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Nakanishi K, Lugo-Fuentes LI, Manabe J, Guo R, Kikkawa S, Yamazoe S, Komaguchi K, Kume S, Szczepanik DW, Solà M, Jimenez-Halla JOC, Nishihara S, Kubo K, Nakamoto M, Yamamoto Y, Mizuta T, Shang R. Redox Activity of Ir III Complexes with Multidentate Ligands Based on Dipyrido-Annulated N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Access to High Valent and High Spin State with Carbon Donors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302303. [PMID: 37553318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to access high-valent iridium complexes usually require use of π donating ligands bearing electronegative atoms (e. g. amide or oxide) or σ donating electropositive atoms (e. g. boryl or hydride). Besides the η5 -(methyl)cyclopentadienyl derivatives, high-valent η1 carbon-ligated iridium complexes are challenging to synthesize. To meet this challenge, this work reports the oxidation behavior of an all-carbon-ligated anionic bis(CCC-pincer) IrIII complex. Being both σ and π donating, the diaryl dipyrido-annulated N-heterocyclic carbene (dpa-NHC) IrIII complex allowed a stepwise 4e- oxidation sequence. The first 2e- oxidation led to an oxidative coupling of two adjacent aryl groups, resulting in formation of a cationic chiral IrIII complex bearing a CCCC-tetradentate ligand. A further 2e- oxidation allowed isolation of a high-valent tricationic complex with a triplet ground state. These results close a synthetic gap for carbon-ligated iridium complexes and demonstrate the electronic tuning potential of organic π ligands for unusual electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Leonardo I Lugo-Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Gto, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jun Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ronghao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Soichi Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kenji Komaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Shoko Kume
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Oscar C Jimenez-Halla
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Gto, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Sadafumi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mizuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Rong Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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2
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Iemhoff A, Vennewald M, Palkovits R. Single-Atom Catalysts on Covalent Triazine Frameworks: at the Crossroad between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212015. [PMID: 36108176 PMCID: PMC10108136 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous single-site and single-atom catalysts potentially enable combining the high catalytic activity and selectivity of molecular catalysts with the easy continuous operation and recycling of solid catalysts. In recent years, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) found increasing attention as support materials for particulate and isolated metal species. Bearing a high fraction of nitrogen sites, they allow coordinating molecular metal species and stabilizing particulate metal species, respectively. Dependent on synthesis method and pretreatment of CTFs, materials resembling well-defined highly crosslinked polymers or materials comparable to structurally ill-defined nitrogen-containing carbons result. Accordingly, CTFs serve as model systems elucidating the interaction of single-site, single-atom and particulate metal species with such supports. Factors influencing the transition between molecular and particulate systems are discussed to allow deriving tailored catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Iemhoff
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maurice Vennewald
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Palkovits
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Rational design of Cu(I)-anchored porous covalent triazine framework (CTF) for simultaneous capture and conversion of CO2 at ambient conditions. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Modern Methods for the Synthesis of Cyano-Substituted Bipyridine Derivatives (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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5
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Chen H, Suo X, Yang Z, Dai S. Graphitic Aza-Fused π-Conjugated Networks: Construction, Engineering, and Task-Specific Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107947. [PMID: 34739143 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2D π-conjugated networks linked by aza-fused units represent a pivotal category of graphitic materials with stacked nanosheet architectures. Extensive efforts have been directed at their fabrication and application since the discovery of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs). Besides the triazine cores, tricycloquinazoline and hexaazatriphenylene linkages are further introduced to tailor the structures and properties. Diverse related materials have been developed rapidly, and a thorough outlook is necessitated to unveil the structure-property-application relationships across multiple subcategories, which is pivotal to guide the design and fabrication toward enhanced task-specific performance. Herein, the structure types and development of related materials including CTFs, covalent quinazoline networks, and hexaazatriphenylene networks, are introduced. Advanced synthetic strategies coupled with characterization techniques provide powerful tools to engineer the properties and tune the associated behaviors in corresponding applications. Case studies in the areas of gas adsorption, membrane-based separation, thermo-/electro-/photocatalysis, and energy storage are then addressed, focusing on the correlation between structure/property engineering and optimization of the corresponding performance, particularly the preferred features and strategies in each specific field. In the last section, the underlying challenges and opportunities in construction and application of this emerging and promising material category are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xian Suo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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6
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Xu J, Zhu C, Song S, Fang Q, Zhao J, Shen Y. A nanocubicle-like 3D adsorbent fabricated by in situ growth of 2D heterostructures for removal of aromatic contaminants in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127004. [PMID: 34482074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Focusing on the emergence of organic pollutants in aqueous environments, attempts to assemble two-dimensional (2D) materials into three-dimensional (3D) structures are expected to improve their pollution control performance. However, most 3D heterostructural nanomaterials are constructed by mechanical mixing methods, which result in structures that are randomly arranged and prone to collapse. Two typical 2D carbon materials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), have exhibited excellent effects in the fields of contaminant adsorption and photocatalysis, respectively. However, their regular packing structure could not provide an interconnected pore network suitable for the diffusion or adsorption of pollutants. In this study, a series of heterostructures named rGCs were fabricated by direct growth of 2D CTFs with different ratios on the surface of rGO layers. The rGCs were designed to remove trace concentrations of naphthalene (NAP) and benzophenone (BP) from water, which can be regenerated under sunlight. rGC-20, in which nanocubicle-like 3D heterostructures were successfully constructed, not only adsorbed NAP and BP with superb normalized adsorption capacities (5000-5300 μmol/g) but also could be regenerated with an exceptional percentage recovery of 90-95% in the 4th cycle. The microenvironment created in nanocubicle-like 3D heterostructures enhances the adsorption of pollutants, the excitation of electrons and utilization of radicals, which further promotes the adsorption and photocatalysis of rGCs. This work provides a promising adsorbent with outstanding adsorption-regeneration ability for aromatic contaminant removal from water. DATA AVAILABILITY: The main data that support the findings of this study are available from the article and its Supplementary Information. Extra data are available from the corresponding author on request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qile Fang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Jingkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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7
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Daliran S, Oveisi AR, Peng Y, López-Magano A, Khajeh M, Mas-Ballesté R, Alemán J, Luque R, Garcia H. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-, covalent-organic framework (COF)-, and porous-organic polymers (POP)-catalyzed selective C–H bond activation and functionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7810-7882. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes the state-of-the-art of C–H active transformations over crystalline and amorphous porous materials as new emerging heterogeneous (photo)catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Daliran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, 98615-538 Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Oveisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, 98615-538 Zabol, Iran
| | - Yong Peng
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Magano
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Módulo 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mostafa Khajeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, 98615-538 Zabol, Iran
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Módulo 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Luque
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, EdificioMarie Curie (C-3), CtraNnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
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8
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Zhou T, Huang X, Ding N, Lin Z, Yao Y, Guo J. Porous polyelectrolyte frameworks: synthesis, post-ionization and advanced applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:237-267. [PMID: 34877581 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00889g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs), which feature high surface areas, robust skeletons, tunable pores, adjustable functionality and versatile applicability, have constituted a designable platform to develop advanced organic materials. Endowing polyelectrolytes with the distinct characteristics of POPs will attract mounting interest as the structural diversity of polyelectrolytes will bring the new hope of intriguing applications and potential benefits. In this review, the striking progress in ionized POPs (i-POPs) has been systematically summarized with regard to their synthetic strategies and applications. In the synthesis of i-POPs, we illustrate the representative ionic building blocks and charged functional groups capable of constructing the polyelectrolyte frameworks. The synthetic methods, including direct synthesis and post-modification, are detailed for the i-POPs with amorphous or crystalline structures, respectively. Subsequently, we outline the distinctive performances of i-POPs in adsorption, separation, catalysis, sensing, ion conduction and biomedical applications. The survey concerns the interplay between the surface chemistry, ionic interaction and pore confinement that cooperatively promote the performance of i-POPs. Finally, we conclude with the remaining challenges and promising opportunities for the on-going development of i-POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xingye Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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9
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Motokura K, Ding S, Usui K, Kong Y. Enhanced Catalysis Based on the Surface Environment of the Silica-Supported Metal Complex. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Siming Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kei Usui
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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10
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Stevens CV, Everaert J, Debruyne M, Vanden Bussche F, Van Hecke K, Heugebaert TSA, Van Der Voort P, Van Speybroeck V. Synthesis of Nitrile-Functionalized Polydentate N-Heterocycles as Building Blocks for Covalent Triazine Frameworks. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1626-5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCovalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) based on polydentate ligands are highly promising supports to anchor catalytic metal complexes. The modular nature of CTFs allows to tailor the composition, structure, and function to its specific application. Access to a broad range of chelating building blocks is therefore essential. In this respect, we extended the current available set of CTF building blocks with new nitrile-functionalized N-heterocyclic ligands. This paper presents the synthesis of the six ligands which vary in the extent of the aromatic system and the denticity. The new building blocks may help in a rational design of enhanced support materials in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian V. Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University
| | - Jonas Everaert
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University
| | - Maarten Debruyne
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University
| | - Flore Vanden Bussche
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University
| | | | - Thomas S. A. Heugebaert
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University
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11
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Feng X, Ren Y, Jiang H. Metal-bipyridine/phenanthroline-functionalized porous crystalline materials: Synthesis and catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Motokura K, Maeda K. Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Ir Complex Catalysts for Aromatic C–H Borylation. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1478-6118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAromatic C–H borylation catalyzed by an Ir complex is among the most powerful methods for activating inert bonds. The products, i.e., arylboronic acids and their esters, are usable chemicals for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, and significant effort has been directed toward the development of homogeneous catalysis chemistry. In this short review, we present a recent overview of current heterogeneous Ir-complex catalyst developments for aromatic C–H borylation. Not only have Ir complexes been immobilized on support surfaces with phosphine and bipyridine ligands, but Ir complexes incorporated within solid materials have also been developed as highly active and reusable heterogeneous Ir catalysts. Their catalytic activities and stabilities strongly depend on their surface structures, including linker length and ligand structure.1 Introduction and Homogeneous Ir Catalysis2 Heterogeneous Ir Complex Catalysts for C–H Borylation Reactions3 Other Heterogeneous Metal Complex Catalysts for C–H Borylation Reactions4 Summary and Outlook
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yokohama National University
| | - Kyogo Maeda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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13
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Wang J, Torigoe T, Kuninobu Y. Urea-accelerated Iridium-catalyzed 2-Position-selective C–H Borylation of Indole Derivatives. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takeru Torigoe
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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14
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Maeda K, Uemura Y, Chun WJ, Satter SS, Nakajima K, Manaka Y, Motokura K. Controllable Factors of Supported Ir Complex Catalysis for Aromatic C–H Borylation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyogo Maeda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yohei Uemura
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, PSI, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Wang-Jae Chun
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Shazia Sharmin Satter
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakajima
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuichi Manaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
- Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0298, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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15
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De Bruecker L, Everaert J, Van Der Voort P, Stevens CV, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V. Structural and Photophysical Properties of Various Polypyridyl Ligands: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2489-2505. [PMID: 32914533 PMCID: PMC7756581 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) with polypyridyl ligands are very promising supports to anchor photocatalytic complexes. Herein, we investigate the photophysical properties of a series of ligands which vary by the extent of the aromatic system, the nitrogen content and their topologies to aid in selecting interesting building blocks for CTFs. Interestingly, some linkers have a rotational degree of freedom, allowing both a trans and cis structure, where only the latter allows anchoring. Therefore, the influence of the dihedral angle on the UV-Vis spectrum is studied. The photophysical properties are investigated by a combined computational and experimental study. Theoretically, both static and molecular dynamics simulations are performed to deduce ground- and excited state properties based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. The position of the main absorption peak shifts towards higher wavelengths for an increased size of the π-system and a higher π-electron deficiency. We found that the position of the main absorption peak among the different ligands studied in this work can amount to 271 nm; which has a significant impact on the photophysical properties of the ligands. This broad range of shifts allows modulation of the electronic structure by varying the ligands and may help in a rational design of efficient photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth De Bruecker
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM)Ghent UniversityTechnologiepark 469052ZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Jonas Everaert
- Research Group SynBioCDepartment of Green Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure Links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered MaterialsOrganometallics and Catalysis (COMOC)Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 (S3)9000GentBelgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Research Group SynBioCDepartment of Green Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure Links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM)Ghent UniversityTechnologiepark 469052ZwijnaardeBelgium
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16
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Jena HS, Krishnaraj C, Parwaiz S, Lecoeuvre F, Schmidt J, Pradhan D, Van Der Voort P. Illustrating the Role of Quaternary-N of BINOL Covalent Triazine-Based Frameworks in Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44689-44699. [PMID: 32897044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defective nitrogen-doped carbon materials have shown a promising application as metal-free electrocatalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, there are still some challenges in the tuning of metal-free electrocatalysts and in understanding the roles of various nitrogen species in their electrocatalytic performance. Herein, we design a covalent triazine framework (CTF)-based material as an effective metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst. We chose BINOL-CN (2,2'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-6,6'-dicarbonitrile) as both a carbon and a nitrogen source for the fabrication of N-containing CTF-based materials. Four BINOL-CTFs with varying N-functionalities (pyridinic-N/triazine-N, pyrrolic-N, quaternary-N, and pyridine-N-oxide) were successfully obtained. These materials were evaluated in the ORR and the HER in basic and acidic conditions, respectively. The best material has an onset potential of 0.793 V and a half-wave potential of 0.737 V, and it follows first-order kinetics in a 4e- pathway in the ORR reaction. The same material shows an impressive HER activity with an overpotential of 0.31 V to achieve 10 mA/cm2 and a small Tafel slope of 41 mV/dec, which is comparable to 31 mV/dec for Pt/C, making it a potential bifunctional electrocatalyst. We showed that the ORR and HER reactivity of CTF-based materials depends exclusively on the amount of quaternary-N species and on the available surface area and pore volume. This work highlights the engineering of CTF materials with varying amounts of N species as high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chidharth Krishnaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shaikh Parwaiz
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Florence Lecoeuvre
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie - Funktionsmaterialien, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Debabrata Pradhan
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Syed ZH, Chen Z, Idrees KB, Goetjen TA, Wegener EC, Zhang X, Chapman KW, Kaphan DM, Delferro M, Farha OK. Mechanistic Insights into C–H Borylation of Arenes with Organoiridium Catalysts Embedded in a Microporous Metal–Organic Framework. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11764, United States
| | - Karam B. Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy A. Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Evan C. Wegener
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karena W. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11764, United States
| | - David M. Kaphan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Liu M, Wang X, Liu J, Wang K, Jin S, Tan B. Palladium as a Superior Cocatalyst to Platinum for Hydrogen Evolution Using Covalent Triazine Frameworks as a Support. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12774-12782. [PMID: 32077274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Abundant pyridinic nitrogen in the triazine units of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) is very useful in various heterogeneous catalysis reactions. Herein, a tunable CTF platform with the same porous structure was designed and synthesized to study the interaction between palladium/platinum (Pd/Pt) and pyridinic nitrogen of CTFs. The smaller Pd nanoparticles were formed because of the stronger interaction between Pd and pyridinic nitrogen atoms of CTFs, which is more beneficial for the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the stronger interaction between the Pd nanoparticles and CTFs is also beneficial for photoelectron transfer. Under the same conditions, the hydrogen evolution rate of 1 wt % Pd@CTF-HC6 is up to 11 times more than that of 1 wt % Pt@CTF-HC6. The hydrogen evolution rate of 1 wt % Pd@CTF-N approaches 10 556 μmol h-1 g-1 and is about 5 times more than that of 1 wt % Pt@CTF-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Shangbin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bien Tan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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19
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Jena HS, Krishnaraj C, Schmidt J, Leus K, Van Hecke K, Van Der Voort P. Effect of Building Block Transformation in Covalent Triazine-Based Frameworks for Enhanced CO 2 Uptake and Metal-Free Heterogeneous Catalysis. Chemistry 2019; 26:1548-1557. [PMID: 31603596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) have provided a unique platform in functional material design for a wide range of applications. This work reports a series of new CTFs with two new heteroaromatic building blocks (pyrazole and isoxazole groups) through a building-block transformation approach aiming for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and metal-free catalysis. The CTFs were synthesized from their respective building blocks [(4,4'-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzonitrile (pyz) and 4,4'-(isoxazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzonitrile (isox))] under ionothermal conditions using ZnCl2 . Both of the building blocks were designed by an organic transformation of an acetylacetone containing dinitrile linker to pyrazole and isoxazole groups, respectively. Due to this organic transformation, (i) linker aromatization, (ii) higher surface areas and nitrogen contents, (iii) higher aromaticity, and (iv) higher surface basicity was achieved. Due to these enhanced properties, CTFs were explored for CO2 uptake and metal-free heterogeneous catalysis. Among all, the isox-CTF, synthesized at 400 °C, showed the highest CO2 uptake (4.92 mmol g-1 at 273 K and 2.98 mmol g-1 at 298 K at 1 bar). Remarkably, these CTFs showed excellent metal-free catalytic activity for the aerobic oxidation of benzylamine at mild reaction conditions. On studying the properties of the CTFs, it was observed that organic transformations and ligand aromatization of the materials are crucial factor to tune the important parameters that influence the CO2 uptake and the catalytic activity. Overall, this work highlights the substantial effect of designing new CTF materials by building-block organic transformations resulting in better properties for CCS applications and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chidharth Krishnaraj
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie-Funktionsmaterialien, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Leus
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3 B), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Yadav D, Awasthi SK. An unsymmetrical covalent organic polymer for catalytic amide synthesis. Dalton Trans 2019; 49:179-186. [PMID: 31799570 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03931g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the first report on the Covalent Organic Polymer (COP) directed non-classical synthesis of an amide bond. An economical route has been chosen for the synthesis of APC-COP using p-aminophenol and cyanuric chloride. APC-COP acts as a smart, valuable and sustainable catalyst for efficient access to the amide bond under mild conditions at room temperature in 30 min. APC-COP exhibits selectivity towards carboxylic acids over esters. The key features of this protocol involve the variety of parameters, viz. wider substrate scope, no use of additive and recyclability, which makes this approach highly desirable in gramscale synthesis. Moreover, we have shown the practical utility of the present method in the catalytic synthesis of paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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21
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Čubiňák M, Edlová T, Polák P, Tobrman T. Indolylboronic Acids: Preparation and Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E3523. [PMID: 31569441 PMCID: PMC6803883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives are associated with a variety of both biological activities and applications in the field of material chemistry. A number of different strategies for synthesizing substituted indoles by means of the reactions of indolylboronic acids with electrophilic compounds are considered the methods of choice for modifying indoles because indolylboronic acids are easily available, stable, non-toxic and new reactions using indolylboronic acids have been described in the literature. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the methods available for the preparation of indolylboronic acids as well as their chemical transformations. The review covers the period 2010-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Čubiňák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Edlová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Polák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Tobrman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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22
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Corral‐Pérez JJ, Billings A, Stoian D, Urakawa A. Continuous Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid and Methyl Formate by a Molecular Iridium Complex Stably Heterogenized on a Covalent Triazine Framework. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Corral‐Pérez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Amelia Billings
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Dragos Stoian
- The Swiss Norwegian Beamlines (SNBL)European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) BP 220 38043 Grenoble France
| | - Atsushi Urakawa
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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23
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Muniz-Miranda F, De Bruecker L, De Vos A, Vanden Bussche F, Stevens CV, Van Der Voort P, Lejaeghere K, Van Speybroeck V. Optical Properties of Isolated and Covalent Organic Framework-Embedded Ruthenium Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6854-6867. [PMID: 31322892 PMCID: PMC6698874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Heterogenization
of RuL3 complexes on a support with
proper anchor points provides a route toward design of green catalysts.
In this paper, Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are investigated with
the aim to unravel the influence on the photocatalytic properties
of varying nitrogen content in the ligands and of embedding the complex
in a triazine-based covalent organic framework. To provide fundamental
insight into the electronic mechanisms underlying this behavior, a
computational study is performed. Both the ground and excited state
properties of isolated and anchored ruthenium complexes are theoretically
investigated by means of density functional theory and time-dependent
density functional theory. Varying the ligands among 2,2′-bipyridine,
2,2′-bipyrimidine, and 2,2′-bipyrazine allows us to
tune to a certain extent the optical gaps and the metal to ligand
charge transfer excitations. Heterogenization of the complex within
a CTF support has a significant effect on the nature and energy of
the electronic transitions. The allowed transitions are significantly
red-shifted toward the near IR region and involve transitions from
states localized on the CTF toward ligands attached to the ruthenium.
The study shows how variations in ligands and anchoring on proper
supports allows us to increase the range of wavelengths that may be
exploited for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Muniz-Miranda
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Liesbeth De Bruecker
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Arthur De Vos
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Flore Vanden Bussche
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653 bl. B , 9000 Gent , Belgium.,Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S3) , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653 bl. B , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S3) , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Kurt Lejaeghere
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
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24
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Tahir N, Krishnaraj C, Leus K, Van Der Voort P. Development of Covalent Triazine Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalytic Supports. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081326. [PMID: 31405000 PMCID: PMC6722925 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are established as an emerging class of porous organic polymers with remarkable features such as large surface area and permanent porosity, high thermal and chemical stability, and convenient functionalization that promotes great potential in heterogeneous catalysis. In this article, we systematically present the structural design of CTFs as a versatile scaffold to develop heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of chemical reactions. We mainly focus on the functionalization of CTFs, including their use for incorporating and stabilization of nanoparticles and immobilization of molecular complexes onto the frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norini Tahir
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chidharth Krishnaraj
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Leus
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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