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Schettgen T, Belov V, Kraus T, Ziegler P. A novel method for the accurate quantification of two isomeric mercapturic acids of 1,3-dichlorobenzene in human urine using isotope dilution online-SPE-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124034. [PMID: 38306955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) is an aromatic solvent that might be formed during thermal decomposition of bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide used as initiator in silicone rubber production with many workers exposed worldwide. During metabolism of 1,3-DCB, two isomeric mercapturic acids can be formed from ring oxidation of 1,3-DCB in the liver, namely 2,4-dichlorophenylmercapturic acid (24CPhMA) and 3,5-dichlorophenylmercapturic acid (35CPhMA). These urinary mercapturic acids might serve as biomarkers of the toxicologically relevant absorbed dose of 1,3-DCB and have not been determined so far. Thus, we were aimed to develop an analytical method for quantification of these biomarkers. Authentic standards of both mercapturic acids as well as deuterium-labelled analogues were self-synthesized. A method for the quantification of both CPhMAs in human urine using online-SPE LC/MS/MS was developed and validated with an LOQ of 0.1 ng mL-1 for both CPhMAs. The analytes were extracted from urine by online-SPE on a restricted access material phase, transferred to the analytical column and quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Interday (n = 6) and Intraday (n = 10) precision for both CPhMAs ranged from 1.7 to 4.3 % with accuracies between 99.4 and 109.9 % at concentrations of 0.6 and 3 ng mL-1. We applied the method on post-shift urine samples of 16 workers of the silicone rubber industry with occupational exposure to 1,3-DCB. Both CPhMAs were above LOQ in 15 of 16 urine samples with median levels (range) for 24CPhMA and 35CPhMA of 1.64 ng mL-1 (<0.1 - 8.2 ng mL-1) and 3.98 ng mL-1 (0.36 - 24.1 ng mL-1), respectively. This is the first report on specific urinary mercapturic acids of 1,3-DCB in humans. Our results show that ring oxidation of 1,3-DCB is considered to be a toxicologically relevant metabolic pathway in humans. This might improve risk assessment of 1,3-DCB-emissions in silicone rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - V Belov
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Facility for Synthetic Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - T Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Bowman BA, Lewis EV, Goldy DW, Kim JY, Elio DM, Blount BC, Bhandari D. Assessment of urinary 6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadienyl mercapturic acid as a novel biomarker of benzene exposure. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:597-605. [PMID: 37632692 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing benzene exposure is a public health priority due to its deleterious health effects and ubiquitous industrial and environmental sources of exposure. Phenyl mercapturic acid (PhMA) is a commonly used urinary biomarker to assess benzene exposure. However, recent work has identified significant interlaboratory variation in urinary PhMA concentrations related to methodological differences. In this study, we present urinary 6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadienyl mercapturic acid (pre-PhMA), a metabolite that undergoes acid-catalyzed dehydration to form PhMA, as a novel and specific urinary biomarker for assessing benzene exposure. We developed and validated the first quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for measuring urinary concentrations of pre-PhMA. The pH effect on the method of ruggedness testing determined that pre-PhMA is stable across the normal human urine pH range and that neutral conditions must be maintained throughout quantification for robust and accurate measurement of urinary pre-PhMA concentrations. The method exhibited below 2 ng/mL sensitivity for pre-PhMA, linearity over three orders of magnitude, and precision and accuracy within 10%. Urinary pre-PhMA concentrations were assessed in 369 human urine samples. Smoking individuals exhibited elevated levels of pre-PhMA compared to non-smoking individuals. Furthermore, the relationship between benzene exposure and urinary pre-PhMA levels was explored by examining the correlation of pre-PhMA with 2-cyanoethyl mercapturic acid, a smoke exposure biomarker. The urinary biomarkers exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.720), indicating that pre-PhMA levels increased with benzene exposure. The results of this study demonstrate that urinary pre-PhMA is a rugged and effective novel biomarker of benzene exposure that can be widely implemented for future biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Bowman
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Erica V Lewis
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Devon W Goldy
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jenny Y Kim
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Deanna M Elio
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Tevis DS, Willmore A, Bhandari D, Bowman B, Biren C, Kenwood BM, Jacob P, Liu J, Bello K, Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Chen M, Gaudreau E, Bienvenu JF, Blount BC, De Jesús VR. Large Differences in Urinary Benzene Metabolite S-Phenylmercapturic Acid Quantitation: A Comparison of Five LC-MS-MS Methods. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:657-665. [PMID: 33025019 PMCID: PMC8363762 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a known genotoxic carcinogen linked to many hematological abnormalities. S-phenylmercapturic acid (PHMA, N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine, CAS# 4775-80-8) is a urinary metabolite of benzene and is used as a biomarker to assess benzene exposure. Pre-S-phenylmercapturic acid (pre-PHMA) is a PHMA precursor that dehydrates to PHMA at acidic pH. Published analytical methods that measure urinary PHMA adjust urine samples to a wide range of pH values using several types of acid, potentially leading to highly variable results depending on the concentration of pre-PHMA in a sample. Information is lacking on the variation in sample preparation among laboratories regularly measuring PHMA and the effect of those differences on PHMA quantitation in human urine samples. To investigate the differences in PHMA quantitation, we conducted an inter-laboratory comparison that included the analysis of 50 anonymous human urine samples (25 self-identified smokers and 25 self-identified non-smokers), quality control samples and commercially available reference samples in five laboratories using different analytical methods. Observed urinary PHMA concentrations were proportionally higher at lower pH, and results for anonymous urine samples varied widely among the methods. The method with the neutral preparation pH yielded results about 60% lower than the method using the most acidic conditions. Samples spiked with PHMA showed little variation, suggesting that the variability in results in human urine samples across methods is driven by the acid-mediated conversion of pre-PHMA to PHMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S Tevis
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Andrew Willmore
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Knoxville, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Brett Bowman
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Knoxville, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Chloe Biren
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Knoxville, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Brandon M Kenwood
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kristina Bello
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Unité Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Québec, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bienvenu
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Unité Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Québec, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Rosting C, Olsen R. Biomonitoring of the benzene metabolite s-phenylmercapturic acid and the toluene metabolite s-benzylmercapturic acid in urine from firefighters. Toxicol Lett 2020; 329:20-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dugheri S, Mucci N, Cappelli G, Bonari A, Campagna M, Arcangeli G, Bartolucci G. New fully automated gas chromatographic analysis of urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid in isotopic dilution using negative chemical ionization with isobutane as reagent gas. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4481. [PMID: 31770470 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The determination of urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) represents the most reliable biomarker to monitor the intake risk of airborne benzene. Recently, the European Chemical Agency deliberated new occupational exposure limits for benzene and recommended an S-PMA biological limit value of 2-μg/g creatinine. This limit is an order of magnitude lower than the previous one, and its determination constitutes a challenge in the analytical field. We developed and validated a method that allows the fully automated and sensitive determination of S-PMA by the use of gas-chromatography negative chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry in isotopic dilution. For negative chemical ionization, we selected a mixture of 1% isobutane in argon as reactive gas, by studying its chemical ionization mechanism and optimal parameters compared with pure isobutane or pure methane. This gas mixture produces a more abundant signal of the target analyte than isobutane or methane, and it extended the operative lifetime of the ion source, enabling us to start a high-throughput approach of the S-PMA analysis. Moreover, energy-resolved mass spectrometry experiments were carried out to refine the MS/MS analysis conditions, testing nitrogen and argon as collision gases. The method optimization was pursued by a chemometric model by using the experimental design. The quantification limit for S-PMA was 0.10 μg/L. Accuracy (between 98.3% and 99.6%) and precision (ranging from 1.6% to 6.4%) were also evaluated. In conclusion, the newly developed assay represents a powerful tool for the robust, reliable, and sensitive quantification of urinary S-PMA, and because of its automation, it is well suited for application in large environmental and biological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, Occupational Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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LC–MS/MS procedure for the simultaneous determination of N -acetyl- S -(1-naphthyl)cysteine and N -acetyl- S -(2-napthyl)cysteine in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1074-1075:139-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Santos MVCD, Figueiredo VO, Arcuri ASA, Costa-Amaral IC, Gonçalves ES, Larentis AL. Aspectos toxicológicos do benzeno, biomarcadores de exposição e conflitos de interesses. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-6369nota00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Gonçalves ES, Borges RM, Carvalho LVBD, Alves SR, André LC, Moreira JC. Estratégias analíticas com cromatografia e espectrometria de massas para biomonitorização da exposição ao benzeno pela determinação do ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico urinário. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-6369000127615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução: o benzeno é uma substância de reconhecida toxicidade e sua biomonitorização torna-se fundamental para a prevenção de danos à saúde humana, principalmente em situações de exposição ocupacional. Dentre os biomarcadores de exposição, o ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico é considerado o único específico, mas, devido a suas baixas concentrações na urina, é requerido o uso de técnicas analíticas sensíveis capazes de quantificar traços. Objetivo: revisar metodologias baseadas na cromatografia e na espectrometria de massas para a determinação do ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico. Método: revisão da literatura sobre a determinação do ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico urinário por técnicas de cromatografia e espectrometria de massas, nas principais bases de dados científicas, considerando o período entre 1951 e 2015. Resultados: 120 documentos serviram como base teórica para a construção desta revisão. A técnica analítica mais empregada foi o acoplamento da cromatografia a líquido com a espectrometria de massas. Contudo, os métodos diferem quanto ao preparo das amostras. Conclusão: o alto custo de aquisição e a manutenção de equipamentos são fatores limitantes para a difusão dos sistemas de cromatografia e espectrometria de massas. No entanto, sua elevada sensibilidade e seletividade faz com que essas técnicas, acopladas, possibilitem elucidar situações de exposição ocupacional e ambiental a poluentes, como o benzeno.
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Gomes RDP, Pena CB, Rezende J, Coutrim MX, Afonso RJDCF. Validation of a new high-throughput method to determine urinaryS-phenylmercapturic acid using low-temperature partitioning extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:550-557. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela de Paiva Gomes
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences; Federal University of Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Camila Bárbara Pena
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences; Federal University of Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Jennifer Rezende
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences; Federal University of Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Mauricio Xavier Coutrim
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences; Federal University of Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
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Mathias PI, B'hymer C. Mercapturic acids: recent advances in their determination by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and their use in toxicant metabolism studies and in occupational and environmental exposure studies. Biomarkers 2016; 21:293-315. [PMID: 26900903 PMCID: PMC4894522 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1141988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent selected HPLC/MS methods for the determination of urinary mercapturates that are useful as noninvasive biomarkers in characterizing human exposure to electrophilic industrial chemicals in occupational and environmental studies. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is a sensitive and specific method for analysis of small molecules found in biological fluids. In this review, recent selected mercapturate quantification methods are summarized and specific cases are presented. The biological formation of mercapturates is introduced and their use as indicators of metabolic processing of reactive toxicants is discussed, as well as future trends and limitations in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Mathias
- a Division of Applied Science and Technology , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert a. Taft Laboratories , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Clayton B'hymer
- a Division of Applied Science and Technology , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Robert a. Taft Laboratories , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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11
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Analysis of 18 urinary mercapturic acids by two high-throughput multiplex-LC-MS/MS methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5463-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Krautter GR, Chen PX, Borgerding MF. Consumption patterns and biomarkers of exposure in cigarette smokers switched to Snus, various dissolvable tobacco products, Dual use, or tobacco abstinence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 71:186-97. [PMID: 25549549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this clinical study were to evaluate changes in tobacco product use behavior and levels of selected biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) for smokers who switched to one of six conditions during clinical confinement: exclusive use of; Camel Snus, Sticks, Strips or Orbs, controlled Dual use of cigarettes and Camel Snus, or tobacco abstinence. The controlled Dual use (DU) condition mandated a 60% reduction in cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). 167 healthy U.S. male and female smokers were randomized to the six groups (n=25-30/group). Subjects smoked their usual brand of cigarette for 1 day prior to switching to their designated intervention condition. Levels of thirty-two BOEs in plasma, whole blood, urine and feces were determined before and after switching. Questionnaires that scored nicotine dependence and withdrawal discomfort were also administered. After 5 days, exclusive Snus, Sticks, Strips, or Orbs use averaged 6.1, 5.9, 13.5, and 8.5 units/day, respectively. DU subjects smoked 7.6 CPD and used 3.2 Snus pouches/day, on average. After 5 days, substantial reductions of most biomarkers, including nicotine, were observed in all groups. Toxicant exposures were similar to being tobacco abstinent after switching exclusively to Camel Snus, Sticks, Strips or Orbs. DU reductions were more modest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter X Chen
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Alwis KU, Blount BC, Britt AS, Patel D, Ashley DL. Simultaneous analysis of 28 urinary VOC metabolites using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MSMS). Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:152-60. [PMID: 23062436 PMCID: PMC11261307 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the environment, originating from many different natural and anthropogenic sources, including tobacco smoke. Long-term exposure to certain VOCs may increase the risk for cancer, birth defects, and neurocognitive impairment. Therefore, VOC exposure is an area of significant public health concern. Urinary VOC metabolites are useful biomarkers for assessing VOC exposure because of non-invasiveness of sampling and longer physiological half-lives of urinary metabolites compared with VOCs in blood and breath. We developed a method using reversed-phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MSMS) to simultaneously quantify 28 urinary VOC metabolites as biomarkers of exposure. We describe a method that monitors metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, benzene, 1-bromopropane, 1,3-butadiene, carbon-disulfide, crotonaldehyde, cyanide, N,N-dimethylformamide, ethylbenzene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride and xylene. The method is accurate (mean accuracy for spiked matrix ranged from 84 to 104%), sensitive (limit of detection ranged from 0.5 to 20 ng mL(-1)) and precise (the relative standard deviations ranged from 2.5 to 11%). We applied this method to urine samples collected from 1203 non-smokers and 347 smokers and demonstrated that smokers have significantly elevated levels of tobacco-related biomarkers compared to non-smokers. We found significant (p<0.0001) correlations between serum cotinine and most of the tobacco-related biomarkers measured. These findings confirm that this method can effectively quantify urinary VOC metabolites in a population exposed to volatile organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Udeni Alwis
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Fustinoni S, Campo L, Mercadante R, Consonni D, Mielzynska D, Bertazzi PA. A quantitative approach to evaluate urinary benzene and S-phenylmercapturic acid as biomarkers of low benzene exposure. Biomarkers 2011; 16:334-45. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.561499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fustinoni
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
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15
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Fustinoni S, Campo L, Mercadante R, Manini P. Methodological issues in the biological monitoring of urinary benzene and S-phenylmercapturic acid at low exposure levels. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2534-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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