Synthesis of taurine-Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflower and their peroxidase-mimic and antimicrobial properties

Green nanobiocatalysts: enhancing enzyme immobilization for industrial and biomedical applications

Nanobiocatalysts (NBCs), which merge enzymes with nanomaterials, provide a potent method for improving enzyme durability, efficiency, and recyclability. This review highlights the use of eco-friendly synthesis methods to create sustainable nanomaterials for enzyme transport. We investigate different methods of immobilization, such as adsorption, ionic and covalent bonding, entrapment, and cross-linking, examining their pros and cons. The decreased environmental impact of green-synthesized nanomaterials from plants, bacteria, and fungi is emphasized. The review exhibits the various uses of NBCs in food industry, biofuel production, and bioremediation, showing how they can enhance effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Furthermore, we explore the potential impact of NBCs in biomedicine. In general, green nanobiocatalysts are a notable progression in enzyme technology, leading to environmentally-friendly and effective biocatalytic methods that have important impacts on industrial and biomedical fields.

Rational design of EDTA-incorporated nanoflowers as novel and effective endodontic disinfection against biofilms

The ethylenediaminetetradiacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most commonly used irrigation solutions. Although EDTA has a very low antimicrobial property, it is used to remove inorganic part of smear layer in areas of root canal system. Herein, we developed EDTA-incorporated nanoflowers (EDTA NFs), for the first time, as novel and effective irrigation solution with quite high antimicrobial property to provide complete disinfection in root canal system. We both systematically elucidated the formation of the EDTA NFs with various techniques, and their catalytic and antimicrobial activities in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were documented through intrinsic EDTA property and peroxidase-like activities.

Ficin-copper hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of biothiols

The proteolytic enzyme ficin exhibits peroxidase-like activity but it is low and insufficient for real applications. Herein, we developed ficin-copper hybrid nanoflowers and demonstrated that they have significantly enhanced peroxidase-like activity of over 6-fold higher than that of free ficin, with one of the lowest Km and highest kcat values among all reported ficin-based peroxidase-like nanozymes. This was most likely caused by the synergistic catalysis of co-existing ficin and crystalline copper phosphate within nanoflower matrices having a large surface area. The nanoflowers were easily prepared by incubating ficin and copper sulfate at ambient temperature, causing coordination interactions between ficin's amine/amide moieties and copper ions, followed by concomitant anisotropic growth of petals composed of copper phosphate crystals with ficin. When compared to free ficin and natural horseradish peroxidase, the resulting nanoflowers' affinity toward H2O2 was greatly increased, yielding Km values of half and one-tenth, respectively, as well as noticeably improved stability. The nanoflowers were then applied to colorimetric determination of biological thiols (biothiols), such as cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and homocysteine (Hcy), based on their inhibition of nanoflowers' peroxidase-like activity, producing reduced color intensities as the concentration of biothiols increased. This strategy achieved highly sensitive colorimetric determinations of Cys, GSH, and Hcy after only 25-min incubation. Additionally, using this technique, biothiols in human serum were successfully determined with excellent precision, suggesting the potential application of this technology in clinical settings, particularly in point-of-care testing environments.

Parazoanthus axinellae Extract Incorporated Hybrid Nanostructure and Its Potential Antimicrobial Activity

This study, it was aimed to examine the change in the antimicrobial effect of sea anemone Parazoanthus axinellae extract by forming its nanoflowers. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were expended to observe the morphologies of the Cu NFs that had been produced. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were expended to analyze the managing assemblies in P. axinellae extract, which perform an effective part in the synthesis routine, as well as the crystal assembly of NFs. P. axinellae extract mediated the HNFs (Hybrid nanoflowers) are at high, pure crystalline nature, flower shape with a crystallographic system at the nanoscale with mean crystallite size 21.9 nm using XRD, and average particle size ~10 nm by SEM. The broad absorption band at 2981-2915 cm-1 in the FT-IR spectra of anemone extract and Cu-anemone NFs represents the unique peak of hydroxy groups. In addition, Cu NFs were tested for their antibacterial properties. Cu NFs have been discovered to exhibit antibacterial properties. It is suggested that P. axinellae extract and various inorganic components be used to synthesize a variety of NFs and assess their suitability for usage in biomedical fields.

Facile Synthesis of Hybrid Nanoflowers Using Glycine and Phenylalanine and Investigation of Their Catalytic Activity

In the context of the proposed work, two different amino acids (Glycine, Phenylalanine) have interacted with copper ions in a phosphate buffer (PBS) in place of enzymes. This interaction resulted in the nucleation of copper phosphate crystals and the formation of flower-shaped amino acid-copper hybrid nanostructures (AA-hNFs), which grew through self-assembly. While Cu (II) ions in the structure of AA-hNFs were used as Fenton's agent for the catalytic activity. SEM, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were used to define the AA-hNFs' characterisation. The peroxidase-like activities of AA-hNFs were investigated by UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Metal nanoparticles have peroxidase-like activity. A class of enzymes known as peroxidases is able to catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals. These radicals also take part in electron transfers with substrates, which results in color during oxidation. When cupric oxide nanoparticles are added to the peroxidase substrate while H2 O2 is present, a blue color product with a maximum absorbance at=652 nm can result, demonstrating the catalytic activity of a peroxidase. The morphology and composition of AA-hNFs were carefully characterized and the synthesized parameters were optimized systematically. Results showed that the nanoparticles were dispersed with an average diameter of 7-9 μm and indicated a uniform flower shape. The results of the investigation are anticipated to significantly advance a number of technical and scientific sectors.

Formation of Umbilicaria decussata (Antarctic and Turkey) Extracts Based Nanoflowers with Their Peroxidase Mimic, Dye Degradation and Antimicrobial Properties

This work describes a unique and environmentally friendly approach for creating three-dimensional (3D) organic-inorganic flower shaped hybrid nanostructures called "nanoflower (NF)" by using Umbilicaria decussate (U. decussate) extract and copper ions (Cu2+ ). U. decussate species were collected from certain place in Antarctic and Turkey and extraction of each species were completed in methanol and water. The U. decussate extracts were used as organic components and Cu2+ acted as inorganic components for formation of U. decussate extracts based hybrid NFs. We rationally used these NFs as novel nanobiocatalyst and antimicrobial agents. These NFs exhibited peroxidase mimic, dye degradation and antimicrobial properties. The NFs were characterized with various techniques. For instance, the morphologies of the NFs were monitored by scanning electron microscope (SEM), presence of elements in the NFs were presented using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to elucidate corresponding bending and stretching of bonds in the NFs. The NFs acted as effective Fenton agents in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and we demonstrated their peroxidase-like activity against guaiacol, dye degradation property towards malachite green and antimicrobial activity for Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus.

Nanozymes and nanoflower: Physiochemical properties, mechanism and biomedical applications

Natural enzymes possess several drawbacks which limits their application in industries, wastewater remediation and biomedical field. Therefore, in recent years researchers have developed enzyme mimicking nanomaterials and enzymatic hybrid nanoflower which are alternatives of enzyme. Nanozymes and organic inorganic hybrid nanoflower have been developed which mimics natural enzymes functionalities such as diverse enzyme mimicking activities, enhanced catalytic activities, low cost, ease of preparation, stability and biocompatibility. Nanozymes include metal and metal oxide nanoparticles mimicking oxidases, peroxidases, superoxide dismutase and catalases while enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomolecules were used for preparing hybrid nanoflower. In this review nanozymes and hybrid nanoflower have been compared in terms of physiochemical properties, common synthetic routes, mechanism of action, modification, green synthesis and application in the field of disease diagnosis, imaging, environmental remediation and disease treatment. We also address the current challenges facing nanozyme and hybrid nanoflower research and the possible way to fulfil their potential in future.