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Guo F, Li C, Dou J, Liang J, Chen Z, Xu Z, Wang T. Research progress on pharmacological properties and application of probiotics in the fermentation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1407182. [PMID: 38903628 PMCID: PMC11187263 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1407182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a medicinal herb with a rich history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. This review concentrates on the chemical constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, with a particular emphasis on flavonoids such as baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin. Additionally, it examines the effects of probiotic fermentation on the plant's chemical profile and pharmacological actions. Evidence suggests that probiotic fermentation markedly modifies the bioactive components of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, thereby augmenting its medicinal potency. The paper delves into the mechanisms by which the primary active constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are altered during fermentation and how these changes influence its pharmacological properties. This review aims to lay a theoretical groundwork for the clinical utilization of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and the formulation of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhai Li
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaxin Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zouquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenshang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
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2
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Liang Z. Post-Harvest Processing Methods Have Critical Roles in the Contents of Active Ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238302. [PMID: 36500395 PMCID: PMC9739255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To find the best post-harvest processing method for Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, we explored the effects of fresh and traditional processing on the active ingredients in S. baicalensis and evaluated three drying techniques to determine the optimal post-harvest processing technique. We quantified four active ingredients (baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, and wogonin) in 16 different processed S. baicalensis samples that were harvested from Tongchuan, Shaanxi province, by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). In addition, we performed a similarity analysis (SA), a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and a principal component analysis (PCA) on the common peaks in S. baicalensis that were identified by the HPLC fingerprints. Compared to the traditional processing method, the fresh processing method could better preserve the four active ingredients in S. baicalensis, meanwhile, the similarity analysis (0.997-1.000) showed that the fresh processing was more similar to the traditional processing, and it did not change the type of 18 active ingredients in S. baicalensis. The cluster analysis results showed that the shade drying and sun drying methods results were more similar to each other, while the oven drying (60 °C) method results were clustered into one category. According to the results of the principal component analysis, S9, S7, and S8 had higher scores, and they were relatively well processed under these processing settings. Fresh processing could be an alternative to traditional processing; the moisture content was reduced to 24.38% under the sun drying condition, and it was the optimal post-harvest processing solution for S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8684-3301
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3
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Sun G, Dang Y, Lin Y, Zeng W, Wu Z, Zhang X, Dong D, Wu B. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi regulates REV-ERBα/BMAL1 to protect against skin aging in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991917. [PMID: 36249807 PMCID: PMC9561880 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat disorders such as hypertension, dysentery and hemorrhaging. Here, we aimed to assess the pharmacological effects of SBG on skin aging and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Mice with skin aging were established by treatment with D-galactose and ultraviolet-B. SBG (topical application) showed a protective effect on skin aging in mice, as evidenced by less formation of skin wrinkles, higher levels of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and HYP (hydroxyproline) as well as a lower level of MDA (malondialdehyde). In the meantime, skin MMP-1 and p53 expression were lower, epidermis was thinner and collagen amount was higher in SBG-treated mice. Anti-skin aging effects of SBG were also confirmed in NIH3T3 and HaCaT cells, as well as in mouse primary dermal fibroblasts and human primary epidermal keratinocytes. Furthermore, we found that loss of Rev-erbα (a known repressor of Bmal1) up-regulated skin BMAL1 (a clock component and a known anti-aging factor) and ameliorated skin aging in mice. Moreover, SBG dose-dependently increased the expression of BMAL1 in the skin of aged mice and in senescent NIT3H3 cells. In addition, based on a combination of Gal4 chimeric, luciferase reporter and expression assays, SBG was identified as an antagonist of REV-ERBα and thus an inducer of BMAL1 expression. In conclusion, SBG antagonizes REV-ERBα to up-regulate BMAL1 and to protect against skin aging in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongkang Dang
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanke Lin
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Zeng
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongjian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Dong Dong
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Dong, ; Baojian Wu,
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Dong, ; Baojian Wu,
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Ma J, Li K, Shi S, Li J, Tang S, Liu L. The Application of UHPLC-HRMS for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922488. [PMID: 35721122 PMCID: PMC9201421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UHPLC-HRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry) is a new technique that unifies the application of UHPLC with HRMS. Because of the high sensitivity and good separation ability of UHPLC and the sensitivity of HRMS, this technique has been widely used for structure identification, quantitative determination, fingerprint analysis, and elucidation of the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in recent years. This review mainly outlines the advantages of using UHPLC-HRMS and provides a survey of the research advances on UHPLC-HRMS for the quality control of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Kailin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Silin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Sunv Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - LiangHong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
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5
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Ke PY, Chang CW, Hsiao YC. Baicalein Activates Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy through NDP52 and OPTN. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071132. [PMID: 35406696 PMCID: PMC8997844 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of intracellular components by autophagy maintains metabolic homeostasis and is a quality-control pathway that enables organelle regeneration. Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy that regulates mitochondrial turnover, and the dysregulation of mitophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying mitophagy regulation in liver cells remains unclear, and the small molecules that may potentially modulate hepatic mitophagy are still unavailable. Here, we report that baicalein, a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, induces the entire autophagy that proceeds through the autolysosome maturation stage in human hepatoma cells. In addition, baicalein-induced autophagy is demonstrated to target mitochondria for degradation. Further studies show that baicalein triggers the translocation of Parkin and TBK1 to mitochondria to induce mitophagy. Moreover, the phosphorylation of TBK1 at Ser172 and ubiquitin at Ser65 is shown to trigger mitophagy in baicalein-treated cells. Furthermore, two specific autophagy cargo receptors, NDP52 and OPTN, that function in baicalein-activated mitophagy are identified. Taken together, these findings not only delineate the molecular process of Parkin-dependent mitophagy in liver cells, but also reveal baicalein as a novel inducer of hepatic mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5115); Fax: +886-3-211-8700
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Yuan-Chao Hsiao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (Y.-C.H.)
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Zhou Z, Xi R, Liu J, Peng X, Zhao L, Zhou X, Li J, Zheng X, Xu X. TAS2R16 Activation Suppresses LPS-Induced Cytokine Expression in Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2022; 12:726546. [PMID: 34975834 PMCID: PMC8714777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained and non-resolved inflammation is a characteristic of periodontitis. Upon acute inflammation, gingival fibroblasts release cytokines to recruit immune cells to counter environmental stimuli. The intricate regulation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, is necessary to maintain periodontal homeostasis. Nonetheless, how inflammation is resolved has not yet been elucidated. In this study, 22 subtypes of taste receptor family 2 (TAS2Rs), as well as the downstream machineries of Gα-gustducin and phospholipase C-β2 (PLCβ2), were identified in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Various bitter agonists could induce an intensive cytosolic Ca2+ response in HGFs. More importantly, TAS2R16 was expressed at a relatively high level, and its agonist, salicin, showed robust Ca2+ evocative effects in HGFs. Activation of TAS2R16 signaling by salicin inhibited the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, at least in part, by repressing LPS-induced intracellular cAMP elevation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in HGFs. These findings indicate that TAS2Rs activation in HGFs may mediate endogenous pro-inflammation resolution by antagonizing NF-κB signaling, providing a novel paradigm and treatment target for the better management of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ranhui Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Periodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hu Z, Guan Y, Hu W, Xu Z, Ishfaq M. An overview of pharmacological activities of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein: New insights into molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:14-26. [PMID: 35656442 PMCID: PMC9118284 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.60380.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoids, baicalin, and its aglycone baicalein possess multi-fold therapeutic properties and are mainly found in the roots of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. These flavonoids have been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. The pharmacological properties of baicalin and baicalein are due to their abilities to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interaction with various signaling molecules associated with apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, cell cycle, mitochondrial dynamics, and cytoprotection. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic applications of baicalin and baicalein in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. In addition, the preventive effects of baicalin and baicalein on mitochondrial dynamics and functions were highlighted with a particular emphasis on their anti-oxidative and cytoprotective properties. The current review highlights could be useful for future prospective studies to further improve the pharmacological applications of baicalein and baicalin. These studies should define the threshold for optimal drug exposure, dose optimization and focus on therapeutic drug monitoring, objective disease markers, and baicalin/baicalein drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hu
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yurong Guan
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wanying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Hubei Zhiying Medical Imaging Center, Radiology Department of Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
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8
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Antonio A, Wiedemann L, Galante E, Guimarães A, Matharu A, Veiga-Junior V. Efficacy and sustainability of natural products in COVID-19 treatment development: opportunities and challenges in using agro-industrial waste from Citrus and apple. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07816. [PMID: 34423146 PMCID: PMC8366044 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been used in the treatment of illnesses throughout the history of humankind. Exploitation of bioactive compounds from natural sources can aid in the discovery of new drugs, provide the scaffold of new medicines. In the face of challenging diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, for which there was no effective treatment, nature could offer insights as to novel therapeutic options for control measures. However, the environmental impact and supply chain of bioactive production must be carefully evaluated to ensure the detrimental effects will not outweigh the potential benefits gained. History has already proven that highly bioactive compounds can be rare and not suitable for medicinal exploitation; therefore, the sustainability must be accessed before expensive, time-demanding, and large trials can be initialized. A sustainable option to readily produce a phytotherapy with minimal environmental stress is the use of agro-industry wastes, a by-product produced in high quantities. In this review we evaluate the sustainability issues associated with the production of phytotherapy as a readily available tool for pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Antonio
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - L.S.M. Wiedemann
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - E.B.F. Galante
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A.C. Guimarães
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - A.S. Matharu
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - V.F. Veiga-Junior
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Zhao A, Ma B, Xu L, Yao M, Zhang Y, Xue B, Ren J, Chang D, Liu J. Jiedu Tongluo Granules Ameliorates Post-stroke Depression Rat Model via Regulating NMDAR/BDNF Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662003. [PMID: 34093193 PMCID: PMC8173625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common stroke complications, which seriously affects stroke’s therapeutic effect and brings great pain for patients. The pathological mechanism of PSD has not been revealed. Jiedu Tongluo granules (JDTLG) is an effective traditional Chinese medicine for PSD treatment which is widely used in clinical treatment. JDTLG has a significant therapeutic effect against PSD, but the mechanism is still unclear. The PSD rat model was established by carotid artery embolization combined with chronic sleep deprivation followed by treating with JDTLG. Neurobehavioral and neurofunctional experiments were engaged in studying the neural function of rats. Histomorphology, proteomics, and western blotting researches were performed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms related to JDTLG therapy. Oral treatment of JDTLG could significantly improve the symptoms of neurological deficit and depression symptoms of PSD rats. Proteomic analysis identified several processes that may involve the regulation of JDTLG on the PSD animal model, including energy metabolism, nervous system, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signal pathway. Our results showed that JDTLG could reduce glutamate (Glu) level and increase gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level via regulating the NMDAR/BDNF pathway, which may play a vital role in the occurrence and development of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yehao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junguo Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Metabolic Analysis of Root, Stem, and Leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis Plantlets Treated with Different LED Lights. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050940. [PMID: 34066714 PMCID: PMC8151413 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently been considered an efficient artificial light source in plant factories for enhancing plant growth and nutritional quality. Accordingly, this study aimed to review blue, red, and white LED light sources for efficiency and length of the growing period to produce seedlings of Scutellaria baicalensis with high nutritional value. The roots, stems, and leaves of S. baicalensis seedlings were grown under different LED lights and harvested after two and four weeks, and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify and quantify primary and secondary metabolites. Roots, particularly in the seedlings treated with white LEDs were determined to contain the greatest concentrations of the representative compounds present in S. baicalensis: baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, which show highly strong biological properties compared to the other plant organs. A total of 50 metabolites (amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, phenolic acids, and amines) were detected in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. baicalensis seedlings, and the concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites were generally decreased with the increasing duration of LED illumination. Therefore, this study suggests that white LED light and a 2-week growing period are the most efficient conditions for the production of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin.
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11
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Zhao DF, Fan YF, Wang FY, Hou FB, Gonzalez FJ, Li SY, Wang P, Xia YL, Ge GB, Yang L. Discovery and characterization of naturally occurring potent inhibitors of catechol- O-methyltransferase from herbal medicines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10385-10392. [PMID: 35423513 PMCID: PMC8695704 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10425f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human catechol-O-methyltransferase (hCOMT) is considered a therapeutic target due to its crucial roles in the metabolic inactivation of endogenous neurotransmitters and xenobiotic drugs. There are nevertheless few safe and effective COMT inhibitors and there lacks a diversity in structure. To discover novel safe and effective hCOMT inhibitors from herbal products, in this study, 53 herbal products were collected and their inhibitory effects against hCOMT were investigated. Among them, Scutellariae radix (SR) displayed the most potent inhibitory effect on hCOMT with an IC50 value of 0.75 μg mL-1. To further determine specific chemicals as COMT inhibitors, an affinity ultrafiltration coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and successfully applied to identify COMT inhibitors from SR extract. The results demonstrated that scutellarein 2, baicalein 9 and oroxylin A 12 were potent COMT inhibitors, showing a high binding index (>3) and very low IC50 values (32.9 ± 3.43 nM, 37.3 ± 4.32 nM and 18.3 ± 2.96 nM). The results of inhibition kinetics assays and docking simulations showed that compounds 2, 9 and 12 were potent competitive inhibitors against COMT-mediated 3-BTD methylation, and they could stably bind to the active site of COMT. These findings suggested that affinity ultrafiltration allows a rapid identification of natural COMT inhibitors from a complex plant extract matrix. Furthermore, scutellarein 2, baicalein 9 and oroxylin A 12 are potent inhibitors of hCOMT in SR, which could be used as promising lead compounds to develop more efficacious non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yu-Fan Fan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Fang-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Fan-Bin Hou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Shi-Yang Li
- Analytical Central Laboratory, Shenyang Harmony Health Medical Laboratory Co. Ltd Shenyang 210112 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Yang-Liu Xia
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
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12
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Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR, Hosseinzadeh H. Promising influences of Scutellaria baicalensis and its two active constituents, baicalin, and baicalein, against metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3558-3574. [PMID: 33590943 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is known as a group of metabolic abnormalities with features including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension as well as low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Previous studies showed the ameliorating effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on metabolic syndrome parameters, including antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, and antihypertensive. In this review, we deeply and mechanistically evaluated different studies on the effect of S. baicalensis and its two major bioactive constituents, baicalin, and baicalein, on the critical components of metabolic syndrome, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched in the English language until the end of June 2020. Accordingly, S. baicalensis, and its two major bioactive constituents, baicalin and baicalein, represent promising effects on the control of metabolic syndrome and its related disorders such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and their following complications. In summary, our findings show that S. baicalensis and its active constituents, baicalin and baicalein, by activation and upregulation of AMPK and PPAR-γ as the main signaling in the hemostasis of glucose and lipid metabolisms may be favorable candidates for the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Gao J, Ding Y, Wang Y, Liang P, Zhang L, Liu R. Oroxylin A is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-spiked pseudotyped virus blocker obtained from Radix Scutellariae using angiotensin-converting enzyme II/cell membrane chromatography. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3194-3204. [PMID: 33587321 PMCID: PMC8013958 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current worldwide outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been declared a public health emergency. The angiotensin‐converting enzyme II (ACE2) has been reported as the primary host‐cell receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative virus of COVID‐19. In this study, we screened ACE2 ligands from Radix Scutellariae and investigated its suppressive effect on SARS‐CoV‐2 spiked pseudotyped virus in vitro. HEK293T cells stably expressing ACE2 receptors (ACE2 cells) were used to provide the receptor for the ACE2/cell membrane chromatography (CMC) method used for analysis. The SARS‐CoV‐2‐spiked pseudotyped virus was used to examine the anti‐viropexis effect of the screened compounds in ACE2 cells. Molecular docking and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay were used to determine the binding properties. Oroxylin A exhibited an appreciable suppressive effect against the entrance of the SARS‐CoV‐2‐spiked pseudotyped virus into ACE2 cells, which showed good binding to ACE2 as determined using SPR and CMC. Oroxylin A was shown to be a potential candidate in the treatment for COVID‐19 by virtue of its blocking the entrance of SARS‐CoV‐2 into ACE2 cells by specifically binding to the ACE2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peida Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Yao Q, Li S, Cheng X, Zou Y, Shen Y, Zhang S. Yin Zhi Huang, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, ameliorates diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by activating the AMPK/SREBP-1 and the AMPK/ACC/CPT1A pathways. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:231. [PMID: 32309378 PMCID: PMC7154390 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Yin Zhi Huang (YZH) is a formula composed of Artemisia scoparia, Gardeniae fructus, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Most of the components are eaten as food in Asia. Here, we evaluated the role of YZH on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal-chow diet, HFD, and HFD with low- or high-dose YZH for 16 weeks. Body weight gain, adipose mass, and plasma lipids levels were measured to evaluate the effect of YZH on obesity. Liver weight and staining methods on liver tissues were used to determine hepatic steatosis. The expression of involved genes and proteins were screened with qRT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Results The results showed that YZH significantly reduced body weight gain, adipose mass, and the size of adipocytes, while did not affect food intake in HFD-fed mice. H&E staining, bodipy staining, and oil red O staining displayed that YZH alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation. It also effectively restored elevated plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase in HFD-fed mice. Mechanistically, these effects of YZH have associated with a decrease of AMPK/SREBP-1 pathway-mediated de novo lipogenesis and an increase of AMPK/ACC/CPT1A pathway-mediated mitochondrial fatty acid β oxidation. Conclusions YZH supplementation ameliorated diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by decreasing AMPK/SREBP-1 pathway-mediated de novo lipogenesis and increasing AMPK/ACC/CPT1A pathway-mediated mitochondrial fatty acid β oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yanting Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuncai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
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15
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Jin H, Wang Q, Wu J, Han X, Qian T, Zhang Z, Wang J, Pan X, Wu A, Wang X. Baicalein Inhibits the IL-1β-Induced Inflammatory Response in Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Attenuates Disc Degeneration In vivo. Inflammation 2019; 42:1032-1044. [PMID: 30729381 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is widely considered one of the main causes of low back pain, which is a chronic progressive disease closely related to inflammation and degeneration of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Baicalein is a natural bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory effects in different diseases, including inhibition of the inflammatory response in chondrocytes, whose morphology and avascular supply are similar to those of NP cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that baicalein may have a therapeutic effect on IDD by suppressing the inflammatory response. In vitro, NP cells were pretreated with baicalein for 2 h and then incubated with IL-1β for 24 h. We found that baicalein not only inhibited the overexpression of inflammatory cytokine production, including NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6, but also suppressed the expression of COX-2 and iNOS. The IL-1β-induced overexpression of MMP13 and ADAMTS5 and degradation of aggrecan and type II collagen were reversed by baicalein in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we found that baicalein suppressed the IL-1β-induced activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Moreover, an in vivo study demonstrated that baicalein treatment could ameliorate IDD in a puncture-induced rat model. Thus, baicalein has great value as a potential therapeutic agent for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianwei Wu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuyao Han
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianchen Qian
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianle Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangxiang Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Cao X, You G, Li H, Li D, Wang M, Ren X. Comparative Investigation for Rotten Xylem (kuqin) and Strip Types (tiaoqin) of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Based on Fingerprinting and Chemical Pattern Recognition. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132431. [PMID: 31269661 PMCID: PMC6651509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) is not just as a traditional herbal medicine but also a popular functional food in China and other Asian countries. A sensitive simple strategy was developed for the first time to analyze SBG from eight different geographical sources using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with multivariate chemometric methods. Two unsupervised pattern recognition models, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA), and a supervised pattern recognition model, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were used to analyze the chemical compositions and physical traits of SBG. The important chemical markers baicalin, baicalein, and wogonoside were analyzed quantitatively and with PLS-DA. These methods distinguished rotten xylem (kuqin) and strip types (tiaoqin) of SBG and found that the thickness of the slice had a significant impact on the classification of SBG. Two classes of strip types were identified: one as the uncut pharmaceutical, which was sectioned with a thickness >3 mm; the other as a thin-sectioned strip type, with a thickness of <2 mm. This fingerprinting technique coupled to a chemometric analysis was used for the simultaneous quantitation of three components (chemical markers) of SBG, and greatly simplified the complicated identification of the multiple components of this plant relative to traditional methods. The strategy can clearly distinguish between kuqin and tiaoqin of SBG, and suggests that the thickness of the slice can be used as the basis for evaluation of SBG. These data provide a theoretical basis and scientific evidence for the development and utilization of SBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiao Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Guangjiao You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Di Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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17
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Liau PR, Wu MS, Lee CK. Inhibitory Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Root Extract on Linoleic Acid Hydroperoxide-induced Lung Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112143. [PMID: 31174346 PMCID: PMC6600317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the ability of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi to protect lipid-peroxidation (LPO) in lung tissue after free radical-induced injury. We prepared S. baicalensis root (SBR) extracts using different solvents. The total flavonoid and total phenol contents of each extract were measured, and the ROS damage protection was evaluated by analyzing linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LHP)-induced LPO in rat lung mitochondria. Moreover, evaluating diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities and using metal chelating assays were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed high ROS scavenging ability, and four compounds were subsequently isolated and purified from this extract: baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A. Baicalein in rat lung mitochondria the most significant LHP-induced LPO inhibition was shown and extracted with EtOAc that contained the highest amount of baicalein. Thus, baicalein and the EtOAc extract of SBR may be efficient in conferring ROS damage protection and inhibiting LHP-induced LPO in rat lung mitochondria. Additional studies are warranted to investigate their use as antioxidant therapy for respiration infections, nutrition supplements, and lead compounds in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ru Liau
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ming Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11661, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ching Kuo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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18
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Wang H, Ma X, Cheng Q, Wang L, Zhang L. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrahigh Pressure Extraction of Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Molecules 2018; 23:E3233. [PMID: 30544548 PMCID: PMC6321484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), promising green solvents, and ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) as an effective auxiliary extraction method, have attracted wide attention. In this study, DES was coupled with UPE to efficiently extract baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. First, choline chloride: lactic acid (ChCl-LA, molar ratio 1:1) was selected as the most appropriate DES by comparing the extraction yield of different DESs. Second, the extraction protocol was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) considering the impacts of ChCl-LA concentration, extraction pressure, extraction time and liquid-solid ratio on the extraction yield. Under the optimal condition (40 vol% water content, extraction pressure of 400 MPa, extraction time of 4 min and a liquid-solid ratio of 110 mL/g), a maximum yield of 116.8 mg/g was achieved, higher than that obtained by the traditional extraction method. The microstructure of the raw and extracted Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi samples according to scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the dissolution of chemical components was enhanced from the disrupted root tissues after DESs-UPE. DESs coupled with UPE could effectively extract the baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi as a rapid and efficient extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Institute of Molecule Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xiaodi Ma
- Institute of Molecule Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Qibin Cheng
- Institute of Molecule Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Molecule Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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19
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Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/9579872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted significant attention as green media for the extraction and separation of natural compounds from Chinese medicine. In this study, a hydrophobic DESs-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was successfully used to efficiently extract baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Firstly, DecA: N4444-Cl (DES-1 , molar ratio 1 : 2) was screened and selected as the most appropriate DES by comparing the extraction yield in different hydrophobic DESs. Based on the extraction yield of baicalin, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize the parameters (extraction temperature, liquid-solid ratio, and extraction time). Furthermore, the maximum yield of 106.96 mg·g−1 was achieved under optimum conditions in DES-containing aqueous solutions (33 vol% water content), which reached a similar level that was conducted using the pharmacopoeia procedure (104.94 mg·g−1). These results indicated that the proposed method is an excellent alternative for the extraction of baicalin.
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20
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Li Y, Wang J, Song X, Bai H, Ma T, Zhang Z, Li X, Jiang R, Wang G, Fan X, Liu X, Gao L. Effects of baicalein on IL-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat articular chondrocytes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90781-90795. [PMID: 29207603 PMCID: PMC5710884 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoarthritis (OA), activated synoviocytes and articular chondrocytes produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, that promote chondrocyte apoptosis and activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to induce catabolic factors. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect of baicalein on IL-1β signaling and NF-κB-regulated gene products in rat chondrocytes. Rat chondrocytes were pretreated with 10 ng/ml IL-1β for 24 h and then co-treated with 10 ng/ml IL-1β and 50 μM baicalein for 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48h. The expression levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Bcl-2, caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-3, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and SOX-9 were detected by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qPCR). The effects of baicalein on the translocation and phosphorylation of the NF-κB system were studied by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Baicalein stimulated the expression of anti-apoptotic genes and reduced the pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory gene products in chondrocytes. Baicalein promoted SOX-9 expression in a time-dependent manner in chondrocytes. Baicalein inhibited the NF-κB activation that was induced by IL-1β in a time-dependent manner in chondrocytes. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of baicalein are mediated through the inhibition of the translocation of phosphorylated p65 to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinran Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Renli Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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21
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Bui TT, Piao CH, Song CH, Lee CH, Shin HS, Chai OH. Baicalein, wogonin, and Scutellaria baicalensis ethanol extract alleviate ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation and mast cell-mediated anaphylactic shock by regulation of Th1/Th2 imbalance and histamine release. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:124-134. [PMID: 28713616 PMCID: PMC5509896 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, the aberrant production of the Th2 cytokines, and eosinophil infiltration into the lungs. In this study, we examined the effects of baicalein, wogonin, and Scutellaria baicalensis ethanol extract on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma by evaluating Th1/Th2 cytokine levels, histopathologic analysis, and compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and mast cell activation, focusing on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract also decreased the number of inflammatory cells especially eosinophils and downregulated peribronchial and perivascular inflammation in the lungs of mice challenged by OVA. Baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract significantly reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5 and the production of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, and upregulated the level of interferon-γ and OVA-specific IgG2a. In addition, oral administration of baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and plasma histamine release in mice. Moreover, baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract suppressed compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Conclusively, baicalein and wogonin as major flavonoids of S. baicalensis may have therapeutic potential for allergic asthma through modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance and histamine release from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tho Bui
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chun Hua Piao
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Samrye, Korea
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- Food Biotechnology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ok Hee Chai
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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22
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Paudel MK, Sakamoto S, Tanaka H, Morimoto S. An overview and comparison of a recombinant antigen-binding fragment and an antigen-binding fragment from a monoclonal antibody against wogonin glucuronide. J Nat Med 2017. [PMID: 28623444 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wogonin glucuronide (wogonin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide, Wgn) is widely recognized as a constituent of Scutellariae radix, which is used in Kampo medicines. Wgn has been used for both pharmacological (antifebrile uses and in detoxification) and research purposes. A recombinant antigen-binding fragment (rFab) and an antigen-binding fragment from a monoclonal antibody (mFab) against Wgn were constructed and used in an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) in this study. The rFab and mFab against Wgn showed both activity and recognition against Wgn. The developed icELISA was validated as a quantitative analytical method to detect Wgn by testing both its utility and its reliability using multiple concentrations of Wgn from S. radix. This approach provides a more economic method to analyze and purify Kampo medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Kumar Paudel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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23
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Wongrattanakamon P, Lee VS, Nimmanpipug P, Sirithunyalug B, Chansakaow S, Jiranusornkul S. Insight into the molecular mechanism of P-glycoprotein mediated drug toxicity induced by bioflavonoids: an integrated computational approach. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:253-271. [PMID: 27996361 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1273428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were rendered for the mouse P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (code: 4Q9H) and bioflavonoids; amorphigenin, chrysin, epigallocatechin, formononetin and rotenone including a positive control; verapamil to identify protein-ligand interaction features including binding affinities, interaction characteristics, hot-spot amino acid residues and complex stabilities. These flavonoids occupied the same binding site with high binding affinities and shared the same key residues for their binding interactions and the binding region of the flavonoids was revealed that overlapped the ATP binding region with hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions suggesting a competitive inhibition mechanism of the compounds. Root mean square deviations (RMSDs) analysis of MD trajectories of the protein-ligand complexes and NBD2 residues, and ligands pointed out these residues were stable throughout the duration of MD simulations. Thus, the applied preliminary structure-based molecular modeling approach of interactions between NBD2 and flavonoids may be gainful to realize the intimate inhibition mechanism of P-gp at NBD2 level and on the basis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that these bioflavonoids have the potential to cause herb-drug interactions or be used as lead molecules for the inhibition of P-gp (as anti-multidrug resistance agents) via the NBD2 blocking mechanism in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathomwat Wongrattanakamon
- a Laboratory for Molecular Design and Simulation (LMDS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Piyarat Nimmanpipug
- c Computational Simulation and Modelling Laboratory (CSML), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Busaban Sirithunyalug
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Sunee Chansakaow
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Supat Jiranusornkul
- a Laboratory for Molecular Design and Simulation (LMDS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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Zhao Q, Chen XY, Martin C. Scutellaria baicalensis, the golden herb from the garden of Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016; 61:1391-1398. [PMID: 27730005 PMCID: PMC5031759 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. It has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory infections. Flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside and their aglycones baicalein wogonin are the major bioactive compounds extracted from the root of S. baicalensis. These flavones have been reported to have various pharmacological functions, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. In this review, we focus on clinical applications and the pharmacological properties of the medicinal plant and the flavones extracted from it. We also describe biotechnological and metabolic methods that have been used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of the bioactive compounds in Scutellaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
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25
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Tsai PJ, Huang WC, Hsieh MC, Sung PJ, Kuo YH, Wu WH. Flavones Isolated from Scutellariae radix Suppress Propionibacterium Acnes-Induced Cytokine Production In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2015; 21:E15. [PMID: 26712724 PMCID: PMC6273464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellariae radix, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, has long been applied in traditional formulations and modern herbal medications. Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) in follicles can trigger inflammation and lead to the symptom of inflammatory acnes vulgaris. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Scutellariae radix extract and purified components isolated from it on inflammation induced by P.acnes in vitro and in vivo. The results showed the ethyl acetate (EA) soluble fraction from the partition of crude ethanolic extract from Scutellariae radix inhibited P.acnes-induced interleukin IL-8 and IL-1β production in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Seven flavones were isolated from the EA fraction by repeated chromatographies, and identified as 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (FL1, oroxylin), 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (FL2, wogonin), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (FL3, 7-O-methylwogonin), 5,6′-dihydroxy-6,7,8,2′-tetramethoxy flavone (FL4, skullcapflavone II), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (FL5), 5,2′,6′-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (FL6, viscidulin II), and 5,7,2′,5′-tetrahydroxy-8,6′-dimethoxyflavone (FL7, ganhuangenin). They all significantly suppressed P. acnes-induced IL-8 and IL-1β production in THP-1 cells, and FL2 exerted the strongest effect with half maximal inhibition (IC50) values of 8.7 and 4.9 μM, respectively. Concomitant intradermal injection of each of the seven flavones (20 μg) with P. acnes effectively attenuated P. acnes-induced ear swelling, and decreased the production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in ear homogenates. Our results suggested that all the seven flavones can be potential therapeutic agents against P. acnes-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jung Tsai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Huey Wu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Liu Y, Wang H, Cai X. Optimization of the extraction of total flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi using the response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:2336-43. [PMID: 25829617 PMCID: PMC4375232 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions for total flavonoid extraction from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The influences of the ethanol concentration, extraction time, temperature, and the liquid-solid ratio on flavonoid yield were investigated. Based on ANOVA results, a second-order quadratic polynomial model could be applied to characterize the extraction process. The following optimal extraction conditions were identified: ethanol concentration, 52.98 %; extraction time, 2.12 h; extraction temperature, 62.46 °C; and liquid-solid ratio, 35.23. The predicted extraction yield was 19.437 mg/g when these optimal conditions were used. The proposed method was successfully employed to extract flavonoids from S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- />School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061 China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- />School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061 China
| | - Xuan Cai
- />Zhaoqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine, Zhaoqing, 526062 China
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He H, Gu X, Shi L, Hong J, Zhang H, Gao Y, Du S, Chen L. Molecularly imprinted polymers based on SBA-15 for selective solid-phase extraction of baicalein from plasma samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:509-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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28
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Li H, Dong H, Su J, Yang B. Development and application of a UPLC method for studying influence of phenological stage on chemical composition of Scutellariae Radix. Arch Pharm Res 2014. [PMID: 25359201 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The influence of phenological stages on chemical composition of Scutellariae Radix (SR), the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, was investigated. In order to deal with a large quantity of samples, a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) was first developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of five flavonoids, namely baicalin (baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, BG), wogonoside (wogonin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, WG), baicalein (BA), wogonin (WO), oroxylin A (OA) in the samples. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.742-389 ng (r 2 > 0.9999) and satisfactory recoveries were obtained (101.72-104.56 %) with the RSD value below 5.0 %, for all analytes. Also, extraction conditions were optimized to obtain maximum extractive contents of the five flavonoids. Content variations of the five active ingredients in 225 samples from three different origins were investigated in five major phenological periods. It was found that the effect of phenology on the contents of the tested five flavonoids was similar in the three origins. The contents of flavone O-glycosides, i.e., BG and WG accumulated to the highest level in leaf expansion period, while flavonoid aglycones, i.e., BA, WO and OA appeared a maximum concentration in flowering period. The UPLC method established in this study was rapid and of good accuracy, repeatability and resolution, and hence can assist in the quality control of SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Kim KH, Park YD, Park H, Moon KO, Ha KT, Baek NI, Park CS, Joo M, Cha J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel baicalein glycoside as an anti-inflammatory agent. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:147-56. [PMID: 25446915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein-6-α-glucoside (BG), a glycosylated derivative of baicalein, was synthesized by using sucrose and the amylosucrase of Deinococcus geothermalis and tested for its solubility, chemical stability, and anti-inflammatory activity. BG was 26.3 times more soluble than baicalein and highly stable in buffered solutions and Dulbecco׳s modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. BG treatment decreased the production of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Luciferase reporter assays, western blots, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometric analyses indicated that BG activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an antioxidant transcription factor that confers protection from various inflammatory diseases, induced Nrf2-dependent gene expression, and suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species elicited by LPS more effectively than baicalein. Cellular uptake of BG assessed by confocal microscopy and HPLC analysis of the cell-free extracts of RAW 264.7 cells demonstrated that BG was gradually converted to baicalein inside the cells. These results explain that glycosylation increased the bioavailability of baicalein by helping to protect this vital molecule from chemical or enzymatic oxidation. Therefore, BG, a glycosylated derivative of baicalein, can be an alternative to baicalein as a therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun Ha Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Don Park
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Ok Moon
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeho Cha
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Sun G, Liu Z, Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhang J, Ji Z, Chen X. Capillary electrophoresis fingerprinting coupled with chemometrics to evaluate the quality consistency and predict the antioxidant activity of Sanhuang tablet as part of its quality control. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3571-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry; Dali University; Dali P. R. China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Yaning Gao
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Zhengchao Ji
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- College of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
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Lee KJ, Jung PM, Oh YC, Song NY, Kim T, Ma JY. Extraction and Bioactivity Analysis of Major Flavones Compounds from Scutellaria baicalensis Using In Vitro Assay and Online Screening HPLC-ABTS System. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:563702. [PMID: 25258697 PMCID: PMC4166446 DOI: 10.1155/2014/563702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The extraction efficiency of a number of solvent compositions for the improvement of bioactive compounds yield from S. baicalensis has been investigated. Also, free radical scavengers in the glycoside baicalin (BG), wogonoside (WG), aglycon baicalein (B), and wogonin (W) compounds of S. baicalensis were screened, identified, and quantified using coupled offline ABTS and online screening HPLC-ABTS assay. Increasing ethanol content fractions resulted in decreased extract yield of bioactive compounds. In this case, the best yield of 37.01 mg/g in BG, WG, B, and W compounds was obtained by a dipping method with an extraction time of 4 h. In addition, the yield (43.05%) and IC50 (34.04 μg/mL) determined through ABTS assay of the 60% aqueous ethanol extract were the most satisfactory of all solvent solutions tested. This result shows that an online screening HPLC-ABTS assay can be a powerful technique for the rapid characterization of bioactivity compounds in plant extracts. Moreover, their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated via analyzed inhibitory effect on NO and inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, WG and W exhibited the strong inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediator production including NO, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Jin Lee
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Mun Jung
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chang Oh
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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32
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Park HS, Park KI, Hong GE, Nagappan A, Lee HJ, Kim EH, Lee WS, Shin SC, Seo ON, Won CK, Cho JH, Kim G. Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi methanol extracts inhibits metastasis via the Forkhead Box M1 activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:847-851. [PMID: 24910406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, commonly known as skullcaps, and it has been widely used as traditional therapeutic herb in several eastern Asia including Korea, China and Japan because of its remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Our study focuses on the anti-metastatic effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi was examined for identification of its composition by HPLC-MS/MS. The extract was evaluated for the anti-metastasis activity using HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells via immunoblotting and RT-PCR. For mechanical study, specific Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) vector was transfected to HepG2 cells. RESULTS Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi potentially inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells dose dependently. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi decreased metastasis through the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and FOXM1 activities at the transcription and translation levels. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi could be a potent chemotherapeutic agent against HCC. Its clinical use guarantee for further study and individual flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Soo Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Arulkumar Nagappan
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam Regional Cancer Center, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 660-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - On Nuri Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Kil Won
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Cho
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - GonSup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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Development of a SPE-LC/MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A and their glucuronides baicalin, wogonoside and oroxyloside in rats and its application to brain uptake and plasma pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 97:9-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shin HS, Bae MJ, Jung SY, Shon DH. Preventive effects of skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) extract in a mouse model of food allergy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:667-673. [PMID: 24637193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Food allergy, which accompanies acute symptoms such as pruritus, vomiting, diarrhea, and lethal anaphylactic shock is an increasing clinical problem. Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammation, cancer, and allergy, but its effects in treating food allergy are not yet known. MATERIALS AND METHODS To examine the effect of skullcap on food allergy, female BALB/c mice were sensitized with 20 μg OVA and 2mg alum by intraperitoneal injection on day 0. From day 17, mice were orally challenged with OVA (50 mg) in saline every 3 days, for a total of six times. To investigate the preventive effect, skullcap (25 mg/kg) was orally administered every day from day 17 to 34. RESULTS Food allergy symptoms were evaluated by the criteria for diarrhea, anaphylactic response, and rectal temperature. Severe symptoms of food allergy were observed in the sham group (diarrhea, 3 points; anaphylactic response, 2.6 points; rectal temperature, -8.36 °C. In contrast, the skullcap treatment group had a significantly suppressed OVA-induced anaphylactic response (1.3 points) and rectal temperature (-4.76°C). Moreover, both OVA-specific IgE, Th17 cytokine (IL-17), and Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13), which increased with food allergy, were significantly inhibited by skullcap treatment. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the administration of skullcap attenuates OVA-induced food allergy symptoms through regulating systemic immune responses of Th cells. These results indicate that skullcap may be a potential candidate as a preventive agent for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soon Shin
- Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seognam-si, Kyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Bae
- Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seognam-si, Kyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Jung
- Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seognam-si, Kyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Shon
- Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seognam-si, Kyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea.
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Xu J, Zhao M, Qian D, Shang EX, Jiang S, Guo J, Duan JA, Du L. Comparative metabolism of Radix scutellariae extract by intestinal bacteria from normal and type 2 diabetic mice in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:368-374. [PMID: 24632019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in clinical practice for several thousand years. TCM has played an indispensable role in the prevention and treatment of disease, especially the complicated and chronic ones. In TCMs, many ingredients which are known to have biological effects just pass through the gut, they do not get into the bloodstream. Study on interactions of these active ingredients with the intestinal bacteria is very helpful to unravel how TCM works. Radix scutellariae was widely used alone or in combination with other medicinal herbs to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus for a long time in China even in Asia. Additionally, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is closely related to the changes of intestinal flora. In this paper, the metabolism of baicalin in Radix scutellariae extract by normal and type 2 diabetic mice intestinal bacteria were firstly investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOF-MS) technique combined with Metabolynx(TM) software was used for analysis of the metabolic profile of baicalin in Radix scutellariae extracts by the intestinal bacteria from normal and type 2 diabetic mice. RESULTS The amount of baicalin׳s aglycone (baicalein) in type 2 diabetic mice samples were remarkably more than that in normal mice samples and oroxylin A only existed in type 2 diabetic mice samples. Intestinal bacteria produced not only a small amount of baicalein, but also some conjugates such as hydrogenated baicalin and methylated baicalin. CONCLUSIONS We proposed that β-d-glucuronidases contributed to the deglycosylation prior to absorption. Intestinal bacteria from pathological state mice produced more baicalein, which was well absorbed contributing to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the pharmacological effects of oroxylin A were associated with type 2 diabetes. Hence, the production of metabolites of baicalin might influence the effects of traditional medicines. Thus the study on the metabolism of baicalin by intestinal bacteria from normal and type 2 diabetic mice was of great importance to understanding the effects of traditional medicines. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the potential of the ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach with MetaboLynx for quite rapid, simple, reliable and automated identification of metabolites of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Er-xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Leyue Du
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Gaire BP, Moon SK, Kim H. Scutellaria baicalensis in stroke management: nature's blessing in traditional Eastern medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:712-20. [PMID: 24752475 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is the most widely used medicinal plant in traditional Eastern medicine, especially in Chinese medicine. The major phytochemicals isolated from S. baicalensis are flavonoids, glycosides and their glucoronides such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonin etc. More than 30 different kinds of flavonoids are isolated from this plant. S. baicalensis and its flavonoids are reported to have several pharmacological activities, which includes anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti apoptic, anti-inflammatory effects and many more. Recently, S. baicalensis and its isolated flavonoids have been studied for their neuroprotective effects, through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases, plausibly suggesting that S. baicalensis has salutary effect as a nature's blessing for neuroprotection. In this review, we are focousing on the neuroprotective effects of S. baicalensis and its flavonoids in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at compiling all the information regarding the neuroprotective effect of S. baicalensis in various experimental models of cerebral ischemia or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea,
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Shin HS, Bae MJ, Choi DW, Shon DH. Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) extract and its active compound, wogonin, inhibit ovalbumin-induced Th2-mediated response. Molecules 2014; 19:2536-45. [PMID: 24566319 PMCID: PMC6271178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) has been widely used as a dietary ingredient and traditional herbal medicine owing to its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-allergic effects of skullcap and its active compounds, focusing on T cell-mediated responses ex vivo and in vivo. Splenocytes from mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) were isolated for analyses of cytokine production and cell viability. Mice sensitized with OVA were orally administered skullcap or wogonin for 16 days, and then immunoglobulin (Ig) and cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Treatment with skullcap significantly inhibited interleukin (IL)-4 production without reduction of cell viability. Moreover, wogonin, but not baicalin and baicalein, suppressed IL-4 and interferon-gamma production. In vivo, skullcap and wogonin downregulated OVA-induced Th2 immune responses, especially IgE and IL-5 prediction. Wogonin as an active component of skullcap may be applied as a therapeutic agent for IgE- and IL-5-mediated allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soon Shin
- Division of Metabolism & Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-746, Korea.
| | - Min-Jung Bae
- Division of Metabolism & Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-746, Korea.
| | - Dae Woon Choi
- Division of Metabolism & Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-746, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwa Shon
- Division of Metabolism & Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-746, Korea.
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Antimicrobial activity of electrospun polyurethane nanofibers containing composite materials. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chen HJ, Liang TM, Lee IJ, Huang YT, Lin YL. Scutellariae radix suppresses LPS-induced liver endothelial cell activation and inhibits hepatic stellate cell migration. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:835-842. [PMID: 24036165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liver fibrosis is the result of long-term liver damage and the wound-healing process, in which the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) plays a crucial role during fibrogenesis. The liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) is a liver-resident scavenger, contributing to sinusoidal remodeling, HSC activation and liver fibrosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes an inflammatory reaction associated with portal circulation and LSECs signaling. Scutellariae radix, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a Chinese herb widely used for liver diseases. However, its effect on LSEC activation and HSC migration in liver fibrosis has not been investigated yet. AIM OF THIS STUDY LPS-induced rat LSEC (rLSEC) activation was used as a model to screen and explore the active components of Scutellariae radix. The anti-fibrotic effect of Scutellariae radix on rLSEC activation and rHSC migration was further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS LPS-induced rLSEC mRNA expression, including VEGF, VEGFR, MCP-1, and TGF-β1, were examined by real-time PCR analyses. MCP-1 protein levels were measured by an ELISA kit. rLSEC conditioned medium on rHSC migration was measured by wound-healing assay and transwell chemoattraction assay. RESULTS Results showed LPS-induced rLSEC activation with upregulated MCP-1 mRNA and protein expressions, and that rLSEC-condition medium enhanced rHSC migration. Both baicalein and wogonin from the active subfraction significantly reduced MCP-1 expression, but only baicalein markedly inhibited rHSC migration in rLSEC conditioned medium. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that Scutellariae radix attenuates LPS-induced rLSEC activation and HSC migration with downregulation of MCP-1 expression. The results provide supporting evidence that Scutellariae radix may be beneficial for the amelioration of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jhang Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim MS, Ham SH, Kim JH, Shin JE, Oh J, Kim TW, Yun HI, Lim JH, Jang BS, Cho JH. Single-dose oral toxicity of fermented scutellariae radix extract in rats and dogs. Toxicol Res 2013; 28:263-8. [PMID: 24278619 PMCID: PMC3834431 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2012.28.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity of fermented Scutellariae Radix (JKTMHGu- 100) in rats and dogs. JKTM-HGu-100 was orally administered at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats. An escalating single-dose oral toxicity test in beagle dogs was performed at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg with 4-day intervals. Clinical signs, changes in body weight, mortality, and necropsy findings were examined for 2 weeks following oral administration. No toxicological changes related to the test substance nor mortality was observed after administration of a single oral dose of JKTM-HGu-100 in rats or dogs. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (LD) for oral administration of JKTMHGu-100 in rats was considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg, and the maximum tolerance doses (MTDs) in rats and dogs were also estimated to be over 2,000 mg/kg. These results indicate that JKTM-HGu-100 shows no toxicity in rodents or non-rodents at doses of 2,000 mg/kg or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Seok Kim
- Jeollanamdo Development Institute of Traditional Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea
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Kavandi L, Lee LR, Bokhari AA, Pirog JE, Jiang Y, Ahmad KA, Syed V. The Chinese herbsScutellaria baicalensisandFritillaria cirrhosatarget NFκB to inhibit proliferation of ovarian and endometrial cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:368-78. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Kavandi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda Maryland
| | - Laura R. Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda Maryland
| | - Amber A. Bokhari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda Maryland
| | - John E. Pirog
- Department of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine; Northwestern Health Sciences University; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Yongping Jiang
- Department of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine; Northwestern Health Sciences University; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Kashif A. Ahmad
- Department of Basic Sciences; Northwestern Health Sciences University; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Viqar Syed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda Maryland
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda Maryland
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The effects of Gamijinhae-tang on elastase/lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in an animal model of acute lung injury. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:176. [PMID: 23866260 PMCID: PMC3722031 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Gamijinhae-tang (GJHT) has long been used in Korea to treat respiratory diseases. The therapeutic effect of GJHT is likely associated with its anti-inflammatory activity. However, the precise mechanisms underlying its effects are unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of GJHT in a porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced animal model of acute lung injury (ALI). Methods In this study, mice were intranasally exposed to PPE and LPS for 4 weeks to induce chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-like lung inflammation. Two hours prior to PPE and LPS administration, the treatment group was administered GJHT extracts via an oral injection. The numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and total cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were counted, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also measured. For histologic analysis, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains were evaluated. Results After inducing ALI by treating mice with PPE and LPS for 4 weeks, the numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes and total cells were significantly lower in the GJHT group than in the ALI group. In addition, the IL-1β and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in the GJHT group. The histological results also demonstrated the attenuation effect of GJHT on PPE- and LPS-induced lung inflammation. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that GJHT has significantly reduces PPE- and LPS-induced lung inflammation. The remarkable protective effects of GJHT suggest its therapeutic potential in COPD treatment.
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Deng GF, Xu XR, Zhang Y, Li D, Gan RY, Li HB. Phenolic compounds and bioactivities of pigmented rice. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:296-306. [PMID: 23216001 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.529624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pigmented rice has been consumed in China, Japan, and Korea for a long time. It has been used for strengthening kidney function, treating anemia, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, treating diabetes, and ameliorating sight in traditional Chinese medicine. The extracts from pigmented rice are used as natural food colorants in bread, ice cream, and liquor as well as functional food. The pigmented rice is mainly black, red, and dark purple rice, and contains a variety of flavones, tannin, phenolics, sterols, tocols, γ-oryzanols, amino acids, and essential oils. Anthocyanins are thought as major functional components of pigmented rice. Several anthocyanins have been isolated and identified from the pigmented rice, including cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside. This review provides up-to-date coverage of pigmented rice in regard to bioactive constituents, extraction and analytical methods, and bioactivities. Special attention is paid to the bioactivities including antioxidant and free radical scavenging, antitumor, antiatherosclerosis, hypoglycemic, and antiallergic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fang Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Su S, Cui W, Zhou W, Duan JA, Shang E, Tang Y. Chemical fingerprinting and quantitative constituent analysis of Siwu decoction categorized formulae by UPLC-QTOF/MS/MS and HPLC-DAD. Chin Med 2013; 8:5. [PMID: 23453004 PMCID: PMC3602048 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siwu decoction categorized formulae (SWDCF) are widely used for treating gynecological diseases. This study aims to elucidate the differences of bioactive constituents in SWDCF by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC - QTOF - MS /MS) and HPLC-DAD. METHODS An efficient method based on UPLC - QTOF - MS /MS was developed for identifying the chemical profiles of SWDCF. HPLC-DAD method was used for quantifying seven chemical markers in SWDCF. RESULTS Eighty four components were identified or characterized, including ten organic acids, thirty glycosides (monoterpene or iridoid or phenylpropanoids glycosides), fourteen lactones, eighteen flavonoids, and eleven alkaloids in the complex system. The datasets of tR-m/z pairs, ion intensities and sample codes were processed with supervised orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis to compare these decoction samples. After a clear classification was established, OPLS-DA was performed and 16 common components with relative quantity in SWDCF samples were determined. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, and senkyunolide I were selected as the chemical markers to identify SWDCF by HPLC-DAD. CONCLUSION The chemical profiles with 84 components in SWDCF, including monoterpene glycosides, acetophenones, galloyl glucoses, even some isomers in the complex system were characterized by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wenxia Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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Shin HS, Bae MJ, Jung SY, Shon DH. Inhibitory effect of skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) extract on ovalbumin permeation in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 2013; 140:22-30. [PMID: 23578610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (skullcap) has been widely used as a dietary ingredient. The purpose of this study was to reveal novel function of skullcap and its mechanism on allergen permeation in intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of skullcap on ovalbumin (OVA) permeation by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the quantity of permeated OVA. TEER increased and the OVA flux decreased in a dose-dependent manner through up-regulating tight junction-related proteins in cells incubated with increasing concentrations of skullcap extract. In the in vivo study, the amounts of OVA from orally ingested albumen reduced on administration of the skullcap extract. We also revealed for the first time that the active component of skullcap extract for inhibition of OVA permeation was baicalein. These findings demonstrated that skullcap extract might attenuate a food allergic response by inhibiting allergen permeation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soon Shin
- Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seognam-si, Kyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea
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Fong YK, Li CR, Wo SK, Wang S, Zhou L, Zhang L, Lin G, Zuo Z. In vitro and in situ evaluation of herb-drug interactions during intestinal metabolism and absorption of baicalein. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:742-753. [PMID: 21906668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baicalein (B), a bioactive flavone isolated from the root of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, was found to undergo extensive intestinal Phase II metabolism during its absorption process. Compounds sharing the same metabolic pathways with B or being inhibitors of enzymes UGT and SULT are expected to interfere with the metabolism of B leading to alteration of the absorption of B. The present study aims to identify potential intestinal absorption and metabolism interactions between B and four selected compounds, namely acetaminophen (APAP), (-)-epicatechin (EC), piperine (PIP) and curcumin (CUR) using in vitro and in situ models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three in vitro and one in situ methods were employed to investigate the effect of selected compounds on the metabolism and absorption on B. Incubation studies using rat intestinal s9 and Caco-2 cell lysate were used to study the effect of selected compounds on glucuronidation and sulfation of B. Sigmoidal dose-response curves were plotted and IC(50) values were estimated. Apical to basolateral absorption study using Caco-2 cell monolayer model was also employed to study the effect of selected compounds on absorption of B. The most potent inhibitor identified was selected to further investigate its potential herb-drug interaction with B using in situ rat intestinal perfusion model. LC/MS/MS was used for the analysis of B and its metabolites in collected samples. RESULTS It was found that all the four selected compounds could produce a dose-dependent inhibition on the glucuronidation and sulfation of B. Moreover, the presence of CUR and high-dose EC demonstrated a subsequent increase in the absorption of B. In general, the order of potency on glucuronidation inhibition is: CUR>PIP>EC>APAP; while the potency order on sulfation inhibition is: CUR>EC>PIP>APAP. CUR was selected to further study its in vivo effect on B using in situ rat intestinal perfusion model. It was found that CUR could significantly increase the absorption of B via the inhibition on formation of its metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the intestinal metabolism of B could be inhibited by all the selected compounds with CUR being the most potent inhibitor, which could result in subsequent increase of absorption of B. The current study had significant implications for further investigation on the in vivo evaluations of the herb-drug and herb-herb interactions between B and selected compounds, especially CUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Kau Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Huan SKH, Wang KT, Yeh SD, Lee CJ, Lin LC, Liu DZ, Wang CC. Scutellaria baicalensis alleviates cantharidin-induced rat hemorrhagic cystitis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression. Molecules 2012; 17:6277-89. [PMID: 22634839 PMCID: PMC6268386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cantharidin, an active component in mylabris, is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat scabies and hepatoma, but accompanied by hemorrhagic cystitis. Evidence shows that cantharidin induces human bladder carcinoma cell death through COX-2 overexpression in vitro. In TCM, Scutellaria baicalensis is usually used to cure mylabris-induced hematuria. This work was undertaken to determine the mechanisms of cantharidin-induced rat hemorrhagic cystitis and explore the uroprotective effect of S. baicalensis. In vitro results showed cantharidin could induce cytotoxicity through prostaglandin (PG)E₂ overproduction of T24 cells. Boiling-water extract of S. baicalensis (SB-WE) could significantly inhibit PGE₂ production and COX-2 expression in lipo-polysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells, indicating obvious anti-inflammatory abilities. In vivo results indicated that cantharidin caused rat hemorrhagic cystitis with hematuria via c-Fos and COX-2 overexpression. SB-WE was given orally to cantharidin-treated rats, whereby hematuria level, elevated PGE₂ and COX-2 protein overexpression were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by SB-WE. The anti-inflammatory components of SB-WE are baicalin and wogonin, whose contents were 200.95 ± 2.00 and 31.93 ± 0.26 μg/mg, respectively. In conclusion, cantharidin induces rat cystitis through c-Fos and COX-2 over-expression and S. baicalensis can prevent the resulting hematuria because of its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kuan-Hua Huan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, No.21, Taikang, Liuying Dist., Tainan City 73657, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Research, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Kun-Teng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-C.L.)
- Section of Biologics & Advanced Therapeutic Product Analysis, Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, No.161-2, Kunyang St, Nangang District, Taipei City 11561, Taiwan
| | - Shauh-Der Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Research, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Jung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-C.L.)
| | - Li-Chun Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-C.L.)
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Chiung Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-C.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 6161); Fax: +886-2-2732-9368
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Scutellaria baicalensis has been a subject of research interest due to its potential multiple therapeutic benefits. This study was to examine the distribution of baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A and their glucuronide/sulfate-conjugated metabolites in plasma, colon, small intestine, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney, and prostate tissues and in pancreatic tumor in a xenograft animal model. In addition, we examined metabolic stability of baicalin in these tissues. METHODS A mouse xenograft model was prepared by injection of 3 × 10 human pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells subcutaneously into nude mice. Mice were randomly allocated to control diet (AIN-76A) and 1% S. baicalensis diet (n = 8 per group) for 13 weeks. Levels of baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A, and their conjugates in mouse tissues were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography after enzymatic hydrolysis and then extraction. RESULTS A substantial amount of baicalin (34%-63%) was methylated to oroxylin A and its conjugates in various organs during absorption. Whereas plasma contained predominantly conjugates of baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A, both aglycones and conjugates were found in all other tissues investigated and in tumor. CONCLUSIONS Substantial accumulation of bioactive metabolites are found in target tissues, suggesting strong potential for S. baicalensis use as a preventive or adjuvant supplement for pancreatic cancer.
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Chai X, Wang Y, Su Y, Bah AJ, Hu L, Gao Y, Gao X. A rapid ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ten compounds in Eucommia ulmodies Oliv. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 57:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Oh KS, Oh BK, Park CH, Mun J, Won SH, Lee BH. Baicalein Potently Inhibits Rho Kinase Activity and Suppresses Actin Stress Fiber Formation in Angiotensin II-Stimulated H9c2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1281-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Seok Oh
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - Byung Koo Oh
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - Cheon Ho Park
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - Jihye Mun
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - Suk Hyun Won
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
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