccase gene from Bacillus licheniformis was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant laccase was secreted into the culture medium with a maximum activity of 227.9 U/L. The purified laccase is a monomeric glycoprotein, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 65 kDa on SDS-PAGE after deglycosylation. Optimal enzyme activity was observed at pH 6.2 and 70°C with syringaldazine as substrate. The recombinant laccase was highly stable in the pH range 7-9 after 10 days at 30°C. The enzyme displayed remarkable thermostability at 50-70°C, with a half-life of inactivation at 70°C of 6.9 h. It also exhibited high tolerance to NaCl and organic solvents like the native spore laccase. The purified laccase could rapidly decolorize reactive blue 19, reactive black 5 and indigo carmine in the presence of acetosyringone. More than 93% of the tested dyes were decolorized in 4 h at pH 9.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Garg N, Bieler N, Kenzom T, Chhabra M, Ansorge-Schumacher M, Mishra S. Cloning, sequence analysis, expression of Cyathus bulleri laccase in Pichia pastoris and characterization of recombinant laccase. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:75. [PMID: 23092193 PMCID: PMC3558336 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laccases are blue multi-copper oxidases and catalyze the oxidation of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. There is considerable interest in using these enzymes for dye degradation as well as for synthesis of aromatic compounds. Laccases are produced at relatively low levels and, sometimes, as isozymes in the native fungi. The investigation of properties of individual enzymes therefore becomes difficult. The goal of this study was to over-produce a previously reported laccase from Cyathus bulleri using the well-established expression system of Pichia pastoris and examine and compare the properties of the recombinant enzyme with that of the native laccase. Results In this study, complete cDNA encoding laccase (Lac) from white rot fungus Cyathus bulleri was amplified by RACE-PCR, cloned and expressed in the culture supernatant of Pichia pastoris under the control of the alcohol oxidase (AOX)1 promoter. The coding region consisted of 1,542 bp and encodes a protein of 513 amino acids with a signal peptide of 16 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the matured protein displayed high homology with laccases from Trametes versicolor and Coprinus cinereus. The sequence analysis indicated the presence of Glu 460 and Ser 113 and LEL tripeptide at the position known to influence redox potential of laccases placing this enzyme as a high redox enzyme. Addition of copper sulfate to the production medium enhanced the level of laccase by about 12-fold to a final activity of 7200 U L-1. The recombinant laccase (rLac) was purified by ~4-fold to a specific activity of ~85 U mg-1 protein. A detailed study of thermostability, chloride and solvent tolerance of the rLac indicated improvement in the first two properties when compared to the native laccase (nLac). Altered glycosylation pattern, identified by peptide mass finger printing, was proposed to contribute to altered properties of the rLac. Conclusion Laccase of C. bulleri was successfully produced extra-cellularly to a high level of 7200 U L-1 in P. pastoris under the control of the AOX1 promoter and purified by a simple three-step procedure to homogeneity. The kinetic parameters against ABTS, Guaiacol and Pyrogallol were similar with the nLac and the rLac. Tryptic finger print analysis of the nLac and the rLac indicated altered glycosylation patterns. Increased thermo-stability and salt tolerance of the rLac was attributed to this changed pattern of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Chen SC, Wu PH, Su YC, Wen TN, Wei YS, Wang NC, Hsu CA, Wang AHJ, Shyur LF. Biochemical characterization of a novel laccase from the basidiomycete fungus Cerrena sp. WR1. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:761-9. [PMID: 23081836 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports a new white-rot fungus Cerrena sp. WR1, identified based on an 18S rDNA sequence, which can secrete extracellular forms of laccase with a maximal activity reaching 202 000 U l⁻¹ in a 5-l fermenter. A laccase protein, designated Lcc3, was purified and shown to be N-linked glycosylated by PNGase F and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses. The respective full-length cDNA gene (lcc3) of the Lcc3 protein was obtained using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Kinetic studies showed that the K(m) and k(cat) of the native Lcc3 were 3.27 μM and 934.6 s⁻¹ for 2,2'-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 849.1 μM and 147.9 s⁻¹ for guaiacol, 392.7 μM and 109.2 s⁻¹ for 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and 881 μM and 115.5 s⁻¹ for catechol, respectively. The T(m) of Lcc3 was determined at 73.9°C and it showed a long t(½) (120 min) at 50°C. The laccase was highly ethanol resistant, with 80% of its original activity was detected when incubated in 25% ethanol for 14 days. Furthermore, crude enzyme broth or Lcc3 could degrade lignin in kraft paper (26.5%), and showed high decoloration efficiency (90%) on synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R. Together, these data demonstrate that Cerrena sp. WR1 Lcc3 possesses novel biochemical and kinetic properties that may aid its application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chung Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
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