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Arioli F, Gamberini MC, Pavlovic R, Di Cesare F, Draghi S, Bussei G, Mungiguerra F, Casati A, Fidani M. Quantification of cortisol and its metabolites in human urine by LC-MS n: applications in clinical diagnosis and anti-doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6841-6853. [PMID: 35915250 PMCID: PMC9436849 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current research was to develop a liquid chromatography-MSn (LC-MSn) methodology for the determination of free cortisol and its 15 endogenous metabolites (6β-hydroxycortisol, 20α-dihydrocortisol, 20α-dihydrocortisone, 20-β-dihydrocortisol, 20β-dihydrocortisone, prednisolone, cortisone, α-cortolone, β-cortolone, allotetrahydrocortisol, 5α-dihydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisol, allotetrahydrocortisone, 5β-dihydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone) in human urine. Due to its optimal performance, a linear ion trap operating in ESI negative ion mode was chosen for the spectrometric analysis, performing MS3 and MS4 experiments. The method was validated for limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.01 ng mL−1 and 0.05 ng mL−1, for all compounds, respectively), intra- and inter-day precision (CV = 1.4–9.2% and CV = 3.6–10.4%, respectively), intra- and inter-day accuracy (95–110%), extraction recovery (65–95%), linearity (R2 > 0.995), and matrix effect that was absent for all molecules. Additionally, for each compound, the percentage of glucuronated conjugates was estimated. The method was successfully applied to the urine (2 mL) of 50 healthy subjects (25 males, 25 females). It was also successfully employed on urine samples of two patients with Cushing syndrome and one with Addison’s disease. This analytical approach could be more appropriate than commonly used determination of urinary free cortisol collected in 24-h urine. The possibility of considering the differences and relationship between cortisol and its metabolites allows analytical problems related to quantitative analysis of cortisol alone to be overcome. Furthermore, the developed method has been demonstrated as efficient for antidoping control regarding the potential abuse of corticosteroids, which could interfere with the cortisol metabolism, due to negative feedback on the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis. Lastly, this method was found to be suitable for the follow-up of prednisolone that was particularly important considering its pseudo-endogenous origin and correlation with cortisol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gamberini
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, LO, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Giulia Bussei
- UNIRELAB Srl, Via Gramsci 70, 20019, Settimo Milanese, MI, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Casati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Marco Fidani
- UNIRELAB Srl, Via Gramsci 70, 20019, Settimo Milanese, MI, Italy
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Dasenaki M, Papatzani M, Gounari E, Magnisali P, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Moutsatsou P, Thomaidis NS. Simultaneous Determination of Free Cortisol, Cortisone and their Tetrahydrometabolites in Urine by Single Solvent Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1602629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papatzani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Gounari
- Pediatric Intensive Care, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paraskevi Magnisali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Hospital “ATTIKO”, Athens, Greece
| | - Nektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism First, Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism First, Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Hospital “ATTIKO”, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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3
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Bianchi L, Campi B, Sessa MR, De Marco G, Ferrarini E, Zucchi R, Marcocci C, Vitti P, Manetti L, Saba A, Agretti P. Measurement of urinary free cortisol by LC-MS-MS: adoption of a literature reference range and comparison with our current immunometric method. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1299-1305. [PMID: 31012054 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the best indicators of adrenal gland dysfunction is the level of free cortisol measured in the 24-h urine (UFC) which faithfully reflects the level of biologically active serum cortisol not subjected to circadian variations. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) is a sensitive, accurate and precise method recently available in routine laboratories that could remedy interference problems of immunoassays. METHODS In this study, a literature reference range for UFC measured by LC-MS-MS was verified, and UFC values measured by LC-MS-MS and immunoassay were compared. Immunometric UFC measurement was performed by ACCESS CORTISOL assay without preliminary extraction, using Beckman Coulter UniCel DxI 600 highly automated platform. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry UFC measurement was performed by a home-made validated method using cortisol-D4 as internal standard with preliminary deproteinization of urinary samples by centrifugal filter and injection on reverse-phase column. Cortisol was analyzed in positive ion mode with an ESI interface. RESULTS The reference interval from literature (11-70 μg/day) was confirmed by results obtained for healthy study group. Comparison study of the two methods highlighted a constant and proportional systematic error with a general tendency to overestimate results for the in-use method. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the direct immunometric method overestimates UFC results with respect to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry which represents the reference method. The literature reference range 11-70 μg/day was confirmed and can be adopted by our lab that will shift all UFC tests performed in routine to the mass spectrometry-based method, satisfying clinicians' request.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bianchi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Campi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - M R Sessa
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - G De Marco
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Ferrarini
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Zucchi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Marcocci
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Endocrinology Units, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Vitti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Endocrinology Units, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Manetti
- Endocrinology Units, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Agretti
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Kertys M, Urbanova A, Mestanik M, Tonhajzerova I, Mokry J. Simultaneous Determination of Total Cortisol and Cortisone in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Method Development, Validation and Preliminary Clinical Application. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180427094811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Cortisol as a major glucocorticosteroid product of the adrenal cortex which has been recognized as a stress biomarker in evaluating stress related disorders for a long time. Plasma concentration of cortisol and its metabolite cortisone are usually changed in physiological and psychological tension, anxiety and depression. In order to study these changes properly, we need a sensitive, accurate and reproducible assay for plasma cortisol and cortisone determination. </P><P> Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and robust method for the determination of total cortisol and cortisone in human plasma using mass spectrometry.Methods:A fast, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/ MS) method was developed, validated, and then the levels of cortisol and cortisone were determined. Plasma samples cleanup procedure was composed of two steps: the first was a protein precipitation with 1 % formic acid in acetonitrile, and the second was an on-line solid phase extraction (SPE). Afterwards, cortisol and cortisone were separated using a C18 ACQUITY UPLC BEHTM column with a gradient elution. The mobile phase A was 0.1 % formic acid in water, the mobile phase B was 0.1 % methanol. For the detection we used a XEVO TQ-S mass spectrometer operating in the ESI positive mode.Results:The time of analysis was 6.5 minutes and the quantification range was 5-600 ng/mL for cortisol and cortisone, with > 94% recovery for all analytes (cortisol, cortisone and internal standards). The method was validated according to the EMA guideline for bioanalytical method validation.Conclusion:A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for measurement of cortisol and cortisone in human plasma. Our findings indicate that the proposed analytical method is suitable for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kertys
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Urbanova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mestanik
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Tonhajzerova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Im E, Lew BL, Lee MY, Lee J, Paeng KJ, Chung BC. Simultaneous determination of androgens and prostaglandins in human urine using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:45-53. [PMID: 30716600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A simultaneous quantitative profiling method for androgens and prostaglandins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated to evaluate urinary androgen and prostaglandin levels. Solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction steps were combined during the sample preparation. β-Glucuronidase/arylsulfatase was also used in the enzyme hydrolysis step. Chemical derivatization was performed using 2-hydrazinopyridine for simultaneous determination of androgen and prostaglandin in the same ionization mode. The analytes were all separated and measured using multiple reaction monitoring in the positive ion mode within a run time of 22 min. The method was validated, achieving overall recoveries ranging from 81.0 to 102.9% with limits of quantification ranging from 0.01 to 2 ng/mL. The intra-day accuracy and precision ranged from 6.5 to 14.3% and from 77.1 to 106.8%, respectively. The inter-day accuracy and precision ranged from 8.9 to 18.2% and 89.9 to 101.4%, respectively. The linearity was expressed using the correlation coefficient, which was >0.99. The method developed herein was used to investigate the effects of a one-year finasteride treatment through differences in urinary androgen and prostaglandin levels between treated male pattern baldness patients and normal controls. The urinary androgen and prostaglandin levels were not significantly different between the two groups because of the administration of finasteride. The results confirmed that finasteride affects androgens and PGs related to hair regrowth and growth length, and a one-year finasteride treatment is effective for MPB. The mass spectrometry-based quantitative profiling method used herein for the investigation of male pattern baldness also holds great potential for the evaluation of androgens and prostaglandins associated with the metabolism of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Im
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Bark Lynn Lew
- Department of Dermatology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Yeon Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongae Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jung Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, 02447 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Honour JW, Conway E, Hodkinson R, Lam F. The evolution of methods for urinary steroid metabolomics in clinical investigations particularly in childhood. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:28-51. [PMID: 29481855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites of cortisol, and the intermediates in the pathways from cholesterol to cortisol and the adrenal sex steroids can be analysed in a single separation of steroids by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS to give a urinary steroid profile (USP). Steroids individually and in profile are now commonly measured in plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with MS/MS. The steroid conjugates in urine can be determined after hydrolysis and derivative formation and for the first time without hydrolysis using GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evolution of the technology, practicalities and clinical applications are examined in this review. The patterns and quantities of steroids changes through childhood. Information can be obtained on production rates, from which children with steroid excess and deficiency states can be recognised when presenting with obesity, adrenarche, adrenal suppression, hypertension, adrenal tumours, intersex condition and early puberty, as examples. Genetic defects in steroid production and action can be detected by abnormalities from the GC-MS of steroids in urine. New mechanisms of steroid synthesis and metabolism have been recognised through steroid profiling. GC with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been used for the tentative identification of unknown steroids in urine from newborn infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Suggestions are made as to areas for future research and for future applications of steroid profiling. As routine hospital laboratories become more familiar with the problems of chromatographic and MS analysis they can consider steroid profiling in their test repertoire although with LC-MS/MS of urinary steroids this is unlikely to become a routine test because of the availability, cost and purity of the internal standards and the complexity of data interpretation. Steroid profiling with quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) after chromatography now provides the most versatile of tests of adrenal function in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
| | - E Conway
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - R Hodkinson
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - F Lam
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
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7
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Campi B, Frascarelli S, Pietri E, Massa I, Donati C, Bozic R, Bertelloni S, Paolicchi A, Zucchi R, Saba A. Quantification of dehydroepiandrosterone in human serum on a routine basis: development and validation of a tandem mass spectrometry method based on a surrogate analyte. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:407-416. [PMID: 29110028 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the clinical laboratories, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) is usually quantified by immunoassay-based methods, which are often affected by cross-reactivity with endogenous interferences, such as 4-androsten-3β-ol-17-one. The interfering compounds lead to a poor accuracy of the measurements, mainly at a low concentration level. The present paper describes a validated method based on tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography, for the accurate quantification of DHEA in serum. The peculiarity of this method is the use of calibrators and quality controls prepared by adding measured amounts of DHEA-D5, a stable isotope-labeled analogue of DHEA, to real serum from healthy subjects. DHEA-D5 is used in place of DHEA, which is usually present in unstripped serum at physiological levels, as it has the same basic structure, provides an equivalent instrumental response, and can be easily distinguish by DHEA by mass spectrometry due to its different m/z value. The method proved to be sensitive, with a LLOD of 0.09 ng/mL and a LLOQ of 0.23 ng/mL, and selective, with overall performances that allow its use on a routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabina Frascarelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pietri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Massa
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Caterina Donati
- Oncology Pharmacy Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Roberto Bozic
- Perkin Elmer Italia S.p.A, Viale dell'Innovazione 3, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Bertelloni
- Pediatric Division, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, St. Chiara University Hospital, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Paolicchi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Chiara University Hospital, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy. .,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Chiara University Hospital, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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8
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Kosicka K, Siemiątkowska A, Pałka D, Szpera-Goździewicz A, Bręborowicz GH, Główka FK. Detailed analysis of cortisol, cortisone and their tetrahydro- and allo-tetrahydrometabolites in human urine by LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Chiesa L, Panseri S, Pavlovic R, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Divari S, Villa R, Arioli F. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS assessment of the tetrahydro-metabolites of cortisol and cortisone in bovine urine: promising markers of dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1175-89. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1202453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | - Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Villa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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Zhai X, Chen F, Zhu C, Lu Y. A simple LC–MS/MS method for the determination of cortisol, cortisone and tetrahydro-metabolites in human urine: Assay development, validation and application in depression patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:450-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Mitamura K, Satoh née Okihara R, Kamibayashi M, Sato K, Iida T, Ikegawa S. Simultaneous determination of 18 tetrahydrocorticosteroid sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2014; 85:18-29. [PMID: 24721697 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography (LC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) method for the direct determination of eighteen tetrahydrocorticosteroid sulfates in human urine has been developed. The analytes were 3- and 21-monosulfates and 3,21-disulfates of tetrahydrocortisol (THF), tetrahydrocortisone (THE), tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol (THS), and their corresponding 5α-H stereoisomers. The mass spectrometric behavior of these sulfates in negative-ion ESI-MS/MS revealed the production of intense structure specific product ions within the same group of sulfates and permitted distinction between regioisomeric sulfates by collision-induced fragmentation with the MS/MS technique using a linear ion-trap instrument. For the quantitative analysis, selected reaction monitoring analysis in the negative-ion detection mode using triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer was performed by monitoring transitions from [M-H](-) to the most abundant product ion of each tetrahydrocorticosteroid sulfate. After addition of 3- and 21-monosulfates of [2,2,3β,4,4-d5]-THF, -THE, and -THS as internal standards, urine sample was applied to a solid phase extraction using a lipophilic-weak anion exchange cartridge column, and then analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS. The method had satisfactory performance in terms of intra- and inter-assay precision (less than 9.7% and 9.6%, respectively), and accuracy (91.2-108.2%). The limit of quantification was lower than 2.5 ng/mL for all sulfates examined. We applied this method to determine the concentration of eighteen tetrahydrocorticosteroid sulfates in the urine of healthy subjects. Thus, we have developed a sensitive, precise and accurate assay for urinary tetrahydrocorticosteroid sulfates that should be useful for clinical and biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Rika Satoh née Okihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan; Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Mami Kamibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kanta Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ikegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
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12
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LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Free Urinary Steroids. Chromatographia 2014; 77:637-642. [PMID: 24683202 PMCID: PMC3967076 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol homeostasis is implicated in hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Two enzymes modulate cortisol availability; 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) preferentially converts inactive cortisone to cortisol, whereas 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) converts cortisol to cortisone. In contrast, 5α and 5β reductases inactivate cortisol by conversion to its tetrahydrometabolites: tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. A subtle local increase in cortisol can be detected by measuring 24-h urine metabolites, LC-MS/MS being the reference method. The 11β-HSD2 activity is assessed based on the cortisol/cortisone ratio, and the 11β-HSD1 activity on the (tetrahydrocortisol + allo-tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ratio. To better understand hypertension and/or metabolic syndrome pathogenesis a method for simultaneous determination of cortisol, cortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone was developed and validated in an LC coupled with the new detector AB Sciex QTrap® 4500 tandem mass spectrometer. The steroids were extracted from 1 mL urine, using cortisol-D4 as internal standard. The quantification range was 0.1-120 ng/mL for cortisol and cortisone, and 1-120 ng/mL for tetrahydrometabolites, with >89 % recovery for all analytes. The coefficient of variation and accuracy was <10 %, and 85-105 %, respectively. Our LC-MS/MS method is accurate and reproducible in accordance with Food and Drug Administration guidelines, showing good sensitivity and recovery. This method allows the assessment of 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 activities in a single analytical run providing an innovative tool to explain etiology of misclassified essential hypertension and/or metabolic syndrome.
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Gosetti F, Mazzucco E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination and profiling of prohibited steroids in human biological matrices. A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pavlovic R, Cannizzo FT, Panseri S, Biolatti B, Trutic N, Biondi PA, Chiesa L. Tetrahydro-metabolites of cortisol and cortisone in bovine urine evaluated by HPLC-ESI-mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 135:30-5. [PMID: 23291109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interconversion of hormonally active cortisol (F) into the corresponding inactive 11-keto form, cortisone (E), is catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). With a view to estimating in vivo activities of some 11β-HSD isoforms, the measurement of urinary F and E and their tetrahydro metabolites (tetrahydrocortisol, THF, allotetrahydrocortisol, ATHF, tetrahydrocortisone, THE) has been suggested. The basic knowledge of THF, ATHF and THE levels in farm cattle is limited. Therefore the aim of this study was first to optimize a simple and quick method to determine F and E tetrahydro-metabolites in bovine urine by HPLC-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-MS) and then to apply the method to real urine of bovines treated with prednisolone. The samples underwent filtration, deconjugation, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the relevant analytes were measured by HPLC-ESI-MS. The method described in this paper is simple and efficient, featuring good linearity (up to 0.996) and reproducibility (6.8-12.5%, CV). Especially, good LODs were obtained, from 1.63 to 2.67 ppb, depending on the analyte. The chromatographic conditions were optimized in order to obtain a resolution which would allow to simultaneously measure two diastereoisomers, i.e. THF and ATHF. In our study, ATHF turns out to be below the detection limit, while for 18 samples tested the contents of examinated metabolites were as followed: THF (12.5±4.8 ppb), THE (10.9±5.5 ppb), F (11.6±3.3 ppb) and E (5.0±2.2 ppb). When the method was applied to the subject treated with prednisolone a major increase in the concentration of tetrahydro metabolites was observed before the slaughter, mainly due to stress conditions; prednisolone treatment, most presumably, influenced the 11β-HSD activity, as indicated by the decrease in the F/E ratio. This work may provide a useful methodological contribution to the future definition of F, E, THF, ATHF and THE urinary baseline values in order to obtain indirect evaluations of HSDs activity in farm cattle and possible applications in screenings for suspected abuse of synthetic corticosteroids in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Mitamura K, Mabuchi T, Nagae K, Nakajima M, Matsumoto R, Fujioka S, Sato K, Satoh née Okihara R, Iida T, Ogawa S, Hofmann AF, Ikegawa S. Synthesis of multiply deuterated 3- and 21-monosulfates of allo-tetrahydrocorticosteroids as internal standards for mass spectrometry. Steroids 2012; 77:1423-37. [PMID: 22960650 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The accurate analysis of trace components in complex biological matrices requires the use of reliable internal standards. For liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, the stable isotope-labeled analogues of the analyte molecules are the most appropriate internal standards. In this paper the synthesis of the 3- and 21-monosulfates of allo-tetrahydrocorticosteroids labeled with four or five deuterium atoms is described. The principal reactions used were (1) hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction of active methylene groups adjacent to 3- and 11-oxo group of 17,20;20,21-bismethylenedioxy derivatives of 5α-3-ketosteroids and/or 5α-11-ketosteroids with NaOD in CH(3)OD followed by reduction with NaBD(4), (2) epimerization of the 3β-hydroxy group into a 3α configuration, (3) sulfation of hydroxy groups at C-3 or C-21 in the resulting substrates with sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex, and (4) removal of 17,20;20,21-bismethylenedioxy groups with hydrogen fluoride in ethanol. Isotopic purity was found to be satisfactory by MS, and NMR properties of the new compounds were tabulated. The labeled compounds can be used as internal standards in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assays for clinical and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Ikegawa S, Nagae K, Mabuchi T, Okihara R, Hasegawa M, Minematsu T, Iida T, Mitamura K. Synthesis of 3- and 21-monosulfates of [2,2,3β,4,4-²H₅]-tetrahydrocorticosteroids in the 5β-series as internal standards for mass spectrometry. Steroids 2011; 76:1232-40. [PMID: 21729711 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 3- and 21-monosulfates of pentadeuterated 5β-tetrahydrocorticosteroides were synthesized, starting from cortisol and 11-deoxycotisol. The principal reactions used were (1) perdeuteration of the methylene groups adjacent to the 3-oxo group of 17,20:20,21-bismethylendioxy-5β-3-ketosteroids with NaOD in CH(3)OD followed by stereoselective reduction with NaBD(4), (2) sulfation of hydroxy groups with sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex, and (3) removal of the 17,20:20,21-bismethylendioxy group with hydrogen fluoride. The labeled compounds can be used as internal standards in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assays for clinical and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ikegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Moon JY, Ha YW, Moon MH, Chung BC, Choi MH. Systematic Error in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry–Based Quantification of Hydrolyzed Urinary Steroids. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:388-97. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Okihara R, Mitamura K, Hasegawa M, Mori M, Muto A, Kakiyama G, Ogawa S, Iida T, Shimada M, Mano N, Ikegawa S. Potential Corticoid Metabolites: Chemical Synthesis of 3- and 21-Monosulfates and Their Double-Conjugates of Tetrahydrocorticosteroids in the 5.ALPHA.- and 5.BETA.-Series. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:344-53. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rika Okihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University
| | | | - Maki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Megumi Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University
| | - Akina Muto
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Miki Shimada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
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19
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HPLC method for determination of fluorescence derivatives of cortisol, cortisone and their tetrahydro- and allo-tetrahydro-metabolites in biological fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 878:283-9. [PMID: 20018571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoform 2 (11beta-HSD2) is responsible for conversion of cortisol (F) to inactive cortisone (E). Disturbance of its activity can cause hypertension. To estimate 11beta-HSD2 activity, besides F and E, their tetrahydro- (THF, THE) as well allo-tetrahydro- (allo-THF, allo-THE) metabolites should be determined. This study describes HPLC-FLD method for the quantitative determination of endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) in plasma and urine (total and free) and their metabolites in urine. Following extraction at pH 7.4 using dichloromethane, GCs (F, E, THF, allo-THF, THE, allo-THE and internal standard--prednisolone) were derivatized with 9-anthroyl nitrile and purified by SPE using C(18) cartridges. The enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated steroids was provided using beta-glucuronidase. The influence of organic bases on 9-AN derivatization of steroids was investigated. The best yield of the derivatization was obtained in presence of the mixture of 10.0% triethylamine (TEA) and 0.1% quinuclidine (Q). Chromatographic separation was accomplished in the Chromolith RP-18e monolithic column. The elaborated method was validated. Calibration curves were linear in the ranges: for F, E and THF 5.0-1000.0 ng mL(-1), for allo-THF and THE + allo-THE 10.0-1000.0 ng mL(-1). LOD (S/N=3:1) for all analytes amounted 3.0 ng mL(-1). Recoveries of GCs exceeded 90%. The method was precise and accurate, intra- and inter-day precision were 3.0-12.1% and 9.2-14.0%, respectively. Accuracy ranged from 0.2 to 15.1%. The method was applied for estimating endogenous GCs in plasma and urine. Plasma levels of F and E were in the ranges: 133.0-174.5 ng mL(-1) and 17.4-35.9 ng mL(-1), respectively. Free urinary steroids were in the ranges: 12.0-54.1 microg/24 h (UFF) and 37.8-76.2 microg/24 h (UFE). The ratio of (THF + allo-THF)/(THE + allo-THE) amounted from 1.01 to 1.23. The obtained results confirmed utility of the elaborated method in the assessment of 11beta-HSD2 activity in man.
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Intense physical exercise increases systemic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in healthy adult subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:681-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Ikegawa S, Hasegawa M, Okihara R, Shimidzu C, Chiba H, Iida T, Mitamura K. Simultaneous Determination of Twelve Tetrahydrocorticosteroid Glucuronides in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10124-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9018632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ikegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Maki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Rika Okihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Chikara Shimidzu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Iida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Cuzzola A, Petri A, Mazzini F, Salvadori P. Application of hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques for the analysis of urinary free glucocorticoids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2975-2982. [PMID: 19681065 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of levels of glucocorticoids in plasma and urine can be related to several diseases. In particular, the determination of endogenous glucocorticoids in urine has been reported to provide information on cortisol and cortisone status, on the activities of steroid hormone enzymes and on glucocorticoid metabolism. In this study, the application of hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques (GC/MS without derivatization and LC/MS) for the simultaneous analysis of free urinary cortisol (F), cortisone (E), tetrahydrocortisol (THF), allo-tetrahydrocortisol (A-THF) and tetrahydrocortisone (THE) was evaluated. A sample preparation protocol by solid-phase extraction, mass spectrometry parameters and chromatographic conditions for both techniques were carefully optimized in terms of extracting phase and solvents, matrix effects, recovery, sensitivity and compound resolution. Baseline separation was achieved for the five underivatized analytes both in GC and LC. The LC/MS/MS technique was more suitable for the analysis of urine samples, being less influenced by matrix effects and showing excellent sensitivity and selectivity. A preliminary application of the reported method for the diagnosis of metabolic diseases was also described. The determination of each analyte in its free form, described for the first time in the paper, offers new perspectives in the application of glucocorticoid analysis for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cuzzola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Determination of Adrenosterone and its Metabolites in Human Urine by LC/APCI/MS and GC/MS. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.7.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saba A, Raffaelli A, Cupisti A, Petri A, Marcocci C, Salvadori P. Recent advances in the assessment of the ratios of cortisol to cortisone and of some of their metabolites in urine by LC-MS-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:541-548. [PMID: 19097044 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A previously reported method for the assessment of the ratio of tetrahydrocortisol (THF) + allo-tetrahydrocortisol (A-THF) to tetrahydrocortisone (THE) by HPLC-MS-MS has been significantly improved, in order to increase either ruggedness and reliability. That was achieved by the introduction of an on-line sample cleanup stage, which made use of a perfusion column as a solid phase microextraction (SPE) cartridge. The set of analytes was expanded, by introducing cortisol and cortisone, whose ratio supply additional diagnostic information. The response factors of both THF and A-THF has been checked, resulting almost identical, as well as the influence of the matrix on the calibration curves which, although different for water and urine, had similar effect on the ratios of interest. As a consequence, the calibration solutions can be prepared in pure water. The influence of several different storage procedures has also been tested, resulting in no substantial effect on the final result. Finally, the improved method has been used to run real samples from healthy volunteers, with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Saba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Gao L, Chiou WJ, Camp HS, Burns DJ, Cheng X. Quantitative measurements of corticosteroids in ex vivo samples using on-line SPE-LC/MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:303-10. [PMID: 19119084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal elevation of 11beta-HSD1 activities in tissues, such as fat and brain, may contribute to the development of the abdominal obesity and Alzheimer disease, and the inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 might be beneficial to the management of these diseases. To assess the effects of pharmacologic inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1, we developed a fast LC/MS/MS method to quantify corticosteroids in minced tissue samples in the presence of 11beta-HSD substrates. The novel on-line SPE-LC/MS/MS method was developed with dual binary gradient and a throughput of 4.5 min/sample. A total of six corticosteroids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, dehydrocorticosterone, dexamethasone, and dehydrodexamethasone) were studied. The lower limit of quantitation from 0.40 to 11.4 fmol and 4.5 orders magnitude of dynamic range were obtained for these six compounds. Three novel enzymatic bi-products, all isomers of cortisol, were observed in the liver or fat samples. Two of them were identified by matching the HPLC retention times and MS/MS spectra with authentic compounds. The potential interferences of these isomers and their removal are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA.
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26
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Cho HJ, Kim JD, Lee WY, Chung BC, Choi MH. Quantitative metabolic profiling of 21 endogenous corticosteroids in urine by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 632:101-8. [PMID: 19100888 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since corticosteroid metabolism may be affected by disease states, the accurate and precise measurement of endogenous corticosteroids in urine is necessary to understand their biochemical roles. An efficient quantitative profiling of 21 endogenous corticosteroids in urine has been validated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase, samples were purified using a solid-phase extraction cartridge and then separated through a sub-2 microm particle C18 column (2.1 mm x 50 mm, 1.9 microm) and quantified within 12.1 min using a triple quadrupole MS with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. All corticosteroids resulted in the base-line separation, which is even achieved for stereo-isomers, such as alpha-/beta-cortol, alpha-/beta-cortolone, and allo-tetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisol. Overall recoveries ranged from 85% to 106% with limit of quantification ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 ng mL(-1) for the corticosteroids examined. The precision (% CV) and accuracy (% bias) of the assay were 1.7-7.8% and 95.1-105.4%, respectively, in 0.5-200 ng mL(-1) calibration ranges (r(2)>0.9903), for quality-control samples containing 21 endogenous corticosteroids at three different urinary concentrations. Clinical application included quantitative analysis from patients with both prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia with altered cortisol concentrations. The described LC-MS/MS method eliminates interference from other urine components, has excellent chromatographic resolution achieved by a small particle LC column with a sufficient sensitivity to allow the profiling of both gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Cho
- Life Sciences Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolkok-dong, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Heinig K, Wirz T, Bucheli F. Determination of Glucocorticoids in Animal Plasma, Urine and Tissues by Column-Switching LC–Tandem-MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Yamashita K, Nakagawa R, Okuyama M, Honma S, Takahashi M, Numazawa M. Simultaneous determination of tetrahydrocortisol, allotetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone in human urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2008; 73:727-37. [PMID: 18394666 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous quantification method of three major metabolites of cortisone and cortisol, tetrahydrocortisol, allotetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was investigated in a positive mode using a recently developed picolinyl derivatization. Conversion of each steroid into the corresponding picolinyl derivatives (1b, 2b or 3b) was performed by mixed anhydride method using picolinic acids and 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride. Derivatization proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding 3, 21-dipicolinyl derivatives. Positive ion-ESI mass spectra of the picolinyl derivatives were dominated by an appearance of [M+H](+) as base peaks in all cases. The picolinyl derivatives provided 15 to 80-fold higher ESI response in the LC-ESI-MS/MS (selected reaction monitoring: SRM) when compared to those of underivatized molecules in a positive LC-ESI mode. The use of the picolinyl ester, solid-phase extraction, and deuterium labeled internal standards enabled the concentrations of these metabolites in human urine to be determined simultaneously by LC-ESI-MS/MS (SRM) with a small sample volume of less than 1microl urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouwa Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
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29
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Taylor NF. Sodium ascorbate improves yield of urinary steroids during hydrolysis with Helix pomatia juice. Steroids 2008; 73:309-19. [PMID: 18177910 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Urinary steroid profile analysis requires enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates and this is achieved simultaneously using Helix pomatia juice (HPJ), but steroids with 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene structure undergo transformation and yield of 5alpha-reduced corticosteroid glucuronides is poor. We describe the use of sodium ascorbate to solve these problems and provide a basis for its mode of action. Steroid conjugates were extracted from urine, hydrolyzed in acetate buffer with HPJ and sodium ascorbate and analyzed as methyloxime-trimethylsilylether derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ranges of temperature, pH and ascorbate, substrate and HPJ concentrations were compared for urine and pure standards. Activity of other antioxidants and that of bacterial cholesterol oxidase were examined. Helix pomatia enzyme preparations from different commercial sources were compared. Loss of 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroids was enzyme-dependant, since it required HPJ, was saturable, subject to substrate competition and heat-inactivated. Products were 3-oxo-4-ene steroids and 4,6-diene and 6-oxy derivatives of these but the latter were not formed from 3-oxo-4-ene precursors. Ascorbate, other antioxidants or oxygen exclusion diminished activity. These characteristics were shared by cholesterol oxidase. Yield of 5alpha-reduced steroids was diminished by pre-incubation of HPJ before ascorbate addition and this was reversed if ascorbate was added to the pre-incubation mixture. We conclude that transformation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroids by HPJ is due to cholesterol oxidase and is diminished by antioxidants or oxygen denial. Yield of 5alpha-reduced steroids is low due to oxidative damage of beta-glucuronidase during hydrolysis, prevented by ascorbate. These features are shared by most commercial Helix pomatia enzyme preparations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
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30
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Fujisawa Y, Nakagawa Y, Li RS, Liu YJ, Ohzeki T. Diabetic pregnancy in rats leads to impaired glucose metabolism in offspring involving tissue-specific dysregulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression. Life Sci 2007; 81:724-31. [PMID: 17692875 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Population-based studies have shown that the offspring of diabetic mothers have an increased risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and hypertension in later life. To investigate mechanism for the high incidence of metabolic diseases in the offspring of diabetic mothers, we focused on the tissue-specific glucocorticoid regulation by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) and studied offspring born to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The body weights of newborn rats from diabetic mothers were heavier than those from control mothers. Offspring born to diabetic mothers demonstrated insulin resistance and mild glucose intolerance after glucose loading at 10 weeks and showed significantly increased 11beta-HSD1 mRNA and enzyme activity in adipose tissue at 12 weeks of age without obvious obesity. Hepatic 11beta-HSD1 mRNA was also elevated. We propose that the 11beta-HSD1 in adipose tissue and liver may play a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome in the offspring of diabetic mothers. Tissue-specific glucocorticoid dysregulation provides a candidate mechanism for the high incidence of metabolic diseases in the offspring of diabetic mothers. Therefore early analyses before apparent obesity are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that may be programmed during the fetal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handa-yama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu-city 431-3192, Japan.
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31
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Al Sharef O, Feely J, Kavanagh PV, Scott KR, Sharma SC. An HPLC method for the determination of the free cortisol/cortisone ratio in human urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1201-6. [PMID: 17590867 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of the urinary free cortisol-cortisone ratio has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of renal 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11 beta-HSD 2) activity. This converts biologically active cortisol to inactive cortisone. A decrease in its activity (e.g. through disease or inhibition caused by a therapeutic agent or a foodstuff) may increase cortisol levels and susceptibility towards hypertension. The method presented here uses a simple isocratic tandem column HPLC system. The method has been validated and found to be robust and reproducible. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was found to be 10 ng/mL for both cortisol and cortisone. Samples of urine (n = 99) from patients, most of whom were on complex combinations of drugs, were analyzed and 92% of samples were found to give successful results with this method (cortisol and cortisone above LLOQ). The ratio ranged from 0.07 to 5.61. No interferences were noted from the drugs that the patients were taking. It was also found that a morning spot urine sample gave comparable results to 24 h collection samples, thus making sample collection much easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Al Sharef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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32
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1520-1531. [PMID: 17103385 DOI: 10.1002/jms.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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