1
|
Borys BS, Dang T, Worden H, Larijani L, Corpuz JM, Abraham BD, Gysel EJ, Malinovska J, Krawetz R, Revay T, Argiropoulos B, Rancourt DE, Kallos MS, Jung S. Robust bioprocess design and evaluation of commercial media for the serial expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cell aggregate cultures in vertical-wheel bioreactors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:232. [PMID: 39075528 PMCID: PMC11288049 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03819-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While pluripotent stem cell (PSC) therapies move toward clinical and commercial applications at a rapid rate, manufacturing reproducibility and robustness are notable bottlenecks in regulatory approval. Therapeutic applications of PSCs require large cell quantities to be generated under highly robust, well-defined, and economically viable conditions. Small-scale and short-term process optimization, however, is often performed in a linear fashion that does not account for time needed to verify the bioprocess protocols and analysis methods used. Design of a reproducible and robust bioprocess should be dynamic and include a continuous effort to understand how the process will respond over time and to different stresses before transitioning into large-scale production where stresses will be amplified. METHODS This study utilizes a baseline protocol, developed for the short-term culture of PSC aggregates in Vertical-Wheel® bioreactors, to evaluate key process attributes through long-term (serial passage) suspension culture. This was done to access overall process robustness when performed with various commercially available media and cell lines. Process output variables including growth kinetics, aggregate morphology, harvest efficiency, genomic stability, and functional pluripotency were assessed through short and long-term culture. RESULTS The robust nature of the expansion protocol was demonstrated over a six-day culture period where spherical aggregate formation and expansion were observed with high-fold expansions for all five commercial media tested. Profound differences in cell growth and quality were revealed only through long-term serial expansion and in-vessel dissociation operations. Some commercial media formulations tested demonstrated maintenance of cell growth rates, aggregate morphology, and high harvest recovery efficiencies through three bioreactor serial passages using multiple PSC lines. Exceptional bioprocess robustness was even demonstrated with sustained growth and quality maintenance over 10 serial bioreactor passages. However, some commercial media tested proved less equipped for serial passage cultures in bioreactors as cultures led to cell lysis during dissociation, reduction in growth rates, and a loss of aggregate morphology. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of systematic selection and testing of bioprocess input variables, with multiple bioprocess output variables through serial passages to create a truly reproducible and robust protocol for clinical and commercial PSC production using scalable bioreactor systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- PBS Biotech Inc, 4721 Calle Carga, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hannah Worden
- PBS Biotech Inc, 4721 Calle Carga, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Leila Larijani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica M Corpuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brett D Abraham
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emilie J Gysel
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Julia Malinovska
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tamas Revay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- PBS Biotech Inc, 4721 Calle Carga, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan Z, Chen Y, Yang Z, Niu Y, Liang K, Zhang Y, Zeng J, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Lv C, Zhao P, Zhou L, Kong W, Li W, Chen H, Han D, Du Y. Superimposed Electric Field Enhanced Electrospray for High-Throughput and Consistent Cell Encapsulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400780. [PMID: 38850154 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation technology, crucial for advanced biomedical applications, faces challenges in existing microfluidic and electrospray methods. Microfluidic techniques, while precise, can damage vulnerable cells, and conventional electrospray methods often encounter instability and capsule breakage during high-throughput encapsulation. Inspired by the transformation of the working state from unstable dripping to stable jetting triggered by local electric potential, this study introduces a superimposed electric field (SEF)-enhanced electrospray method for cell encapsulation, with improved stability and biocompatibility. Utilizing stiffness theory, the stability of the electrospray, whose stiffness is five times stronger under conical confinement, is quantitatively analyzed. The SEF technique enables rapid, continuous production of ≈300 core-shell capsules per second in an aqueous environment, significantly improving cell encapsulation efficiency. This method demonstrates remarkable potential as exemplified in two key applications: (1) a 92-fold increase in human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) expansion over 10 d, outperforming traditional 2D cultures in both growth rate and pluripotency maintenance, and (2) the development of liver capsules for steatosis modeling, exhibiting normal function and biomimetic lipid accumulation. The SEF-enhanced electrospray method presents a significant advancement in cell encapsulation technology. It offers a more efficient, stable, and biocompatible approach for clinical transplantation, drug screening, and cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yihan Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Arthritis Clinical and Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yudi Niu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kaini Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianan Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiting Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lv Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenyu Kong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haoke Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dongbo Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanan Du
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang S, Golkaram M, Oh S, Oh Y, Cho Y, Yoe J, Ju S, Lalli MA, Park SY, Lee Y, Jang J. ETV4 is a mechanical transducer linking cell crowding dynamics to lineage specification. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:903-916. [PMID: 38702503 PMCID: PMC11178500 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in mechanical microenvironments, such as cell crowding, regulate lineage fates as well as cell proliferation. Although regulatory mechanisms for contact inhibition of proliferation have been extensively studied, it remains unclear how cell crowding induces lineage specification. Here we found that a well-known oncogene, ETS variant transcription factor 4 (ETV4), serves as a molecular transducer that links mechanical microenvironments and gene expression. In a growing epithelium of human embryonic stem cells, cell crowding dynamics is translated into ETV4 expression, serving as a pre-pattern for future lineage fates. A switch-like ETV4 inactivation by cell crowding derepresses the potential for neuroectoderm differentiation in human embryonic stem cell epithelia. Mechanistically, cell crowding inactivates the integrin-actomyosin pathway and blocks the endocytosis of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). The disrupted FGFR endocytosis induces a marked decrease in ETV4 protein stability through ERK inactivation. Mathematical modelling demonstrates that the dynamics of cell density in a growing human embryonic stem cell epithelium precisely determines the spatiotemporal ETV4 expression pattern and, consequently, the timing and geometry of lineage development. Our findings suggest that cell crowding dynamics in a stem cell epithelium drives spatiotemporal lineage specification using ETV4 as a key mechanical transducer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungbok Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahdi Golkaram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Seyoun Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjae Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Yoe
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungeun Ju
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew A Lalli
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song HW, Solomon JN, Masri F, Mack A, Durand N, Cameau E, Dianat N, Hunter A, Oh S, Schoen B, Marsh M, Bravery C, Sumen C, Clarke D, Bharti K, Allickson JG, Lakshmipathy U. Bioprocessing considerations for generation of iPSCs intended for clinical application: perspectives from the ISCT Emerging Regenerative Medicine Technology working group. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00731-X. [PMID: 38970614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Approval of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the manufacture of cell therapies to support clinical trials is now becoming realized after 20 years of research and development. In 2022 the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy (ISCT) established a Working Group on Emerging Regenerative Medicine Technologies, an area in which iPSCs-derived technologies are expected to play a key role. In this article, the Working Group surveys the steps that an end user should consider when generating iPSCs that are stable, well-characterised, pluripotent, and suitable for making differentiated cell types for allogeneic or autologous cell therapies. The objective is to provide the reader with a holistic view of how to achieve high-quality iPSCs from selection of the starting material through to cell banking. Key considerations include: (i) intellectual property licenses; (ii) selection of the raw materials and cell sources for creating iPSC intermediates and master cell banks; (iii) regulatory considerations for reprogramming methods; (iv) options for expansion in 2D vs. 3D cultures; and (v) available technologies and equipment for harvesting, washing, concentration, filling, cryopreservation, and storage. Some key process limitations are highlighted to help drive further improvement and innovation, and includes recommendations to close and automate current open and manual processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah W Song
- Center for Cellular Engineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuelle Cameau
- Cytiva, Pall Life Sciences 24-26 avenue de Winchester, CS5005, 78100 St. Germain-en-Laye, France
| | | | | | - Steve Oh
- Cellvec Pte. Ltd. 100 Pasir Panjang, #04-01/02, Singapore 118518 Singapore
| | - Brianna Schoen
- Charles River Laboratories Cell Solutions, Inc. 8500 Balboa Blvd. Suite 230 Northridge, CA 91320, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kapil Bharti
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethsda, MD, USA
| | - Julie G Allickson
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feng L, Wang Y, Fu Y, Li T, He G. Stem Cell-Based Strategies: The Future Direction of Bioartificial Liver Development. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:601-616. [PMID: 38170319 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) results from severe liver damage or end-stage liver disease. It is extremely fatal and causes serious health and economic burdens worldwide. Once ALF occurs, liver transplantation (LT) is the only definitive and recommended treatment; however, LT is limited by the scarcity of liver grafts. Consequently, the clinical use of bioartificial liver (BAL) has been proposed as a treatment strategy for ALF. Human primary hepatocytes are an ideal cell source for these methods. However, their high demand and superior viability prevent their widespread use. Hence, finding alternatives that meet the seed cell quality and quantity requirements is imperative. Stem cells with self-renewing, immunogenic, and differentiative capacities are potential cell sources. MSCs and its secretomes encompass a spectrum of beneficial properties, such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-ROS (reactive oxygen species), anti-apoptotic, pro-metabolomic, anti-fibrogenesis, and pro-regenerative attributes. This review focused on the recent status and future directions of stem cell-based strategies in BAL for ALF. Additionally, we discussed the opportunities and challenges associated with promoting such strategies for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guolin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ullmann K, Manstein F, Triebert W, Kriedemann N, Franke A, Teske J, Mertens M, Lupanow V, Göhring G, Haase A, Martin U, Zweigerdt R. Matrix-free human pluripotent stem cell manufacturing by seed train approach and intermediate cryopreservation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:89. [PMID: 38528578 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have an enormous therapeutic potential, but large quantities of cells will need to be supplied by reliable, economically viable production processes. The suspension culture (three-dimensional; 3D) of hPSCs in stirred tank bioreactors (STBRs) has enormous potential for fuelling these cell demands. In this study, the efficient long-term matrix-free suspension culture of hPSC aggregates is shown. METHODS AND RESULTS STBR-controlled, chemical aggregate dissociation and optimized passage duration of 3 or 4 days promotes exponential hPSC proliferation, process efficiency and upscaling by a seed train approach. Intermediate high-density cryopreservation of suspension-derived hPSCs followed by direct STBR inoculation enabled complete omission of matrix-dependent 2D (two-dimensional) culture. Optimized 3D cultivation over 8 passages (32 days) cumulatively yielded ≈4.7 × 1015 cells, while maintaining hPSCs' pluripotency, differentiation potential and karyotype stability. Gene expression profiling reveals novel insights into the adaption of hPSCs to continuous 3D culture compared to conventional 2D controls. CONCLUSIONS Together, an entirely matrix-free, highly efficient, flexible and automation-friendly hPSC expansion strategy is demonstrated, facilitating the development of good manufacturing practice-compliant closed-system manufacturing in large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ullmann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Felix Manstein
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Triebert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Kriedemann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Franke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana Teske
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mira Mertens
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Victoria Lupanow
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Göhring
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Haase
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ueki M, Suzuki T, Kato Y. Large-scale cultivation of human iPS cells in bioreactor with reciprocal mixing. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:149-155. [PMID: 38185598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A substantial number of human iPS cells (hiPSCs) is needed for cell therapy to be successful against various diseases. We previously reported on a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing that produces specific physical properties that differ from those of conventional bioreactors with rotary paddle stirring. Moreover, such reactors not only provide a homogeneous environment but also allow the control of spheroid size by changing the mixing speed. In this study, we applied this bioreactor to the large-scale cultivation of hiPSCs. Approximately 10 billion hiPSCs were obtained from 2.0 L of culture, and the high expression of pluripotency markers was maintained. Our findings indicate that a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing can be used for large-scale hiPSC cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ueki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kato
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Multimix Corporation, 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sebastião MJ, Hoffman M, Escandell J, Tousi F, Zhang J, Figueroa B, DeMaria C, Gomes-Alves P. Identification of Mispairing Omic Signatures in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells Producing a Tri-Specific Antibody. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2890. [PMID: 38001891 PMCID: PMC10669571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapy has shown efficacy against cancer, autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Multispecific antibodies (MsAbs), including trispecifics (tsAbs), offer enhanced therapeutic potential by targeting different epitopes. However, when co-expressed from three or more different polypeptide chains, MsAb production can lead to incorrect chain assembly and co-production of mispaired species with impaired biological activity. Moreover, mispairing carries significant challenges for downstream purification, decreasing yields and increasing the cost of bioprocess development. In this study, quantitative transcriptomics and proteomics analyses were employed to investigate which signaling pathways correlated with low and high mispairing clone signatures. Gene and protein expression profiles of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clones producing an tsAb were analyzed in the exponential growth and stationary (tsAb production) phase of fed-batch culture. Functional analysis revealed activated endoplasmic reticulum stress in high mispairing clones in both culture phases, while low mispairing clones exhibited expression profiles indicative of activated protein translation, as well as higher endocytosis and target protein degradation, suggesting the clearance of unfolded proteins through ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms. In addition, through transcriptomic profiling, we identified a group of genes that have the potential to be used as a biomarker panel tool for identifying high mispairing levels in the early stages of bioprocess development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Sebastião
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Michael Hoffman
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - José Escandell
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fatemeh Tousi
- Sanofi Bioanalytics Development, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Christine DeMaria
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maas RGC, van den Dolder FW, Yuan Q, van der Velden J, Wu SM, Sluijter JPG, Buikema JW. Harnessing developmental cues for cardiomyocyte production. Development 2023; 150:dev201483. [PMID: 37560977 PMCID: PMC10445742 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Developmental research has attempted to untangle the exact signals that control heart growth and size, with knockout studies in mice identifying pivotal roles for Wnt and Hippo signaling during embryonic and fetal heart growth. Despite this improved understanding, no clinically relevant therapies are yet available to compensate for the loss of functional adult myocardium and the absence of mature cardiomyocyte renewal that underlies cardiomyopathies of multiple origins. It remains of great interest to understand which mechanisms are responsible for the decline in proliferation in adult hearts and to elucidate new strategies for the stimulation of cardiac regeneration. Multiple signaling pathways have been identified that regulate the proliferation of cardiomyocytes in the embryonic heart and appear to be upregulated in postnatal injured hearts. In this Review, we highlight the interaction of signaling pathways in heart development and discuss how this knowledge has been translated into current technologies for cardiomyocyte production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee G. C. Maas
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floor W. van den Dolder
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qianliang Yuan
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sean M. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Buikema
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Heart Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cuesta-Gomez N, Verhoeff K, Dadheech N, Dang T, Jasra IT, de Leon MB, Pawlick R, Marfil-Garza B, Anwar P, Razavy H, Zapata-Morin PA, Jickling G, Thiesen A, O'Gorman D, Kallos MS, Shapiro AMJ. Suspension culture improves iPSC expansion and pluripotency phenotype. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:154. [PMID: 37280707 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine as a renewable source for islets, dopaminergic neurons, retinal cells, and cardiomyocytes. However, translation of these regenerative cell therapies requires cost-efficient mass manufacturing of high-quality human iPSCs. This study presents an improved three-dimensional Vertical-Wheel® bioreactor (3D suspension) cell expansion protocol with comparison to a two-dimensional (2D planar) protocol. METHODS Sendai virus transfection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to establish mycoplasma and virus free iPSC lines without common genetic duplications or deletions. iPSCs were then expanded under 2D planar and 3D suspension culture conditions. We comparatively evaluated cell expansion capacity, genetic integrity, pluripotency phenotype, and in vitro and in vivo pluripotency potential of iPSCs. RESULTS Expansion of iPSCs using Vertical-Wheel® bioreactors achieved 93.8-fold (IQR 30.2) growth compared to 19.1 (IQR 4.0) in 2D (p < 0.0022), the largest expansion potential reported to date over 5 days. 0.5 L Vertical-Wheel® bioreactors achieved similar expansion and further reduced iPSC production cost. 3D suspension expanded cells had increased proliferation, measured as Ki67+ expression using flow cytometry (3D: 69.4% [IQR 5.5%] vs. 2D: 57.4% [IQR 10.9%], p = 0.0022), and had a higher frequency of pluripotency marker (Oct4+Nanog+Sox2+) expression (3D: 94.3 [IQR 1.4] vs. 2D: 52.5% [IQR 5.6], p = 0.0079). q-PCR genetic analysis demonstrated a lack of duplications or deletions at the 8 most commonly mutated regions within iPSC lines after long-term passaging (> 25). 2D-cultured cells displayed a primed pluripotency phenotype, which transitioned to naïve after 3D-culture. Both 2D and 3D cells were capable of trilineage differentiation and following teratoma, 2D-expanded cells generated predominantly solid teratomas, while 3D-expanded cells produced more mature and predominantly cystic teratomas with lower Ki67+ expression within teratomas (3D: 16.7% [IQR 3.2%] vs.. 2D: 45.3% [IQR 3.0%], p = 0.002) in keeping with a naïve phenotype. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates nearly 100-fold iPSC expansion over 5-days using our 3D suspension culture protocol in Vertical-Wheel® bioreactors, the largest cell growth reported to date. 3D expanded cells showed enhanced in vitro and in vivo pluripotency phenotype that may support more efficient scale-up strategies and safer clinical implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Cuesta-Gomez
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Kevin Verhoeff
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Nidheesh Dadheech
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Ila Tewari Jasra
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Mario Bermudez de Leon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rena Pawlick
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Braulio Marfil-Garza
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
- National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
- CHRISTUS-LatAm Hub - Excellence and Innovation Center, 66260, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Perveen Anwar
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Haide Razavy
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Patricio Adrián Zapata-Morin
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Glen Jickling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Aducio Thiesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Doug O'Gorman
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vallabhaneni H, Shah T, Shah P, Hursh DA. Suspension culture on microcarriers and as aggregates enables expansion and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Cytotherapy 2023:S1465-3249(23)00933-7. [PMID: 37256241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold a great promise for promoting regenerative medical therapies due to their ability to generate multiple mature cell types and for their high expansion potential. However, cell therapies require large numbers of cells to achieve desired therapeutic effects, and traditional two-dimensional static culture methods cannot meet the required production demand for cellular therapies. One solution to this problem is scaling up expansion of PSCs in bioreactors using culture strategies such as growing cells on microcarriers or as aggregates in suspension culture. METHODS In this study, we directly compared PSC expansion and quality parameters in microcarrier- and aggregate-cultures grown in single-use vertical-wheel bioreactors. RESULTS We showed comparable expansion of cells on microcarriers and as aggregates by day 6 with a cell density reaching 2.2 × 106 cells/mL and 1.8 × 106 cells/mL and a fold-expansion of 22- and 18-fold, respectively. PSCs cultured on microcarriers and as aggregates were comparable with parallel two-dimensional cultures and with each other in terms of pluripotency marker expression and retention of other pluripotency characteristics as well as differentiation potential into three germ layers, neural precursor cells and cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not demonstrate a clear advantage between the two three-dimensional methods for the quality parameters assessed. This analysis adds support to the use of bioreactor systems for large scale expansion of PSCs, demonstrating that the cells retain key characteristics of PSCs and differentiation potential in suspension culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Vallabhaneni
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Tanvi Shah
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Parthiv Shah
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Hursh
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Teale MA, Schneider S, Eibl D, van den Bos C, Neubauer P, Eibl R. Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics: a comparison. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4. [PMID: 37246986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based cell therapeutics and especially those based on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are said to have enormous developmental potential in the coming years. Their applications range from the treatment of orthopedic disorders and cardiovascular diseases to autoimmune diseases and even cancer. However, while more than 27 hMSC-derived therapeutics are currently commercially available, hiPSC-based therapeutics have yet to complete the regulatory approval process. Based on a review of the current commercially available hMSC-derived therapeutic products and upcoming hiPSC-derived products in phase 2 and 3, this paper compares the cell therapy manufacturing process between these two cell types. Moreover, the similarities as well as differences are highlighted and the resulting impact on the production process discussed. Here, emphasis is placed on (i) hMSC and hiPSC characteristics, safety, and ethical aspects, (ii) their morphology and process requirements, as well as (iii) their 2- and 3-dimensional cultivations in dependence of the applied culture medium and process mode. In doing so, also downstream processing aspects are covered and the role of single-use technology is discussed. KEY POINTS: • Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit distinct behaviors during cultivation • Single-use stirred bioreactor systems are preferred for the cultivation of both cell types • Future research should adapt and modify downstream processes to available single-use devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misha A Teale
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Schneider
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, ACK24, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cohen PJR, Luquet E, Pletenka J, Leonard A, Warter E, Gurchenkov B, Carrere J, Rieu C, Hardouin J, Moncaubeig F, Lanero M, Quelennec E, Wurtz H, Jamet E, Demarco M, Banal C, Van Liedekerke P, Nassoy P, Feyeux M, Lefort N, Alessandri K. Engineering 3D micro-compartments for highly efficient and scale-independent expansion of human pluripotent stem cells in bioreactors. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122033. [PMID: 36764194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have emerged as the most promising cellular source for cell therapies. To overcome the scale-up limitations of classical 2D culture systems, suspension cultures have been developed to meet the need for large-scale culture in regenerative medicine. Despite constant improvements, current protocols that use microcarriers or generate cell aggregates only achieve moderate amplification performance. Here, guided by reports showing that hPSCs can self-organize in vitro into cysts reminiscent of the epiblast stage in embryo development, we developed a physio-mimetic approach for hPSC culture. We engineered stem cell niche microenvironments inside microfluidics-assisted core-shell microcapsules. We demonstrate that lumenized three-dimensional colonies significantly improve viability and expansion rates while maintaining pluripotency compared to standard hPSC culture platforms such as 2D cultures, microcarriers, and aggregates. By further tuning capsule size and culture conditions, we scale up this method to industrial-scale stirred tank bioreactors and achieve an unprecedented hPSC amplification rate of 277-fold in 6.5 days. In brief, our findings indicate that our 3D culture system offers a suitable strategy both for basic stem cell biology experiments and for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J R Cohen
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Treefrog Therapeutics, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eddy Quelennec
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Treefrog Therapeutics, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | | | | | - Celine Banal
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Paul Van Liedekerke
- Inria Paris & Sorbonne Université LJLL, 2 Rue Simone IFF, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nassoy
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France; Institut D'Optique Graduate School & CNRS UMR 5298, F-33400, Talence, France
| | | | - Nathalie Lefort
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pasitka L, Cohen M, Ehrlich A, Gildor B, Reuveni E, Ayyash M, Wissotsky G, Herscovici A, Kaminker R, Niv A, Bitcover R, Dadia O, Rudik A, Voloschin A, Shimoni M, Cinnamon Y, Nahmias Y. Spontaneous immortalization of chicken fibroblasts generates stable, high-yield cell lines for serum-free production of cultured meat. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:35-50. [PMID: 37118574 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellular agriculture could meet growing demand for animal products, but yields are typically low and regulatory bodies restrict genetic modification for cultured meat production. Here we demonstrate the spontaneous immortalization and genetic stability of fibroblasts derived from several chicken breeds. Cell lines were adapted to grow as single-cell suspensions using serum-free culture medium, reaching densities of 108 × 106 cells per ml in continuous culture, corresponding to yields of 36% w/v. We show that lecithin activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), inducing adipogenesis in immortalized fibroblasts. Blending cultured adipocyte-like cells with extruded soy protein, formed chicken strips in which texture was supported by animal and plant proteins while aroma and flavour were driven by cultured animal fat. Visual and sensory analysis graded the product 4.5/5.0, with 85% of participants extremely likely to replace their food choice with this cultured meat product. Immortalization without genetic modification and high-yield manufacturing are critical for the market realization of cultured meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pasitka
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Cohen
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Ehrlich
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - M Ayyash
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Believer Meats, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | - A Niv
- Believer Meats, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - O Dadia
- Believer Meats, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Rudik
- Believer Meats, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Y Cinnamon
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Y Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Believer Meats, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fuentes P, Torres MJ, Arancibia R, Aulestia F, Vergara M, Carrión F, Osses N, Altamirano C. Dynamic Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell Spheroids and Secretion of Paracrine Factors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:916229. [PMID: 36046670 PMCID: PMC9421039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.916229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, conditioned medium (CM) obtained from the culture of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to effectively promote tissue repair and modulate the immune response in vitro and in different animal models, with potential for application in regenerative medicine. Using CM offers multiple advantages over the implantation of MSCs themselves: 1) simpler storage, transport, and preservation requirements, 2) avoidance of the inherent risks of cell transplantation, and 3) potential application as a ready-to-go biologic product. For these reasons, a large amount of MSCs research has focused on the characterization of the obtained CM, including soluble trophic factors and vesicles, preconditioning strategies for enhancing paracrine secretion, such as hypoxia, a three-dimensional (3D) environment, and biochemical stimuli, and potential clinical applications. In vitro preconditioning strategies can increase the viability, proliferation, and paracrine properties of MSCs and therefore improve the therapeutic potential of the cells and their derived products. Specifically, dynamic cultivation conditions, such as fluid flow and 3D aggregate culture, substantially impact cellular behaviour. Increased levels of growth factors and cytokines were observed in 3D cultures of MSC grown on orbital or rotatory shaking platforms, in stirred systems, such as spinner flasks or stirred tank reactors, and in microgravity bioreactors. However, only a few studies have established dynamic culture conditions and protocols for 3D aggregate cultivation of MSCs as a scalable and reproducible strategy for CM production. This review summarizes significant advances into the upstream processing, mainly the dynamic generation and cultivation of MSC aggregates, for de CM manufacture and focuses on the standardization of the soluble factor production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Fuentes
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María José Torres
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Arancibia
- Cellus Medicina Regenerativa S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Cellus Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de León, León, Spain
| | - Francisco Aulestia
- Cellus Medicina Regenerativa S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Cellus Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de León, León, Spain
| | - Mauricio Vergara
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Flavio Carrión
- Cellus Medicina Regenerativa S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Investigación, Postgrado y Educación Continua (DIPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Alba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Osses
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- CREAS, Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudia Altamirano,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oka S, Tsuzuki T, Hidaka M, Ohno M, Nakatsu Y, Sekiguchi M. Endogenous ROS production in early differentiation state suppresses endoderm differentiation via transient FOXC1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:150. [PMID: 35365611 PMCID: PMC8976013 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the differentiation and proliferation of cells and programmed cell death. However, studies on the role of oxidative stress in differentiation have mainly employed the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during differentiation or generated by ROS inducers. Therefore, it is difficult to clarify the significance of endogenous ROS production in the differentiation of human cells. We developed a system to control the intracellular level of ROS in the initial stage of differentiation in human iPS cells. By introducing a specific substitution (I69E) into the SDHC protein, a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, the endogenous ROS level increased. This caused impaired endoderm differentiation of iPS cells, and this impairment was reversed by overproduction of mitochondrial-targeted catalase, an anti-oxidant enzyme. Expression of tumor-related FOXC1 transcription factor increased transiently as early as 4 h after ROS-overproduction in the initial stage of differentiation. Knockdown of FOXC1 markedly improved impaired endoderm differentiation, suggesting that endogenous ROS production in the early differentiation state suppresses endoderm differentiation via transient FOXC1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugako Oka
- Frontier Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan. .,Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Teruhisa Tsuzuki
- Frontier Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan.,Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masumi Hidaka
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 819-0193, Japan.,Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 819-0193, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ohno
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Sekiguchi
- Frontier Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Klein SG, Steckbauer A, Alsolami SM, Arossa S, Parry AJ, Li M, Duarte CM. Toward Best Practices for Controlling Mammalian Cell Culture Environments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:788808. [PMID: 35265608 PMCID: PMC8900666 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.788808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization, control, and reporting of environmental conditions in mammalian cell cultures is fundamental to ensure physiological relevance and reproducibility in basic and preclinical biomedical research. The potential issue of environment instability in routine cell cultures in affecting biomedical experiments was identified many decades ago. Despite existing evidence showing variable environmental conditions can affect a suite of cellular responses and key experimental readouts, the underreporting of critical parameters affecting cell culture environments in published experiments remains a serious problem. Here, we outline the main sources of potential problems, improved guidelines for reporting, and deliver recommendations to facilitate improved culture-system based research. Addressing the lack of attention paid to culture environments is critical to improve the reproducibility and translation of preclinical research, but constitutes only an initial step towards enhancing the relevance of in vitro cell cultures towards in vivo physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon G Klein
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandra Steckbauer
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samhan M Alsolami
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Silvia Arossa
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anieka J Parry
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mo Li
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou P, Qin L, Ge Z, Xie B, Huang H, He F, Ma S, Ren L, Shi J, Pei S, Dong G, Qi Y, Lan F. Design of chemically defined synthetic substrate surfaces for the in vitro maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells: A review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1968-1990. [PMID: 35226397 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential of long-term self-renewal and differentiation into nearly all cell types in vitro. Prior to the downstream applications, the design of chemically defined synthetic substrates for the large-scale proliferation of quality-controlled hPSCs is critical. Although great achievements have been made, Matrigel and recombinant proteins are still widely used in the fundamental research and clinical applications. Therefore, much effort is still needed to improve the performance of synthetic substrates in the culture of hPSCs, realizing their commercial applications. In this review, we summarized the design of reported synthetic substrates and especially their limitations in terms of cell culture. Moreover, much attention was paid to the development of promising peptide displaying surfaces. Besides, the biophysical regulation of synthetic substrate surfaces as well as the three-dimensional culture systems were described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liying Qin
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangjie Ge
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Biyao Xie
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengqin Ma
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Ren
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Shi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Suying Pei
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Genxi Dong
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Lan
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nii T, Tabata Y. Immunosuppressive mesenchymal stem cells aggregates incorporating hydrogel microspheres promote an in vitro invasion of cancer cells. Regen Ther 2022; 18:516-522. [PMID: 34977285 PMCID: PMC8668441 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to design a co-culture system of cancer cells and three-dimensional (3D) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) aggregates for the in vitro evaluation of cancer invasion. Methods First, the MSC of an immunosuppressive phenotype (MSC2) were prepared by the MSC stimulation of polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid. By simple mixing MSC2 and gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) in a U-bottomed well of 96 well plates which had been pre-coated with poly (vinyl alcohol), 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM were obtained. The amount of chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) secreted from the MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM. Finally, an invasion assay was performed to evaluate the cancer invasion rate by co-cultured cancer cells and the 3D MSC2 incorporating GM. Results The amount of CCL5 secreted for the 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM was significantly higher than that of two-dimensional (2D) MSC, 2D MSC2, and 3D MSC aggregates incorporating GM. When MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were co-cultured with the 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM, the invasion rate of cancer cells was significantly high compared with that of 2D MSC or 2D MSC2 and 3D MSC aggregates incorporating GM. In addition, high secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was observed for the 3D MSC2 aggregates/cancer cells system. Conclusions It is concluded that the co-culture system of 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM and cancer cells is promising to evaluate the invasion of cancer cells in vitro. This invasion model is an important tool for anti-cancer drug screening. Mesenchymal stem cells of an immunosuppressive phenotype (MSC2) were obtained. 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres were prepared. 3D MSC2 aggregates promoted the invasion rate of cancer cells.
Collapse
Key Words
- (CCL)5, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand
- 2D, two-dimensional
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Anti-cancer drug screening
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- Cancer invasion model
- DDW, double-distilled water
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GM, gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- Gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cells
- MSC2, MSC of an immunosuppressive phenotype
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- PBS, phosphate buffered-saline
- PVA, poly (vinyl alcohol)
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophages
- Three-dimensional cell culture
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rivera-Ordaz A, Peli V, Manzini P, Barilani M, Lazzari L. Critical Analysis of cGMP Large-Scale Expansion Process in Bioreactors of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Framework of Quality by Design. BioDrugs 2021; 35:693-714. [PMID: 34727354 PMCID: PMC8561684 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are manufactured as advanced therapy medicinal products for tissue replacement applications. With this aim, the feasibility of hiPSC large-scale expansion in existing bioreactor systems under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) has been tested. Yet, these attempts have lacked a paradigm shift in culture settings and technologies tailored to hiPSCs, which jeopardizes their clinical translation. The best approach for industrial scale-up of high-quality hiPSCs is to design their manufacturing process by following quality-by-design (QbD) principles: a scientific, risk-based framework for process design based on relating product and process attributes to product quality. In this review, we analyzed the hiPSC expansion manufacturing process implementing the QbD approach in the use of bioreactors, stressing the decisive role played by the cell quantity, quality and costs, drawing key QbD concepts directly from the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Ordaz
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manzini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Industrially Compatible Transfusable iPSC-Derived RBCs: Progress, Challenges and Prospective Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189808. [PMID: 34575977 PMCID: PMC8472628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidst the global shortfalls in blood supply, storage limitations of donor blood and the availability of potential blood substitutes for transfusion applications, society has pivoted towards in vitro generation of red blood cells (RBCs) as a means to solve these issues. Many conventional research studies over the past few decades have found success in differentiating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from cord blood, adult bone marrow and peripheral blood sources. More recently, techniques that involve immortalization of erythroblast sources have also gained traction in tackling this problem. However, the RBCs generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) still remain as the most favorable solution due to many of its added advantages. In this review, we focus on the breakthroughs for high-density cultures of hiPSC-derived RBCs, and highlight the major challenges and prospective solutions throughout the whole process of erythropoiesis for hiPSC-derived RBCs. Furthermore, we elaborate on the recent advances and techniques used to achieve cost-effective, high-density cultures of GMP-compliant RBCs, and on their relevant novel applications after downstream processing and purification.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ueki M, Tansho N, Sato M, Kanamori H, Kato Y. Improved cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary cells in bioreactor with reciprocal mixing. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:531-536. [PMID: 34474981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed a new bioreactor with reciprocal mixing that is better suited for the cultivation of delicate animal cells. In-silico simulation (computational fluid dynamics) suggested both maximum and average shear stresses in the bioreactor with reciprocal mixing to be remarkably lower than in a conventional bioreactor with rotary mixing. Although we could not find any difference in growth speed and cell density between the bioreactors with reciprocal and rotary mixing, we did find cell viability in the reciprocal-mixing bioreactor to be retained longer than in the rotary-paddle bioreactor. This implied that cell culture in a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing could be prolonged for the production of target proteins. Leakage of lactate dehydrogenase activity into the culture medium was suppressed much more in the reciprocal-mixing bioreactor than in the rotary-paddle one. Production of human tissue plasminogen activator in the former system was also observed to be much higher than in the latter. Therefore, a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing was concluded to be better suited for the cultivation of animal cells and efficient production of proteins, such as antibody drugs and various growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ueki
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Tansho
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Kanamori
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kato
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dang T, Borys BS, Kanwar S, Colter J, Worden H, Blatchford A, Croughan MS, Hossan T, Rancourt DE, Lee B, Kallos MS, Jung S. Computational fluid dynamic characterization of vertical‐wheel bioreactors used for effective scale‐up of human induced pluripotent stem cell aggregate culture. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Breanna S. Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- PBS Biotech Inc. Camarillo California USA
| | - Shivek Kanwar
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - James Colter
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tareq Hossan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Derrick E. Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc. Camarillo California USA
| | - Michael S. Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nogueira DES, Rodrigues CAV, Hashimura Y, Jung S, Lee B, Cabral JMS. Suspension Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Single-Use Vertical-Wheel™ Bioreactors Using Aggregate and Microcarrier Culture Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2286:167-178. [PMID: 33381855 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to be used in a variety of biomedical applications, including drug discovery and Regenerative Medicine. The success of these approaches is, however, limited by the difficulty of generating the large quantities of cells required in a reproducible and controlled system. Bioreactors, widely used for industrial manufacture of biological products, constitute a viable strategy for large-scale production of stem cell derivatives. In this chapter, we describe the expansion of hiPSCs using the Vertical-Wheel™ bioreactor, a novel bioreactor configuration specifically designed for the culture of shear-sensitive cells. We provide protocols for the expansion of hiPSCs in suspension, both as floating aggregates and using microcarriers for cell adhesion. These methods may be important for the establishment of a scalable culture of hiPSCs, allowing the manufacturing of industrial- or clinical-scale cell numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo E S Nogueira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yamamoto R, Kino-Oka M. Design of suspension culture system with bubble sparging for human induced pluripotent stem cells in a plastic fluid. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:190-197. [PMID: 34052116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bubble sparging has been used to supply oxygen to large-scale bioreactor systems. However, sparged bubbles cause cell death by rupturing due to shear stress, and the foam layer carries a risk of contamination. Large-scale culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is required for manufacturing, but hiPSCs show high sensitivity to shear stress, and also, aseptic processing is important for their expansion. In this study, a culture system with bubble sparging for hiPSC proliferation was designed using a plastic fluid as a culture medium. The rising bubble velocity in the plastic fluid decreased and was lower than that in a Newtonian fluid when the time interval between bubbles generation, Δt, was greater than 0.14 s. Under this condition, aggregate distribution in the plastic fluid was maintained without liquid flow. Although large aeration induced aggregate coalescence and growth inhibition, the apparent specific growth rate at Δt > 0.14 s increased with an increase in the aeration rate, and the maximum value was similar to that of the conventional suspension culture in a stirred bioreactor system. The gas hold-up in the plastic fluid was higher than that in a Newtonian fluid because of the lower rising bubble velocity, which leads to the suppression of bubble sparging. Therefore, our results indicated that using a plastic fluid leads to a more efficient oxygen supply without agitation in a spatial-temporal phase-transition culture system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riku Yamamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Isidro IA, Vicente P, Pais DAM, Almeida JI, Domingues M, Abecasis B, Zapata-Linares N, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Prosper F, Aspegren A, Alves PM, Serra M. Online monitoring of hiPSC expansion and hepatic differentiation in 3D culture by dielectric spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3610-3617. [PMID: 33713416 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-HLC) are expected to have important applications in drug screening and regenerative medicine. However, hiPSC-HLC are difficult to produce on a large-scale to obtain relevant numbers for such applications. The aim of this study was to implement a novel integrated strategy for scalable production of hiPSC-HLC and demonstrate the applicability of dielectric spectroscopy to monitor hiPSC expansion/differentiation processes. We cultured hiPSC as three-dimensional (3D) aggregates in stirred-tank bioreactors (STB) operated in perfusion with an in situ capacitance probe. Dissolved oxygen concentration and dilution rate were controlled along the process and after 5 days of cell expansion, the hepatic differentiation was integrated in sequential steps for 28 days. The hiPSC were able to grow as 3D aggregates and the expression of hepatic markers and albumin production after differentiation confirmed that hepatocyte differentiation improved when compared to 2D culture. These hiPSC-HLC exhibited functional characteristics of hepatocytes including glycogen storage and drug metabolization capacity. Our results also show a good correlation between the cell permittivity measured online and the aggregate biovolume measured by standard offline methods, demonstrating for the first time the potential of dielectric spectroscopy to monitor hiPSC expansion and differentiation in STB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês A Isidro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vicente
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel A M Pais
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana I Almeida
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.,Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mara Domingues
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Abecasis
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Natalia Zapata-Linares
- Regenerative Medicine Program, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Juan R Rodriguez-Madoz
- Regenerative Medicine Program, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Regenerative Medicine Program, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Area of Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Manstein F, Ullmann K, Kropp C, Halloin C, Triebert W, Franke A, Farr CM, Sahabian A, Haase A, Breitkreuz Y, Peitz M, Brüstle O, Kalies S, Martin U, Olmer R, Zweigerdt R. High density bioprocessing of human pluripotent stem cells by metabolic control and in silico modeling. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1063-1080. [PMID: 33660952 PMCID: PMC8235132 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To harness the full potential of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) we combined instrumented stirred tank bioreactor (STBR) technology with the power of in silico process modeling to overcome substantial, hPSC‐specific hurdles toward their mass production. Perfused suspension culture (3D) of matrix‐free hPSC aggregates in STBRs was applied to identify and control process‐limiting parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, glucose and lactate levels, and the obviation of osmolality peaks provoked by high density culture. Media supplements promoted single cell‐based process inoculation and hydrodynamic aggregate size control. Wet lab‐derived process characteristics enabled predictive in silico modeling as a new rational for hPSC cultivation. Consequently, hPSC line‐independent maintenance of exponential cell proliferation was achieved. The strategy yielded 70‐fold cell expansion in 7 days achieving an unmatched density of 35 × 106 cells/mL equivalent to 5.25 billion hPSC in 150 mL scale while pluripotency, differentiation potential, and karyotype stability was maintained. In parallel, media requirements were reduced by 75% demonstrating the outstanding increase in efficiency. Minimal input to our in silico model accurately predicts all main process parameters; combined with calculation‐controlled hPSC aggregation kinetics, linear process upscaling is also enabled and demonstrated for up to 500 mL scale in an independent bioreactor system. Thus, by merging applied stem cell research with recent knowhow from industrial cell fermentation, a new level of hPSC bioprocessing is revealed fueling their automated production for industrial and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Manstein
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kevin Ullmann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Kropp
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline Halloin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Triebert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Franke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara-Milena Farr
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anais Sahabian
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Haase
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yannik Breitkreuz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Cell Programming Core Facility, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalies
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
An overview of drive systems and sealing types in stirred bioreactors used in biotechnological processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2225-2242. [PMID: 33649923 PMCID: PMC7954712 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
No matter the scale, stirred tank bioreactors are the most commonly used systems in biotechnological production processes. Single-use and reusable systems are supplied by several manufacturers. The type, size, and number of impellers used in these systems have a significant influence on the characteristics and designs of bioreactors. Depending on the desired application, classic shaft-driven systems, bearing-mounted drives, or stirring elements that levitate freely in the vessel may be employed. In systems with drive shafts, process hygiene requirements also affect the type of seal used. For sensitive processes with high hygienic requirements, magnetic-driven stirring systems, which have been the focus of much research in recent years, are recommended. This review provides the reader with an overview of the most common agitation and seal types implemented in stirred bioreactor systems, highlights their advantages and disadvantages, and explains their possible fields of application. Special attention is paid to the development of magnetically driven agitators, which are widely used in reusable systems and are also becoming more and more important in their single-use counterparts. Key Points • Basic design of the most frequently used bioreactor type: the stirred tank bioreactor • Differences in most common seal types in stirred systems and fields of application • Comprehensive overview of commercially available bioreactor seal types • Increased use of magnetically driven agitation systems in single-use bioreactors
Collapse
|
29
|
Sahabian A, Dahlmann J, Martin U, Olmer R. Production and cryopreservation of definitive endoderm from human pluripotent stem cells under defined and scalable culture conditions. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1581-1599. [PMID: 33580232 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endodermal germ layer gives rise to respiratory epithelium, hepatocytes, pancreatic cells and intestinal lineages, among other cell types. These lineages can be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) via a common definitive endoderm (DE) intermediate that is characterized by the co-expression of the cell surface markers CXCR4, c-KIT and EPCAM and the transcription factors SOX17 and FOXA2. Here we provide a detailed protocol for mass production of DE from hPSCs in scalable and easy-to-handle suspension culture using a rotating Erlenmeyer flask or a sophisticated, fully controllable, 150-ml stirred tank bioreactor. This protocol uses two different media formulations that are chemically defined and xeno free and therefore good manufacturing practice ready. Our protocol allows for efficient hPSC-derived DE specification in multicellular aggregates within 3 days and generates up to 1 × 108 DE cells with >92% purity in one differentiation batch when using the bioreactor. The hPSC-derived DE cells that are generated can be cryopreserved for later downstream differentiation into various endodermal lineages. This protocol should facilitate the flexible production of mature DE derivatives for physiologically relevant disease models, high-throughput drug screening, toxicology testing and cellular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anais Sahabian
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Dahlmann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Borys BS, Dang T, So T, Rohani L, Revay T, Walsh T, Thompson M, Argiropoulos B, Rancourt DE, Jung S, Hashimura Y, Lee B, Kallos MS. Overcoming bioprocess bottlenecks in the large-scale expansion of high-quality hiPSC aggregates in vertical-wheel stirred suspension bioreactors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 33436078 PMCID: PMC7805206 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold enormous promise in accelerating breakthroughs in understanding human development, drug screening, disease modeling, and cell and gene therapies. Their potential, however, has been bottlenecked in a mostly laboratory setting due to bioprocess challenges in the scale-up of large quantities of high-quality cells for clinical and manufacturing purposes. While several studies have investigated the production of hiPSCs in bioreactors, the use of conventional horizontal-impeller, paddle, and rocking-wave mixing mechanisms have demonstrated unfavorable hydrodynamic environments for hiPSC growth and quality maintenance. This study focused on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to aid in characterizing and optimizing the use of vertical-wheel bioreactors for hiPSC production. METHODS The vertical-wheel bioreactor was modeled with CFD simulation software Fluent at agitation rates between 20 and 100 rpm. These models produced fluid flow patterns that mapped out a hydrodynamic environment to guide in the development of hiPSC inoculation and in-vessel aggregate dissociation protocols. The effect of single-cell inoculation on aggregate formation and growth was tested at select CFD-modeled agitation rates and feeding regimes in the vertical-wheel bioreactor. An in-vessel dissociation protocol was developed through the testing of various proteolytic enzymes and agitation exposure times. RESULTS CFD modeling demonstrated the unique flow pattern and homogeneous distribution of hydrodynamic forces produced in the vertical-wheel bioreactor, making it the opportune environment for systematic bioprocess optimization of hiPSC expansion. We developed a scalable, single-cell inoculation protocol for the culture of hiPSCs as aggregates in vertical-wheel bioreactors, achieving over 30-fold expansion in 6 days without sacrificing cell quality. We have also provided the first published protocol for in-vessel hiPSC aggregate dissociation, permitting the entire bioreactor volume to be harvested into single cells for serial passaging into larger scale reactors. Importantly, the cells harvested and re-inoculated into scaled-up vertical-wheel bioreactors not only maintained consistent growth kinetics, they maintained a normal karyotype and pluripotent characterization and function. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these protocols provide a feasible solution for the culture of high-quality hiPSCs at a clinical and manufacturing scale by overcoming some of the major documented bioprocess bottlenecks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tania So
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tamas Revay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Tylor Walsh
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Madalynn Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Yas Hashimura
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abecasis B, Canhão PGM, Almeida HV, Calmeiro T, Fortunato E, Gomes-Alves P, Serra M, Alves PM. Toward a Microencapsulated 3D hiPSC-Derived in vitro Cardiac Microtissue for Recapitulation of Human Heart Microenvironment Features. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:580744. [PMID: 33224931 PMCID: PMC7674657 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.580744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of cardiomyocytes (CM) and non-myocyte cardiac populations, such as endothelial cells (EC), and mesenchymal cells (MC), has been shown to be critical for recapitulation of the human heart tissue for in vitro cell-based modeling. However, most of the current engineered cardiac microtissues still rely on either (i) murine/human limited primary cell sources, (ii) animal-derived and undefined hydrogels/matrices with batch-to-batch variability, or (iii) culture systems with low compliance with pharmacological high-throughput screenings. In this work, we explored a culture platform based on alginate microencapsulation and suspension culture systems to develop three-dimensional (3D) human cardiac microtissues, which entails the co-culture of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cardiac derivatives including aggregates of hiPSC–CM and single cells of hiPSC–derived EC and MC (hiPSC–EC+MC). We demonstrate that the 3D human cardiac microtissues can be cultured for 15 days in dynamic conditions while maintaining the viability and phenotype of all cell populations. Noteworthy, we show that hiPSC–EC+MC survival was promoted by the co-culture with hiPSC–CM as compared to the control single-cell culture. Additionally, the presence of the hiPSC–EC+MC induced changes in the physical properties of the biomaterial, as observed by an increase in the elastic modulus of the cardiac microtissue when compared to the hiPSC–CM control culture. Detailed characterization of the 3D cardiac microtissues revealed that the crosstalk between hiPSC–CM, hiPSC–EC+MC, and extracellular matrix induced the maturation of hiPSC–CM. The cardiac microtissues displayed functional calcium signaling and respond to known cardiotoxins in a dose-dependent manner. This study is a step forward on the development of novel 3D cardiac microtissues that recapitulate features of the human cardiac microenvironment and is compliant with the larger numbers needed in preclinical research for toxicity assessment and disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Abecasis
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro G M Canhão
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Henrique V Almeida
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tomás Calmeiro
- CENIMAT
- i3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- CENIMAT
- i3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A Concise Review on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Personalized Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:748-776. [PMID: 33098306 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from somatic cells by using reprogramming factors such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) or Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28 (OSNL). They resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and have the ability to differentiate into cell lineage of all three germ-layer, including cardiomyocytes (CMs). The CMs can be generated from iPSCs by inducing embryoid bodies (EBs) formation and treatment with activin A, bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), and inhibitors of Wnt signaling. However, these iPSC-derived CMs are a heterogeneous population of cells and require purification and maturation to mimic the in vivo CMs. The matured CMs can be used for various therapeutic purposes in regenerative medicine by cardiomyoplasty or through the development of tissue-engineered cardiac patches. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the isolation of iPSC and their differentiation, purification, and maturation into clinically usable CMs. Newer small molecules have also been identified to substitute the reprogramming factors for iPSC generation as well as for direct differentiation of somatic cells into CMs without an intermediary pluripotent state. This review provides a concise update on the generation of iPSC-derived CMs and their application in personalized cardiac regenerative medicine. It also discusses the current limitations and challenges in the application of iPSC-derived CMs. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ashok P, Parikh A, Du C, Tzanakakis ES. Xenogeneic-Free System for Biomanufacturing of Cardiomyocyte Progeny From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:571425. [PMID: 33195131 PMCID: PMC7644809 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.571425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional heart cells and tissues sourced from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for substantially advancing treatments of cardiovascular maladies. Realization of this potential will require the development of cost-effective and tunable bioprocesses for manufacturing hPSC-based cell therapeutics. Here, we report the development of a xeno-free platform for guiding the cardiogenic commitment of hPSCs. The system is based on a fully defined, open-source formulation without complex supplements, which have varied and often undetermined effects on stem cell physiology. The formulation was used to systematically investigate factors inducing the efficient commitment to cardiac mesoderm of three hPSC lines. Contractile clusters of cells appeared within a week of differentiation in planar cultures and by day 13 over 80% of the cells expressed cardiac progeny markers such as TNNT2. In conjunction with expansion, this differentiation strategy was employed in stirred-suspension cultures of hPSCs. Scalable differentiation resulted in 0.4-2 million CMs/ml or ∼5-20 TNNT2-positive cells per seeded hPSC without further enrichment. Our findings will contribute to the engineering of bioprocesses advancing the manufacturing of stem cell-based therapeutics for heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Ashok
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | - Chuang Du
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuel S. Tzanakakis
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Developmental Molecular and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tomiyama AJ, Kawecki NS, Rosenfeld DL, Jay JA, Rajagopal D, Rowat AC. Bridging the gap between the science of cultured meat and public perceptions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
35
|
Mendonça da Silva J, Erro E, Awan M, Chalmers SA, Fuller B, Selden C. Small-Scale Fluidized Bed Bioreactor for Long-Term Dynamic Culture of 3D Cell Constructs and in vitro Testing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:895. [PMID: 32974291 PMCID: PMC7468403 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing interest in three-dimensional (3D) cell constructs that better represent native tissues, comes the need to also invest in devices, i.e., bioreactors, that provide a controlled dynamic environment similar to the perfusion mechanism observed in vivo. Here a laboratory-scale fluidized bed bioreactor (sFBB) was designed for hydrogel (i.e., alginate) encapsulated cells to generate a dynamic culture system that produced a homogenous milieu and host substantial biomass for long-term evolution of tissue-like structures and “per cell” performance analysis. The bioreactor design, conceptualized through scale-down empirical similarity rules, was initially validated through computational fluid dynamics analysis for the distributor capacity of homogenously dispersing the flow with an average fluid velocity of 4.596 × 10–4 m/s. Experimental tests then demonstrated a consistent fluidization of hydrogel spheres, while maintaining shape and integrity (606.9 ± 99.3 μm diameter and 0.96 shape factor). It also induced mass transfer in and out of the hydrogel at a faster rate than static conditions. Finally, the sFBB sustained culture of alginate encapsulated hepatoblastoma cells for 12 days promoting proliferation into highly viable (>97%) cell spheroids at a high final density of 27.3 ± 0.78 million cells/mL beads. This was reproducible across multiple units set up in parallel and operating simultaneously. The sFBB prototype constitutes a simple and robust tool to generate 3D cell constructs, expandable into a multi-unit setup for simultaneous observations and for future development and biological evaluation of in vitro tissue models and their responses to different agents, increasing the complexity and speed of R&D processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mendonça da Silva
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eloy Erro
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maooz Awan
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherri-Ann Chalmers
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Fuller
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Selden
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Montero P, Flandes-Iparraguirre M, Musquiz S, Pérez Araluce M, Plano D, Sanmartín C, Orive G, Gavira JJ, Prosper F, Mazo MM. Cells, Materials, and Fabrication Processes for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:955. [PMID: 32850768 PMCID: PMC7431658 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer worldwide, with myocardial infarction (MI) responsible for approximately 1 in 6 deaths. The lack of endogenous regenerative capacity, added to the deleterious remodelling programme set into motion by myocardial necrosis, turns MI into a progressively debilitating disease, which current pharmacological therapy cannot halt. The advent of Regenerative Therapies over 2 decades ago kick-started a whole new scientific field whose aim was to prevent or even reverse the pathological processes of MI. As a highly dynamic organ, the heart displays a tight association between 3D structure and function, with the non-cellular components, mainly the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), playing both fundamental active and passive roles. Tissue engineering aims to reproduce this tissue architecture and function in order to fabricate replicas able to mimic or even substitute damaged organs. Recent advances in cell reprogramming and refinement of methods for additive manufacturing have played a critical role in the development of clinically relevant engineered cardiovascular tissues. This review focuses on the generation of human cardiac tissues for therapy, paying special attention to human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. We provide a perspective on progress in regenerative medicine from the early stages of cell therapy to the present day, as well as an overview of cellular processes, materials and fabrication strategies currently under investigation. Finally, we summarise current clinical applications and reflect on the most urgent needs and gaps to be filled for efficient translation to the clinical arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Montero
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Flandes-Iparraguirre
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saioa Musquiz
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country – UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Pérez Araluce
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country – UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology – UIRMI (UPV/EHU – Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan José Gavira
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel M. Mazo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang T, Wang L, Wang G, Zhuang Y. Leveraging and manufacturing in vitro multicellular spheroid-based tumor cell model as a preclinical tool for translating dysregulated tumor metabolism into clinical targets and biomarkers. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
38
|
Borys BS, So T, Colter J, Dang T, Roberts EL, Revay T, Larijani L, Krawetz R, Lewis I, Argiropoulos B, Rancourt DE, Jung S, Hashimura Y, Lee B, Kallos MS. Optimized serial expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells using low-density inoculation to generate clinically relevant quantities in vertical-wheel bioreactors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1036-1052. [PMID: 32445290 PMCID: PMC7445025 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have generated a great deal of attention owing to their capacity for self‐renewal and differentiation into the three germ layers of the body. Their discovery has facilitated a new era in biomedicine for understanding human development, drug screening, disease modeling, and cell therapy while reducing ethical issues and risks of immune rejection associated with traditional embryonic stem cells. Bioreactor‐based processes have been the method of choice for the efficient expansion and differentiation of stem cells in controlled environments. Current protocols for the expansion of hiPSCs use horizontal impeller, paddle, or rocking wave mixing method bioreactors which require large static cell culture starting populations and achieve only moderate cell fold increases. This study focused on optimizing inoculation, agitation, oxygen, and nutrient availability for the culture of hiPSCs as aggregates in single‐use, low‐shear, vertical‐wheel bioreactors. Under optimized conditions, we achieved an expansion of more than 30‐fold in 6 days using a small starting population of cells and minimal media resources throughout. Importantly, we showed that that this optimized bioreactor expansion protocol could be replicated over four serial passages resulting in a cumulative cell expansion of 1.06E6‐fold in 28 days. Cells from the final day of the serial passage were of high quality, maintaining a normal karyotype, pluripotent marker staining, and the ability to form teratomas in vivo. These findings demonstrate that a vertical‐wheel bioreactor‐based bioprocess can provide optimal conditions for efficient, rapid generation of high‐quality hiPSCs to meet the demands for clinical manufacturing of therapeutic cell products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tania So
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Colter
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin L Roberts
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tamas Revay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leila Larijani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc., Camarillo, California, USA
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vasconcelos e Sá J, Simão D, Terrasso AP, Silva MM, Brito C, Isidro IA, Alves PM, Carrondo MJT. Unveiling dynamic metabolic signatures in human induced pluripotent and neural stem cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007780. [PMID: 32298259 PMCID: PMC7188302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays an essential role in cell fate decisions. However, the methods used for metabolic characterization and for finding potential metabolic regulators are still based on characterizing cellular metabolic steady-state which is dependent on the extracellular environment. In this work, we hypothesized that the response dynamics of intracellular metabolic pools to extracellular stimuli is controlled in a cell type-specific manner. We applied principles of process dynamics and control to human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and human neural stem cells (hNSC) subjected to a sudden extracellular glutamine step. The fold-changes of steady-states and the transient profiles of metabolic pools revealed that dynamic responses were reproducible and cell type-specific. Importantly, many amino acids had conserved dynamics and readjusted their steady state concentration in response to the increased glutamine influx. Overall, we propose a novel methodology for systematic metabolic characterization and identification of potential metabolic regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Vasconcelos e Sá
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Simão
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Terrasso
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta M. Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês A. Isidro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. T. Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang B, Yan L, Shamul JG, Hakun M, He X. Stem cell therapy of myocardial infarction: a promising opportunity in bioengineering. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900182. [PMID: 33665356 PMCID: PMC7928435 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening disease resulting from irreversible death of cardiomyocytes (CMs) and weakening of the heart blood-pumping function. Stem cell-based therapies have been studied for MI treatment over the last two decades with promising outcome. In this review, we critically summarize the past work in this field to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of treating MI using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) including both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells, and cardiac progenitor cells. The main advantage of the latter is their cytokine production capability to modulate immune responses and control the progression of healing. However, human adult stem cells have very limited (if not 'no') capacity to differentiate into functional CMs in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, PSCs can be differentiated into functional CMs although the protocols for the cardiac differentiation of PSCs are mainly for adherent cells under 2D culture. Derivation of PSC-CMs in 3D, allowing for large-scale production of CMs via modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway with defined chemicals and medium, may be desired for clinical translation. Furthermore, the technology of purification and maturation of the PSC-CMs may need further improvements to eliminate teratoma formation after in vivo implantation of the PSC-CMs for treating MI. In addition, in vitro derived PSC-CMs may have mechanical and electrical mismatch with the patient's cardiac tissue, which causes arrhythmia. This supports the use of PSC-derived cells committed to cardiac lineage without beating for implantation to treat MI. In this case, the PSC derived cells may utilize the mechanical, electrical, and chemical cues in the heart to further differentiate into mature/functional CMs in situ. Another major challenge facing stem cell therapy of MI is the low retention/survival of stem cells or their derivatives (e.g., PSC-CMs) in the heart for MI treatment after injection in vivo. This may be resolved by using biomaterials to engineer stem cells for reduced immunogenicity, immobilization of the cells in the heart, and increased integration with the host cardiac tissue. Biomaterials have also been applied in the derivation of CMs in vitro to increase the efficiency and maturation of differentiation. Collectively, a lot has been learned from the past failure of simply injecting intact stem cells or their derivatives in vivo for treating MI, and bioengineering stem cells with biomaterials is expected to be a valuable strategy for advancing stem cell therapy towards its widespread application for treating MI in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Li Yan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James G Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Maxwell Hakun
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bodiou V, Moutsatsou P, Post MJ. Microcarriers for Upscaling Cultured Meat Production. Front Nutr 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32154261 PMCID: PMC7045063 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the considerable environmental impact and the controversial animal welfare associated with industrial meat production, combined with the ever-increasing global population and demand for meat products, sustainable production alternatives are indispensable. In 2013, the world's first laboratory grown hamburger made from cultured muscle cells was developed. However, coming at a price of $300.000, and being produced manually, substantial effort is still required to reach sustainable large-scale production. One of the main challenges is scalability. Microcarriers (MCs), offering a large surface/volume ratio, are the most promising candidates for upscaling muscle cell culture. However, although many MCs have been developed for cell lines and stem cells typically used in the medical field, none have been specifically developed for muscle stem cells and meat production. This paper aims to discuss the MCs' design criteria for skeletal muscle cell proliferation and subsequently for meat production based on three scenarios: (1) MCs are serving only as a temporary substrate for cell attachment and proliferation and therefore they need to be separated from the cells at some stage of the bioprocess, (2) MCs serve as a temporary substrate for cell proliferation but are degraded or dissolved during the bioprocess, and (3) MCs are embedded in the final product and therefore need to be edible. The particularities of each of these three bioprocesses will be discussed from the perspective of MCs as well as the feasibility of a one-step bioprocess. Each scenario presents advantages and drawbacks, which are discussed in detail, nevertheless the third scenario appears to be the most promising one for a production process. Indeed, using an edible material can limit or completely eliminate dissociation/degradation/separation steps and even promote organoleptic qualities when embedded in the final product. Edible microcarriers could also be used as a temporary substrate similarly to scenarios 1 and 2, which would limit the risk of non-edible residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bodiou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Moutsatsou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Post
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Borys BS, So T, Roberts EL, Ferrie L, Larijani L, Abraham B, Krawetz R, Rancourt DE, Kallos MS. Large-scale expansion of feeder-free mouse embryonic stem cells serially passaged in stirred suspension bioreactors at low inoculation densities directly from cryopreservation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1316-1328. [PMID: 31960947 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have almost unlimited proliferation capacity in vitro and can retain the ability to contribute to all cell lineages, making them an ideal platform material for cell-based therapies. ESCs are traditionally cultured in static flasks on a feeder layer of murine embryonic fibroblast cells. Although sufficient to generate cells for research purposes, this approach is impractical to achieve large quantities for clinical applications. In this study, we have developed protocols that address a variety of challenges that currently bottleneck clinical translation of ESCs expanded in stirred suspension bioreactors. We demonstrated that mouse ESCs (mESCs) cryopreserved in the absence of feeder cells could be thawed directly into stirred suspension bioreactors at extremely low inoculation densities (100 cells/ml). These cells sustained proliferative capacity through multiple passages and various reactor sizes and geometries, producing clinically relevant numbers (109 cells) and maintaining pluripotency phenotypic and functional properties. Passages were completed in stirred suspension bioreactors of increasing scale, under defined batch conditions which greatly improved resource efficiency. Output mESCs were analyzed for pluripotency marker expression (SSEA-1, SOX-2, and Nanog) through flow cytometry, and spontaneous differentiation and teratoma analysis was used to demonstrate functional maintenance of pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tania So
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin L Roberts
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leah Ferrie
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leila Larijani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brett Abraham
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sebastião MJ, Gomes-Alves P, Reis I, Sanchez B, Palacios I, Serra M, Alves PM. Bioreactor-based 3D human myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in vitro model: a novel tool to unveil key paracrine factors upon acute myocardial infarction. Transl Res 2020; 215:57-74. [PMID: 31541616 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During acute myocardial infarction (AMI), Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury causes cardiomyocyte (CM) death and loss of tissue function, making AMI one of the major causes of death worldwide. Cell-based in vitro models of I/R injury have been increasingly used as a complementary approach to preclinical research. However, most approaches use murine cells in 2D culture setups, which are not able to recapitulate human cellular physiology, as well as nutrient and gas gradients occurring in the myocardium. In this work we established a novel human in vitro model of myocardial I/R injury using CMs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs), which were cultured as 3D aggregates in stirred tank bioreactors. We were able to recapitulate important hallmarks of AMI, including loss of CM viability with disruption of cellular ultrastructure, increased angiogenic potential, and secretion of key proangiogenic and proinflammatory cytokines. Conditioned medium was further used to probe human cardiac progenitor cells (hCPCs) response to paracrine cues from injured hiPSC-CMs through quantitative whole proteome analysis (SWATH-MS). I/R injury hiPSC-CM conditioned media incubation caused upregulation of hCPC proteins associated with migration, proliferation, paracrine signaling, and stress response-related pathways, when compared to the control media incubation. Our results indicate that the model developed herein can serve as a novel tool to interrogate mechanisms of action of human cardiac populations upon AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Sebastião
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ivo Reis
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Belén Sanchez
- Coretherapix, S.L.U. (Tigenix Group), Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - Margarida Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Expansion processes for cell-based therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107455. [PMID: 31629791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Living cells are emerging as therapeutic entities for the treatment of patients affected with severe and chronic diseases where no conventional drug can provide a definitive cure. At the same time, the promise of cell-based therapies comes with several biological, regulatory, economic, logistical, safety and engineering challenges that need to be addressed before translating into clinical practice. Among the complex operations required for their manufacturing, cell expansion occupies a significant part of the entire process and largely determines the number, the phenotype and several other critical quality attributes of the final cell therapy products (CTPs). This review aims at characterizing the main culture systems and expansion processes used for CTP production, highlighting the need to implement scalable, cost-efficient technologies together with process optimization strategies to bridge the gap between basic scientific research and commercially available therapies.
Collapse
|
45
|
Alvarez-Paino M, Amer MH, Nasir A, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Thorpe J, Burroughs L, Needham D, Denning C, Alexander MR, Alexander C, Rose FRAJ. Polymer Microparticles with Defined Surface Chemistry and Topography Mediate the Formation of Stem Cell Aggregates and Cardiomyocyte Function. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34560-34574. [PMID: 31502820 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-functionalized microparticles are relevant to fields spanning engineering and biomedicine, with uses ranging from cell culture to advanced cell delivery. Varying topographies of biomaterial surfaces are also being investigated as mediators of cell-material interactions and subsequent cell fate. To investigate competing or synergistic effects of chemistry and topography in three-dimensional cell cultures, methods are required to introduce these onto microparticles without modification of their underlying morphology or bulk properties. In this study, a new approach for surface functionalization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles is reported that allows decoration of the outer shell of the polyesters with additional polymers via aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization routes. PLA microparticles with smooth or dimpled surfaces were functionalized with poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) and poly[N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide] brushes, chosen for their potential abilities to mediate cell adhesion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis indicated homogeneous coverage of the microparticles with polymer brushes while maintaining the original topographies. These materials were used to investigate the relative importance of surface chemistry and topography both on the formation of human immortalized mesenchymal stem cell (hiMSCs) particle-cell aggregates and on the enhanced contractility of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs). The influence of surface chemistry was found to be more important on the size of particle-cell aggregates than topographies. In addition, surface chemistries that best promoted hiMSC attachment also improved hiPSC-CM attachment and contractility. These studies demonstrated a new route to obtain topo-chemical combinations on polyester-based biomaterials and provided clear evidence for the predominant effect of surface functionality over micron-scale dimpled topography in cell-microparticle interactions. These findings, thus, provide new guiding principles for the design of biomaterial interfaces to direct cell function.
Collapse
|
46
|
Isu G, Morbiducci U, De Nisco G, Kropp C, Marsano A, Deriu MA, Zweigerdt R, Audenino A, Massai D. Modeling methodology for defining a priori the hydrodynamics of a dynamic suspension bioreactor. Application to human induced pluripotent stem cell culture. J Biomech 2019; 94:99-106. [PMID: 31376980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional dynamic suspension is becoming an effective cell culture method for a wide range of bioprocesses, with an increasing number of bioreactors proposed for this purpose. The complex hydrodynamics establishing within these devices affects bioprocess outcomes and efficiency, and usually expensive in vitro trial-and-error experiments are needed to properly set the working parameters. Here we propose a methodology to define a priori the hydrodynamic working parameters of a dynamic suspension bioreactor, selected as a test case because of the complex hydrodynamics characterizing its operating condition. A combination of computational and analytical approaches was applied to generate operational guideline graphs for defining a priori specific working parameters. In detail, 43 simulations were performed under pulsed flow regime to characterize advective transport within the device depending on different operative conditions, i.e., culture medium flow rate and its duty cycle, cultured particle diameter, and initial particle suspension volume. The operational guideline graphs were then used to set specific hydrodynamic working parameters for an in vitro proof-of-principle test, where human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) aggregates were cultured for 24 h within the bioreactor. The in vitro findings showed that, under the selected pulsed flow regime, sedimentation was avoided, hiPSC aggregate circularity and viability were preserved, and culture heterogeneity was reduced, thus confirming the appropriateness of the a priori method. This methodology has the potential to be adaptable to other dynamic suspension devices to support experimental studies by providing in silico-based a priori knowledge, useful to limit costs and to optimize culture bioprocesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Isu
- Polito(BIO)Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Department of Surgery and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- Polito(BIO)Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Nisco
- Polito(BIO)Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy
| | - Christina Kropp
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organ, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Marsano
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco A Deriu
- Polito(BIO)Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organ, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alberto Audenino
- Polito(BIO)Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy
| | - Diana Massai
- Polito(BIO)Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ramme AP, Koenig L, Hasenberg T, Schwenk C, Magauer C, Faust D, Lorenz AK, Krebs AC, Drewell C, Schirrmann K, Vladetic A, Lin GC, Pabinger S, Neuhaus W, Bois F, Lauster R, Marx U, Dehne EM. Autologous induced pluripotent stem cell-derived four-organ-chip. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO413. [PMID: 31534781 DOI: 10.1101/376970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems play a pivotal role in progressing toward a global paradigm shift in drug development. Here, we designed a four-organ-chip interconnecting miniaturized human intestine, liver, brain and kidney equivalents. All four organ models were predifferentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells from the same healthy donor and integrated into the microphysiological system. The coculture of the four autologous tissue models in one common medium deprived of tissue specific growth factors was successful over 14-days. Although there were no added growth factors present in the coculture medium, the intestine, liver and neuronal model maintained defined marker expression. Only the renal model was overgrown by coexisting cells and did not further differentiate. This model platform will pave the way for autologous coculture cross-talk assays, disease induction and subsequent drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Koenig
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Faust
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Christopher Drewell
- Technische Universität Berlin, Medizinische Biotechnologie, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kerstin Schirrmann
- The University of Manchester, Physics of Fluids & Soft Matter Group, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexandra Vladetic
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Grace-Chiaen Lin
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Pabinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederic Bois
- INERIS, METO unit, Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Medizinische Biotechnologie, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Process intensification for Peste des Petites Ruminants Virus vaccine production. Vaccine 2019; 37:7041-7051. [PMID: 31402239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Process intensification for Peste des Petites Ruminants Virus (PPRV) vaccine production in anchorage dependent Vero cells is challenging, involving substantial amount of bioprocess development. In this study, we describe the implementation of a new, scalable bioprocess for PPRV vaccine production in Vero cells using serum-free medium (SFM), microcarrier technology in stirred-tank bioreactors (STB), in-situ cell detachment from microcarriers and perfusion. Vero cells were successfully adapted to ProVero™-1 SFM, reaching growth rates similar to serum-containing cultures (0.030 1/h vs 0.026 1/h, respectively). An in-situ cell detachment method was successfully implemented, with efficiencies above 85%. Up to 2.5-fold increase in maximum cell concentration was obtained using perfusion when compared to batch culture. Combining perfusion with the in-situ cell detachment method enabled the scale-up to 20 L STB directly from a 2 L STB, surpassing the need for a mid-scale platform (i.e. 5 L STB) and thus reducing seed train duration. Head-to-head comparison of cell growth and PPRV production in the 2 L and 20 L STB was performed, and no significant differences could be observed. Estimated infectious PPRV titers in Tissue Culture Infection Dose (TCID50) (TCID50/mL = 5 × 106 and TCID50/cell = 5) are within the log-range reported in literature for PPRV production in STB and SFM by Silva et al. (2008), thus confirming the feasibility and scalability of the seed train designed [1]. The novel and scalable vaccine production process herein proposed has the potential to assist the upcoming Peste des Petites Ruminants (PPR) Global Eradication Program (targeted by FAAO for 2030) by providing African local and/or regional manufacturers with a platform capable of generating over 25,000 doses of Nigeria 75/1 strain in just 19 days using a 20 L STB.
Collapse
|
49
|
Borys BS, Le A, Roberts EL, Dang T, Rohani L, Hsu CYM, Wyma AA, Rancourt DE, Gates ID, Kallos MS. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to understand murine embryonic stem cell aggregate size and pluripotency distributions in stirred suspension bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2019; 304:16-27. [PMID: 31394111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling can be applied to understand hydrodynamics in stirred suspension bioreactors, which can in turn affect cell viability, proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation. In this study, we developed a CFD model to determine the effects of average shear rates and turbulent eddies on the formation and growth of murine embryonic stem cell aggregates. We found a correlation between average eddy size and aggregate size, which depended on bioreactor agitation rates. By relating these computational and biological variables, CFD modeling can predict optimal agitation rates to grow embryonic stem cell aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors. To examine the effect of hydrodynamics on pluripotency, mESCs cultured in bioreactors under various agitation rates were tested for SSEA-1, Sox-2, and Nanog expression. Cells maintained a minimum of 95% positive expression with no change in the intensity distribution pattern between the different bioreactor conditions. This indicates that the average level of pluripotency marker expression is independent of changes in the hydrodynamic profile and resulting aggregate size distribution. The findings here can be further extended to other cell types that grow as aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors and offer important insights necessary to realize cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - An Le
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Erin L Roberts
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Charlie Yu-Ming Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander A Wyma
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ian D Gates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Halloin C, Schwanke K, Löbel W, Franke A, Szepes M, Biswanath S, Wunderlich S, Merkert S, Weber N, Osten F, de la Roche J, Polten F, Christoph Wollert K, Kraft T, Fischer M, Martin U, Gruh I, Kempf H, Zweigerdt R. Continuous WNT Control Enables Advanced hPSC Cardiac Processing and Prognostic Surface Marker Identification in Chemically Defined Suspension Culture. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:366-379. [PMID: 31353227 PMCID: PMC6700605 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming at clinical translation, robust directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), preferentially in chemically defined conditions, is a key requirement. Here, feasibility of suspension culture based hPSC-cardiomyocyte (hPSC-CM) production in low-cost, xeno-free media compatible with good manufacturing practice standards is shown. Applying stirred tank bioreactor systems at increasing dimensions, our advanced protocol enables routine production of about 1 million hPSC-CMs/mL, yielding ∼1.3 × 108 CM in 150 mL and ∼4.0 × 108 CMs in 350–500 mL process scale at >90% lineage purity. Process robustness and efficiency is ensured by uninterrupted chemical WNT pathway control at early stages of differentiation and results in the formation of almost exclusively ventricular-like CMs. Modulated WNT pathway regulation also revealed the previously unappreciated role of ROR1/CD13 as superior surrogate markers for predicting cardiac differentiation efficiency as soon as 72 h of differentiation. This monitoring strategy facilitates process upscaling and controlled mass production of hPSC derivatives. Chemically defined hPSC cardiac differentiation applicable to stirred tank reactors Protocol generates >90% purity of ventricular-like cardiomyocytes Uninterrupted WNT pathway control enables superior cardiac mesoderm formation Novel ROR1/CD13 combination as superior, predictive marker of cardiomyogenesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Halloin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Schwanke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Löbel
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Franke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Szepes
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Santoshi Biswanath
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wunderlich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Merkert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalie Weber
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Osten
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeanne de la Roche
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Polten
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology and Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Christoph Wollert
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology and Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresia Kraft
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Fischer
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina Gruh
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|