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Chen X, Luo C, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang H, Feng X. Effects of soyhulls with different particle size on the growth performance, blood indices and gut microbiota of yellow feather broilers. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:191-202. [PMID: 38416127 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2308276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soyhulls with different particle sizes on the growth performance, blood indices and gut microbiota of yellow feather broilers.2. Total of 240 healthy, one-day-old, yellow feather broilers were randomly divided into four groups, with six pen replicates within each group and ten birds per pen. The control group birds were fed the basal diet (Control). For the treatment groups, 5% soyhulls with different particle sizes were included in the basal diet. The particle size geometric mean diameters (dgw) of the soyhulls in the three treatment groups were 299.69 μm (LowPS), 489.85 μm (MediumPS) and 734.83 μm (HighPS) with geometric standard deviation (Sgw) 1.75 μm, 1.62 μm and 1.67 μm, respectively.3. Results showed that the growth performance variables and organ indices were not different among the four groups. The MediumPS group had increased TG, T-CHO, ALT, HDL-C, and GSH-PX levels and decreased T-AOC levels, whereas LowPS and HighPS groups had increased HDL-C and GSH-PX levels (p < 0.05). Microbial diversity analysis showed that the intestinal microbiota of yellow feather broilers mainly included Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Inclusion of 5% soyhulls with different particle size had no effect on alpha diversity indices of caecal microbiota. The HighPS group had significantly higher relative abundance of Firmicutes spp. and lower Bacteroidetes spp. compared with the LowPS and MediumPS group but this was not different from the Control group. The relative abundance of Cyanobacteria spp. was significantly higher in the HighPS group than the other three groups. LEfSe analysis showed that there were more enriched biomarker taxa in the groups with soyhulls than the control group.4. Overall, the inclusion of soyhulls with different particle sizes had limited effects on growth performance, blood indices and caecal microbiota composition of yellow feather broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - C Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - T Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - H Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - X Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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2
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Reta Dominguez CV, Wagner JR, Porfiri MC. Nanofibers from soybean hull insoluble polysaccharides as Pickering stabilizers in oil-in-water emulsions formulated under acidic conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:125-133. [PMID: 37535855 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pickering emulsions are a kind of emulsion stabilized by solid particles. These particles generate a physical or mechanical barrier that provides long-term stability to emulsion. Cellulose nanofibers are effective Pickering emulsifiers given their long length, high flexibility and entanglement capability. In this work, soybean hull insoluble polysaccharides (HIPS) were used as source of cellulose nanofibers by using a combination of chemical and mechanical treatment. The chemical composition, morphology, flow behavior, water holding capacity (WHC) and emulsifying properties of the nanofibers were studied. RESULTS Nanofibers with diameters between 35 and 110 nm were obtained. The WHC increased significantly after the mechanical treatment, and the rheological behavior of the nanofibers was typical of cellulosic materials. Nanofibers were effective emulsifiers in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions formulated under acidic conditions, without the need of using any additional surfactant. Emulsions were not affected by changes in the pH of the medium (3.00-5.00), and were stable to coalescence. CONCLUSION It is possible that cellulose nanofibers form an entangled network which acts as a mechanical steric barrier, providing stability to coalescence. These results are important for the development of effective O/W Pickering emulsifiers/stabilizers, with large applications in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila V Reta Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Funcionalidad y Tecnología de Alimentos (LIFTA), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352 (B1876BXD), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Wagner
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Funcionalidad y Tecnología de Alimentos (LIFTA), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352 (B1876BXD), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Porfiri
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Funcionalidad y Tecnología de Alimentos (LIFTA), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352 (B1876BXD), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Sancheti A, Thompson ER, Ju LK. Factors influencing the enzymatic hydrolysis of soy molasses into fermentation feedstock. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 170:110302. [PMID: 37591088 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean processing generates huge amounts of soy molasses that can support biorefinery but require development of waste-to-value conversion technologies. Here, soy molasses processing by Aspergillus niger enzymes was studied to optimize the conversion of oligosaccharides to monomeric sugars as ready fermentation feedstock. The effects of pH and temperature were first investigated using fixed enzyme composition and loading. pH, in the tested 3.0-6.5 range, significantly affected hydrolysis particularly in galactose release. The hydrolysis was fastest at pH 4.8 and 60 °C although the 48-h sugar (glucose, fructose, and galactose) yields were similar at pH 4.8 and 5.7, and 50 and 60 °C. Study was next made at these favorable pH and temperatures using different enzyme compositions and loadings. Glucose and fructose were effectively released, reaching ∼100 % yields in 24-48 h by most of the enzymes and loadings evaluated. Galactose production was less effective and varied significantly with the pH-temperature condition and enzyme loading and composition. Mechanistic evaluation suggested formation and accumulation of galactose disaccharide, whose slow hydrolysis was rate-limiting in the systems with complete glucose and fructose releases but low galactose yields. Model equations were developed to describe the kinetic sugar-release profiles and make technoeconomic analysis, which showed that a process of lower enzyme loading, while requiring longer duration, is more economical within the analyzed range of 5-50 (U α-galactosidase/g molasses). With 5 (U/g) loading, the total cost is about 30 % lower at 60 °C-pH 5.7 than 50 °C-pH 4.8. The α-galactosidase-to-sucrase ratio plays a less significant role in affecting the overall process cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Sancheti
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.
| | | | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.
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Kim HS, Li S, Zheng Y, Aldrich CG. Apparent total tract digestibility and palatability of extruded diets with graded levels of whole soybeans by dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1137788. [PMID: 37275615 PMCID: PMC10233050 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1137788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat has high energy density and is considered one of the primary energy sources for dogs, however, increasing fat level in dry dog food has been challenging due to the lubrication and limitation of the coating system. The objective was to determine the effect of whole soybeans (WSB) on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability by dogs. The corn gluten meal, chicken fat, and brewers rice were replaced by WSB at 10, 20, and 30% (WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively) in the base diet (WSB0). Twelve beagles were randomly assigned. The digestibility trial was duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design where dogs were allowed a 9-d adaptation followed by a 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Least-square means were analyzed with a single degree of freedom contrasts and significance at α = 0.05. Palatability was determined with a 2-bowl test by 20 beagles for 2 d with each WSB diet compared to the WSB0. First choice preference between two diets and total food consumption were recorded. Individual intake ratios (IR) were calculated (intake of each diet/total intake) for each dog. First choice (FC) was analyzed by a Chi-square probability, and the diet consumption was compared by a Wilcoxon signed rank test and a 2-way analysis of variance. Fecal moisture, output, and defecation frequency increased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dogs fed the increased level of WSB. The fresh fecal pH in dogs decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB content increased. The acetate, propionate, and the total short-chain fatty acid concentration increased linearly (P < 0.05) while the total branched-chain fatty acid concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Dogs had greater (P < 0.05) FC for WSB diets than WSB0, but there was no difference among treatments for diet consumption and IR. In conclusion, additional thermal processing before extrusion may improve nutrient digestibility of WSB. The stool quality and palatability were not affected, and fermentation in hindgut increased by WSB by dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles G. Aldrich
- Grain Science and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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5
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Islam SMM, Ju LK. Advanced strategies for production of soy-processing enzyme. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1042001. [PMID: 36698638 PMCID: PMC9868571 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme production is critical and often costly for biorefinery. It is challenging to produce enzymes with not only high titers but also proper combinations of all required activities in a single fermentation. This work aimed at improving productivity and composition of the multiple enzyme activities required for hydrolysis of complex soybean carbohydrate in a single fermentation. A previously selected Aspergillus niger strain was used for its high carbohydrases and low protease production. Strategies of fed-batch substrate addition and programmed pH-decrease rates were evaluated. Cheap soybean hull (SH) was confirmed to induce production of all necessary carbohydrases. Surprisingly, fed-batch SH addition, originally thought to sustain substrate-inducer availability and reduce feedback repression by sugars, did not increase pectinase and cellulase production significantly and even lowered the α-galactosidase production, when compared with batch fermentation having the same total SH amount (all added initially). On the other hand, the pH-decrease rate could be effectively optimized for production of complex enzyme mixtures. The best fermentation was programmed to lower pH from 7 to 4 in 84 h, at a drop rate of .0357 per h. It produced the highest pectinase (19.1 ± .04 U/mL), α-galactosidase (15.7 ± .4 U/mL), and cellulase (.88 ± .06 FPU/mL). Producing these high enzyme activities in a single fermentation significantly improves the effectiveness and economics of enzymatic soy processing, which, e.g., can hydrolyze the 30%-35% carbohydrate in soybean meal to sugars, with minimal protein degradation, to generate high-value protein-rich products and a hydrolysate as fermentation feedstock.
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Gao L, Liu G, Zhao Q, Xiao Z, Sun W, Hao X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhang P. Customized optimization of lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails for efficient conversion of pectin-rich biomass residues. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Monomeric sugars from enzymatic processing of soy flour. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Sun X, Tiffany DG, Urriola PE, Shurson GG, Hu B. Nutrition upgrading of corn-ethanol co-product by fungal fermentation: Amino acids enrichment and anti-nutritional factors degradation. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Feeding value improvement of corn-ethanol co-product and soybean hull by fungal fermentation: Fiber degradation and digestibility improvement. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Biorefinery of exhausted olive pomace through the production of polygalacturonases and omega-3 fatty acids by Crypthecodinium cohnii. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Chemical composition and porcine in vitro disappearance of heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Islam SM, Ju LK. Enzymatic soybean flour processing: Modeling for insights into optimal carbohydrases composition and carbohydrate monomerization from complex biomass. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Corrêa CL, Midorikawa GEO, Filho EXF, Noronha EF, Alves GSC, Togawa RC, Silva-Junior OB, Costa MMDC, Grynberg P, Miller RNG. Transcriptome Profiling-Based Analysis of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes in Aspergillus terreus Involved in Plant Biomass Degradation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:564527. [PMID: 33123513 PMCID: PMC7573219 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.564527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the global abundance of plant biomass residues, potential exists in biorefinery-based applications with lignocellulolytic fungi. Frequently isolated from agricultural cellulosic materials, Aspergillus terreus is a fungus efficient in secretion of commercial enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases and phytases. In the context of biomass saccharification, lignocellulolytic enzyme secretion was analyzed in a strain of A. terreus following liquid culture with sugarcane bagasse (SB) (1% w/v) and soybean hulls (SH) (1% w/v) as sole carbon source, in comparison to glucose (G) (1% w/v). Analysis of the fungal secretome revealed a maximum of 1.017 UI.mL–1 xylanases after growth in minimal medium with SB, and 1.019 UI.mL–1 after incubation with SH as carbon source. The fungal transcriptome was characterized on SB and SH, with gene expression examined in comparison to equivalent growth on G as carbon source. Over 8000 genes were identified, including numerous encoding enzymes and transcription factors involved in the degradation of the plant cell wall, with significant expression modulation according to carbon source. Eighty-nine carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme)-encoding genes were identified following growth on SB, of which 77 were differentially expressed. These comprised 78% glycoside hydrolases, 8% carbohydrate esterases, 2.5% polysaccharide lyases, and 11.5% auxiliary activities. Analysis of the glycoside hydrolase family revealed significant up-regulation for genes encoding 25 different GH family proteins, with predominance for families GH3, 5, 7, 10, and 43. For SH, from a total of 91 CAZyme-encoding genes, 83 were also significantly up-regulated in comparison to G. These comprised 80% glycoside hydrolases, 7% carbohydrate esterases, 5% polysaccharide lyases, 7% auxiliary activities (AA), and 1% glycosyltransferases. Similarly, within the glycoside hydrolases, significant up-regulation was observed for genes encoding 26 different GH family proteins, with predominance again for families GH3, 5, 10, 31, and 43. A. terreus is a promising species for production of enzymes involved in the degradation of plant biomass. Given that this fungus is also able to produce thermophilic enzymes, this first global analysis of the transcriptome following cultivation on lignocellulosic carbon sources offers considerable potential for the application of candidate genes in biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Corrêa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Glaucia E O Midorikawa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane Ferreira Noronha
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S C Alves
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica - PqEB, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Priscila Grynberg
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica - PqEB, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Robert N G Miller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
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14
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Islam SMM, Loman AA, Li Q, Ju L. Enzyme Processing of Soy Flour with Minimized Protein Loss. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Abdullah A. Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Lu‐Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
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15
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Li Q, Ray CS, Callow NV, Loman AA, Islam SMM, Ju LK. Aspergillus niger production of pectinase and α-galactosidase for enzymatic soy processing. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 134:109476. [PMID: 32044023 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is a most promising sustainable protein source for feed and food to help meet the protein demand of the rapidly rising global population. To enrich soy protein, the environment-friendly enzymatic processing requires multiple carbohydrases including cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, α-galactosidase and sucrase. Besides enriched protein, the processing adds value by generating monosaccharides that are ready feedstock for biofuel/bioproducts. Aspergillus could produce the required carbohydrases, but with deficient pectinase and α-galactosidase. Here we address this critical technological gap by focused evaluation of the suboptimal productivity of pectinase and α-galactosidase. A carbohydrases-productive strain A. niger (NRRL 322) was used with soybean hull as inducing substrate. Temperatures at 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C were found to affect cell growth on sucrose with an Arrhenius-law activation energy of 28.7 kcal/mol. The 30 °C promoted the fastest cell growth (doubling time = 2.1 h) and earliest enzyme production, but it gave lower final enzyme yield due to earlier carbon-source exhaustion. The 25 °C gave the highest enzyme yield. pH conditions also strongly affected enzyme production. Fermentations made with initial pH of 6 or 7 were most productive, e.g., giving 1.9- to 2.3-fold higher pectinase and 2.2- to 2.3-fold higher α-galactosidase after 72 h, compared to the fermentation with a constant pH 4. Further, pH must be kept above 2.6 to avoid limitation in pectinase production and, in the later substrate-limiting stage, kept below 5.5 to avoid pectinase degradation. α-Galactosidase production always followed the pectinase production with a 16-24 h lag; presumably, the former relied on pectin hydrolysis for inducers generation. Optimal enzyme production requires controlling the transient availability of inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Christopher S Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Nicholas V Callow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Abdullah A Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - S M M Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States.
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16
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Soybean Hull Insoluble Polysaccharides: Improvements of Its Physicochemical Properties Through High Pressure Homogenization. FOOD BIOPHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-019-09613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Bajaj P, Mahajan R. Cellulase and xylanase synergism in industrial biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8711-8724. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Handa CL, de Lima FS, Guelfi MFG, Fernandes MDS, Georgetti SR, Ida EI. Parameters of the fermentation of soybean flour by Monascus purpureus or Aspergillus oryzae on the production of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2019; 271:274-283. [PMID: 30236677 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects the solid-state fermentation parameters of defatted soybean flour (DSF) by Monascus purpureus or Aspergillus oryzae on the bioactive compounds. Central composite rotatable design, multi-response optimization, and Pearson's correlation were used. The fermentation parameters as initial pH (X1), DSF-to-water ratio (X2), and incubation temperature (X3) were taken as independent variables. The function responses were isoflavone content, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity. All fermentation parameters affected the isoflavone content when fermented by Monascus purpureus, whereas the TPC or antioxidant activities remained almost unchanged. For the fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae, all the function responses were influenced by X2 and X3 and were independent of the X1. Estimated optimum conditions were found as x1 = 6.0, x2 = 1:1, and x3 = 30 °C for both fungi. Achieving suitable fermentation parameters is essential to increase bioactive compounds in the DSF that makes it promising for food industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Ladeira Handa
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernando Sanches de Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcela Fernanda Geton Guelfi
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Meg da Silva Fernandes
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Elza Iouko Ida
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Li Q, Loman AA, Callow NV, Islam SM, Ju LK. Leveraging pH profiles to direct enzyme production (cellulase, xylanase, polygalacturonase, pectinase, α-galactosidase, and invertase) by Aspergillus foetidus. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Mäkelä M, DiFalco M, McDonnell E, Nguyen T, Wiebenga A, Hildén K, Peng M, Grigoriev I, Tsang A, de Vries R. Genomic and exoproteomic diversity in plant biomass degradation approaches among Aspergilli. Stud Mycol 2018; 91:79-99. [PMID: 30487660 PMCID: PMC6249967 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We classified the genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in 17 sequenced genomes representing 16 evolutionarily diverse Aspergillus species. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the encoding enzymes, along with experimentally characterized CAZymes, to assign molecular function to the Aspergilli CAZyme families and subfamilies. Genome content analysis revealed that the numbers of CAZy genes per CAZy family related to plant biomass degradation follow closely the taxonomic distance between the species. On the other hand, growth analysis showed almost no correlation between the number of CAZyme genes and the efficiency in polysaccharide utilization. The exception is A. clavatus where a reduced number of pectinolytic enzymes can be correlated with poor growth on pectin. To gain detailed information on the enzymes used by Aspergilli to breakdown complex biomass, we conducted exoproteome analysis by mass spectrometry. These results showed that Aspergilli produce many different enzymes mixtures in the presence of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. Despite the diverse enzyme mixtures produced, species of section Nigri, A. aculeatus, A. nidulans and A. terreus, produce mixtures of enzymes with activities that are capable of digesting all the major polysaccharides in the available substrates, suggesting that they are capable of degrading all the polysaccharides present simultaneously. For the other Aspergilli, typically the enzymes produced are targeted to a subset of polysaccharides present, suggesting that they can digest only a subset of polysaccharides at a given time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. DiFalco
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - E. McDonnell
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - T.T.M. Nguyen
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - A. Wiebenga
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K. Hildén
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Peng
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - I.V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94598, USA
| | - A. Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - R.P. de Vries
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Islam SMM, Loman AA, Ju LK. High monomeric sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean meal and effects of mild heat pretreatments with chelators. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 256:438-445. [PMID: 29477082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Defatted soybean meal has 30-35% oligo-/polymeric carbohydrates and approximately 50% proteins. Enzymatic carbohydrate monomerization enables easy separation to enrich protein content, reduces indigestibility concerns, and facilitates use of carbohydrate as fermentation feedstock. Among soybean carbohydrates, pectin and glucan are more recalcitrant to hydrolyze. To destabilize Ca2+-bridged junctures in pectin, effects of 3 chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) and citric acid under 2-h 90 °C pretreatments were investigated here. Citric acid was the most effective while EDTA decreased enzymatic hydrolysis. In a 3-factor 2-level factorial study, heat (90 °C, 2 h) and citric acid (10 g/L) pretreatments and cellulase supplementation (10 FPU/g) were found to increase yields of all monosaccharides, to 86.8 ± 5.2% glucose, 98.1 ± 1.6% xylose, 87.5 ± 5.2% galactose, 83.6 ± 1.6% arabinose, and 91.4 ± 3.1% fructose + mannose. The largest percentage improvements were for arabinose (382%), mannose (113%) and glucose (51%). Achieving high monosaccharide yields greatly increases value of soybean carbohydrate as fermentation feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Abdullah A Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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22
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Single-step enzyme processing of soybeans into intact oil bodies, protein bodies and hydrolyzed carbohydrates. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Loman AA, Islam SMM, Ju LK. Production of arabitol from enzymatic hydrolysate of soybean flour by Debaryomyces hansenii fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:641-653. [PMID: 29150708 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arabitol is a low-calorie sugar alcohol with anti-cariogenic properties. Enzymatic hydrolysate of soybean flour is a new renewable biorefinery feedstock containing hexose, pentose, and organic nitrogen sources. Arabitol production by Debaryomyces hansenii using soybean flour hydrolysate was investigated. Effects of medium composition, operating conditions, and culture stage (growing or stationary phase) were studied. Production was also compared at different culture volumes to understand the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO). Main factors examined for medium composition effects were the carbon to nitrogen concentration ratio (C/N), inorganic (ammonium) to organic nitrogen ratio (I/O-N), and sugar composition. Arabitol yield increased with increasing C/N ratio and a high I/O-N (0.8-1.0), suggesting higher yield at stationary phase of low pH (3.5-4.5). Catabolite repression was observed, with the following order of consumption: glucose > fructose > galactose > xylose > arabinose. Arabitol production also favored hexoses and, among hexoses, glucose. DO condition was of critical importance to arabitol production and cell metabolism. The yeast consumed pentoses (xylose and arabinose) only at more favorable DO conditions. Finally, arabitol was produced in fermentors using mixed hydrolysates of soy flour and hulls. The process gave an arabitol yield of 54%, volumetric productivity of 0.90 g/L-h, and specific productivity of 0.031 g/g-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - S M M Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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Islam SMM, Li Q, Loman AA, Ju LK. CO 2-H 2O based pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis of soybean hulls. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:18-27. [PMID: 28859806 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The high carbohydrate content of soybean hull makes it an attractive biorefinery resource. But hydrolyzing its complex structure requires concerted enzyme activities, at least cellulase, xylanase, pectinase and α-galactosidase. Effective pretreatment that generates minimal inhibitory products is important to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis. Combined CO2-H2O pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei enzyme broths was studied here. The pretreatment was evaluated at 80°C-180°C temperature and 750psi-1800psi pressure, with fixed moisture content (66.7%) and pretreatment time (30min). Ground hulls without and with different pretreatments were hydrolyzed by enzyme at 50°C and pH 4.8 and compared for glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose and total reducing sugar release. CO2-H2O pretreatment at 1250psi and 130°C was found to be optimal. Compared to the unpretreated hulls hydrolyzed with 2.5-fold more enzyme, this pretreatment improved glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and mannose releases by 55%, 35%, 105%, 683% and 52%, respectively. Conversions of 97% for glucose, 98% for xylose, 41% for galactose, 59% for arabinose, 87% for mannose and 89% for total reducing sugar were achieved with Spezyme CP at 18FPU/g hull. Monomerization of all carbohydrate types was demonstrated. At the optimum pretreatment condition, generation of inhibitors acetic acid, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was negligible, 1.5mg/g hull in total. The results confirmed the effective CO2-H2O pretreatment of soybean hulls at much lower pressure and temperature than those reported for biomass of higher lignin contents. The lower pressure requirement reduces the reactor cost and makes this new pretreatment method more practical and economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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25
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Al Loman A, Ju LK. Enzyme-based processing of soybean carbohydrate: Recent developments and future prospects. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:35-47. [PMID: 28859808 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is well known for its high-value oil and protein. Carbohydrate is, however, an underutilized major component, representing almost 26-30% (w/w) of the dried bean. The complex soybean carbohydrate is not easily hydrolyzable and can cause indigestibility when included in food and feed. Enzymes can be used to hydrolyze the carbohydrate for improving soybean processing and value of soybean products. Here the enzyme-based processing developed for the following purposes is reviewed: hydrolysis of different carbohydrate-rich by/products from soybean processing, improvement of soybean oil extraction, and increase of nutritional value of soybean-based food and animal feed. Once hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars, soybean carbohydrate can find more value-added applications and further improve the overall economics of soybean processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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26
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Loman AA, Islam SMM, Li Q, Ju LK. Enzyme recycle and fed-batch addition for high-productivity soybean flour processing to produce enriched soy protein and concentrated hydrolysate of fermentable sugars. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:252-261. [PMID: 28575788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite having high protein and carbohydrate, soybean flour utilization is limited to partial replacement of animal feed to date. Enzymatic process can be exploited to increase its value by enriching protein content and separating carbohydrate for utilization as fermentation feedstock. Enzyme hydrolysis with fed-batch and recycle designs were evaluated here for achieving this goal with high productivities. Fed-batch process improved carbohydrate conversion, particularly at high substrate loadings of 250-375g/L. In recycle process, hydrolysate retained a significant portion of the limiting enzyme α-galactosidase to accelerate carbohydrate monomerization rate. At single-pass retention time of 6h and recycle rate of 62.5%, reducing sugar concentration reached up to 120g/L using 4ml/g enzyme. When compared with batch and fed-batch processes, the recycle process increased the volumetric productivity of reducing sugar by 36% (vs. fed-batch) to 57% (vs. batch) and that of protein product by 280% (vs. fed-batch) to 300% (vs. batch).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - S M Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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