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Göen T. Biomonitoring von beruflichen und außerberuflichen Pestizidbelastungen. ZENTRALBLATT FUR ARBEITSMEDIZIN ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40664-016-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mathias PI, B'hymer C. Mercapturic acids: recent advances in their determination by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and their use in toxicant metabolism studies and in occupational and environmental exposure studies. Biomarkers 2016; 21:293-315. [PMID: 26900903 PMCID: PMC4894522 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1141988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent selected HPLC/MS methods for the determination of urinary mercapturates that are useful as noninvasive biomarkers in characterizing human exposure to electrophilic industrial chemicals in occupational and environmental studies. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is a sensitive and specific method for analysis of small molecules found in biological fluids. In this review, recent selected mercapturate quantification methods are summarized and specific cases are presented. The biological formation of mercapturates is introduced and their use as indicators of metabolic processing of reactive toxicants is discussed, as well as future trends and limitations in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Mathias
- a Division of Applied Science and Technology , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert a. Taft Laboratories , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Clayton B'hymer
- a Division of Applied Science and Technology , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert a. Taft Laboratories , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Mathias PI, B'Hymer C. A survey of liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of mercapturic acid biomarkers in occupational and environmental exposure monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:136-45. [PMID: 24746702 PMCID: PMC4530631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) is sensitive and specific for targeted quantitative analysis and is readily utilized for small molecules from biological matrices. This brief review describes recent selected HPLC/MS methods for the determination of urinary mercapturic acids (mercapturates) which are useful as biomarkers in characterizing human exposure to electrophilic industrial chemicals in occupational and environmental studies. Electrophilic compounds owing to their reactivity are used in chemical and industrial processes. They are present in industrial emissions, are combustion products of fossil fuels, and are components in tobacco smoke. Their presence in both the industrial and general environments are of concern for human and environmental health. Urinary mercapturates which are the products of metabolic detoxification of reactive chemicals provide a non-invasive tool to investigate human exposure to electrophilic toxicants. Selected recent mercapturate quantification methods are summarized and specific cases are presented. The biological formation of mercapturates is introduced and their use as biomarkers of metabolic processing of electrophilic compounds is discussed. Also, the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in simultaneous determinations of the mercapturates of multiple parent compounds in a single determination is considered, as well as future trends and limitations in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Mathias
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Science and Technology, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, United States.
| | - Clayton B'Hymer
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Science and Technology, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, United States
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Balesteros MR, de Sá LRV, Pereira PM, da Silva M, de Oliveira MAL, Ferreira-Leitão VS. Monitoring of atrazine biodegradation byPleurotus ostreatusINCQS 40310 through the simultaneous analysis of atrazine and its derivatives by HPLC. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.870557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Davis MD, Wade EL, Restrepo PR, Roman-Esteva W, Bravo R, Kuklenyik P, Calafat AM. Semi-automated solid phase extraction method for the mass spectrometric quantification of 12 specific metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids, and select herbicides in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mendaš G, Vuletić M, Galić N, Drevenkar V. Urinary metabolites as biomarkers of human exposure to atrazine: Atrazine mercapturate in agricultural workers. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, García-Gómez D, Herrero-Hernández E, Carabias-Martínez R. Automated sample treatment with the injection of large sample volumes for the determination of contaminants and metabolites in urine. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2240-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Curwin BD, Hein MJ, Barr DB, Striley C. Comparison of immunoassay and HPLC-MS/MS used to measure urinary metabolites of atrazine, metolachlor, and chlorpyrifos from farmers and non-farmers in Iowa. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2010; 20:205-12. [PMID: 19277069 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Urine samples were collected from 51 participants in a study investigating pesticide exposure among farm families in Iowa. Aliquots from the samples were sent to two different labs and analyzed for metabolites of atrazine (atrazine mercapturate), metolachlor (metolachlor mercapturate) and chlorpyrifos (TCP) by two different analytical methods: immunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). HPLC-MS/MS methods tend to be highly specific, but are costly and time consuming. Immunoassay methods are cheaper and faster, but can be less sensitive due to cross reactivity and matrix effects. Three statistical methods were employed to compare the two analytical methods. Each statistical method differed in how the samples that had results below the limit of detection (LOD) were treated. The first two methods involved an imputation procedure and the third method used maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). A fourth statistical method that modeled each lab separately using MLE was used for comparison. The immunoassay and HPLC-MS/MS methods were moderately correlated (correlation 0.40-0.49), but the immunoassay methods consistently had significantly higher geometric mean (GM) estimates for each pesticide metabolite. The GM estimates for atrazine mercapturate, metolachlor mercapturate, and TCP by immunoassay ranged from 0.16-0.98 microg l(-1), 0.24-0.45 microg l(-1) and 14-14 microg l(-1), respectively and by HPLC-MS/MS ranged from 0.0015-0.0039 microg l(-1), 0.12-0.16 microg l(-1), and 2.9-3.0 microg l(-1), respectively. Immunoassays tend to be cheaper and faster than HPLC-MS/MS, however, they may result in an upward bias of urinary pesticide metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Curwin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA.
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Bhatti P, Blair A, Bell EM, Rothman N, Lan Q, Barr DB, Needham LL, Portengen L, Figgs LW, Vermeulen R. Predictors of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposure among herbicide applicators. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2010; 20:160-168. [PMID: 19319162 PMCID: PMC2823960 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To determine the major factors affecting the urinary levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) among county noxious weed applicators in Kansas, we used a regression technique that accounted for multiple days of exposure. We collected 136 12-h urine samples from 31 applicators during the course of two spraying seasons (April to August of 1994 and 1995). Using mixed-effects models, we constructed exposure models that related urinary 2,4-D measurements to weighted self-reported work activities from daily diaries collected over 5 to 7 days before the collection of the urine sample. Our primary weights were based on an earlier pharmacokinetic analysis of turf applicators; however, we examined a series of alternative weighting schemes to assess the impact of the specific weights and the number of days before urine sample collection that were considered. The derived models accounting for multiple days of exposure related to a single urine measurement seemed robust with regard to the exact weights, but less to the number of days considered; albeit the determinants from the primary model could be fitted with marginal losses of fit to the data from the other weighting schemes that considered a different numbers of days. In the primary model, the total time of all activities (spraying, mixing, other activities), spraying method, month of observation, application concentration, and wet gloves were significant determinants of urinary 2,4-D concentration and explained 16% of the between-worker variance and 23% of the within-worker variance of urinary 2,4-D levels. As a large proportion of the variance remained unexplained, further studies should be conducted to try to systematically assess other exposure determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bhatti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20892-7238, USA.
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Quantification of atrazine and its metabolites in urine by on-line solid-phase extraction–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1931-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Lindh CH, Littorin M, Amilon A, Jönsson BAG. Analysis of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides as biomarkers in human urine using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:143-150. [PMID: 18059043 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxyacetic acids are widely used herbicides. The toxicity of phenoxyacetic acids is debated, but high-level exposure has been shown to be hepatotoxic as well as nephrotoxic in animal studies. An inter-species difference in toxic effects has been found, with dogs particularly susceptible. In this study a method using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is described for the analysis of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), and its metabolite 4-chloro-2-hydroxymethylphenoxyacetic acid (HMCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in human urine. The urine samples were treated by acid hydrolysis to degrade possible conjugations. The sample preparation was performed using solid-phase extraction. Analysis was carried out using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the negative ion mode. Quantification of the phenoxyacetic acids was performed using [(2)H(3)]-labeled MCPA and 2,4-D as internal standards. The method was linear in the range 0.05-310 ng/mL urine and has a within-run precision of 2-5%. The between-run precision in lower concentration ranges was between 6-15% and between 2-8% in higher concentration ranges. The limit of detection was determined to 0.05 ng/mL. The metabolites in urine were found to be stable during storage at -20 degrees C. To validate the phenoxyacetic acids as biomarkers of exposure, the method was applied in a human experimental oral exposure to MCPA, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Two healthy volunteers received 200 microg of each phenoxyacetic acid in a single oral dose followed by urine sampling for 72 h post-exposure. After exposure, between 90 and 101% of the dose was recovered in the urine. In the female subject, 23%, and in the male subject 17%, of MCPA was excreted as HMCPA.
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MESH Headings
- 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine
- 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine
- Administration, Oral
- Adult
- Biomarkers/urine
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Female
- Herbicides/urine
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Reproducibility of Results
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Multiresidue determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in human urine samples by use of solid-phase extraction and capillary LC–UV detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:759-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Orhan H. Analyses of representative biomarkers of exposure and effect by chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques: method development and application in life sciences. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:149-74. [PMID: 17390611 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are essential tools in monitoring studies, which include environmental monitoring, biological monitoring, biological effect monitoring, and health surveillance, as well as drug development processes. Their discovery, validation, and analysis require highly sensitive and selective analytical technologies. In this regard, gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have facilitated great achievements in all these areas. In addition and closely related to biomarkers, the ongoing developments in these techniques promise a better understanding of the nature and mechanisms of toxic effects originating from various chemical, biological, or physical sources. This Review compiles studies performed on selected biomarkers with respect to both method development and application. Section 1 summarizes the concept of biomarkers; their application in various industrial/occupational, agricultural, drug developmental, and medical/clinical platforms. This section also focuses on biotransformation studies in close relation to biomarker discovery and validation, and on major techniques utilized in this area. In Section 2, biotransformation of volatile anesthetics in humans with a focus on mercapturic acid derivatives as potential biomarkers of effect is reviewed. The use of GC-ECD, GC/MS, and 19F-NMR in these studies is described. Section 3 focuses on the analysis of aldehydic lipid peroxidation degradation products by GC-ECD in mammalian cells in which oxidative stress induced chemically, and in humans after various challenges; anesthetic exposure, ischemia-reperfusion, and controlled endurance exercise. In Section 4, method development for protein and DNA oxidation products by LC-tandem MS and its application in mammalian cells and in humans are summarized. Possibilities, limitations, and future perspectives are discussed in Section 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmi Orhan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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Enoch RR, Stanko JP, Greiner SN, Youngblood GL, Rayner JL, Fenton SE. Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:541-7. [PMID: 17450222 PMCID: PMC1852649 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrazine (ATR), a widely used chlorotriazine herbicide, inhibits a number of endocrine-dependent processes, including gonadotrophin surges and mammary gland development in rats. Chlorotriazine herbicides are rapidly metabolized in plants and animals to form a group of metabolites that are detected both in the environment and in exposed animals. The extent to which these metabolites are responsible directly for the observed health effects is not understood. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to determine if a mixture of ATR metabolites, in proportions found in the environment, might produce developmental effects in Long-Evans rats following exposure late in pregnancy. METHODS We administered an ATR metabolite mixture (AMM) containing ATR, hydroxyatrazine, diaminochlorotriazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine orally to pregnant Long-Evans rats at 0.09, 0.87, or 8.73 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day, on gestation days 15-19, using 0 and 100 mg ATR/kg bw/day as negative and positive controls, respectively. RESULTS We observed no significant effect of acute AMM exposure on body weight gain in dams during the dosing period, weight loss in pups on postnatal day (PND)4, or pubertal timing, as is seen with ATR alone. However, as with ATR, we detected delayed mammary gland development, evaluated by whole mount analysis, as early as PND4 in all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that acute exposure to AMM at levels as low as 0.09 mg/kg bw during late pregnancy causes persistent alterations in mammary gland development of female offspring, and that these effects do not appear to be related to bw or associated with pubertal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolondo R. Enoch
- North Carolina Central University, Department of Biology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason P. Stanko
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Reproductive Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara N. Greiner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Reproductive Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Geri L. Youngblood
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Reproductive Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Rayner
- University of North Carolina, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Reproductive Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Margariti MG, Tsakalof AK, Tsatsakis AM. Analytical Methods of Biological Monitoring for Exposure to Pesticides: Recent Update. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:150-63. [PMID: 17417068 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803d3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of synthetic pesticides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes began in the past 50 years. As a result of their wide and extensive application, exposure to hazardous pesticides is a concern to the general population and occupationally exposed persons. Robust methods are therefore needed for measuring markers of pesticide exposure. This article presents a review of the most recently published analytical methodologies and instrumentations developed for and applied to biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides of various classes. Most of the methods reviewed here are based on chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detection. This work clearly demonstrates that although gas chromatography still appears to be the most widely employed technique for pesticide analysis in various biological samples, recently a trend has been observed toward the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Margariti
- Departments of Medicine, Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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Wolff MS, Teitelbaum SL, Windham G, Pinney SM, Britton JA, Chelimo C, Godbold J, Biro F, Kushi LH, Pfeiffer CM, Calafat AM. Pilot study of urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols in girls. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:116-21. [PMID: 17366830 PMCID: PMC1797844 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonally active environmental agents have been measured among U.S. children using exposure biomarkers in urine. However, little is known about their variation by race, age, sex, and geography, and no data exist for newly developed biomarkers. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to characterize relevant, prevalent exposures for a study of female pubertal development. METHODS In a pilot study among 90 girls from New York City, New York, Cincinnati, Ohio, and northern California, we measured 25 urinary analytes representing 22 separate agents from three chemical families: phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols. Exposures occur chiefly from the diet and from household or personal care products. RESULTS Participants represented four racial/ethnic groups (Asian, black, Hispanic, white), with mean age of 7.77 years. Most analytes were detectable in > 94% of samples. The highest median concentrations for individual analytes in each family were for enterolactone (298 microg/L), monoethylphthalate (MEP; 83.2 microg/L), and benzophenone-3 (BP3; 14.7 microg/L). Few or no data have been reported previously for four metabolites: mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, tridosan, bisphenol A (BPA), and BP3; these were detected in 67-100% of samples with medians of 1.8-53.2 microg/L. After multivariate adjustment, two analytes, enterolactone and BPA, were higher among girls with body mass index < 85th reference percentile than those at or above the 85th percentile. Three phthalate metabolites differed by race/ethnicity [MEP, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and mono-3-carboxypropylphthalate]. CONCLUSIONS A wide spectrum of hormonally active exposure biomarkers were detectable and variable among young girls, with high maximal concentrations (> 1,000 microg/L) found for several analytes. They varied by characteristics that may be relevant to development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Wolff
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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