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Villaca CBP, Mastracci TL. Pancreatic Crosstalk in the Disease Setting: Understanding the Impact of Exocrine Disease on Endocrine Function. Compr Physiol 2024; 14:5371-5387. [PMID: 39109973 PMCID: PMC11425433 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The exocrine and endocrine are functionally distinct compartments of the pancreas that have traditionally been studied as separate entities. However, studies of embryonic development, adult physiology, and disease pathogenesis suggest there may be critical communication between exocrine and endocrine cells. In fact, the incidence of the endocrine disease diabetes secondary to exocrine disease/dysfunction ranges from 25% to 80%, depending on the type and severity of the exocrine pathology. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how exocrine-endocrine "crosstalk" may impact pancreatic function. In this article, we discuss common exocrine diseases, including cystic fibrosis, acute, hereditary, and chronic pancreatitis, and the impact of these exocrine diseases on endocrine function. Additionally, we review how obesity and fatty pancreas influence exocrine function and the impact on cellular communication between the exocrine and endocrine compartments. Interestingly, in all pathologies, there is evidence that signals from the exocrine disease contribute to endocrine dysfunction and the progression to diabetes. Continued research efforts to identify the mechanisms that underlie the crosstalk between various cell types in the pancreas are critical to understanding normal pancreatic physiology as well as disease states. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5371-5387, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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2
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Dagher R, Moldobaeva A, Gubbins E, Clark S, Madel Alfajaro M, Wilen CB, Hawkins F, Qu X, Chien Chiang C, Li Y, Clarke L, Ikeda Y, Brown C, Kolbeck R, Ma Q, Rojas M, Koff JL, Ghaedi M. Human iPSC-Based Model of COPD to Investigate Disease Mechanisms, Predict SARS-COV-2 Outcome, and Test Preventive Immunotherapy. Stem Cells 2024; 42:230-250. [PMID: 38183264 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and dysregulated repair mechanisms after epithelial damage have been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the lack of ex vivo-models that accurately reflect multicellular lung tissue hinders our understanding of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in COPD. Through a combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches applied to a sophisticated in vitro iPSC-alveolosphere with fibroblasts model, epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk was explored in COPD and following SARS-CoV-2 infection. These experiments profiled dynamic changes at single-cell level of the SARS-CoV-2-infected alveolar niche that unveiled the complexity of aberrant inflammatory responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death in COPD, which provides deeper insights into the accentuated tissue damage/inflammation/remodeling observed in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, this 3D system allowed for the evaluation of ACE2-neutralizing antibodies and confirmed the potency of this therapy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in the alveolar niche. Thus, iPSC-alveolosphere cultured with fibroblasts provides a promising model to investigate disease-specific mechanisms and to develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Dagher
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research, and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Aigul Moldobaeva
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research, and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Elise Gubbins
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research, and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sydney Clark
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research, and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Finn Hawkins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaotao Qu
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chia Chien Chiang
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research, and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lori Clarke
- Cell Therapeutics, Antibody Discovery, and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Cell Therapeutics, Antibody Discovery, and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Charles Brown
- CPSS, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan L Koff
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahboobe Ghaedi
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research, and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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3
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Blayac M, Yegen CH, Marj EA, Rodriguez JCM, Cazaunau M, Bergé A, Epaud R, Coll P, Lanone S. Acute exposure to realistic simulated urban atmospheres exacerbates pulmonary phenotype in cystic fibrosis-like mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133340. [PMID: 38147748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a lethal genetic disorder caused by pathogenic mutations of the CFTR gene. CF patients show a high phenotypic variability of unknown origin. In this context, the present study was therefore dedicated to investigating the effects of acute exposure to air pollution on the pulmonary morbidity of a CF-like mice model. To achieve our aim, we developed a multidisciplinary approach and designed an innovative protocol using a simulation chamber reproducing multiphasic chemical processes at the laboratory. A particular attention was paid to modulate the composition of these simulated atmospheres, in terms of concentrations of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Exposure to simulated urban atmospheres induced mucus secretion and increased inflammatory biomarkers levels, oxidative stress as well as expression of lung remodeling actors in both WT and CF-like mice. The latter were more susceptible to develop such a response. Though we could not establish direct mechanistic link between biological responses and specific components, the type of immune response induced depended on the chemical composition of the atmospheres. Overall, we demonstrated that air pollution is an important determinant of CF-like lung phenotypic variability and emphasized the added value of considering air pollution with a multi-pollutant approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Blayac
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | | | - Elie Al Marj
- Université de Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université de Paris, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Antonin Bergé
- Université de Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ralph Epaud
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Centre des Maladies Respiratoires Rares (RespiRare®)- CRCM, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Patrice Coll
- Université de Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lanone
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.
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Jiang AY, Witten J, Raji IO, Eweje F, MacIsaac C, Meng S, Oladimeji FA, Hu Y, Manan RS, Langer R, Anderson DG. Combinatorial development of nebulized mRNA delivery formulations for the lungs. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:364-375. [PMID: 37985700 PMCID: PMC10954414 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled delivery of mRNA has the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases. However, nebulized mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) face several unique challenges including stability during nebulization and penetration through both cellular and extracellular barriers. Here we develop a combinatorial approach addressing these barriers. First, we observe that LNP formulations can be stabilized to resist nebulization-induced aggregation by altering the nebulization buffer to increase the LNP charge during nebulization, and by the addition of a branched polymeric excipient. Next, we synthesize a combinatorial library of ionizable, degradable lipids using reductive amination, and evaluate their delivery potential using fully differentiated air-liquid interface cultured primary lung epithelial cells. The final combination of ionizable lipid, charge-stabilized formulation and stability-enhancing excipient yields a significant improvement in lung mRNA delivery over current state-of-the-art LNPs and polymeric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Y Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Witten
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Idris O Raji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feyisayo Eweje
- Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corina MacIsaac
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Meng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Favour A Oladimeji
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yizong Hu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rajith S Manan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Darwish T, Al-Khulaifi A, Ali M, Mowafy R, Arredouani A, Doi SA, Emara MM. Assessing the consistency of iPSC and animal models in cystic fibrosis modelling: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272091. [PMID: 35944004 PMCID: PMC9362911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder caused by a range of mutations in the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. This gene encodes the CFTR protein, which acts as a chloride channel activated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). This meta-analysis aimed to compare the responsiveness of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cAMP analogues to that of commonly used animal models. METHODS Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Medline from inception to January 2020. A total of 8 and 3 studies, respectively, for animal models and iPSCs, were analyzed. Studies were extracted for investigating cAMP-stimulated anion transport by measuring the short circuit current (Isc) of chloride channels in different animal models and iPSC systems We utilized an inverse variance heterogeneity model for synthesis. RESULTS Our analysis showed considerable heterogeneity in the mean Isc value in both animal models and iPSCs studies (compared to their WT counterparts), and both suffer from variable responsiveness based on the nature of the underlying model. There was no clear advantage of one over the other. CONCLUSIONS Studies on both animal and iPSCs models generated considerable heterogeneity. Given the potential of iPSC-derived models to study different diseases, we recommend paying more attention to developing reproducible models of iPSC as it has potential if adequately developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toqa Darwish
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Azhar Al-Khulaifi
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Menatalla Ali
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rana Mowafy
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suhail A. Doi
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M. Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Martinovich KM, Kicic A, Stick SM, Johnsen RD, Fletcher S, Wilton SD. Investigating the Implications of CFTR Exon Skipping Using a Cftr Exon 9 Deleted Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:868863. [PMID: 35392567 PMCID: PMC8981082 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.868863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Severity and disease progression in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is typically dependent on their genotype. One potential therapeutic strategy for people with specific mutations is exon skipping with antisense oligonucleotides (AO). CFTR exon 9 is an in-frame exon and hence the exclusion of this exon would excise only 31 amino acids but not alter the reading frame of the remaining mRNA. Splice mutations 1209 + 1 G > C and 1209 + 2 T > G were documented to cause CFTR exon 9 skipping and these variants were reported to manifest as a milder CF disease, therefore exon 9 skipping could be beneficial for people with class I mutations that affect exon 9 such as p.Trp401X. While the impact of exon 9 skipping on gene expression and cellular pathways can be studied in cells in vitro, trace amount of full-length normal or mutated material could confound the evaluation. To overcome this limitation, the impact of CFTR exon 9 skipping on disease phenotype and severity is more effectively evaluated in a small animal model. It was hypothesised that antisense oligonucleotide-mediated skipping this particular exon could result in a "mild mouse CF phenotype". Methods: Cftr exon 9 deleted mice were generated using homologous recombination. Survival of homozygous (Cftr Δ9/Δ9 ) and heterozygous (Cftr Δ9/+ ) mice was compared to that of other CF mouse models, and lung and intestinal organ histology examined for any pathologies. Primary airway epithelial cells (pAECs) were harvested from Cftr Δ9/Δ9 mice and cultured at the Air Liquid Interface for CFTR functional assessment using Ussing Chamber analysis. Results: A Cftr Δ9/Δ9 mouse model presented with intestinal obstructions, and at time of weaning (21 days). Cftr Δ9/Δ9 mice had a survival rate of 83% that dropped to 38% by day 50. Histological sections of the small intestine from Cftr Δ9/Δ9 mice showed more goblet cells and mucus accumulation than samples from the Cftr Δ9/+ littermates. Airway epithelial cell cultures established from Cftr Δ9/Δ9 mice were not responsive to forskolin stimulation. Summary: The effect of Cftr exon 9 deletion on Cftr function was assessed and it was determined that the encoded Cftr isoform did not result in a milder "mouse CF disease phenotype," suggesting that Cftr exon 9 is not dispensable, although further investigation in human CF pAECs would be required to confirm this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Martinovich
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Childrens Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Childrens Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Russell D Johnsen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,PYC Therapeutics, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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7
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Ferrell KC, Johansen MD, Triccas JA, Counoupas C. Virulence Mechanisms of Mycobacterium abscessus: Current Knowledge and Implications for Vaccine Design. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842017. [PMID: 35308378 PMCID: PMC8928063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a member of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) group, responsible for chronic infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) or those otherwise immunocompromised. While viewed traditionally as an opportunistic pathogen, increasing research into M. abscessus in recent years has highlighted its continued evolution into a true pathogen. This is demonstrated through an extensive collection of virulence factors (VFs) possessed by this organism which facilitate survival within the host, particularly in the harsh environment of the CF lung. These include VFs resembling those of other Mycobacteria, and non-mycobacterial VFs, both of which make a notable contribution in shaping M. abscessus interaction with the host. Mycobacterium abscessus continued acquisition of VFs is cause for concern and highlights the need for novel vaccination strategies to combat this pathogen. An effective M. abscessus vaccine must be suitably designed for target populations (i.e., individuals with CF) and incorporate current knowledge on immune correlates of protection against M. abscessus infection. Vaccination strategies must also build upon lessons learned from ongoing efforts to develop novel vaccines for other pathogens, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb); decades of research into M. tb has provided insight into unconventional and innovative vaccine approaches that may be applied to M. abscessus. Continued research into M. abscessus pathogenesis will be critical for the future development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics to reduce global incidence of this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia C. Ferrell
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kia C. Ferrell,
| | - Matt D. Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James A. Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Claudio Counoupas,
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Gibson-Corley KN, Engelhardt JF. Animal Models and Their Role in Understanding the Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis-Associated Gastrointestinal Lesions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:51-67. [PMID: 33497264 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-022420-105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The life expectancy of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has greatly increased over the past decade, and researchers and clinicians must now navigate complex disease manifestations that were not a concern prior to the development of modern therapies. Explosive growth in the number of CF animal models has also occurred over this time span, clarifying CF disease pathophysiology and creating opportunities to understand more complex disease processes associated with an aging CF population. This review focuses on the CF-associated pathologies of the gastrointestinal system and how animal models have increased our understanding of this complex multisystemic disease. Although CF is primarily recognized as a pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal pathology occurs very commonly and can affect the quality of life for these patients. Furthermore, we discuss how next-generation genetic engineering of larger animal models will impact the field's understanding of CF disease pathophysiology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;
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9
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Sharma J, Abbott J, Klaskala L, Zhao G, Birket SE, Rowe SM. A Novel G542X CFTR Rat Model of Cystic Fibrosis Is Sensitive to Nonsense Mediated Decay. Front Physiol 2020; 11:611294. [PMID: 33391025 PMCID: PMC7772197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations that lead to the insertion of a premature termination codon (PTC) in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) transcript affect 11% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) worldwide and are associated with severe disease phenotype. While CF rat models have contributed significantly to our understanding of CF disease pathogenesis, there are currently no rat models available for studying CF nonsense mutations. Here we created and characterized the first homozygous CF rat model that bears the CFTR G542X nonsense mutation in the endogenous locus using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. In addition to displaying severe CF manifestations and developmental defects such as reduced growth, abnormal tooth enamel, and intestinal obstruction, CFTR G542X knockin rats demonstrated an absence of CFTR function in tracheal and intestinal sections as assessed by nasal potential difference and transepithelial short-circuit current measurements. Reduced CFTR mRNA levels in the model further suggested sensitivity to nonsense-mediated decay, a pathway elicited by the presence of PTCs that degrades the PTC-bearing transcripts and thus further diminishes the level of CFTR protein. Although functional restoration of CFTR was observed in G542X rat tracheal epithelial cells in response to single readthrough agent therapy, therapeutic efficacy was not observed in G542X knockin rats in vivo. The G542X rat model provides an invaluable tool for the identification and in vivo validation of potential therapies for CFTR nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joseph Abbott
- Horizon Discovery Group, PLC, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Guojun Zhao
- Horizon Discovery Group, PLC, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Susan E. Birket
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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10
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Polverino F, Lu B, Quintero JR, Vargas SO, Patel AS, Owen CA, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Cernadas M. CFTR regulates B cell activation and lymphoid follicle development. Respir Res 2019; 20:133. [PMID: 31262295 PMCID: PMC6604167 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that promotes persistent lung infection and inflammation and progressive loss of lung function. Patients with CF have increased lung lymphoid follicles (LFs) and B cell-activating factor of tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) that regulates B cell survival and maturation. A direct role for CFTR in B cell activation and disease pathogenesis in CF remains unclear. Methods The number of LFs, BAFF+, TLR4+ and proliferation marker Ki67+ B cells in lung explants or resections from subjects with CF and normal controls was quantified by immunostaining. The role of CFTR in B cell activation and LF development was then examined in two independent cohorts of uninfected CFTR-deficient mice (Cftr−/−) and wild type controls. The number of lung LFs, B cells and BAFF+, CXCR4+, immunoglobulin G+ B cells was examined by immunostaining. Lung and splenocyte B cell activation marker and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured in supernatants from isolated B cells from Cftr−/− and wild type mice stimulated in vitro with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results There was a significant increase in well-formed LFs in subjects with CF compared to normal controls. Increased B cell activation and proliferation was observed in lung LFs from CF subjects as was quantified by a significant increase in B cell BAFF, TLR4 and Ki67 expression. Uninfected Cftr−/− mice had increased lung LFs and BAFF+ and CXCR4+ B cells compared to wild type controls. Lung B cells isolated from uninfected Cftr−/− mice demonstrated increased MHC class II expression. In vitro, isolated B cells from Cftr−/− mice produced increased IL-6 when stimulated with LPS compared to wild type controls. Conclusions These data support a direct role for CFTR in B cell activation, proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production that promotes lung LF follicle development in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Polverino
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.,Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Bao Lu
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joselyn Rojas Quintero
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Avignat S Patel
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, 01805, USA
| | - Caroline A Owen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Craig Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Manuela Cernadas
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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11
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Semaniakou A, Croll RP, Chappe V. Animal Models in the Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1475. [PMID: 30662403 PMCID: PMC6328443 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the multiorgan pathology of cystic fibrosis (CF) has improved impressively during the last decades, but we still lack a full comprehension of the disease progression. Animal models have greatly contributed to the elucidation of specific mechanisms involved in CF pathophysiology and the development of new therapies. Soon after the cloning of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene in 1989, the first mouse model was generated and this model has dominated in vivo CF research ever since. Nonetheless, the failure of murine models to mirror human disease severity in the pancreas and lung has led to the generation of larger animal models such as pigs and ferrets. The following review presents and discusses data from the current animal models used in CF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Semaniakou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Valerie Chappe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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12
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Matthes E, Goepp J, Martini C, Shan J, Liao J, Thomas DY, Hanrahan JW. Variable Responses to CFTR Correctors in vitro: Estimating the Design Effect in Precision Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1490. [PMID: 30618775 PMCID: PMC6305743 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in precision medicine has grown in recent years due to the variable clinical benefit provided by some medications, their cost, and by new opportunities to tailor therapies to individual patients. In cystic fibrosis it may soon be possible to test several corrector drugs that improve the folding and functional expression of mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) prospectively using cells from a patient to find the one that is best for that individual. Patient-to-patient variation in cell culture responses to correctors and the reproducibility of those responses has not been studied quantitatively. We measured the functional correction provided by lumacaftor (VX-809) using bronchial epithelial cells from 20 patients homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation. Significant differences were observed between individuals, supporting the utility of prospective testing. However, when correction of F508del-CFTR was measured repeatedly using cell aliquots from the same individuals, a design effect was observed that would impact statistical tests of significance. The results suggest that the sample size obtained from power calculations should be increased to compensate for group sampling when CFTR corrector drugs are compared in vitro for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Matthes
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Goepp
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina Martini
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiajie Shan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Y. Thomas
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - John W. Hanrahan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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13
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Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Animal models for cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:965-969. [PMID: 30071276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a severe complication in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel. The sequence of events leading to CFLD is still unclear and has limited the development of more specific treatments other than the bile acid UDCA. However, in the last twenty years, several gaps have been filled, which have mainly been possible due to the availability of different animal models that mimic CF. CF mice, although they lack a spontaneous liver manifestation, have been essential to better understand the multiple functions of CFTR expression on the apical membrane of cholangiocytes, from chloride channel to regulator of epithelial innate immunity. Additionally, we have learned that the gut microbiota might be a pathogenetic factor for the development of liver disease. The recent creation of novel CF animal models (i.e. pig and ferret) that better reproduce the human disease, will allow for comparative studies with species that spontaneously develop the liver disease and will hopefully lead to novel therapeutic treatments. In this review, we have compared and summarized the main features of the current available CF animal models and their applicability for the study of the liver phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mariangela Amenduni
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Ahmadi S, Xia S, Wu YS, Di Paola M, Kissoon R, Luk C, Lin F, Du K, Rommens J, Bear CE. SLC6A14, an amino acid transporter, modifies the primary CF defect in fluid secretion. eLife 2018; 7:37963. [PMID: 30004386 PMCID: PMC6054531 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of intestinal disease associated with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is variable in the patient population and this variability is partially conferred by the influence of modifier genes. Genome-wide association studies have identified SLC6A14, an electrogenic amino acid transporter, as a genetic modifier of CF-associated meconium ileus. The purpose of the current work was to determine the biological role of Slc6a14, by disrupting its expression in CF mice bearing the major mutation, F508del. We found that disruption of Slc6a14 worsened the intestinal fluid secretion defect, characteristic of these mice. In vitro studies of mouse intestinal organoids revealed that exacerbation of the primary defect was associated with reduced arginine uptake across the apical membrane, with aberrant nitric oxide and cyclic GMP-mediated regulation of the major CF-causing mutant protein. Together, these studies highlight the role of this apical transporter in modifying cellular nitric oxide levels, residual function of the major CF mutant and potentially, its promise as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumel Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu-Sheng Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Di Paola
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Randolph Kissoon
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine Luk
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kai Du
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Johanna Rommens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Bridges CS, Miller PS, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Yi Y, Engelhardt JF, Steiner JM. Validation of a radioimmunoassay of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity in ferrets. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:517-522. [PMID: 29717637 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718774387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) is used to assess exocrine pancreatic function in dogs and cats. Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo) serve as valuable animal models for human diseases such as cystic fibrosis and other pulmonary diseases, and may be a useful model of other diseases including pancreatitis. We developed and analytically validated a competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for measurement of TLI in ferret serum by determination of analytical sensitivity, assay linearity, accuracy of spiking recovery, precision, and reproducibility. Analytical sensitivity of the assay was 0.55 μg/L. Observed-to-expected (O/E) ratio for dilutional parallelism was 90.2-127.9% (mean: 108.1 ± 11.9%). The O/E ratio for spiking recovery was 94.5-113.0% (mean: 103.9 ± 7.2%). The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) were 2.7-5.7% and 3.5-8.2%, respectively. The reference interval (RI) for serum TLI derived from 31 healthy ferrets was 28-115 μg/L; the 90% confidence interval for the lower and upper limits of the RI were 10.0-32.1 μg/L and 103-126 μg/L, respectively. This TLI RIA is analytically sensitive, sufficiently linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible for the measurement of TLI in ferret serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory S Bridges
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Bridges, Miller, Lidbury, Suchodolski, Steiner).,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (Engelhardt, Yi)
| | - Pamela S Miller
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Bridges, Miller, Lidbury, Suchodolski, Steiner).,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (Engelhardt, Yi)
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Bridges, Miller, Lidbury, Suchodolski, Steiner).,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (Engelhardt, Yi)
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Bridges, Miller, Lidbury, Suchodolski, Steiner).,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (Engelhardt, Yi)
| | - Yaling Yi
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Bridges, Miller, Lidbury, Suchodolski, Steiner).,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (Engelhardt, Yi)
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Bridges, Miller, Lidbury, Suchodolski, Steiner).,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (Engelhardt, Yi)
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Bridges, Miller, Lidbury, Suchodolski, Steiner).,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (Engelhardt, Yi)
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16
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Carlon MS, Vidović D, Birket S. Roadmap for an early gene therapy for cystic fibrosis airway disease. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:1181-1190. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S. Carlon
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven Flanders Belgium
| | - Dragana Vidović
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven Flanders Belgium
- Current affiliation: Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - Susan Birket
- Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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17
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Susceptibility of airways to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: mouse neuraminidase model. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Livraghi A, Randell SH. Cystic Fibrosis and Other Respiratory Diseases of Impaired Mucus Clearance. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:116-29. [PMID: 17325980 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601060025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposed to a diverse array of potentially noxious agents, the respiratory tract is protected by a highly developed innate defense system. Physiologically regulated epithelial ion and water transport coordinated with mucin secretion, beating cilia, and cough results in continuous flow of fluid and mucus over airway surfaces toward the larynx. This cleansing action is the initial and perhaps most quantitatively important innate defense mechanism. Repeated lung infections and eventual respiratory insufficiency characteristic of human cystic fibrosis (CF) and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) illustrate the consequences of impaired mucus clearance. Altered mucus clearance likely contributes to the initiation, progression, and chronicity of other airway diseases characterized by inflammation and mucous secretory cell hyper/metaplasia that afflict millions worldwide, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This review concisely discusses the pathophysiology of human diseases characterized by genetic defects that impair mucus clearance. It then explores animal models in which components of the mucus clearance system have been disrupted. These models firmly establish the importance of mucus clearance for respiratory health, and will help elucidate disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies in CF, PCD and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Livraghi
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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19
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Kim N, Duncan GA, Hanes J, Suk JS. Barriers to inhaled gene therapy of obstructive lung diseases: A review. J Control Release 2016; 240:465-488. [PMID: 27196742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of genetic origins of obstructive lung diseases has made inhaled gene therapy an attractive alternative to the current standards of care that are limited to managing disease symptoms. Initial lung gene therapy clinical trials occurred in the early 1990s following the discovery of the genetic defect responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF), a monogenic disorder. However, despite over two decades of intensive effort, gene therapy has yet to help patients with CF or any other obstructive lung disease. The slow progress is due in part to poor understanding of the biological barriers to inhaled gene therapy. Encouragingly, clinical trials have shown that inhaled gene therapy with various viral vectors and non-viral gene vectors is well tolerated by patients, and continued research has provided valuable lessons and resources that may lead to future success of this therapeutic strategy. In this review, we first introduce representative obstructive lung diseases and examine limitations of currently available therapeutic options. We then review key components for successful execution of inhaled gene therapy, including gene delivery systems, primary physiological barriers and strategies to overcome them, and advances in preclinical disease models with which the most promising systems may be identified for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namho Kim
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Gregg A Duncan
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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20
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Gianotti A, Ferrera L, Philp AR, Caci E, Zegarra-Moran O, Galietta LJV, Flores CA. Pharmacological analysis of epithelial chloride secretion mechanisms in adult murine airways. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:100-8. [PMID: 27063443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Defective epithelial chloride secretion occurs in humans with cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic defect due to loss of function of CFTR, a cAMP-activated chloride channel. In the airways, absence of an active CFTR causes a severe lung disease. In mice, genetic ablation of CFTR function does not result in similar lung pathology. This may be due to the expression of an alternative chloride channel which is activated by calcium. The most probable protein performing this function is TMEM16A, a calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC). Our aim was to assess the relative contribution of CFTR and TMEM16A to chloride secretion in adult mouse trachea. For this purpose we tested pharmacological inhibitors of chloride channels in normal and CF mice. The amplitude of the cAMP-activated current was similar in both types of animals and was not affected by a selective CFTR inhibitor. In contrast, a CaCC inhibitor (CaCCinh-A01) strongly blocked the cAMP-activated current as well as the calcium-activated chloride secretion triggered by apical UTP. Although control experiments revealed that CaCCinh-A01 also shows inhibitory activity on CFTR, our results indicate that transepithelial chloride secretion in adult mouse trachea is independent of CFTR and that another channel, possibly TMEM16A, performs both cAMP- and calcium-activated chloride transport. The prevalent function of a non-CFTR channel may explain the absence of a defect in chloride transport in CF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amber R Philp
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
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21
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Plog S, Klymiuk N, Binder S, Van Hook MJ, Thoreson WB, Gruber AD, Mundhenk L. Naturally Occurring Deletion Mutants of the Pig-Specific, Intestinal Crypt Epithelial Cell Protein CLCA4b without Apparent Phenotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140050. [PMID: 26474299 PMCID: PMC4608703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human CLCA4 (chloride channel regulator, calcium-activated) modulates the intestinal phenotype of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients via an as yet unknown pathway. With the generation of new porcine CF models, species-specific differences between human modifiers of CF and their porcine orthologs are considered critical for the translation of experimental data. Specifically, the porcine ortholog to the human CF modulator gene CLCA4 has recently been shown to be duplicated into two separate genes, CLCA4a and CLCA4b. Here, we characterize the duplication product, CLCA4b, in terms of its genomic structure, tissue and cellular expression patterns as well as its in vitro electrophysiological properties. The CLCA4b gene is a pig-specific duplication product of the CLCA4 ancestor and its protein is exclusively expressed in small and large intestinal crypt epithelial cells, a niche specifically occupied by no other porcine CLCA family member. Surprisingly, a unique deleterious mutation of the CLCA4b gene is spread among modern and ancient breeds in the pig population, but this mutation did not result in an apparent phenotype in homozygously affected animals. Electrophysiologically, neither the products of the wild type nor of the mutated CLCA4b genes were able to evoke a calcium-activated anion conductance, a consensus feature of other CLCA proteins. The apparently pig-specific duplication of the CLCA4 gene with unique expression of the CLCA4b protein variant in intestinal crypt epithelial cells where the porcine CFTR is also present raises the question of whether it may modulate the porcine CF phenotype. Moreover, the naturally occurring null variant of CLCA4b will be valuable for the understanding of CLCA protein function and their relevance in modulating the CF phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plog
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Binder
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Wallace B. Thoreson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Gibson-Corley KN, Meyerholz DK, Engelhardt JF. Pancreatic pathophysiology in cystic fibrosis. J Pathol 2015; 238:311-20. [PMID: 26365583 DOI: 10.1002/path.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas is one of the earliest, and most commonly affected, organs in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Studying the pathogenesis of pancreatic disease is limited in CF patients, due to its early clinical onset, co-morbidities and lack of tissue samples from the early phases of disease. In recent years, several new CF animal models have been developed that have advanced our understanding of both CF exocrine and endocrine pancreatic disease. Additionally, these models have helped us to better define the influence of pancreatic lesions on CF disease progression in other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Bodewes FAJA, Bijvelds MJ, de Vries W, Baller JFW, Gouw ASH, de Jonge HR, Verkade HJ. Cholic acid induces a Cftr dependent biliary secretion and liver growth response in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117599. [PMID: 25680200 PMCID: PMC4334531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD), is unknown. It is well recognized that hepatic exposure to hydrophobic bile salts is associated with the development of liver disease. For this reason, we hypothesize that, CFTR dependent variations, in the hepatic handling of hydrophobic bile salts, are related to the development CFLD. To test our hypothesis we studied, in Cftr-/- and control mice, bile production, bile composition and liver pathology, in normal feeding condition and during cholate exposure, either acute (intravenous) or chronic (three weeks via the diet). In Cftr-/- and control mice the basal bile production was comparable. Intravenous taurocholate increased bile production to the same extent in Cftr-/- and control mice. However, chronic cholate exposure increased the bile flow significantly less in Cftr-/- mice than in controls, together with significantly higher biliary bile salt concentration in Cftr-/- mice. Prolonged cholate exposure, however, did not induce CFLD like pathology in Cftr-/- mice. Chronic cholate exposure did induce a significant increase in liver mass in controls that was absent in Cftr-/- mice. Chronic cholate administration induces a cystic fibrosis-specific hepatobiliary phenotype, including changes in bile composition. These changes could not be associated with CFLD like pathological changes in CF mouse livers. However, chronic cholate administration induces liver growth in controls that is absent in Cftr-/- mice. Our findings point to an impaired adaptive homeotrophic liver response to prolonged hydrophobic bile salt exposure in CF conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. J. A. Bodewes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children’s Hospital—University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcel J. Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willemien de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children’s Hospital—University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juul F. W. Baller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children’s Hospital—University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette S. H. Gouw
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R. de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children’s Hospital—University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Guillemot L, Medina M, Pernet E, Leduc D, Chignard M, Touqui L, Wu Y. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α enhances mouse mortality induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection via interleukin 6. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:95-104. [PMID: 25201511 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection is a leading cause of death in numerous diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). The host cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) releases lipid mediators that play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases, but its role in lung injury induced by P. aeruginosa infection is still obscure. Using an animal model of P. aeruginosa lung infection, we showed that the CHA strain of P. aeruginosa was more potent than the PAK strain in inducing mouse mortality and lung injury, and that both mouse mortality and lung injury were reduced in cPLA2α(-/-) mice as compared to cPLA2α(+/+) mice. This was accompanied by decreased levels of IL6 but not other inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, KC and TNFα) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) of cPLA2α(-/-) mice. Given that CFTR(-/-) mice exhibit increased cPLA2α activation in the lung, the role of cPLA2α was further examined in this lung infection model. Compared to littermates, P. aeruginosa infection caused increased mortality in CFTR(-/-) mice with high IL6 levels in BALFs, which was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of cPLA2α. In addition, compared to IL6(-/-) mice, an enhanced mortality was also observed in P. aeruginosa infected IL6(+/+) mice. Since alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the primary inflammatory cytokine source in the lung, murine AMs cell line (MH-S) were used to investigate the signalling pathways involved in this process. Incubation of MH-S cells with P. aeruginosa induced IL6 production, which was mediated by MAPKs ERK/p38 and was abolished by cPLA2α inhibitors. Furthermore, among cPLA2 downstream signalling pathways, only 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were proven to participate in this P. aeruginosa-induced IL6 expression. Based on all these observations, we conclude that cPLA2α enhances P. aeruginosa-induced animal lethality in part via IL6 induction and that MAPKs ERK/p38, 15-LOX and COX-2 signalling pathways were involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillemot
- Unit of Innate Defence & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U874, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Unit of Innate Defence & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U874, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Unit of Innate Defence & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U874, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Leduc
- Unit of Innate Defence & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U874, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michel Chignard
- Unit of Innate Defence & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U874, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Unit of Innate Defence & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U874, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Unit of Innate Defence & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U874, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Proteomics was initially viewed as a promising new scientific discipline to study complex disorders such as polygenic, infectious and environment-related diseases. However, the first attempts to understand a monogenic disease such as cystic fibrosis (CF) by proteomics-based approaches have proved quite rewarding. In CF, the impairment of a unique protein, the CF transmembrane conductance regulator, does not completely explain the complex and variable CF clinical phenotype. The great advances in our knowledge about the molecular and cellular consequences of such impairment have not been sufficient to be translated into effective treatments, and CF patients are still dying due to chronic progressive lung dysfunction. The progression of proteomics application in CF will certainly unravel new proteins that could be useful as biomarkers either to elucidate CF basic mechanisms and to better monitor the disease progression, or to promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies against CF. This review will summarize the recent technological advances in proteomics and the first results of its application to address the most important issues in the CF field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Penque
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Laboratório de Proteómica, Centro de Genética Humana, Lisboa, Portugal.
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26
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Lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis: pathogenesis and novel therapies. Clin Biochem 2013; 47:539-46. [PMID: 24380764 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress following the identification of the causing gene, the final outcome of cystic fibrosis (CF) remains determined mainly by the progressive reduction of lung function. Inflammation of the airways is one of the key elements of the pathogenesis of the disease: it is responsible for the destruction of lung architecture, resulting in progressive loss of respiratory function. Bronchial infection induces an intense inflammatory reaction characterized by a massive invasion of neutrophils, the properties of which seems altered in CF. Moreover, the inflammatory process is also marked by a profuse release of soluble pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and IL-8 cytokines. In contrast, release of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 is reduced, thus reflecting a pro-/anti-inflammatory imbalance. The inflammation/infection pair seems hard to dissociate, and the origin of the baneful consequences of the persisting excessive inflammatory responses remains to be cleared up: does inflammation follow or rather precede infection? Recent data suggest that uncontrolled inflammation is constitutive in CF. Countering it at early stages of the disease in order to prevent irretrievable damages in lungs remains a major priority in treating patients with CF. In this review, we discuss the usefulness and limitations of mouse models of CF to study the pathogenesis of human lung inflammatory disease, and the development of new potential strategies to reduce the inflammatory burden in the airways.
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Multicenter intestinal current measurements in rectal biopsies from CF and non-CF subjects to monitor CFTR function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73905. [PMID: 24040112 PMCID: PMC3769519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal current measurements (ICM) from rectal biopsies are a sensitive means to detect cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function, but have not been optimized for multicenter use. We piloted multicenter standard operating procedures (SOPs) to detect CFTR activity by ICM and examined key questions for use in clinical trials. SOPs for ICM using human rectal biopsies were developed across three centers and used to characterize ion transport from non-CF and CF subjects (two severe CFTR mutations). All data were centrally evaluated by a blinded interpreter. SOPs were then used across four centers to examine the effect of cold storage on CFTR currents and compare CFTR currents in biopsies from one subject studied simultaneously either at two sites (24 hours post-biopsy) or when biopsies were obtained by either forceps or suction. Rectal biopsies from 44 non-CF and 17 CF subjects were analyzed. Mean differences (µA/cm2; 95% confidence intervals) between CF and non-CF were forskolin/IBMX=102.6(128.0 to 81.1), carbachol=96.3(118.7 to 73.9), forskolin/IBMX+carbachol=200.9(243.1 to 158.6), and bumetanide=-44.6 (-33.7 to -55.6) (P<0.005, CF vs non-CF for all parameters). Receiver Operating Characteristic curves indicated that each parameter discriminated CF from non-CF subjects (area under the curve of 0.94-0.98). CFTR dependent currents following 18-24 hours of cold storage for forskolin/IBMX, carbachol, and forskolin/IBMX+carbachol stimulation (n=17 non-CF subjects) were 44%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, respectively of those in fresh biopsies. CFTR-dependent currents from biopsies studied after cold storage at two sites simultaneously demonstrated moderate correlation (n=14 non-CF subjects, Pearson correlation coefficients 0.389, 0.484, and 0.533). Similar CFTR dependent currents were detected from fresh biopsies obtained by either forceps or suction (within-subject comparisons, n=22 biopsies from three non-CF subjects). Multicenter ICM is a feasible CFTR outcome measure that discriminates CF from non-CF ion transport, offers unique advantages over other CFTR bioassays, and warrants further development as a potential CFTR biomarker.
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Synthesis of porcine pCLCA2 protein during late differentiation of keratinocytes of epidermis and hair follicle inner root sheath. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:445-53. [PMID: 22968961 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of the widely expressed CLCA (chloride channel regulators, calcium-activated) proteins more than 15 years ago, their seemingly diverse functions are still poorly understood. With the recent generation of porcine animal models for cystic fibrosis (CF), members of the porcine CLCA family are becoming of interest as possible modulators of the disease in the pig. Here, we characterize pCLCA2, the porcine ortholog of the human hCLCA2 and the murine mCLCA5, which are the only CLCA members expressed in the skin. Immunohistochemical studies with a specific antibody against pCLCA2 have revealed a highly restricted pCLCA2 protein expression in the skin. The protein is strictly co-localized with filaggrin and trichohyalin in the granular layer of the epidermis and the inner root sheath of the hair follicles, respectively. No differences have been observed between the expression patterns of wild-type pigs and CF transmembrane conductance regulator(-/-) pigs. We speculate that pCLCA2 plays an as yet undefined role in the structural integrity of the skin or, possibly, in specialized functions of the epidermis, including barrier or defense mechanisms.
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Keeling KM, Wang D, Conard SE, Bedwell DM. Suppression of premature termination codons as a therapeutic approach. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 47:444-63. [PMID: 22672057 PMCID: PMC3432268 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.694846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe our current understanding of translation termination and pharmacological agents that influence the accuracy of this process. A number of drugs have been identified that induce suppression of translation termination at in-frame premature termination codons (PTCs; also known as nonsense mutations) in mammalian cells. We discuss efforts to utilize these drugs to suppress disease-causing PTCs that result in the loss of protein expression and function. In-frame PTCs represent a genotypic subset of mutations that make up ~11% of all known mutations that cause genetic diseases, and millions of patients have diseases attributable to PTCs. Current approaches aimed at reducing the efficiency of translation termination at PTCs (referred to as PTC suppression therapy) have the goal of alleviating the phenotypic consequences of a wide range of genetic diseases. Suppression therapy is currently in clinical trials for treatment of several genetic diseases caused by PTCs, and preliminary results suggest that some patients have shown clinical improvements. While current progress is promising, we discuss various approaches that may further enhance the efficiency of this novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Keeling
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sara E. Conard
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David M. Bedwell
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Bodewes FAJA, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Bijvelds MJ, Havinga R, de Jonge HR, Verkade HJ. Ursodeoxycholate modulates bile flow and bile salt pool independently from the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (Cftr) in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1035-42. [PMID: 22301109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) is treated with ursodeoxycholate (UDCA). Our aim was to evaluate, in cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator knockout (Cftr(-/-)) mice and wild-type controls, whether the supposed therapeutic action of UDCA is mediated via choleretic activity or effects on bile salt metabolism. Cftr(-/-) mice and controls, under general anesthesia, were intravenously infused with tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) in increasing dosage or were fed either standard or UDCA-enriched chow (0.5% wt/wt) for 3 wk. Bile flow and bile composition were characterized. In chow-fed mice, we analyzed bile salt synthesis and pool size of cholate (CA). In both Cftr(-/-) and controls intravenous TUDCA stimulated bile flow by ∼250% and dietary UDCA by ∼500%, compared with untreated animals (P < 0.05). In non-UDCA-treated Cftr(-/-) mice, the proportion of CA in bile was higher compared with that in controls (61 ± 4 vs. 46 ± 4%; P < 0.05), accompanied by an increased CA synthesis [16 ± 1 vs. 10 ± 2 μmol·h(-1)·100 g body wt (BW)(-1); P < 0.05] and CA pool size (28 ± 3 vs. 19 ± 1 μmol/100 g BW; P < 0.05). In both Cftr(-/-) and controls, UDCA treatment drastically reduced the proportion of CA in bile below 5% and diminished CA synthesis (2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 2.2 ± 0.4 μmol·day(-1)·100 g BW(-1); nonsignificant) and CA pool size (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 μmol/100 g BW; P < 0.05). Acute TUDCA infusion and chronic UDCA treatment both stimulate bile flow in cystic fibrosis conditions independently from Cftr function. Chronic UDCA treatment reduces the hydrophobicity of the bile salt pool in Cftr(-/-) mice. These results support a potential beneficial effect of UDCA on bile flow and bile salt metabolism in cystic fibrosis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A J A Bodewes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Plog S, Grötzsch T, Klymiuk N, Kobalz U, Gruber AD, Mundhenk L. The porcine chloride channel calcium-activated family member pCLCA4a mirrors lung expression of the human hCLCA4. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:45-56. [PMID: 22205680 PMCID: PMC3283134 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411426455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig models of cystic fibrosis (CF) have recently been established that are expected to mimic the human disease closer than mouse models do. The human CLCA (originally named chloride channels, calcium-activated) member hCLCA4 is considered a potential modifier of disease severity in CF, but its murine ortholog, mCLCA6, is not expressed in the mouse lung. Here, we have characterized the genomic structure, protein processing, and tissue expression patterns of the porcine ortholog to hCLCA4, pCLCA4a. The genomic structure and cellular protein processing of pCLCA4a were found to closely mirror those of hCLCA4 and mCLCA6. Similar to human lung, pCLCA4a mRNA was strongly expressed in porcine lungs, and the pCLCA4a protein was immunohistochemically detected on the apical membranes of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells. This stands in sharp contrast to mouse mCLCA6, which has been detected exclusively in intestinal epithelia but not the murine lung. The results may add to the understanding of species-specific differences in the CF phenotype and support the notion that the CF pig model may be more suitable than murine models to study the role of hCLCA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plog
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Porter LA, Goldberg JB. Influence of neutrophil defects on Burkholderia cepacia complex pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2011; 1:9. [PMID: 22919575 PMCID: PMC3417359 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2011.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of Gram-negative bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment and have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients. The primary patient populations infected with Bcc include individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), as well as those with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). While Bcc infection in CF is better characterized than in CGD, these two genetic diseases are not obviously similar and it is currently unknown if there is any commonality in host immune defects that is responsible for the susceptibility to Bcc. CF is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator, resulting in manifestations in various organ systems, however the major cause of morbidity and mortality is currently due to bacterial respiratory infections. CGD, on the other hand, is a genetic disorder that is caused by defects in phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Because of the defect in CGD, phagocytes in these patients are unable to produce reactive oxygen species, which results in increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. Despite this significant defect in microbial clearance, the spectrum of pathogens frequently implicated in infections in CGD is relatively narrow and includes some bacterial species that are considered almost pathognomonic for this disorder. Very little is known about the cause of the specific susceptibility to Bcc over other potential pathogens more prevalent in the environment, and a better understanding of specific mechanisms required for bacterial virulence has become a high priority. This review will summarize both the current knowledge and future directions related to Bcc virulence in immunocompromised individuals with a focus on the roles of bacterial factors and neutrophil defects in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Porter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Fiorotto R, Scirpo R, Trauner M, Fabris L, Hoque R, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Loss of CFTR affects biliary epithelium innate immunity and causes TLR4-NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response in mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1498-508, 1508.e1-5. [PMID: 21712022 PMCID: PMC3186841 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss of function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the biliary epithelium reduces bile flow and alkalinization in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Liver damage is believed to result from ductal cholestasis, but only 30% of patients with CF develop liver defects, indicating that another factor is involved. We studied the effects of CFTR deficiency on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated responses of the biliary epithelium to endotoxins. METHODS Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to induce colitis in C57BL/6J-Cftrtm1Unc (Cftr-KO) mice and their wild-type littermates. Ductular reaction and portal inflammation were quantified by keratin-19 and CD45 immunolabeling. Cholangiocytes isolated from wild-type and Cftr-KO mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); cytokine secretion was quantified. Activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), phosphorylation of TLR4, and activity of Src were determined. HEK-293 that expressed the secreted alkaline phosphatase reporter and human TLR4 were transfected with CFTR complementary DNAs. RESULTS DSS-induced colitis caused biliary damage and portal inflammation only in Cftr-KO mice. Biliary damage and inflammation were not attenuated by restoring biliary secretion with 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid but were significantly reduced by oral neomycin and polymyxin B, indicating a pathogenetic role of gut-derived bacterial products. Cftr-KO cholangiocytes incubated with LPS secreted significantly higher levels of cytokines regulated by TLR4 and NF-κB. LPS-mediated activation of NF-κB was blocked by the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242. TLR4 phosphorylation by Src was significantly increased in Cftr-KO cholangiocytes. Expression of wild-type CFTR in the HEK293 cells stimulated with LPS reduced activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS CFTR deficiency alters the innate immunity of the biliary epithelium and reduces its tolerance to endotoxin, resulting in an Src-dependent inflammatory response mediated by TLR4 and NF-κB. These findings might be used to develop therapies for CF-associated cholangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA, Center for liver Research (CeliveR), and Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberto Scirpo
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA, Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Trauner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Fabris
- Center for liver Research (CeliveR), and Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences “P.G.Cevese,” Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rafaz Hoque
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA, Center for liver Research (CeliveR), and Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA, Center for liver Research (CeliveR), and Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Italy, Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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Mouse models of cystic fibrosis: Phenotypic analysis and research applications. J Cyst Fibros 2011; 10 Suppl 2:S152-71. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(11)60020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Airway disease: the use of large animal models for drug discovery. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:525-32. [PMID: 21356324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Large animal models have contributed to our current understanding of respiratory pathophysiology and the effects of pulmonary disease modifying drugs. For drug development, the benefit of using large animals over smaller animal species is primarily due to the greater similarity between humans and equivalent sized animals in terms of gross anatomy, morphometry, structure and physiology of their respiratory systems. Thus, when appropriate lung structure and function are required for correctly assessing the efficacy of novel drugs, large animals can play an important role in the development of these drugs to combat respiratory disease. The most widely used and best characterised large animal for drug development has been the sheep model of asthma. Recently, large animal models for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) have been reported but thus far have not been used extensively for drug development. Some important limitations of using large animals are the large costs associated with this type of research, as well as the poorer understanding of disease mechanisms in these species relative to rodents. In this review we discuss the extent of correlations between preclinical testing performed in large animal models and the initial indication of clinical efficacy in ongoing clinical trials.
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36
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Balch WE, Roth DM, Hutt DM. Emergent properties of proteostasis in managing cystic fibrosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a004499. [PMID: 21421917 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a consequence of defective recognition of the multimembrane spanning protein cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR) by the protein homeostasis or proteostasis network (PN) (Hutt and Balch (2010). Like many variant proteins triggering misfolding diseases, mutant CFTR has a complex folding and membrane trafficking itinerary that is managed by the PN to maintain proteome balance and this balance is disrupted in human disease. The biological pathways dictating the folding and function of CFTR in health and disease are being studied by numerous investigators, providing a unique opportunity to begin to understand and therapeutically address the role of the PN in disease onset, and its progression during aging. We discuss the general concept that therapeutic management of the emergent properties of the PN to control the energetics of CFTR folding biology may provide significant clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Balch
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Plog S, Mundhenk L, Bothe MK, Klymiuk N, Gruber AD. Tissue and cellular expression patterns of porcine CFTR: similarities to and differences from human CFTR. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:785-97. [PMID: 20498480 PMCID: PMC2924795 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.955377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging porcine models of cystic fibrosis (CF) are expected to mimic the human disease more closely than current mouse models do. However, little is known of the tissue and cellular expression patterns of the porcine CF transmembrane conductance regulator (pCFTR) and possible differences from human CFTR (hCFTR). Here, the expression pattern of pCFTR was systematically established on the mRNA and protein levels. Using specific anti-pCFTR antibodies, the majority of the protein was immunohistochemically detected on paraffin-embedded sections and on cryostate sections in the apical cytosol of intestinal crypt epithelial cells, nasal, tracheal, and bronchial epithelial cells, and other select, mostly glandular epithelial cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy with co-localization of the Golgi marker 58K localized the protein in the cytosol between the Golgi apparatus and the apical cell membrane with occasional punctate or diffuse staining of the apical membrane. The tissue and cellular distribution patterns were confirmed by RT-PCR from whole tissue lysates or select cells after laser capture microdissection. Thus, expression of pCFTR was found to largely resemble that of hCFTR except for the kidney, brain, and cutaneous glands, which lack expression in pigs. Species-specific differences between pCFTR and hCFTR may become relevant for future interpretations of the CF phenotype in pig models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plog
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Taylor-Cousar JL, Von Kessel KA, Young R, Nichols DP. Potential of anti-inflammatory treatment for cystic fibrosis lung disease. J Inflamm Res 2010; 3:61-74. [PMID: 22096358 PMCID: PMC3218732 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s8875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening genetic disorder in Caucasians. With improved diagnosis and treatment, survival has steadily increased. Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of patients still die from respiratory failure caused by structural damage resulting from airway obstruction, recurrent infection, and inflammation. Here, we discuss the role of inflammation and the development of anti-inflammatory therapies to treat CF lung disease. The inflammatory host response is the least addressed component of CF airway disease at this time. Current challenges in both preclinical and clinical investigation make the identification of suitable anti-inflammatory drugs more difficult. Despite this, many researchers are making significant progress toward this goal and the CF research community has reason to believe that new therapies will emerge from these efforts.
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Carlon M, Toelen J, Van der Perren A, Vandenberghe LH, Reumers V, Sbragia L, Gijsbers R, Baekelandt V, Himmelreich U, Wilson JM, Deprest J, Debyser Z. Efficient gene transfer into the mouse lung by fetal intratracheal injection of rAAV2/6.2. Mol Ther 2010; 18:2130-8. [PMID: 20664525 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal gene therapy is one of the possible new therapeutic strategies for congenital or perinatal diseases with high mortality or morbidity. We developed a novel delivery strategy to inject directly into the fetal mouse trachea. Intratracheal (i.t.) injection at embryonic day 18 (E18) was more efficient in targeting the fetal lung than conventional intra-amniotic (i.a.) delivery. Viral vectors derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 6.2, with tropism for the airway epithelium and not earlier tested in the fetal mouse lung, were injected into the fetal trachea. Bioluminescence (BL) imaging (BLI) was combined with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) for noninvasive and accurate localization of transgene expression in vivo. Histological analysis for β-galactosidase (β-gal) revealed 17.5% of epithelial cells transduced in the conducting airways and 1.5% in the alveolar cells. Stable gene expression was observed up to 1 month after injection. This study demonstrates that direct injection of rAAV2/6.2 in the fetal mouse trachea is superior to i.a. delivery for transducing the lung. Second, as stable gene transfer was detected up to 1 postnatal month, this approach may be useful to evaluate fetal gene therapy for pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, requiring both substantial numbers of transduced cells as well as prolonged gene expression to obtain a stable phenotypic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Carlon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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Paradis J, Wilke M, Haston CK. Osteopenia in Cftr-deltaF508 mice. J Cyst Fibros 2010; 9:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brodlie M, McKean MC, Johnson GE, Perry JD, Nicholson A, Verdon B, Gray MA, Dark JH, Pearson JP, Fisher AJ, Corris PA, Lordan J, Ward C. Primary bronchial epithelial cell culture from explanted cystic fibrosis lungs. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:101-10. [PMID: 20205595 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903165265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung disease is responsible for more than 95% of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis. The exact pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease remains poorly understood. Experimental models are therefore vital for use in research. Animal models and immortalized cell lines both have inherent limitations. Explanted lungs removed from people with cystic fibrosis at the time of transplantation represent a potentially valuable but technically and logistically challenging source of primary cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. In this study, pieces of segmental bronchus from explanted lungs were treated with patient-specific antimicrobials prior to isolation of bronchial epithelial cells. Cultured cells were characterized by their morphology under light microscopy, cytokeratin and hematoxylin-eosin staining, and electrophysiological profile. Primary bronchial epithelial cells were successfully cultured from 15 of 22 patients attempted. The cells exhibited typical epithelial morphology, staining for cytokeratin, lack of responsiveness to forskolin treatment, and remained viable after storage in liquid nitrogen. Seven unsuccessful cultures failed due to early infection with bacteria known to colonize the airways pretransplant. The results show that primary bronchial epithelial cell culture is possible from explanted cystic fibrosis lungs. This provides an important cellular model to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms in cystic fibrosis lung disease and to investigate potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brodlie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Mimoun M, Coste TC, Lebacq J, Lebecque P, Wallemacq P, Leal T, Armand M. Increased tissue arachidonic acid and reduced linoleic acid in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis are reversed by supplemental glycerophospholipids enriched in docosahexaenoic acid. J Nutr 2009; 139:2358-64. [PMID: 19828687 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in (n-6)/(n-3) PUFA has been reported in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Glycerophospholipids enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (GPL-DHA) have been shown to regulate the (n-6)/(n-3) fatty acid ratio in the elderly. Here, we tested the effect of GPL-DHA supplementation on PUFA status in F508del homozygous CF mice. GPL-DHA liposomes were administrated by gavage (60 mg DHA/kg daily, i.e. at maximum 1.4 mg DHA/d) to 1.5-mo-old CF mice (CF+DHA) and their corresponding wild-type (WT) homozygous littermates (WT+DHA) for 6 wk. The PUFA status of different tissues was determined by GC and compared with control groups (CF and WT). There was an alteration in the (n-6) PUFA pathway in several CF-target organs in CF compared with WT mice, as evidenced by a higher level of arachidonic acid (AA) in membrane phospholipids or whole tissue (21 and 39% in duodenum-jejunum, 32 and 38% in ileum, and 19 and 43% in pancreas). Elevated AA levels were associated with lower linoleic acid (LA) and higher dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels. No DHA deficiency was observed. GPL-DHA treatment resulted in different PUFA composition changes depending on the tissue (increase in LA, decrease in elevated AA, DHA increase, increase in (n-6)/(n-3) fatty acid ratio). However, the DHA/AA ratio consistently increased in all tissues in CF+DHA and WT+DHA mice. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of an original oral DHA formulation in counter-balancing the abnormal (n-6) fatty acid metabolism in organs of CF mice when administrated at a low dose and highlights the potential of the use of GPL-DHA as nutritherapy for CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mimoun
- INSERM, U 476 Nutrition Humaine et Lipides, Marseille, France
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Plog S, Mundhenk L, Klymiuk N, Gruber AD. Genomic, tissue expression, and protein characterization of pCLCA1, a putative modulator of cystic fibrosis in the pig. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:1169-81. [PMID: 19755716 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified members of the CLCA (chloride channels, calcium-activated) gene family as potential modulators of the cystic fibrosis (CF) phenotype, but differences between the human and murine CLCA genes and proteins may limit the use of murine CF models. Recently established pig models of CF are expected to mimic the human disease more closely than the available mouse models do. Here, we characterized the porcine CLCA gene locus, analyzed the expression pattern and protein processing of pCLCA1, and compared it to its human ortholog, hCLCA1. The porcine CLCA gene family is located on chromosome 4q25, with a broad synteny with the human and murine clca gene loci, except for a pig-specific gene duplication of pCLCA4. Using pCLCA1-specific antibodies, the protein was immunohistochemically localized in mucin-producing cells, including goblet cells and mucinous glands in the respiratory and alimentary tracts. Similar to hCLCA1, biochemical characterization of pCLCA1 identified a secreted soluble protein that could serve as an extracellular signaling molecule or functional constituent of the protective mucous layers. The results suggest that pCLCA1 shares essential characteristics of hCLCA1, supporting the pig model as a promising tool for studying the modulating role of pCLCA1 in the complex pathology of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plog
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang S, Fortenberry JA, Cohen NA, Sorscher EJ, Woodworth BA. Comparison of vectorial ion transport in primary murine airway and human sinonasal air-liquid interface cultures, models for studies of cystic fibrosis, and other airway diseases. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23:149-52. [PMID: 19401039 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare vectorial ion transport within murine trachea, murine nasal septa, and human sinonasal cultured epithelium. Our hypothesis is that murine septal epithelium, rather than trachea, will more closely mimic the electrophysiology properties of human sinonasal epithelium. METHODS Epithelium from murine trachea, murine septa, and human sinonasal tissue were cultured at an air-liquid interface to confluence and full differentiation. A limited number of homozygous dF508 epithelia were also cultured. Monolayers were mounted in modified Ussing chambers to investigate pharmacologic manipulation of ion transport. RESULTS The change in forskolin-stimulated current (delta-I(SC), expressed as micro-A/cm(2)) in murine septal (n = 19; 16.84 +/- 2.09) and human sinonasal (n = 18; 12.15 +/- 1.93) cultures was significantly increased over murine tracheal cultures (n = 15; 6.75 +/- 1.35; p = 0.035 and 0.0005, respectively). Forskolin-stimulated I(SC) was inhibited by the specific cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) inhibitor INH-172 (5 microM). No forskolin-stimulated I(SC) was shown in cultures of dF508 homozygous murine septal epithelium (n = 3). Murine septal I(SC) was largely inhibited by amiloride (12.03 +/- 0.66), whereas human sinonasal cultures had a very limited response (0.70 +/- 0.47; p < 0.0001). The contribution of CFTR to stimulated chloride current as measured by INH-172 was highly significantly different between all groups (murine septa, 19.51 +/- 1.28; human sinonasal, 11.12 +/- 1.58; murine trachea, 4.85 +/- 0.49; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Human sinonasal and murine septal epithelial cultures represent a useful model for studying CFTR activity and may provide significant advantages over lower airway tissues for investigating upper and lower respiratory pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Zhang
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Carvalho-Oliveira IM, Charro N, Aarbiou J, Buijs-Offerman RM, Wilke M, Schettgen T, Kraus T, Titulaer MK, Burgers P, Luider TM, Penque D, Scholte BJ. Proteomic Analysis of Naphthalene-Induced Airway Epithelial Injury and Repair in a Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3606-16. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900021m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Carvalho-Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuno Charro
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamil Aarbiou
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruvalic M. Buijs-Offerman
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark K. Titulaer
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Burgers
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Luider
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Penque
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob J. Scholte
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Institut für Arbeitsmedizin und Sozialmedizin Universitätsklinikum Aachen, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Falany CN, He D, Li L, Falany JL, Wilborn TW, Kocarek TA, Runge-Morris M. Regulation of hepatic sulfotransferase (SULT) 1E1 expression and effects on estrogenic activity in cystic fibrosis (CF). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 114:113-9. [PMID: 19429440 PMCID: PMC3855421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a major genetic disease in Caucasians affecting 1 in 2500 newborns. Hepatobiliary pathology is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF second only to pulmonary disease. SULT1E1 activity is significantly elevated, generally 20-30-fold, in hepatocytes of mouse models of CF. SULT1E1 is responsible for the inactivation of beta-estradiol (E2) at physiological concentrations via conjugation with sulfonate. The increase in SULT1E1 activity results in the alteration of E2-regulated protein expression in CF mouse liver. To investigate the mechanism by which the absence of CFTR in human cholangiocytes induces SULT1E1 expression in hepatocytes, a membrane-separated human MMNK-1 cholangiocyte and human HepG2 hepatocyte co-culture system was developed. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is expressed in bile duct cholangiocytes but not hepatocytes, whereas SULT1E1 is expressed in hepatocytes but not cholangiocytes. CFTR expression in MMNK-1 cells was inhibited with siRNA by >90% as determined by immunoblot and immunohistochemical analysis. Control and CFTR-siRNA-MMNK-1 cells were co-cultured with HepG2 cells in a Transwell membrane-separated system. After 8h of co-culture, HepG2 cells were removed from exposure to MMNK-1 cells and placed in fresh medium. After 24-48h, expression of SULT1E1 and selected E2-regulated proteins was analyzed in the HepG2 cells. Results demonstrated that SULT1E1 message and activity were selectively induced in HepG2 cells co-cultured with CFTR-deficient MMNK-1 cells. The expression of E2-regulated proteins (IGF-1, GST-P1 and carbonic anhydrase II) was also altered in response to decreased E2 levels. Thus, the loss of CFTR activity in cholangiocytes stimulates the expression of SULT1E1 in hepatocytes by a paracrine mechanism. SULT1E1 expression in HepG2 cells is inducible by sterol mediated liver-X-receptor (LXR) activation although not by progestins that induce SULT1E1 in the endometrium. SULT1E1 induction in the human cholangiocyte/hepatocyte co-culture system is consistent with and supports the results observed in CF mice. The changes in hepatocyte gene expression affect liver biochemistry and may facilitate the development of CF liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Falany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Expression of intestinal and lung alkaline sphingomyelinase and neutral ceramidase in cystic fibrosis f508del transgenic mice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47:547-54. [PMID: 18955860 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181826daf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The intestinal brush border enzymes alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase) and neutral ceramidase (CDase) digest milk sphingomyelin in suckling neonates. In addition, alk-SMase, CDase, and acid sphingomyelinase (acid-SMase) have been implicated in sphingolipid signaling, which exhibits abnormalities in cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the expression of these enzymes is different in CF. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used mice with F508del (Cftr) mutation, a CF mouse model with well-characterized intestinal pathology. Enzyme activities were measured using radiolabeled sphingolipid substrates incubated with tissue homogenates from different organs and intestinal contents of wild-type mice, homozygous, and heterozygous F508del mice. RESULTS No difference was found in levels of CDase and alk-SMase in the small intestinal mucosa or in their longitudinal distribution. Acid-SMase activity was significantly lower in the mucosa of the distal half of the small intestine of F508del compared with wild-type mice. Despite a lower body weight of F508del mice, length and weight of the small intestine and weight per centimeter of colon were larger than in wild-type. Neutral CDase and alk-SMase activities in lungs were lower than in the gut, whereas acid-SMase activity was comparable in both organs. CDase activity in the spleen was significantly higher in F508del than in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Alk-SMase and neutral CDase are normally expressed in F508del CF mice, whereas activity of acid-SMase in the distal small intestine is decreased. We found no differences in activity of these enzymes in lungs in this mouse model.
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Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Levesque RC. Animal models of chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: useful tools for cystic fibrosis studies. Lab Anim 2008; 42:389-412. [PMID: 18782827 DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.06014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defect in the transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein that functions as a chloride channel. Dysfunction of the CFTR protein results in salty sweat, pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal obstruction, male infertility and severe pulmonary disease. In most patients with CF life expectancy is limited due to a progressive loss of functional lung tissue. Early in life a persistent neutrophylic inflammation can be demonstrated in the airways. The cause of this inflammation, the role of CFTR and the cause of lung morbidity by different CF-specific bacteria, mostly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are not well understood. The lack of an appropriate animal model with multi-organ pathology having the characteristics of the human form of CF has hampered our understanding of the pathobiology and chronic lung infections of the disease for many years. This review summarizes the main characteristics of CF and focuses on several available animal models that have been frequently used in CF research. A better understanding of the chronic lung infection caused particularly by P. aeruginosa, the pathophysiology of lung inflammation and the pathogenesis of lung disease necessitates animal models to understand CF, and to develop and improve treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kukavica-Ibrulj
- Centre de Recherche sur la Fonction, Structure et Ingénierie des Protéines, Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Transcription-dependent spatial arrangements of CFTR and conserved adjacent loci are not conserved in human and murine nuclei. Chromosoma 2008; 117:381-97. [PMID: 18408947 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-008-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human genes CFTR, ASZ1/GASZ, and CTTNBP2/CORTBP2 map to adjacent loci on chromosome 7q31 and display characteristic patterns of nuclear positioning, which strictly correlate with the state of activity. To address the evolutionary conservation of gene positioning, we investigated transcriptional activity and nuclear positioning of the highly conserved murine orthologs and of additional murine genes mapping to the region of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 6. The results showed that all murine loci investigated constitutively localized in the nuclear interior irrespective of their functional state. Silenced loci did not display preferential association with the nuclear periphery or with chromocenters, respectively, and no differential positioning with respect to the chromosome 6 territory could be observed. This positional behavior of the murine loci was in striking contrast to the positioning of the human orthologs, and the results show that the transcription-dependent positioning of CFTR and adjacent loci has not been conserved. The findings reveal that the nuclear organization of conserved chromosomal regions can change rapidly during evolution and is not always as highly conserved as other features of chromosome organization. Furthermore, the results suggest that the way how nuclear positioning contributes to the regulation of conserved loci can be different in different vertebrate species.
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