1
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Miller AH, Blagova EV, Large B, Booth RL, Wilson KS, Duhme-Klair AK. Catch-and-Release: The Assembly, Immobilization, and Recycling of Redox-Reversible Artificial Metalloenzymes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:3218-3227. [PMID: 38449525 PMCID: PMC10913039 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Technologies to improve the applicability of artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) are gaining considerable interest; one such approach is the immobilization of these biohybrid catalysts on support materials to enhance stability and enable their retention, recovery, and reuse. Here, we describe the immobilization of polyhistidine-tagged ArMs that allow the redox-controlled replacement of catalytic cofactors that have lost activity, e.g., due to poisoning or decomposition, on immobilized metal affinity chromatography resins. By using periplasmic siderophore-binding protein scaffolds that originate from thermophilic bacteria (GstCeuE and PthCeuE) in combination with a siderophore-linked imine reduction catalyst, reaction rates were achieved that are about 3.5 times faster than those previously obtained with CjCeuE, the analogous protein of Campylobacter jejuni. Upon immobilization, the GstCeuE-derived ArM showed a decrease in turnover frequency in the reduction of dehydrosalsolidine by 3.4-fold, while retaining enantioselectivity (36%) and showing improved stability that allowed repeat recovery and recycling cycles. Catalytic activity was preserved over the initial four cycles. In subsequent cycles, a gradual reduction of activity was evident. Once the initial activity decreased to around 40% of the initial activity (23rd recycling cycle), the redox-triggered artificial cofactor release permitted the subsequent recharging of the immobilized protein scaffold with fresh, active cofactor, thereby restoring the initial catalytic activity of the immobilized ArM and allowing its reuse for several more cycles. Furthermore, the ArM could be assembled directly from protein present in crude cell extracts, avoiding time-consuming and costly protein purification steps. Overall, this study demonstrates that the immobilization of redox-reversible ArMs facilitates their "catch-and-release" assembly and disassembly and the recycling of their components, improving their potential commercial viability and environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Elena V. Blagova
- Structural
Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Benjamin Large
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Rosalind L. Booth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Keith S. Wilson
- Structural
Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Anne-K. Duhme-Klair
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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2
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Zhang L, Zhou R, Fu X, Zhang G, Zhang L, Zhou SF, Jiang W. Specific coenzyme preference switching for an aldo-keto reductase that synthesizes the chiral intermediate of duloxetine. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 171:110326. [PMID: 37717530 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chiral intermediates for the traditional antidepressant duloxetine has gained significant attention as the number of depressed patients continues to grow. S-N, N-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-3-(2-thienyl)-1-propanamide (S-DHTP) is a critical intermediate in the synthesis of duloxetine, and the chemical synthesis process is complex and environmentally unfriendly. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is a major cost driver in the biocatalytic production of S-DHTP from N, N-Dimethyl-3-keto-3-(2-thienyl)-1-propanamide (DKTP). Here, we successfully modified the coenzyme preference of an aldo-keto reductase (AKR7-2-1) to use the cheaper reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) through a coenzyme preference modification approach. We utilized protein engineering to create a superior mutant, Y53F, which increased the coenzyme specificity of AKR7-2-1 by 875-fold and improved its thermal stability, enhancing its potential for industrial applications. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to demonstrate the effect of mutations at key sites on the protein, revealing the altered coenzyme preference and increased thermal stability from structural and energetic changes. This study validates the viability of the coenzyme preference modification strategy for aldo-keto reductase, offering valuable insights for fellow researchers and guiding future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
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3
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Ma W, Geng Q, Chen C, Zheng YC, Yu HL, Xu JH. Engineering a Formate Dehydrogenase for NADPH Regeneration. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300390. [PMID: 37455264 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) constitute major hydrogen donors for oxidative/reductive bio-transformations. NAD(P)H regeneration systems coupled with formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) represent a dreamful method. However, most of the native FDHs are NAD+ -dependent and suffer from insufficient reactivity compared to other enzymatic tools, such as glucose dehydrogenase. An efficient and competitive NADP+ -utilizing FDH necessitates the availability and robustness of NADPH regeneration systems. Herein, we report the engineering of a new FDH from Candida dubliniensis (CdFDH), which showed no strict NAD+ preference by a structure-guided rational/semi-rational design. A combinatorial mutant CdFDH-M4 (D197Q/Y198R/Q199N/A372S/K371T/▵Q375/K167R/H16L/K159R) exhibited 75-fold intensification of catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ). Moreover, CdFDH-M4 has been successfully employed in diverse asymmetric oxidative/reductive processes with cofactor total turnover numbers (TTNs) ranging from 135 to 986, making it potentially useful for NADPH-required biocatalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
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4
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Pei X, Luo Z, Qiao L, Xiao Q, Zhang P, Wang A, Sheldon RA. Putting precision and elegance in enzyme immobilisation with bio-orthogonal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7281-7304. [PMID: 35920313 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to carriers through, for example, the free amino groups of lysine residues, on the enzyme surface. Unfortunately, such methods suffer from a lack of precision. Random formation of covalent linkages with reactive functional groups in the enzyme leads to disruption of the three dimensional structure and accompanying activity losses. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of bio-orthogonal chemistry in conjunction with rec-DNA to affect highly precise immobilisation of enzymes. In this way, cost-effective combination of production, purification and immobilisation of an enzyme is achieved, in a single unit operation with a high degree of precision. Various bio-orthogonal techniques for putting this precision and elegance into enzyme immobilisation are elaborated. These include, for example, fusing (grafting) peptide or protein tags to the target enzyme that enable its immobilisation in cell lysate or incorporating non-standard amino acids that enable the application of bio-orthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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5
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Rocha RA, Speight RE, Scott C. Engineering Enzyme Properties for Improved Biocatalytic Processes in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert E. Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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6
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Stockinger P, Borlinghaus N, Sharma M, Aberle B, Grogan G, Pleiss J, Nestl BM. Inverting the Stereoselectivity of an NADH-Dependent Imine-Reductase Variant. ChemCatChem 2021; 13:5210-5215. [PMID: 35873105 PMCID: PMC9297850 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Imine reductases (IREDs) offer biocatalytic routes to chiral amines and have a natural preference for the NADPH cofactor. In previous work, we reported enzyme engineering of the (R)-selective IRED from Myxococcus stipitatus (NADH-IRED-Ms) yielding a NADH-dependent variant with high catalytic efficiency. However, no IRED with NADH specificity and (S)-selectivity in asymmetric reductions has yet been reported. Herein, we applied semi-rational enzyme engineering to switch the selectivity of NADH-IRED-Ms. The quintuple variant A241V/H242Y/N243D/V244Y/A245L showed reverse stereopreference in the reduction of the cyclic imine 2-methylpyrroline compared to the wild-type and afforded the (S)-amine product with >99 % conversion and 91 % enantiomeric excess. We also report the crystal-structures of the NADPH-dependent (R)-IRED-Ms wild-type enzyme and the NADH-dependent NADH-IRED-Ms variant and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to rationalize the inverted stereoselectivity of the quintuple variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stockinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry Department of Technical Biochemistry Universitaet Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Niels Borlinghaus
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry Department of Technical Biochemistry Universitaet Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Mahima Sharma
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of York YO10 5DD York UK
| | - Benjamin Aberle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry Department of Technical Biochemistry Universitaet Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of York YO10 5DD York UK
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry Department of Technical Biochemistry Universitaet Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bettina M Nestl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry Department of Technical Biochemistry Universitaet Stuttgart Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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7
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Sellés Vidal L, Murray JW, Heap JT. Versatile selective evolutionary pressure using synthetic defect in universal metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6859. [PMID: 34824282 PMCID: PMC8616928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-natural needs of industrial applications often require new or improved enzymes. The structures and properties of enzymes are difficult to predict or design de novo. Instead, semi-rational approaches mimicking evolution entail diversification of parent enzymes followed by evaluation of isolated variants. Artificial selection pressures coupling desired enzyme properties to cell growth could overcome this key bottleneck, but are usually narrow in scope. Here we show diverse enzymes using the ubiquitous cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) can substitute for defective NAD regeneration, representing a very broadly-applicable artificial selection. Inactivation of Escherichia coli genes required for anaerobic NAD regeneration causes a conditional growth defect. Cells are rescued by foreign enzymes connected to the metabolic network only via NAD or NADP, but only when their substrates are supplied. Using this principle, alcohol dehydrogenase, imine reductase and nitroreductase variants with desired selectivity modifications, and a high-performing isopropanol metabolic pathway, are isolated from libraries of millions of variants in single-round experiments with typical limited information to guide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sellés Vidal
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - James W. Murray
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - John T. Heap
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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8
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Choudhury A, Khanppnavar B, Datta S. Crystallographic and biophysical analyses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ketopantoate reductase: Implications of ligand induced conformational changes in cofactor recognition. Biochimie 2021; 193:103-114. [PMID: 34757166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ketopantoate reductases (KPRs) catalyse NADPH-dependent reduction of ketopantoate to pantoate, the rate-limiting step of pantothenate biosynthetic pathway. In our recent study, we showed KPRs are under dynamic evolutionary selection and highlighted the possible role of ordered substrate binding kinetics for cofactor selection. To further delineate this at molecular level, here, we perform X-ray crystallographic and biophysical analyses of KPR in presence of non-canonical cofactor NAD+. In our structure, NAD+ was found to be highly dynamic in catalytic pocket of KPR, which could attain stable conformation only in presence of ketopantoate. Further, isothermal calorimetric (ITC) titrations showed that affinity of KPR for ketopantoate is higher in presence of NADP+ than in presence of NAD+ and lowest in absence of redox cofactors. In sum, our results clearly depict two modes of redox cofactor selections in KPRs, firstly by specific salt bridge interactions with unique phosphate moiety of NADP+ and secondly via ordered sequential heterotrophic cooperative binding of substrate ketopantoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Choudhury
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Saumen Datta
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India.
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9
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Uma Mahesh VNM, Chadha A. Imine reduction by an Ornithine cyclodeaminase/μ-crystallin homolog purified from Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 31:e00664. [PMID: 34557391 PMCID: PMC8446579 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel imine reductase from yeast Candida parapsilosis purified and characterized. CpIM1 belongs to unexplored Ornithine cyclodeaminase/Mu crystallin protein family CpIM1 catalyzed stereospecific alkylamination of α-ketoacids/ketoesters. CpIM1 also reduced cyclic and aryl imines. First report on enzymatic alkylamination of α-ketoesters and reduction of arylimines.
We report a stereospecific imine reductase from Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 (CpIM1), a versatile biocatalyst and a rich source of highly stereospecific oxidoreductases. The recombinant gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the protein CpIM1 was purified to homogeneity. This protein belongs to the Ornithine cyclodeaminase/ μ-crystallin (OCD-Mu) family of proteins which has only a few characterized members. CpIM1 catalyzed the alkylamination of α-keto acids/esters producing exclusively (S)-N-alkyl amino acids/esters e.g. N-methyl-l-alanine with > 90% conversion and > 99% enantiomeric excess (ee). The enzyme showed the highest activity for the alkylamination of pyruvate and methylamine leading to N-methyl-l-alanine with an apparent KM of 15.04 ± 2.8 mM and Vmax of 13.75 ± 1.07 μmol/min/mg. CpIM1 also catalyzed (i) the reduction of imines e.g. 2-methyl-1-pyrroline to (S)-2-methylpyrrolidine with ∼30% conversion and 75% ee and (ii) the dehydrogenation of cyclic amino acids e.g. l-Proline (as monitered by reduction of cofactor NADP+ spectrophotometrically).
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Affiliation(s)
- V N M Uma Mahesh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Anju Chadha
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.,National Center for Catalysis Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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10
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Hollmann F, Opperman DJ, Paul CE. Biocatalytic Reduction Reactions from a Chemist's Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5644-5665. [PMID: 32330347 PMCID: PMC7983917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reductions play a key role in organic synthesis, producing chiral products with new functionalities. Enzymes can catalyse such reactions with exquisite stereo-, regio- and chemoselectivity, leading the way to alternative shorter classical synthetic routes towards not only high-added-value compounds but also bulk chemicals. In this review we describe the synthetic state-of-the-art and potential of enzymes that catalyse reductions, ranging from carbonyl, enone and aromatic reductions to reductive aminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free State205 Nelson Mandela DriveBloemfontein9300South Africa
| | - Diederik J. Opperman
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free State205 Nelson Mandela DriveBloemfontein9300South Africa
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
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11
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Engineering a lipoxygenase from cyclocybe aegerita towards long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. AMB Express 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 33661405 PMCID: PMC7933318 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycetous lipoxygenase Lox1 from Cyclocybe aegerita catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a high preference towards the C18-PUFA linoleic acid (C18:2 (ω-6)). In contrast, longer PUFAs, generally not present in the fungal cell such as eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3(ω-3)) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3 (ω-3)), are converted with drastically lower activities. With site-directed mutagenesis, we were able to create two variants with enhanced activities towards longer chain PUFAs. The W330L variant showed a ~ 20 % increased specific activity towards C20:3(ω-3), while a ~ 2.5-fold increased activity against C22:3 (ω-3) was accomplished by the V581 variant.
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12
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Hollmann F, Opperman DJ, Paul CE. Biokatalytische Reduktionen aus der Sicht eines Chemikers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Niederlande
- Department of Biotechnology University of the Free State 205 Nelson Mandela Drive Bloemfontein 9300 Südafrika
| | - Diederik J. Opperman
- Department of Biotechnology University of the Free State 205 Nelson Mandela Drive Bloemfontein 9300 Südafrika
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Niederlande
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13
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Stockinger P, Roth S, Müller M, Pleiss J. Systematic Evaluation of Imine-Reducing Enzymes: Common Principles in Imine Reductases, β-Hydroxy Acid Dehydrogenases, and Short-Chain Dehydrogenases/ Reductases. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2689-2695. [PMID: 32311225 PMCID: PMC7540600 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic, asymmetric reduction of imines is catalyzed by imine reductases (IREDs), members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, and β-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase (βHAD) variants. Systematic evaluation of the structures and substrate-binding sites of the three enzyme families has revealed four common principles for imine reduction: structurally conserved cofactor-binding domains; tyrosine, aspartate, or glutamate as proton donor; at least four characteristic flanking residues that adapt the donor's pKa and polarize the substrate; and a negative electrostatic potential in the substrate-binding site to stabilize the transition state. As additional catalytically relevant positions, we propose alternative proton donors in IREDs and βHADs as well as proton relays in IREDs, βHADs, and SDRs. The functional role of flanking residues was experimentally confirmed by alanine scanning of the imine-reducing SDR from Zephyranthes treatiae. Mutating the "gatekeeping" phenylalanine at standard position 200 resulted in a tenfold increase in imine-reducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stockinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryUniversity of StuttgartAllmandring 3170569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sebastian Roth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryUniversity of StuttgartAllmandring 3170569StuttgartGermany
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14
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Bitterwolf P, Ott F, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Imine Reductase Based All-Enzyme Hydrogel with Intrinsic Cofactor Regeneration for Flow Biocatalysis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E783. [PMID: 31731666 PMCID: PMC6915733 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
All-enzyme hydrogels are biocatalytic materials, with which various enzymes can be immobilized in microreactors in a simple, mild, and efficient manner to be used for continuous flow processes. Here we present the construction and application of a cofactor regenerating hydrogel based on the imine reductase GF3546 from Streptomyces sp. combined with the cofactor regenerating glucose-1-dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. The resulting hydrogel materials were characterized in terms of binding kinetics and viscoelastic properties. The materials were formed by rapid covalent crosslinking in less than 5 min, and they showed a typical mesh size of 67 ± 2 nm. The gels were applied for continuous flow biocatalysis. In a microfluidic reactor setup, the hydrogels showed excellent conversions of imines to amines for up to 40 h in continuous flow mode. Variation of flow rates led to a process where the gels showed a maximum space-time-yield of 150 g·(L·day)-1 at 100 μL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (P.B.); (F.O.); (K.S.R.)
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15
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Recent preparative applications of redox enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 49:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Thompson MP, Derrington SR, Heath RS, Porter JL, Mangas-Sanchez J, Devine PN, Truppo MD, Turner NJ. A generic platform for the immobilisation of engineered biocatalysts. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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You ZN, Chen Q, Shi SC, Zheng MM, Pan J, Qian XL, Li CX, Xu JH. Switching Cofactor Dependence of 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase for Cost-Effective Production of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shou-Cheng Shi
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ming-Min Zheng
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Long Qian
- Suzhou Bioforany EnzyTech Co. Ltd., No. 8 Yanjiuyuan Road, Economic Development Zone, Changshu, Jiangsu 215512, China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bommarius
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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19
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One-step process for production of N-methylated amino acids from sugars and methylamine using recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum as biocatalyst. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12895. [PMID: 30150644 PMCID: PMC6110843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methylated amino acids are found in Nature in various biological compounds. N-methylation of amino acids has been shown to improve pharmacokinetic properties of peptide drugs due to conformational changes, improved proteolytic stability and/or higher lipophilicity. Due to these characteristics N-methylated amino acids received increasing interest by the pharmaceutical industry. Syntheses of N-methylated amino acids by chemical and biocatalytic approaches are known, but often show incomplete stereoselectivity, low yields or expensive co-factor regeneration. So far a one-step fermentative process from sugars has not yet been described. Here, a one-step conversion of sugars and methylamine to the N-methylated amino acid N-methyl-l-alanine was developed. A whole-cell biocatalyst was derived from a pyruvate overproducing C. glutamicum strain by heterologous expression of the N-methyl-l-amino acid dehydrogenase gene from Pseudomonas putida. As proof-of-concept, N-methyl-l-alanine titers of 31.7 g L−1 with a yield of 0.71 g per g glucose were achieved in fed-batch cultivation. The C. glutamicum strain producing this imine reductase enzyme was engineered further to extend this green chemistry route to production of N-methyl-l-alanine from alternative feed stocks such as starch or the lignocellulosic sugars xylose and arabinose.
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20
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Velikogne S, Resch V, Dertnig C, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Sequence-Based In-silico Discovery, Characterisation, and Biocatalytic Application of a Set of Imine Reductases. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:3236-3246. [PMID: 30197686 PMCID: PMC6120462 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Imine reductases (IREDs) have recently become a primary focus of research in biocatalysis, complementing other classes of amine-forming enzymes such as transaminases and amine dehydrogenases. Following in the footsteps of other research groups, we have established a set of IRED biocatalysts by sequence-based in silico enzyme discovery. In this study, we present basic characterisation data for these novel IREDs and explore their activity and stereoselectivity using a panel of structurally diverse cyclic imines as substrates. Specific activities of >1 U/mg and excellent stereoselectivities (ee>99 %) were observed in many cases, and the enzymes proved surprisingly tolerant towards elevated substrate loadings. Co-expression of the IREDs with an alcohol dehydrogenase for cofactor regeneration led to whole-cell biocatalysts capable of efficiently reducing imines at 100 mM initial concentration with no need for the addition of extracellular nicotinamide cofactor. Preparative biotransformations on gram scale using these 'designer cells' afforded chiral amines in good yield and excellent optical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Velikogne
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Verena Resch
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Carina Dertnig
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- University of GrazInstitute of ChemistryNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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21
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Grogan G. Synthesis of chiral amines using redox biocatalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 43:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Biotechnological production of mono- and diamines using bacteria: recent progress, applications, and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Chánique AM, Parra LP. Protein Engineering for Nicotinamide Coenzyme Specificity in Oxidoreductases: Attempts and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:194. [PMID: 29491854 PMCID: PMC5817062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze an extensive range of chemical reactions with great specificity, efficiency, and selectivity. Most oxidoreductases are nicotinamide cofactor-dependent enzymes with a strong preference for NADP or NAD. Because these coenzymes differ in stability, bioavailability and costs, the enzyme preference for a specific coenzyme is an important issue for practical applications. Different approaches for the manipulation of coenzyme specificity have been reported, with different degrees of success. Here we present various attempts for the switching of nicotinamide coenzyme preference in oxidoreductases by protein engineering. This review covers 103 enzyme engineering studies from 82 articles and evaluates the accomplishments in terms of coenzyme specificity and catalytic efficiency compared to wild type enzymes of different classes. We analyzed different protein engineering strategies and related them with the degree of success in inverting the cofactor specificity. In general, catalytic activity is compromised when coenzyme specificity is reversed, however when switching from NAD to NADP, better results are obtained. In most of the cases, rational strategies were used, predominantly with loop exchange generating the best results. In general, the tendency of removing acidic residues and incorporating basic residues is the strategy of choice when trying to change specificity from NAD to NADP, and vice versa. Computational strategies and algorithms are also covered as helpful tools to guide protein engineering strategies. This mini review aims to give a general introduction to the topic, giving an overview of tools and information to work in protein engineering for the reversal of coenzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Chánique
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto P Parra
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Cosgrove SC, Brzezniak A, France SP, Ramsden JI, Mangas-Sanchez J, Montgomery SL, Heath RS, Turner NJ. Imine Reductases, Reductive Aminases, and Amine Oxidases for the Synthesis of Chiral Amines: Discovery, Characterization, and Synthetic Applications. Methods Enzymol 2018; 608:131-149. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Borlinghaus
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Chair of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bettina M. Nestl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Chair of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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26
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Lenz M, Borlinghaus N, Weinmann L, Nestl BM. Recent advances in imine reductase-catalyzed reactions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:199. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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You C, Huang R, Wei X, Zhu Z, Zhang YHP. Protein engineering of oxidoreductases utilizing nicotinamide-based coenzymes, with applications in synthetic biology. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:208-218. [PMID: 29318201 PMCID: PMC5655348 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two natural nicotinamide-based coenzymes (NAD and NADP) are indispensably required by the vast majority of oxidoreductases for catabolism and anabolism, respectively. Most NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases prefer one coenzyme as an electron acceptor or donor to the other depending on their different metabolic roles. This coenzyme preference associated with coenzyme imbalance presents some challenges for the construction of high-efficiency in vivo and in vitro synthetic biology pathways. Changing the coenzyme preference of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases is an important area of protein engineering, which is closely related to product-oriented synthetic biology projects. This review focuses on the methodology of nicotinamide-based coenzyme engineering, with its application in improving product yields and decreasing production costs. Biomimetic nicotinamide-containing coenzymes have been proposed to replace natural coenzymes because they are more stable and less costly than natural coenzymes. Recent advances in the switching of coenzyme preference from natural to biomimetic coenzymes are also covered in this review. Engineering coenzyme preferences from natural to biomimetic coenzymes has become an important direction for coenzyme engineering, especially for in vitro synthetic pathways and in vivo bioorthogonal redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Huang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xinlei Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Heng Percival Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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28
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Matzel P, Krautschick L, Höhne M. Photometric Characterization of the Reductive Amination Scope of the Imine Reductases from Streptomyces tsukubaensis and Streptomyces ipomoeae. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2022-2027. [PMID: 28833946 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Imine reductases (IREDs) have emerged as promising enzymes for the asymmetric synthesis of secondary and tertiary amines starting from carbonyl substrates. Screening the substrate specificity of the reductive amination reaction is usually performed by time-consuming GC analytics. We found two highly active IREDs in our enzyme collection, IR-20 from Streptomyces tsukubaensis and IR-Sip from Streptomyces ipomoeae, that allowed a comprehensive substrate screening with a photometric NADPH assay. We screened 39 carbonyl substrates combined with 17 amines as nucleophiles. Activity data from 663 combinations provided a clear picture about substrate specificity and capabilities in the reductive amination of these enzymes. Besides aliphatic aldehydes, the IREDs accepted various cyclic (C4 -C8 ) and acyclic ketones, preferentially with methylamine. IR-Sip also accepted a range of primary and secondary amines as nucleophiles. In biocatalytic reactions, IR-Sip converted (R)-3-methylcyclohexanone with dimethylamine or pyrrolidine with high diastereoselectivity (>94-96 % de). The nucleophile acceptor spectrum depended on the carbonyl substrate employed. The conversion of well-accepted substrates could also be detected if crude lysates were employed as the enzyme source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Matzel
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Krautschick
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
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29
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Reductive amination of ketones catalyzed by whole cell biocatalysts containing imine reductases (IREDs). J Biotechnol 2017; 258:167-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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