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Fröbel D, Stanke D, Langner M, Žygienė G, Bechmann N, Peitzsch M. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based simultaneous quantification of tryptophan, serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites in tissues and cell culture systems. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123870. [PMID: 37683448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kynurenine and respective metabolites exhibit bioactivity as well as tryptophan, an essential amino acid, and the neurotransmitter serotonin. Dysregulations in the kynurenine pathway are involved in neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric disorders and diabetes mellitus type 2 but also in cancer. Therefore, measurements of kynurenine-related metabolites will improve the general understanding for kynurenine pathway relevance in disease pathogenesis. METHODS Tryptophan, serotonin, picolinic acid, quinolinic acid, 3-OH-kynurenine, kynurenine, 3-OH-anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid as well as nicotinic acid and the redox cofactor NAD+ were analyzed in heterogeneous matrices by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). After validation, the described method was applied for measurements of native metabolite concentrations in murine tissues and cellular systems including pathway-shift monitoring after treatment with the tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase-inhibitor 680C91. In addition, the method was evaluated for its ability for integration into multi-omics approaches using a single sample metabolite extraction procedure. RESULTS A simple and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of up to 10 kynurenine-related metabolites in four biological matrices was developed. Within a run time of 6.5 min, chromatographic separation of kynurenine-related metabolites, including the isomers nicotinic acid and picolinic acid, was achieved without derivatization. Validation parameters, including interday precision (<14.8%), mean accuracy (102.4% ± 12.9%) and linear detection ranges of more than three orders of magnitude, indicate method reliability. Depending the investigated sample matrix, the majority of metabolites were successfully detected and quantified in native murine and cell culture derived sample materials. Furthermore, the method allowed to monitor the impact of a tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase-inhibitor on kynurenine pathway in a cellular system and is suitable for multi-assay analyses using aliquots from the same cell extract. CONCLUSION The described UPLC-MS/MS method provides a simple tool for the simultaneous quantification of kynurenine pathway metabolites. Due to its suitability for many physiological matrices, the method provides wide application for disease-related experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Fröbel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Stanke
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Langner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gintare Žygienė
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Zou J, Yao B, Yan S, Song W. Determination of trace organic contaminants by a novel mixed-mode online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119112. [PMID: 35271954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel mixed-mode online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed to recover miscellaneous trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from environmental water samples. Six kinds of sorbents, including C18 substances, hypercross-linked polymers (2), cation-exchange resins, anion-exchange resins, and graphitized nonporous carbons, were packed into a single online SPE cartridge. Furthermore, a fully automated analytic method was established by coupling this mixed-mode online SPE with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-MS/MS). Sixty-nine TrOCs with diverse properties were selected to examine the performance of this mixed-mode SPE cartridge in comparison with solo-mode online SPE cartridges. The method quantification limit (MQL) and the relative recovery coefficient of TrOCs in diverse water matrices, including groundwater, surface water and sewage effluent were evaluated. The MQL of most TrOCs was lower than 10 ng L-1. The relative recovery coefficients for most TrOCs in the groundwater (50/69) and surface water (38/69) matrix fit in the satisfactory range. Moreover, mixed-mode online SPE coupled with LC-high-resolution MS was applied for a suspect screening of TrOCs in sewage effluents. A series of highly polar TrOCs that had scarcely been reported by previous studies were identified by this practical and easily accessible method. Finally, this novel mixed-mode online SPE with LC-MS/MS method was applied to quantify the TrOCs in the environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Bo Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Gáspár R, Halmi D, Demján V, Berkecz R, Pipicz M, Csont T. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Potential Clinical Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 12:768560. [PMID: 35211110 PMCID: PMC8861075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Several risk factors including unhealthy lifestyle, genetic background, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, age, etc. contribute to the development of coronary atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary artery disease. Inflammation plays an important role in coronary artery disease development and progression. Pro-inflammatory signals promote the degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway resulting in the formation of several immunomodulatory metabolites. An unbalanced kynurenic pathway has been implicated in the pathomechanisms of various diseases including CAD. Significant improvements in detection methods in the last decades may allow simultaneous measurement of multiple metabolites of the kynurenine pathway and such a thorough analysis of the kynurenine pathway may be a valuable tool for risk stratification and determination of CAD prognosis. Nevertheless, imbalance in the activities of different branches of the kynurenine pathway may require careful interpretation. In this review, we aim to summarize clinical evidence supporting a possible use of kynurenine pathway metabolites as clinical biomarkers in various manifestations of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Gáspár
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Halmi
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Virág Demján
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry of kynurenine pathway metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462294. [PMID: 34098249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Few articles are reported for the simultaneous separation and sensitive detection of the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites. This work describes a capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry (CEC-MS) method using acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) functionalized stationary phase. The AMPS column was prepared by first performing silanization of bare silica with gamma-maps, followed by polymerization with AMPS. The CEC-MS/MS methods were established for six upstream and three downstream KP metabolites. The simultaneous separation of all nine KP metabolites is achieved without derivatization for the first time in the open literature. Numerous parameters such as pH and the concentration of background electrolyte, the concentration of the polymerizable AMPS monomer, column length, field strength, and internal pressure were all tested to optimize the separation of multiple KP metabolites. A baseline separation of six upstream metabolites, namely tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (HKYN), kynurenic acid (KA), anthranilic acid (AA), and xanthurenic acid (XA), was possible at pH 9.25 within 26 min. Separation of six downstream and related metabolites, namely: tryptamine (TRPM), hydroxy‑tryptophan (HTRP), hydroxyindole-3 acetic acid (HIAA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), picolinic acid (PA), and quinolinic acid (QA), was achieved at pH 9.75 in 30 min. However, the challenging simultaneous separation of all nine KP metabolites was only accomplished by increasing the column length and simultaneous application of internal pressure and voltage in 114 min. Quantitation of KP metabolites in commercial human plasma was carried out, and endogenous concentration of five KP metabolites was validated. The experimental limit of quantitation ranges from 100 to 10,000 nM (S/N = 8-832, respectively), whereas the experimental limit of detection ranges from 31 to 1000 nM (S/N = 2-16, respectively). Levels of five major KP metabolites, namely TRP, KYN, KA, AA, and QA, and their ratios in patient plasma samples previously screened for inflammatory biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] was measured. Pairs of the level of metabolites with significant positive correlation were statistically evaluated.
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Dararatana N, Seidi F, Crespy D. Acid-cleavable polymers for simultaneous fast and slow release of functional molecules. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic copolymers are designed to respond to acid stimuli for both simultaneous rapid and sustained release of multiple cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruphorn Dararatana
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
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KARAKAWA S, NISHIMOTO R, HARADA M, ARASHIDA N, NAKAYAMA A. Simultaneous Analysis of Tryptophan and Its Metabolites in Human Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sandín-España P, Mateo-Miranda M, López-Goti C, De Cal A, Alonso-Prados JL. Development of a rapid and direct method for the determination of organic acids in peach fruit using LC–ESI-MS. Food Chem 2016; 192:268-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Free-radical scavenging by tryptophan and its metabolites through electron transfer based processes. J Mol Model 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Farthing C, Halquist M, Sweet DH. A Simple High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Monoamine Neurotransmitters and Relative Metabolites with Application in Mouse Brain Tissue. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.938815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Farthing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Douglas H. Sweet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Rigden M, Pelletier G, Poon R, Zhu J, Auray-Blais C, Gagnon R, Kubwabo C, Kosarac I, Lalonde K, Cakmak S, Xiao B, Leingartner K, Ku KL, Bose R, Jiao J. Assessment of urinary metabolite excretion after rat acute exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and other peroxisomal proliferators. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:148-58. [PMID: 25015730 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent environmental contaminant. Activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) resulting from exposure to PFOA has been extensively studied in rodents. However, marked differences in response to peroxisome proliferators prevent extrapolation of rodent PPARα activation to human health risks and additional molecular mechanisms may also be involved in the biological response to PFOA exposure. To further explore the potential involvement of such additional pathways, the effects of PFOA exposure on urinary metabolites were directly compared with those of other well-known PPARα agonists. Male rats were administered PFOA (10, 33, or 100 mg/kg/d), fenofibrate (100 mg/kg/d), or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (100 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 3 consecutive days and allowed to recover for 4 days, and overnight urine was collected. Greater urinary output was observed exclusively in PFOA-treated rats as the total fraction of PFOA excreted in urine increased with the dose administered. Assessment of urinary metabolites (ascorbic acid, quinolinic acid, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and malondialdehyde) provided additional information on PFOA's effects on hepatic glucuronic acid and tryptophan-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pathways and on oxidative stress, whereas increased liver weight and palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity indicative of PPARα activation and peroxisomal proliferation persisted up to day five after the last exposure.
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Wang X, Davis I, Liu A, Miller A, Shamsi SA. Improved separation and detection of picolinic acid and quinolinic acid by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: application to analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1316:147-53. [PMID: 24119749 PMCID: PMC4502419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
"Quinolinic acid (QA)", a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway (KP), is implicated as a major neurological biomarker, which causes inflammatory disorders, whereas there is an increase evidence of the role of picolinic acid (PA) in neuroinflammation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new clinical test for early diagnosis of neuroinflammatory disorders. A comparison is made between three different platforms such as high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), nano LC-Chip/ESI-MS/MS, as well as the use of cationic (quaternary ammonium) and anionic (sulfonated) coated capillaries in capillary electrophoresis (CE)-ESI-MS/MS. The comparison revealed that CE-ESI-MS/MS method using a quaternary ammonium coated capillary is the best method for analysis of PA and QA. A simple stacking procedure by the inclusion of acetonitrile in the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample was employed to improve the peak shape and sensitivity of KP metabolites in CE-ESI-MS/MS. The developed CE-ESI-MS/MS assay provided high resolution, high specificity and high sensitivity with a total analysis time including sample preparation of nearly 12 min. In addition, excellent intra-day and inter-day repeatability of migration times and peak areas of the metabolites were observed with respective relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2.0% and 2.5%. Somewhat broader variations in repeatability for a 3 independently prepared coated capillary (total 35 runs each) with % RSD up to 3.8% and 5.8% was observed for migration time and peak areas, respectively. Artificial CSF was used as a surrogate matrix to simultaneously generate calibration curves over a concentration range of 0.02-10 μM for PA and 0.4-40 μM for QA. The method was then successfully applied to analyze PA and QA in human CSF, demonstrating the potential of this CE-ESI-MS/MS method to accurately quantitate with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ian Davis
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Aimin Liu
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Wang X, Davis I, Liu A, Shamsi SA. Development of a CZE-ESI-MS assay with a sulfonated capillary for profiling picolinic acid and quinolinic acid formation in multienzyme system. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1828-35. [PMID: 23576119 PMCID: PMC4153595 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a reliable CZE-ESI-MS method to simultaneously separate and quantitate three specific metabolites (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), quinolinic acid (QA), and picolinic acid (PA)) of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan catabolism. Using a covalently bonded sulfonated capillary, the parameters such as pH, type of background electrolyte, type of organic solvent, nebulizer pressure as well as both negative and positive ESI-MS modes were optimized to achieve the best Rs and S/N of three KP metabolites. The developed CZE-ESI-MS assay provided high resolution of PA/QA, high specificity, a total analysis time of 10 min with satisfactory intraday and interday repeatability of migration time and peak areas. Under optimized CZE-ESI-MS conditions, the calibration curves over a concentration range of 19-300 μM for 3-HAA and QA, and 75-300 μM for PA were simultaneously generated. The method was successfully applied for the first time to profile the concentrations of initial substrate, 3-HAA, and its eventual products, PA and QA, formed in the complex multienzyme system. As the ratio of two enzymes, 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (HAO) and α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) decreases, the concentration of QA approaches essentially zero indicating that all ACMS formed by the action of HAO is consumed by ACMSD rather than its spontaneous decay to QA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ian Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Rezazadeh M, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Esrafili A. One-way and two-way pulsed electromembrane extraction for trace analysis of amino acids in foods and biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Development and validation of a single analytical method for the determination of tryptophan, and its kynurenine metabolites in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 898:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Cai S, Wang L. Determination of aniracetam's main metabolite, N-anisoyl-GABA, in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 897:50-4. [PMID: 22552003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of 4-p-anisamidobutyric acid (ABA; or N-anysoyl-γ-aminobutiryc acid, N-anisoyl-GABA), a major active metabolite of aniracetam, in human plasma. After protein precipitation of plasma sample with methanol, ABA and the internal standard lisinopril were separated on a Venusil ASB C₁₈ column at 25 °C. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-ammonium acetate (10 mmol/L) (30:70, v/v). The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with an ESI source in negative ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using the precursor→product ion combinations of m/z 235.8→m/z 106.6, and m/z 403.8→m/z 113.6 was used to quantify ABA and lisinopril, respectively. This is the first LC-MS/MS method for ABA with advantages of short analysis time (4.5 min per sample run) and high selectivity attributable to the MRM detection and optimized HPLC conditions. The response was linear in a concentration range of 0.0485-19.4 μg/mL in plasma. The extraction recovery of ABA was between 89.1% and 100.7%. The precision (RSD) and accuracy (RE) of the method were evaluated to be within 7.3% and from 2.5% to 6.9%. The validated method has been applied to the pharmacokinetic study after a single oral administration of aniracetam dispersible tablets to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
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