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Jones AW. Brief history of the alcohol biomarkers CDT, EtG, EtS, 5-HTOL, and PEth. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:570-587. [PMID: 37806783 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This article traces the historical development of various biomarkers of acute and/or chronic alcohol consumption. Much of the research in this domain of clinical and laboratory medicine arose from clinics and laboratories in Sweden, as exemplified by carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Extensive studies of other alcohol biomarkers, such as ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), and 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), also derive from Sweden. The most obvious test of recent drinking is identification of ethanol in a sample of the person's blood, breath, or urine. However, because of continuous metabolism in the liver, ethanol is eliminated from the blood at a rate of 0.15 g/L/h (range 0.1-0.3 g/L/h), so obtaining positive results is not always possible. The widow of detection is increased by analysis of ethanol's non-oxidative metabolites (EtG and EtS), which are more slowly eliminated from the bloodstream. Likewise, an elevated ratio of serotonin metabolites in urine (5-HTOL/5-HIAA) can help to disclose recent drinking after ethanol is no longer measurable in body fluids. A highly specific biomarker of hazardous drinking is CDT, a serum glycoprotein (transferrin), with a deficiency in its N-linked glycosylation. Another widely acclaimed biomarker is PEth, an abnormal phospholipid synthesized in cell membranes when people drink excessively, having a long elimination half-life (median ~6 days) during abstinence. Research on the subject of alcohol biomarkers has increased appreciably and is now an important area of drug testing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wayne Jones
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Thakur S, Kumar V, Das R, Sharma V, Mehta DK. Biomarkers of Hepatic Toxicity: An Overview. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2024; 100:100737. [PMID: 38860148 PMCID: PMC11163176 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Hepatotoxicity is the foremost issue for clinicians and the primary reason for pharmaceutical product recalls. A biomarker is a measurable and quantifiable attribute used to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment or to diagnose a disease. There are various biomarkers which are used for the detection of liver disease and the intent of liver damage. Objective This review aims to investigate the current state of hepatotoxicity biomarkers and their utility in clinical settings. Using hepatic biomarkers, the presence of liver injury, its severity, prognosis, causative agent, and type of hepatotoxicity can all be determined. Methods Relevant published articles up to 2022 were systematically retrieved from MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and WOS databases using keywords such as drug toxicity, hepatotoxicity biomarkers, biochemical parameters, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Results In clinical trials and everyday practice, biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury are essential for spotting the most severe cases of hepatotoxicity. Hence, developing novel biomarker approaches to enhance hepatotoxicity diagnosis will increase specificity and/or identify the person at risk. Importantly, early clinical studies on patients with liver illness have proved that some biomarkers such as aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin, and bile acids are even therapeutically beneficial. Conclusions By assessing the unique signs of liver injury, health care professionals can rapidly and accurately detect liver damage and evaluate its severity. These measures contribute to ensuring prompt and effective medical intervention, hence reducing the risk of long-term liver damage and other major health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Rina Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
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3
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Dicks LMT. Gut Bacteria Provide Genetic and Molecular Reporter Systems to Identify Specific Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4431. [PMID: 38674014 PMCID: PMC11050607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With genetic information gained from next-generation sequencing (NGS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), it is now possible to select for genes that encode reporter molecules that may be used to detect abnormalities such as alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), cancer, cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis (MS), diabesity, and ischemic stroke (IS). This, however, requires a thorough understanding of the gut-brain axis (GBA), the effect diets have on the selection of gut microbiota, conditions that influence the expression of microbial genes, and human physiology. Bacterial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a major role in gut homeostasis, maintain intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and regulate the immune system, neurological, and endocrine functions. Changes in butyrate levels may serve as an early warning of colon cancer. Other cancer-reporting molecules are colibactin, a genotoxin produced by polyketide synthetase-positive Escherichia coli strains, and spermine oxidase (SMO). Increased butyrate levels are also associated with inflammation and impaired cognition. Dysbiosis may lead to increased production of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OX-LDLs), known to restrict blood vessels and cause hypertension. Sudden changes in SCFA levels may also serve as a warning of IS. Early signs of ARLD may be detected by an increase in regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (REG3G), which is associated with changes in the secretion of mucin-2 (Muc2). Pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, interferons, and TNF may serve as early reporters of MS. Other examples of microbial enzymes and metabolites that may be used as reporters in the early detection of life-threatening diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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4
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Cerioni A, Buratti E, Mietti G, Ribeiro ILA, Cippitelli M, Tassoni G, Cingolani M, Froldi R, Scendoni R. Comparative analysis between CDT in serum and Ethyl glucuronide in hair to define the best reliable tool for the diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 257:111128. [PMID: 38394813 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The increase in alcohol consumption in society has not only led to a number of medical issues but has also become a matter of considerable legal importance. Thus, there is both scientific interest and the necessity to diagnose alcohol abuse in the application of the provisions of the law through laboratory tests that ensure maximum objectivity. The purpose of this work is to study and compare the diagnostic performance of two of the main markers of alcohol abuse, serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in a group of 336 driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol offenders. Thus, it is possible to establish the best marker of alcohol consumption in order to assess the fitness to drive of DUI subjects.EtG was detected in 55 hair samples, while CDT was detected in 5 blood samples. Of the EtG-positive subjects 96,4% had CDT values below the cut-off. While CDT refers to an alcohol consumption of approximately the previous 10 days, EtG allows to detect an excessive alcohol consumption of the last few months. Because of these two different time-windows, EtG proves to be more reliable, since it is more difficult for subjects to change their drinking practice to test negative to toxicological analysis. The determination of Ethyl glucuronide on hair matrix is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of alcohol abuse, with high sensitivity and specificity and certainly greater reliability than traditional markers such as CDT, being a direct marker of alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cerioni
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy.
| | - Erika Buratti
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy.
| | - Gianmario Mietti
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy
| | | | - Marta Cippitelli
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tassoni
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy.
| | - Mariano Cingolani
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy.
| | - Rino Froldi
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scendoni
- Forensic Medicine and Laboratory (For. Med. Lab), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Via Don Minzoni 9, Macerata 62100, Italy.
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Fakhari S, Waszkiewicz N. Old and New Biomarkers of Alcohol Abuse: Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062124. [PMID: 36983134 PMCID: PMC10054673 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 5.1% of the global burden of disease, and the early detection of alcohol problems may prevent its development and progression. Therefore, the aim of the study is to review traditional and new biomarkers associated with alcohol use. The nature and practical application and limitations of alcohol biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of drinking are reviewed. Despite the limited specificity and sensitivity in alcohol drinking detection, traditional biomarkers are useful in clinical practice, and new generations of biomarkers, e.g., proteomic markers, are in need of further investigation. Traditional biomarkers are broadly available and cost-efficient, providing valuable data on the complications of drinking and prognosis, as well as on concurrent conditions affected by drinking. The most important challenge in the future will be to translate methodically advanced methods of detecting alcohol markers into simpler and cheaper methods. Larger population studies are also needed to test the usefulness of these potential markers of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fakhari
- Department of Psychiatry, Mazowieckie Specjalistyczne Centrum Zdrowia w Pruszkowie, 05-800 Pruszków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-69-6963901
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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Coverdale JPC, Harrington CF, Solovyev N. Review: Advances in the Accuracy and Traceability of Metalloprotein Measurements Using Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36637361 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the methods used to prepare isotopically enriched standards, allow for the high accuracy measurement of metalloproteins by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. This technique has now reached a level of maturity whereby a step change in the accuracy, precision, and traceability of, in particular, clinical, and biomedical measurements is achievable. Current clinical measurements, which require low limits of detection in the presence of complex sample matrices, use indirect methods based on immunochemistry for the study of human disease. However, this approach suffers from poor traceability, requiring comparisons based on provision of matrix-based reference materials, used as analytical standards. This leads to difficulty when changes in the reference material are required, often resulting in a lack of interlaboratory and temporal comparability in clinical results and reference ranges. In this review, we focus on the most important metalloproteins for clinical studies, to illustrate how the attributes of chromatography coupled to inorganic mass spectrometry can be used for the direct measurement of metalloproteins such as hemoglobin, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin. By using this approach, we hope to demonstrate how isotope dilution analysis can be used as a reference method to improve traceability and underpin clinical, biomedical, and other biological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P C Coverdale
- Supra-Regional Assay Service, Trace Element Laboratory, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Chris F Harrington
- Supra-Regional Assay Service, Trace Element Laboratory, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Freni F, Moretti M, Scardo S, Carelli C, Vignali C, Monti MC, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide in hair: a 5-years retrospective cohort study in subjects sanctioned for driving under the influence of alcohol and psychoactive substances. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1417-1428. [PMID: 35355418 PMCID: PMC9543301 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evaluation of drinking behaviours can help in limiting high-risk situation, such as driving under the influence (DUI). We investigate ethyl glucuronide in hair (hEtG) levels to evaluate alcohol consumption behaviour in subjects followed up after having been charged for DUI of psychoactive substances and/or alcohol. METHODS We performed a retrospective observational cohort study on 4328 subjects over 18 years old who underwent hEtG analysis in the period 2015-2019 in the Italian Province of Pavia. hEtG level was used as a proxy for the alcohol consumption behaviour. Effects of age, sex and district on alcohol drinking behaviour were investigated with an ordinal logit model. A state sequence analysis was used to study people's alcohol consumption behaviour over time. RESULTS hEtG was found ≥7.0 pg/mg in 22.2% of the drivers (of which 7% has an hEtG ≥30.0 pg/mg). Among positive cases, a prevalence of males (96.3%) aged 35-44 (32.6%), coming from main city and hinterland (38.2%) was observed. The propensity to drink was higher for males (OR≈2.28, p<0.001) and for subject coming from the district devoted to the cultivation of vineyards. Young age classes have a reduced drinking risk if compared to the drivers over 55 years old (p<0.001). A general decreasing trend over time in hEtG values was observed. CONCLUSION Being male, age ≥ 55 years, and coming from rural areas are potential risk factors related to alcohol drinking habits among drivers. Ethyl glucuronide in hair test in the driving license reissuing protocol contributed to decrease alcohol misuse behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Scardo
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Carelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Vignali
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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8
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Suzuki T, Eguchi A, Shigefuku R, Nagao S, Morikawa M, Sugimoto K, Iwasa M, Takei Y. Accuracy of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a biomarker of chronic alcohol abuse during treatment for alcoholism. Hepatol Res 2022; 52:120-127. [PMID: 33797850 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Clinical evaluations are generally used to verify the effectiveness of detoxification treatments for alcohol dependence, but new objective biomarkers are essential for accurate diagnosis. We aim to assess the accuracy of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT) in a cohort of Japanese patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital specializing in alcohol dependence. In addition, we investigated the kinetics of %CDT during alcohol moderation or cessation. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 126 alcohol-dependent patients. The levels of serum %CDT were assessed by the N Latex CDT direct immunonephelometric assay. RESULTS Alcohol consumption was significantly correlated with %CDT. The only independent predictive factor of alcohol consumption was %CDT, with glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and albumin-bilirubin score proving insufficient. The cut-off value of %CDT was 1.9% with high sensitivity and specificity in detecting alcohol abstinence beyond 30 days (68.6% sensitivity, 91.8% specificity) and excessive alcohol drinking (77.9% sensitivity, 77.1% specificity). The %CDT levels were significantly decreased at 30 days of abstinence when compared with baseline. Notably, %CDT values were significantly changed even in the light alcohol drinking cohort (p = 0.0009), whereas GGT levels were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that %CDT is an accurate and specific biomarker of alcohol consumption and is useful in detecting alcohol abstinence even in a low alcohol intake patient cohort. These results suggest that %CDT could be a useful objective biomarker of chronic alcohol abuse during clinical treatment for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryuta Shigefuku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazushi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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9
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CDT vs. GGT for the certification of the fitness to hold the driving license. A comparison based on the association of incremented values with the occurrence of alcohol-related road traffic accidents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109088. [PMID: 34619604 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of fitness certification to hold the driving license, GGT and CDT have been used, sometimes in combination (γ-CDT), to exclude chronic alcohol abuse. The present study was carried out with the aim of comparing the power of these biomarkers as tools for the objective screening of subjects at high risk of alcohol-associated traffic injuries. METHODS 288 male drivers admitted to hospital after traffic accidents were examined by determination of GGT, CDT and BAC. The degree of association of GGT, CDT and γ-CDT with BAC was analysed using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS Partitioning the cases using the cut-off concentrations of 0.5 g/L for BAC (the legal limit adopted in most European countries), 55 U/L for GGT and 1.9% for CDT, a highly significant difference was found between the frequency of elevated GGT or CDT in cases where BAC was within the legal limits and those with elevated BAC values (Fisher's exact test: p < 0.001). However, the calculation of the odds ratio showed a much higher increase for CDT (28 times) than for GGT (6 times) in those drivers with a BAC above the Italian legal limit in comparison with those showing a BAC within the cut-off; conversely, γ-CDT does not provide any significant advantage vs. CDT alone. CONCLUSIONS Both GGT and CDT provide objective evidence of an association with the occurrence of alcohol-related severe traffic accidents, but CDT shows superior association with these events. Therefore, CDT, notwithstanding higher costs, should be preferred in a forensic/certification context.
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Sullivan PS, Knox J, Jones J, Taussig J, Valentine Graves M, Millett G, Luisi N, Hall E, Sanchez TH, Del Rio C, Kelley C, Rosenberg ES, Guest JL. Understanding disparities in viral suppression among Black MSM living with HIV in Atlanta Georgia. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25689. [PMID: 33821554 PMCID: PMC8022103 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to factors associated with structural racism, Black men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV are less likely to be virally suppressed compared to white MSM. Most of these data come from clinical cohorts and modifiable reasons for these racial disparities need to be defined in order to intervene on these inequities. Therefore, we examined factors associated with racial disparities in baseline viral suppression in a community-based cohort of Black and white MSM living with HIV in Atlanta, GA. METHODS We conducted an observational cohort of Black and white MSM living with HIV infection in Atlanta. Enrolment occurred from June 2016 to June 2017 and men were followed for 24 months; laboratory and behavioural survey data were collected at 12 and 24 months after enrolment. Explanatory factors for racial disparities in viral suppression included sociodemographics and psychosocial variables. Poisson regression models with robust error variance were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for Black/white differences in viral suppression. Factors that diminished the PR for race by ≥5% were considered to meaningfully attenuate the racial disparity and were included in a multivariable model. RESULTS Overall, 26% (104/398) of participants were not virally suppressed at baseline. Lack of viral suppression was significantly more prevalent among Black MSM (33%; 69/206) than white MSM (19%; 36/192) (crude Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.5). The age-adjusted Black/white PR was diminished by controlling for: ART coverage (12% decrease), housing stability (7%), higher income (6%) and marijuana use (6%). In a multivariable model, these factors cumulatively mitigated the PR for race by 21% (adjusted PR = 1.1 [95% CI: 0.8 to 1.6]). CONCLUSIONS Relative to white MSM, Black MSM living with HIV in Atlanta were less likely to be virally suppressed. This disparity was explained by several factors, many of which should be targeted for structural, policy and individual-level interventions to reduce racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Sullivan
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Justin Knox
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jeb Jones
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jennifer Taussig
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - Greg Millett
- American Foundation for AIDS ResearchWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Nicole Luisi
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Eric Hall
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Travis H Sanchez
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Colleen Kelley
- Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - Jodie L Guest
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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11
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Jørgenrud B, Kabashi S, Nadezhdin A, Bryun E, Koshkina E, Tetenova E, Lerdal A, Norby G, Kolgashkin A, Petukhov A, Perekhodov S, Davydova E, Vindenes V, Gamboa D, Bogstrand ST. The Association between the Alcohol Biomarker Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption among Russian and Norwegian Medical Patients. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:726-736. [PMID: 33677484 PMCID: PMC8557652 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Valid measures to identify harmful alcohol use are important. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a validated questionnaire used to self-report harmful drinking in several cultures and settings. Phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 (PEth) is a direct alcohol biomarker measuring alcohol consumption levels. The aim of this study was to investigate how PEth levels correlate with AUDIT-QF and weekly grams of alcohol consumed among patients in two urban hospitals. In addition, we wanted to investigate the predictive value of PEth in identifying harmful alcohol use as defined by AUDIT-QF and weekly grams of alcohol cutoffs. Methods A cross-sectional study comprising acute medically ill patients with measurable PEth levels (≥0.030 μM) admitted to two urban hospitals in Oslo, Norway (N = 931) and Moscow, Russia (N = 953) was conducted using PEth concentrations in whole blood, sociodemographic data and AUDIT-QF questionnaires. Results PEth levels from patients with measurable PEth were found to be positively correlated with AUDIT-QF scores, with PEth cutpoints of 0.128 μM (Oslo) and 0.270 μM (Moscow) providing optimal discrimination for harmful alcohol use defined by AUDIT-QF (the difference between cities probably reflecting different national drinking patterns in QF). When converting AUDIT-QF into weekly grams of alcohol consumed, the predictive value of PEth improved, with optimal PEth cutpoints of 0.327 (Oslo) and 0.396 (Moscow) μM discriminating between harmful and non-harmful alcohol use as defined in grams (≥350 grams/week). Conclusions By using PEth levels and converting AUDIT-QF into weekly grams of alcohol it was possible to get an improved rapid and sensitive determination of harmful alcohol use among hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Jørgenrud
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Saranda Kabashi
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksei Nadezhdin
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of Moscow, Department of Public Health, 109390, Ljublinskaya ul. 37/1, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993, Barrikadnaya ul. 2/1, str. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Bryun
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of Moscow, Department of Public Health, 109390, Ljublinskaya ul. 37/1, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993, Barrikadnaya ul. 2/1, str. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenya Koshkina
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of Moscow, Department of Public Health, 109390, Ljublinskaya ul. 37/1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Tetenova
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of Moscow, Department of Public Health, 109390, Ljublinskaya ul. 37/1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anners Lerdal
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway.,Research Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, P.O. Box 04970, Nydalen N-0440 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudmund Norby
- Medical Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, P.O. Box 04970, Nydalen N-0440 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey Kolgashkin
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of Moscow, Department of Public Health, 109390, Ljublinskaya ul. 37/1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Petukhov
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of Moscow, Department of Public Health, 109390, Ljublinskaya ul. 37/1, Moscow, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya ul. 2, str. 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Perekhodov
- Demikhov Moscow Clinical Hospital, 109263, Shkuljova ul. 4, str. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Davydova
- Demikhov Moscow Clinical Hospital, 109263, Shkuljova ul. 4, str. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Danil Gamboa
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway.,Medical Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, P.O. Box 04970, Nydalen N-0440 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Tore Bogstrand
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Sullivan PS, Taussig J, Valentine-Graves M, Luisi N, Del Rio C, Guest JL, Jones J, Millett G, Rosenberg ES, Stephenson R, Kelley C. Disparities in Care Outcomes in Atlanta Between Black and White Men Who Have Sex With Men Living With HIV: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study (Engage[men]t). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e21985. [PMID: 33320821 PMCID: PMC7943338 DOI: 10.2196/21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US HIV epidemic is driven by infections in men who have sex with men and characterized by profound disparities in HIV prevalence and outcomes for Black Americans. Black men who have sex with men living with HIV are reported to have worse care outcomes than other men who have sex with men, but the reasons for these health inequities are not clear. We planned a prospective observational cohort study to help understand the reasons for worse HIV care outcomes for Black versus White men who have sex with men in Atlanta. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to identify individual, dyadic, network, neighborhood, and structural factors that explain disparities in HIV viral suppression between Black and White men who have sex with men living with HIV in Atlanta. METHODS Black and White men who have sex with men living with HIV were enrolled in a prospective cohort study with in-person visits and viral suppression assessments at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months; additional surveys of care and risk behaviors at 3, 6, and 18 months; analysis of care received outside the study through public health reporting; and qualitative interviews for participants who experienced sentinel health events (eg, loss of viral suppression) during the study. The study is based on the Bronfenbrenner socioecological theoretical model. RESULTS Men who have sex with men (n=400) were enrolled between June 2016 and June 2017 in Atlanta. Follow-up was completed in June 2019; final study retention was 80% at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Health disparities for Black men who have sex with men are hypothesized to be driven by structural racism and barriers to care. Observational studies are important to document and quantify the specific factors within the socioecological framework that account for disparities in viral suppression. In the meantime, it is also critical to push for steps to improve access to care, including Medicaid expansion in Southern states, such as Georgia, which have not yet moved to expand Medicaid. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/21985.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sean Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Taussig
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mariah Valentine-Graves
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicole Luisi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jodie L Guest
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeb Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Greg Millett
- amFAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eli S Rosenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rob Stephenson
- Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Colleen Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Tremor measurements in a 22-year cohort study of workers exposed to hand-held vibrating tools. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:1049-1059. [PMID: 33606098 PMCID: PMC8238707 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this cohort study were to evaluate possible long-term effects of occupational exposure to hand-arm vibration (HAV) in terms of increased tremor. The aims were to evaluate whether exposure during follow-up, baseline hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), baseline manual dexterity or current medical conditions or life-style habits might be associated with increased tremor. A further aim was to compare two different activation conditions: postural vs rest tremor. METHODS Forty men (current age: 60.4 years) who had previously worked as manual workers in a specialized engineering and construction company enrolled in the study. Their hand functions had been examined in 1994. At the baseline examination, 27 had been diagnosed with HAVS, while 13 were not exposed. The follow-up examination in 2016-2017 comprised the CATSYS Tremor Pen® for measuring postural and rest tremor and the Grooved Pegboard Test for assessing manual dexterity. Blood samples were taken for assessing biomarkers that might have impact on tremor. RESULTS Neither cumulative exposure to HAV during follow-up nor HAVS at baseline were associated with increased tremor. A test for manual dexterity at baseline was significantly associated with increased tremor (Tremor Intensity) at follow-up. Blood markers of current medical conditions and tobacco consumption were associated with increased tremor. Rest tremor frequency was higher than postural tremor frequency (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The main findings of this 22-year cohort study were no indications of long-term effects on tremor related to HAV exposure and previous HAVS status. However, baseline manual dexterity was significantly associated with increased tremor at follow-up. Activation conditions (e.g., hand position) are important when testing tremor.
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14
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Sierra T, Crevillen AG, Escarpa A. Electrochemical sensor for the assessment of carbohydrate deficient transferrin: Application to diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosilation. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 179:113098. [PMID: 33636501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) is used as biomarker of different health problems as, for example, congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). We propose a screen-printed-based electrochemical sensor for the determination of carbohydrate deficient transferrin using an Os (VI) tag-based electrochemistry. When transferrin is labeled with Os (VI) complex, it generates two voltammetric signals: one from carbohydrates (electrochemical signal of osmium (VI) complex at -0.9 V/Ag) and one from the amino acids present in glycoprotein (intrinsic electrochemical signal of glycoprotein at +0.8 V/Ag). The relationship between the two analytical signals (carbohydrate signal/protein signal) is an indicator of the degree of glycosylation (electrochemical index of glycosylation), which has shown an excellent correlation (r = 0.990) with the official parameter %CDT obtained by CE-UV. The suitability of this approach was demonstrated by analyzing serum samples from CDG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sierra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, E-28871, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Crevillen
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, E-28871, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcala, E-28805, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Bortolotti F, Raffaelli R, Di Simone N, Semprebon M, Mirandola M, Simonetto C, De Marchi F, Trevisan MT, Carli G, Dorizzi RM, Scambia G, Franchi M, Tagliaro F. CDT reference values for monitoring chronic alcohol abuse in pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:156-160. [PMID: 32302685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin (CDT) is one of the most used biomarkers for monitoring alcohol use in pregnancy. However, its effective application in this context is hampered by the demonstrated physiological progressive increase during pregnancy (even in abstinent women) of CDT values, which in the third trimester can reach values close or exceeding the cut-offs usually adopted in clinical and forensic diagnostics. The present work was aimed at the re-assessment of CDT reference values in pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CDT analysis was performed by a validated HPLC-UV Vis method on 284 serum samples of women with a physiological pregnancy and on 370 sera of non-pregnant woman from the general population (control group). All the samples were tested also for GGT for excluding alcohol abuse. The statistical analysis was performed using the MedCalc® Statistical Software. RESULTS The re-definition of the specific reference concentrations was carried out according to the Horn and Pesce Robust Method. The resulting CDT upper reference values were 1.45%, 2.01% and 2.05% in the first, second, and third trimester, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In order to prevent the development of maternal and fetal prenatal alcohol exposure complications, the use of alcohol biomarkers, including CDT, has been proposed. However, this biomarker, in the monitoring of alcohol use in pregnancy, has so far been applied adopting the same cut-off used for general population without taking into consideration the progressive physiological increase of its value throughout the pregnancy. In the present study, a specific re-assessment of the CDT reference concentrations of each trimester is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bortolotti
- Dept. of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Ricciarda Raffaelli
- Dept. of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universita' Cattolica del S Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Semprebon
- Dept. of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mirandola
- Dept. of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Simonetto
- Dept. of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca De Marchi
- Dept. of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Trevisan
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Hospital G. Fracastoro, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Carli
- Service of Forensic Medicine, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Romolo M Dorizzi
- Dept. of Pathology, Transfusion & Laboratory Medicine, AUSL Romagna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universita' Cattolica del S Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchi
- Dept. of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Dept. of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Uljas E, Jalkanen V, Kuitunen A, Hynninen M, Hästbacka J. Prevalence of risk-drinking in critically ill patients, screened with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and AUDIT-C score: A retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64:216-223. [PMID: 31541613 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies demonstrate that up to one-third of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions are directly or indirectly related to alcohol. Screening for alcohol use is not routine. This study examined the prevalence of elevated %CDT (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) and above risk-level AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Consumption) in patients admitted to ICU. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data from a single ICU where %CDT and AUDIT-C were included in routine assessment. After excluding readmissions, 2532 adult patients from a 21-month period were included. Admission values of %CDT were available for 2049 patients, and AUDIT-C was available for 1617 patients. The association of %CDT and AUDIT-C with short- and long-term outcome was studied by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results %CDT was above the reference value in 23.7% (486/2048) of patients with available %CDT. Of patients with available AUDIT-C, 33% (544/1617) had a risk-level AUDIT-C score. Patients with a risk-level AUDIT-C score were significantly younger than those with a lower score (51 vs 64 years, P < .0001). Increased %CDT was associated with higher severity of illness. AUDIT-C was associated independently with increased risk of long-term mortality in multivariate analysis (P = .007). Conclusion One in three of ICU patients are risk-level alcohol users as measured with AUDIT-C score, and one in four are analysed with %CDT. The prevalence varies according to the method used and any method alone may be insufficient to detect risk-level consumption reliably. Editorial Comment Alcohol overconsumption is associated with need for ICU admission and with less favorable outcomes. Diagnosis of alcohol overconsumption though is problematic due to low sensitivity in screening. In a pilot study, a biomarker and a screening tool are compared. The finding is that multiple tools are needed to achieve an adequate sensitivity for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliisa Uljas
- Division of Intensive Care Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Ville Jalkanen
- Department of Intensive Care University of Tampere Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Anne Kuitunen
- Department of Intensive Care University of Tampere Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Marja Hynninen
- Division of Intensive Care Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- Division of Intensive Care Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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17
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Bogdańska A, Lipiński P, Szymańska-Rożek P, Jankowska I, Socha P, Tylki-Szymańska A. Pediatric Liver Disease Patients and Secondary Glycosylation Abnormalities. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:613224. [PMID: 33520896 PMCID: PMC7838542 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.613224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of serum transferrin (Tf) is still the method of choice for diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). An abnormal glycosylation is also a known phenomenon in adult liver disease patients. The aim of this study was to characterize glycosylation disturbances in pediatric patients with primary liver disease. However, there are no reports of this phenomenon in children. Materials and Methods: Between 1995 and 2019, circa 2,000 serum Tf isoform analyses have been performed in children with primary liver diseases; some of them underwent subsequent analyses. We enrolled in this study 19 patients who developed an acute liver injury (ALI)/failure (ALF) or exhibited a chronic liver disease (CLD) and were evaluated and listed for liver transplantation (LTx) or had just undergone this procedure, and secondary abnormal serum Tf isoform profile. Results: Among 12 patients with ALI/ALF, 10 had an increased percentage of asialo-, monosialo-, and disialo-Tf isoforms. All patients with CLD had an increased percentage of asialo- and monosialo-Tf isoform. Two patients diagnosed with recurrent ALF had very specific serum Tf profile with a huge increase in the asialo- and monosialo-Tf isoform. On follow-up analyses (available in some patients), serum Tf IEF profile normalized in parallel to normalization of liver function tests, spontaneously or during treatment, including glucocorticosteroids in AIH, LTx in CLD. Conclusions: All pediatric patients with primary liver disease had increased asialo-Tf as well as monosialo-Tf isoforms. None of them had elevated percentage of trisialo-Tf isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogdańska
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Lipiński
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Irena Jankowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Difficulties and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Difficulties and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Choe YM, Lee BC, Choi IG, Suh GH, Lee DY, Kim JW. Combination of the CAGE and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase: an effective screening tool for alcohol use disorder and alcohol dependence. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1507-1515. [PMID: 31239685 PMCID: PMC6555263 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s203855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The CAGE is a convenient test for alcohol-related disorder due to its brevity, but it is not as effective as the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an objective blood biochemical marker of excessive alcohol intake; however, it has low sensitivity. This study tested the performance of the combined use of CAGE and GGT to screen problem drinking (PD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and alcohol dependence (AD). Methods: A total of 394 subjects composed of 91 normal controls and 303 subjects with PD were enrolled in this study. Of the PD subjects, 147 were diagnosed with AUD (77 alcohol abuse and 70 AD). A series of multiple logistic regression models for PD, AUD, and AD discrimination were used to obtain new combined CAGE and GGT scores after adjusting for age and gender (CAGE+GGT). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to determine how well the CAGE+GGT score discriminated between individuals with PD, AUD, and AD. Results: The discrimination accuracy of the AUDIT for PD was significantly better than that of the CAGE or the CAGE+GGT (z=6.927, p<0.0001; z=5.301, p<0.0001, respectively). The CAGE and the CAGE+GGT were better than the AUDIT at discriminating AUD (z=2.535, p=0.0112; z=2.894, p=0.0038, respectively). The discrimination accuracy of the AUDIT for AD was significantly better than that of the CAGE and GGT (z=3.233, p=0.0012; z=6.529, p<0.0001, respectively), but the CAGE+GGT was comparable with the AUDIT (z=1.652, p=0.0985). Conclusion: Our findings support the combined use of the CAGE questionnaire and serum GGT level as a sensitive and useful tool for AD screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Choe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Boung Chul Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihn-Geun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guk-Hee Suh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Wook Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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A Direct Comparison of the Relationship of Epigenetic Aging and Epigenetic Substance Consumption Markers to Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010051. [PMID: 30650672 PMCID: PMC6356614 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have examined the relationship of indices of epigenetic aging (EA) to key health outcomes. Unfortunately, our understanding of the relationship of EA to mortality and substance use-related health variables is unclear. In order to clarify these interpretations, we analyzed the relationship of the Levine EA index (LEA), as well as established epigenetic indices of cigarette (cg05575921) and alcohol consumption (cg04987734), to all-cause mortality in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort (n = 2256) Cox proportional hazards regression. We found that cg05575921 and cg04987734 had an independent effect relative to LEA and vice versa, with the model including all the predictors having better performance than models with either LEA or cg05575921 and cg04987734 alone. After correction for multiple comparisons, 195 and 327, respectively, of the 513 markers in the LEA index, as well as the overall index itself, were significantly associated with cg05575921 and cg04987734 methylation status. We conclude that the epigenetic indices of substance use have an independent effect over and above LEA, and are slightly stronger predictors of mortality in head-to-head comparisons. We also conclude that the majority of the strength of association conveyed by the LEA is secondary to smoking and drinking behaviors, and that efforts to promote healthy aging should continue to focus on addressing substance use.
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20
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Veronesi A, Cariani E, Trenti T, Rota C. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: utility of HPLC in handling atypical samples uninterpretable by capillary electrophoresis. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:510-515. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HPLC retesting allowed to resolve about half of the most common CDT patterns uninterpretable by CE. The usefulness of this approach should be evaluated in the specific context of each laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Veronesi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Advanced Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cariani
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Advanced Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Advanced Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Rota
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Advanced Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena, Italy
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21
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J, Huang Z, Lin Z, Wang J, Zhang C, Rao Y. Stability of Ethyl Glucuronide, Ethyl Sulfate, Phosphatidylethanols and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Postmortem Human Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:346-352. [PMID: 29425299 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of systematic studies on the stability of ethanol's non-oxidative metabolites in postmortem specimens restricts their use in forensic cases. This study aimed to compare the stability of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), phosphatidylethanols (PEths) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in postmortem human blood. Three groups were established based on the level and source of ethanol: the blank group, the ethanol-spiked group and the ethanol-positive group. Each group contained six blood samples from different corpses. The samples in each group were placed at 37, 25, 4 and -20°C. Every 24 h for 7 days, 50 μL was collected from each sample. The levels of EtG, EtS, PEths and FAEEs were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their stability was evaluated. EtG was not detected in the blank group, but it was found in samples in the ethanol-spiked group placed at 37°C, and it was degraded in the ethanol-positive group at 37 and 25°C. EtS showed no change in any of the groups. PEths were not detected in the blank group, but formation was found in the ethanol-spiked group at all temperatures. In the ethanol-positive group, PEth levels fluctuated at 37°C, decreased at 25°C and increased at -20°C. FAEEs were generated in the blank group and in the ethanol-spiked group at all temperatures. In the ethanol-positive group, FAEEs were degraded at 37 and 25°C but were generated at 4 and -20°C. EtS is a reliable biomarker of ethanol consumption, and EtG could be used as a biomarker at low temperatures (4 and -20°C), but PEths and FAEEs are not appropriate biomarkers of ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiaolun Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zebin Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Chengqiang Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Nomura F, Kanda T, Seimiya M, Satoh M, Kageyama Y, Yamashita T, Yokosuka O, Kato N, Maruyama K. Determination of serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin by a nephelometric immunoassay for differential diagnosis of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:181-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Porpiglia NM, De Palo EF, Savchuk SA, Appolonova SA, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F. A new sample treatment for asialo-Tf determination with capillary electrophoresis: an added value to the analysis of CDT. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 483:256-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Philibert R, Dogan M, Noel A, Miller S, Krukow B, Papworth E, Cowley J, Knudsen A, Beach SR, Black D. Genome-wide and digital polymerase chain reaction epigenetic assessments of alcohol consumption. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:479-488. [PMID: 29704316 PMCID: PMC9518929 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The lack of readily employable biomarkers of alcohol consumption is a problem for clinicians and researchers. In 2014, we published a preliminary DNA methylation signature of heavy alcohol consumption that remits as a function of abstinence. Herein, we present new genome-wide methylation findings from a cohort of additional subjects and a meta-analysis of the data. Using DNA from 47 consecutive heavy drinkers admitted for alcohol detoxification in the context of alcohol treatment and 47 abstinent controls, we replicate the 2014 results and show that 21,221 CpG residues are differentially methylated in active heavy drinkers. Meta-analysis of all data from the 448,058 probes common to the two methylation platforms shows a similarly profound signature with confirmation of findings from other groups. Principal components analyses show that genome-wide methylation changes in response to alcohol consumption load on two major factors with one component accounting at least 50% of the total variance in both smokers and nonsmoking alcoholics. Using data from the arrays, we derive a panel of five methylation probes that classifies use status with a receiver operator characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97. Finally, using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we convert these array-based findings to two marker assays with an AUC of 0.95 and a four marker set AUC of 0.98. We conclude that DNA methylation assessments are capable of quantifying alcohol use status and suggest that readily employable digital PCR approaches for substance consumption may find widespread use in alcohol-related research and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Philibert
- Behavioral Diagnostics, Coralville, Iowa 52241,Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,to whom correspondence should be addressed at: 2500 Crosspark Road, Suite W245, Coralville, IA 52241,
| | - Meesha Dogan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Cardio Diagnostics, Coralville, Iowa 52241
| | - Amanda Noel
- Behavioral Diagnostics, Coralville, Iowa 52241
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Cowley
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Services, Davenport, IA 52804
| | | | | | - Donald Black
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Ivanovski I, Ješić M, Ivanovski A, Garavelli L, Ivanovski P. Metabolically based liver damage pathophysiology in patients with urea cycle disorders - A new hypothesis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7930-7938. [PMID: 29209134 PMCID: PMC5703922 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i44.7930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathophysiology of liver dysfunction in urea cycle disorders (UCDs) is still largely elusive. There is some evidence that the accumulation of urea cycle (UC) intermediates are toxic for hepatocyte mitochondria. It is possible that liver injury is directly caused by the toxicity of ammonia. The rarity of UCDs, the lack of checking of iron level in these patients, superficial knowledge of UC and an underestimation of the metabolic role of fumaric acid, are the main reasons that are responsible for the incomprehension of the mechanism of liver injury in patients suffering from UCDs. Owing to our routine clinical practice to screen for iron overload in severely ill neonates, with the focus on the newborns suffering from acute liver failure, we report a case of citrullinemia with neonatal liver failure and high blood parameters of iron overload. We hypothesize that the key is in the decreased-deficient fumaric acid production in the course of UC in UCDs that causes several sequentially intertwined metabolic disturbances with final result of liver iron overload. The presented hypothesis could be easily tested by examining the patients suffering from UCDs, for liver iron overload. This could be easily performed in countries with a high population and comprehensive national register for inborn errors of metabolism. Conclusion: Providing the hypothesis is correct, neonatal liver damage in patients having UCD can be prevented by the supplementation of pregnant women with fumaric or succinic acid, prepared in the form of iron supplementation pills. After birth, liver damage in patients having UCDs can be prevented by supplementation of these patients with zinc fumarate or zinc succinylate, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ivanovski
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Miloš Ješić
- School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Ivanovski
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Petar Ivanovski
- School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Caudate Volumetric Reductions Predicted by Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin in Patients with Alcohol Dependence. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Youn K, Kim JS, Kim SS, Yoon SJ, Woo DJ. Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin as a Biomarker for Screening At-Risk Drinking in Elderly Men. Korean J Fam Med 2017; 38:291-295. [PMID: 29026490 PMCID: PMC5637221 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.5.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a useful biomarker to identify excessive alcohol consumption; however, few studies have validated the %CDT cut-off value in elderly men. This study estimated the optimal %CDT cut-off value that could identify excessive alcohol consumption in men aged ≥65 years. Methods This retrospective study included 120 men who visited the department of family medicine at Chungnam National University Hospital for health check-up between January 2010 and August 2013. At-risk drinking included heavy- and binge drinking. Heavy drinking was defined as more than seven standard drinks/wk, and binge drinking was defined as more than three standard drinks/d. The cut-off %CDT values for at-risk drinking were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Based on the ROC curves, the optimal %CDT cut-off values in ≥65-year-old men were 1.95% for at-risk drinking, 1.81% for heavy drinking, and 2.07% for binge drinking. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 58.7%, 83.6%, 69.2%, and 76.2% for at-risk drinking, respectively. The AUROC were >0.7 for all three evaluated cut-offs. Conclusion Our results suggest that the %CDT cut-off value for at-risk drinking in elderly Korean men (≥65 years) should be readjusted to a lower value of 1.95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangmi Youn
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yoon
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Woo
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Monitoring of transferrin isoforms in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:303-322. [PMID: 28885776 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Work dealing with the monitoring of transferrin isoforms in human serum and other body fluids by capillary electrophoresis is reviewed. It comprises capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing efforts that led to the exploration and use of assays for the determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker for excessive alcohol intake, genetic variants of transferrin, congenital disorders of glycosylation and β-2-transferrin, which is a marker for cerebrospinal fluid leakage. This paper provides insight into the development, specifications, strengths, weaknesses, and routine use of the currently known capillary electrophoresis based assays suitable to detect transferrin isoforms in body fluids. The achievements reached so far indicate that capillary zone electrophoresis is an attractive technology to monitor the molecular forms of transferrin in biological specimens as the assays do not require an elaborate sample pretreatment and thus can be fully automated for high-throughput analyses on multicapillary instruments. Assays based on capillary isoelectric focusing are less attractive. They require immunoextraction of transferrin from the biological matrix and mobilization after focusing if instrumentation with a whole-column imaging detector is not available. Interactions of the carrier ampholytes with the iron of transferrin may prevent iron saturation and thus provide more complicated isoform patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Bortolotti F, Sorio D, Bertaso A, Tagliaro F. Analytical and diagnostic aspects of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT): A critical review over years 2007-2017. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:2-12. [PMID: 28912047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The need for investigating alcohol abuse by means of objective tools is worldwide accepted. Among the currently available biomarkers of chronic alcohol abuse, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is one of the most used indicator, mainly because of its high specificity. However, some CDT analytical and interpretation aspects are still under discussion, as witnessed by numerous research papers and reviews. The present article presents a critical review of the literature on CDT appeared in the period from 2007 to 2017 (included). The article is organized in the following sections: (1) introduction, (2) pre-analytical aspects (3) analytical aspects (4) diagnostic aspects (5) concluding remarks. As many as 139 papers appeared in the international literature and retrieved by the search engines PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus are quoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bortolotti
- Dept of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - D Sorio
- Dept of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - A Bertaso
- Dept of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - F Tagliaro
- Dept of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy; Institute of Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, Sechenov First Medical University, Moskow, Russia
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30
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IFCC approved HPLC reference measurement procedure for the alcohol consumption biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT): Its validation and use. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 465:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Fluorescent adduct formation with terbium: a novel strategy for transferrin glycoform identification in human body fluids and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin HPLC method validation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1369-1378. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Bast-Pettersen R, Ulvestad B, Færden K, Clemm TAC, Olsen R, Ellingsen DG, Nordby KC. Tremor and hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) in road maintenance workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 90:93-106. [PMID: 27796506 PMCID: PMC5215212 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate postural and rest tremor among workers using vibrating hand tools, taking into account the possible effects of toxicants such as alcohol and tobacco. A further aim was to study workers diagnosed with hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) at the time of examination. Methods This study comprises 103 road maintenance workers, 55 exposed to vibrating hand tools (age 41.0 years; range 21–62) and 48 referents (age 38.5 years; range 19–64). They were examined with the CATSYS Tremor Pen®. Exposure to vibrating tools and serum biomarkers of alcohol and tobacco consumption were measured. Results Cumulative exposure to vibrating tools was associated with increased postural (p < 0.01) and rest tremor (p < 0.05) and with a higher Center Frequency of postural tremor (p < 0.01) among smokers and users of smokeless tobacco. Rest tremor Center Frequency was higher than postural tremor frequency (p < 0.001). Conclusions The main findings indicate an association between cumulative exposure to hand-held vibrating tools, tremor parameters and consumption of tobacco products. The hand position is important when testing for tremor. Rest tremor had a higher Center Frequency. Postural tremor was more strongly associated with exposure than rest tremor. The finding of increased tremor among the HAVS subjects indicated that tremor might be a part of the clinical picture of a HAVS diagnosis. As with all cross-sectional studies, inferences should be made with caution when drawing conclusions about associations between exposure and possible effects. Future research using longitudinal design is required to validate the findings of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karl Færden
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Raymond Olsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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Stewart SH, Reuben A, Anton RF. Relationship of Abnormal Chromatographic Pattern for Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin with Severe Liver Disease. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 52:24-28. [PMID: 27998920 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a validated test for chronic heavy alcohol drinking, but CDT abnormalities have been associated with liver disease, limiting its use in these patients. We report here on the association between poor chromatographic resolution of disialotransferrin from trisialotransferrin (the so-called 'di-tri bridging') and liver disease severity and etiology. METHODS Subjects were patients in whom detailed clinical data, including histology results, were available on their existing liver diseases (n=139). Percent disialo-CDT (%dCDT) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the risks for di-tri bridging associated with cirrhosis, with and without adjustment for alcohol use and alcohol-related liver disease, were estimated. RESULTS Di-tri bridging was present in 22/73 (30%) cirrhotic subjects and 7/66 (11%) non-cirrhotic subjects. The unadjusted risk for di-tri bridging in cirrhotics relative to non-cirrhotics was 3.6 (95% confidence interval 1.4-9.2). Adjustment for alcohol-related liver disease and current drinking had little effect on this estimate (adjusted odds ratio 3.4), and neither alcohol-related liver disease nor current drinking were independently associated with di-tri bridging after accounting for the effect of cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS The presence of di-tri bridging was associated with cirrhosis in individuals with both alcohol-related and non-alcoholic liver disease, although most cirrhotic subjects did not exhibit di-tri bridging. When di-tri bridging is seen in individuals being tested for chronic heavy drinking, investigation for cirrhosis should be considered. SHORT SUMMARY There are known liver-disease-associated abnormalities in CDT. In this study, we found that such abnormalities were strongly associated with cirrhosis rather than less-advanced disease, but were only clinically evident in 30% of cirrhotics. Abnormalities also occurred in severe hepatitis without cirrhosis and were not specific for liver disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Stewart
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo , 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Adrian Reuben
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Raymond F Anton
- Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Walther L, de Bejczy A, Löf E, Hansson T, Andersson A, Guterstam J, Hammarberg A, Asanovska G, Franck J, Söderpalm B, Isaksson A. Phosphatidylethanol is superior to carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and γ-glutamyltransferase as an alcohol marker and is a reliable estimate of alcohol consumption level. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 39:2200-8. [PMID: 26503066 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice as well as research situations, it is of great importance to get reliable information about a patient's alcohol consumption. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation of alcohol biomarkers (phosphatidylethanol [PEth], carbohydrate-deficient transferrin [CDT], γ-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) to retrospective as well as diary-based alcohol self-reports and to examine whether it is possible to correlate a biomarker result to a more precise level of alcohol consumption. METHODS One hundred and sixty alcohol-dependent patients were included in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence, of which 115 (76 men and 39 women) completed the study. Retrospective alcohol consumption data were collected at baseline, and alcohol diaries were used during the study. Blood samples for determination of alcohol biomarkers were collected on 5 occasions during the study. RESULTS PEth and CDT showed a better correlation with alcohol consumption documented in the diary (PEth rs = 0.56 and CDT rs = 0.35) than with retrospective consumption data (PEth rs = 0.23 and CDT rs = 0.22). An even higher correlation (rs = 0.63) was seen between the 2 alcohol biomarkers PEth and CDT. At all consumption levels, PEth had the highest sensitivity of all biomarkers studied. CONCLUSIONS PEth was the biomarker with the best correlation to self-reported alcohol consumption. PEth was superior to CDT owing to its substantially higher sensitivity but also due to its closer correlation to self-report. PEth values can be translated into an approximate level of alcohol consumption and PEth appears to be a more reliable measure of alcohol consumption than self-reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Walther
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea de Bejczy
- Addiction Biology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Beroendekliniken, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Löf
- Addiction Biology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Beroendekliniken, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Therese Hansson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Andersson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joar Guterstam
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hammarberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gulber Asanovska
- Department of Clinical Alcohol Research , Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Franck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Söderpalm
- Addiction Biology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Beroendekliniken, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Isaksson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kilo S, Hofmann B, Eckert E, Göen T, Drexler H. Evaluation of biomarkers assessing regular alcohol consumption in an occupational setting. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:1193-1203. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barbaro M, Passerini G, Trbos M, Soldarini A, Locatelli M. An increased CDT camouflaged a monoclonal light chain gammopathy: An approach for diagnosis. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:835-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mise en évidence de la consommation chronique d’alcool d’un anesthésiste à partir d’une analyse de cheveux. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Woolley T, Allen P, Fitzgerald L, Izzard L, Rutter E. Sebia Capillarys 2 versus the Helena Biosciences V8 capillary electrophoresis analyser for carbohydrate-deficient transferrin measurement: comparison and analytical evaluation. Br J Biomed Sci 2016; 72:23-7. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2015.11666791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Goto D, Ouchi K, Shibukawa M, Saito S. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis for Selective Control of Electrophoretic Mobility of Sialic Acid Using Lanthanide-Hexadentate Macrocyclic Polyazacarboxylate Complexes. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:1143-9. [PMID: 26561258 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to control the electrophoretic mobility in order to obtain high resolution among saccharides in complex samples. We report herein on a new affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) method for an anionic monosaccharide, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which is important in terms of pathological diagnosis, using lanthanide-hexadentate macrocyclic polyazacarboxylate complexes (Ln-NOTA) as affinity reagents. It was shown that Ln-NOTA complexes increased the anionic mobility of Neu5Ac by approximately 40% through selective complexation with Neu5Ac. The extent of change in the mobility strongly depended on the type of central metal ion of Ln-NOTA. The stability constant (K) of Lu-NOTA with Neu5Ac was determined by ACE to be log Kb = 3.62 ± 0.04, which is the highest value among artificial receptors for Neu5Ac reported so far. Using this ACE, the Neu5Ac content in a glycoprotein sample, α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), was determined after acid hydrolysis. Complete separation between Neu5Ac and hydrolysis products was successful by controlling the mobility to determine the concentration of Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Goto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
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Bortolotti F, Micciolo R, Canal L, Tagliaro F. First Objective Association Between Elevated Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin Concentrations and Alcohol-Related Traffic Accidents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2108-14. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bortolotti
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine ; Unit of Forensic Medicine; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Rocco Micciolo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science ; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
| | - Luisa Canal
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science ; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine ; Unit of Forensic Medicine; University of Verona; Verona Italy
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Zühlsdorf A, Said M, Seger C, Park JH, Reunert J, Rust S, Wada Y, Grüneberg M, DuChesne I, Marquardt T. It Is Not Always Alcohol Abuse—A Transferrin Variant Impairing the CDT Test. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 51:148-53. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Sogawa K, Iida F, Kawshima Y, Yamada M, Satoh M, Sanda A, Takizawa H, Maruyama K, Wada Y, Nomura F. Evaluation of serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin by HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 448:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ellingsen DG, Chashchin M, Bast-Pettersen R, Zibarev E, Thomassen Y, Chashchin V. A follow-up study of neurobehavioral functions in welders exposed to manganese. Neurotoxicology 2015; 47:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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De Giovanni N, Cittadini F, Martello S. The usefulness of biomarkers of alcohol abuse in hair and serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: a case report. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:703-7. [PMID: 25557913 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The detection of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum is widely accepted to identify chronic alcohol consumption over the previous two weeks, but minor ethanol metabolites detected in hair often complete the information obtained. In particular, ethylglucuronide and cocaethylene (a marker of simultaneous intake of cocaine and alcohol) allow correct interpretation of data obtained in forensic cases. We refer to a negative CDT value obtained from a serum sample collected during hospitalization of a man admitted for cardiac arrest who died about 14 h later. Clinical analysis performed on admission showed a high ethanol level and a positive urinary screening for cocaine. The toxicological analyses of post-mortem samples found cocaine metabolites in his urine and blood. The negative CDT level suggested the ethanol concentration at admission to be an acute episode. Cocaine and cocaethylene well above the cut-off suggested by the literature were found in hair analyzed for the entire length (about 1 cm). Ethylglucuronide detected on the same hair sample confirmed chronic abuse of ethanol in the previous month, at least. The present report suggests caution in the interpretation of biomarkers of alcohol abuse, encouraging the detection of more than one marker to avoid misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia De Giovanni
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cittadini
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Martello
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Zatu MC, Van Rooyen JM, Kruger A, Schutte AE. Alcohol intake, hypertension development and mortality in black South Africans. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 23:308-15. [PMID: 25500903 DOI: 10.1177/2047487314563447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We determined which alcohol marker (self-reported alcohol intake, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) or percentage carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT)) relates best with mortality and predicts hypertension development over five years in black South Africans. DESIGN This was a longitudinal study as part of the PURE (Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology) study in the North West Province, South Africa. METHOD We included 2010 participants and followed 1471 participants. Over five years, 230 deaths occurred, of which 66 were cardiovascular-related. At enrolment, participants completed questionnaires on alcohol intake (yes, for former and current use; no, for alcohol never used). We measured blood pressure, collected blood samples and measured GGT and %CDT. RESULTS When comparing hazard ratios (HRs) of self-report, GGT and %CDT, we found that only GGT predicted cardiovascular (HR = 2.76 (1.49-5.12)) and all-cause mortality (HR = 2.47 (1.75-3.47)) and hypertension development ((HR = 1.31 (1.06-1.62)). Participants self-reporting yes for alcohol intake had a 30% increased risk of developing hypertension (HR = 1.30 (1.07-1.60)) but not an increased risk for mortality. When adding both GGT and self-report in the prediction model for hypertension, only self-reporting of alcohol was significant (HR = 1.24 (1.01-1.53)). The alcohol marker, %CDT, did not show any significant association with mortality or hypertension development. CONCLUSION GGT independently predicted cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, as well as hypertension development in black South Africans. Despite non-specificity to excessive alcohol consumption, GGT may be a useful general marker for hypertension development and mortality, also due to its significant association with self-reported alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandlenkosi C Zatu
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, South Africa Medical Research Council: Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa Department of Physiology, University of Limpopo (Medunsa), South Africa
| | | | - Annamarie Kruger
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), North-West University, South Africa
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, South Africa
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High-Throughput Analysis and Automation for Glycomics Studies. Chromatographia 2014; 78:321-333. [PMID: 25814696 PMCID: PMC4363487 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances in analytical technologies for high-throughput (HTP) glycomics. Our focus is on structural studies of glycoprotein glycosylation to support biopharmaceutical realization and the discovery of glycan biomarkers for human disease. For biopharmaceuticals, there is increasing use of glycomics in Quality by Design studies to help optimize glycan profiles of drugs with a view to improving their clinical performance. Glycomics is also used in comparability studies to ensure consistency of glycosylation both throughout product development and between biosimilars and innovator drugs. In clinical studies there is as well an expanding interest in the use of glycomics—for example in Genome Wide Association Studies—to follow changes in glycosylation patterns of biological tissues and fluids with the progress of certain diseases. These include cancers, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory conditions. Despite rising activity in this field, there are significant challenges in performing large scale glycomics studies. The requirement is accurate identification and quantitation of individual glycan structures. However, glycoconjugate samples are often very complex and heterogeneous and contain many diverse branched glycan structures. In this article we cover HTP sample preparation and derivatization methods, sample purification, robotization, optimized glycan profiling by UHPLC, MS and multiplexed CE, as well as hyphenated techniques and automated data analysis tools. Throughout, we summarize the advantages and challenges with each of these technologies. The issues considered include reliability of the methods for glycan identification and quantitation, sample throughput, labor intensity, and affordability for large sample numbers.
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New insights in carbohydrate-deficient transferrin analysis with capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stokbroekx MAL, Houterman S, Coolen SAJ, van der Lely N, Pelleboer RAA. Are Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin Assays Useful for the Detection of Recurrent 'Binge Drinking' in Children with an Alcohol Intoxication in the Emergency Department? Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49:635-8. [PMID: 25227633 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate different carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) assays for the detection of recurrent excessive alcohol abuse in adolescents prior to acute alcohol intoxication. METHODS Data on drinking behaviour and CDT levels of adolescents (13-18 years) registered at the outpatient clinic for youth and alcohol at three major district general hospitals in the Netherlands were retrospectively collected. CDT and disialotransferrin (DST) levels of binge-drinking teenagers were compared with non-binge-drinking teenagers. RESULTS In total 198 samples were collected for the N Latex CDT method (N = 83), no differences were found in mean CDT levels for binge versus non-binge drinkers (P = 0.8). The Helander HPLC (N = 78) showed significantly higher values for binge drinkers than for non-binge drinkers (mean 1.20%DST, SD 0.28 and mean 1.01%DST, SD 0.31, respectively (P = 0.01)). The Recipe ClinRep method (N = 37) also showed significantly higher values for binge drinkers (mean 1.17%DST, SD 0.36 and mean 0.89%DST, SD 0.34, respectively (P = 0.03)). CONCLUSION With the Helander HPLC method and the Recipe ClinRep assay higher levels are measured in binge drinkers than in non-binge drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saskia Houterman
- Department of Education and Research, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan A J Coolen
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Nico van der Lely
- Department of Paediatrics, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf A A Pelleboer
- Department of Paediatrics, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Could trisialotransferrin be used as an additional biomarker to CDT in order to improve detection of chronic excessive alcohol intake? Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Fabritius M, Augsburger M, Chtioui H, Favrat B, Giroud C. Fitness to drive and cannabis: Validation of two blood THCCOOH thresholds to distinguish occasional users from heavy smokers. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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