1
|
Critical review of analytical methods for the determination of flame retardants in human matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:338828. [PMID: 35058002 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is a powerful approach in assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Flame retardants (FRs) are of particular concern due to their wide distribution in the environment and adverse health effects. This article reviews studies published in 2009-2020 on the chemical analysis of FRs in a variety of human samples and discusses the characteristics of the analytical methods applied to different FR biomarkers of exposure, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs), bromophenols, incl. tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and organophosphorous flame retardants (PFRs). Among the extraction techniques, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used most frequently due to the good efficiencies in the isolation of the majority of the FR biomarkers, but with challenges for highly lipophilic FRs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is mainly applied in the instrumental analysis of PBDEs and most NHFRs, with recent inclusions of GC-MS/MS and high resolution MS techniques. Liquid chromatography-MS/MS is mainly applied to HBCD, bromophenols, incl. TBBPA, and PFRs (including metabolites), however, GC-based analysis following derivatization has also been used for phenolic compounds and PFR metabolites. Developments are noticed towards more universal analytical methods, which enable widening method scopes in the human biomonitoring of FRs. Challenges exist with regard to sensitivity required for the low concentrations of FRs in the general population and limited sample material for some human matrices. A strong focus on quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) measures is required in the analysis of FR biomarkers in human samples, related to their variety of physical-chemical properties, low levels in most human samples and the risk of contamination.
Collapse
|
2
|
Katuri GP, Fan X, Kosarac I, Siddique S, Kubwabo C. Synthetic Musk Compounds in Human Biological Matrices: Analytical Methods and Occurrence-A Review. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:368-383. [PMID: 33283860 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of synthetic musk compounds (SMs) in numerous consumer and personal care products has resulted in direct human exposures via dermal absorption, inhalation of contaminated dust and volatilized fragrances, and oral ingestion of contaminated foods and liquids. SMs and their metabolites are lipophilic, hence commonly detected in various biological matrices such as blood, breast milk, and adipose tissue. Appropriate analytical techniques are needed to detect and quantify SMs in biological matrices to assess their potential effects on human health. Different methods to process and analyze SMs in biological matrices, including sample-pretreatment, solvent extraction, cleanup, and instrumental analysis, are presented in this review. The concentration levels of selected musk compounds in biological samples from different countries/regions are summarized. Finally, research gaps and questions pertaining to the analysis of SMs are identified and suggestions made for future research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prasad Katuri
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinghua Fan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Kosarac
- Science Division, Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Katuri GP, Fan X, Siddique S, Kubwabo C, Kosarac I, Harris SA, Foster WG. A Selective and Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantitation of Synthetic Musks in Human Serum. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1461-1468. [PMID: 33247738 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic musk compounds are widely used as fragrances in many consumer products; however, information on human exposure and health effects is limited. Also, analytical methods for their quantification in biological matrices are limited. OBJECTIVE In this study, an integrated method was developed and validated for the analysis of selected synthetic musk compounds in human serum. METHOD The method is based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and separation and detection by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). RESULTS The method demonstrated good recoveries (86-105%) and high sensitivity, with low method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.04 to 0.17 µg/L. The method was applied to the analysis of 10 synthetic musk compounds in 40 serum samples collected from Canadian women aged 20-44 years (20 individual samples collected in 2014 and 20 pooled samples collected in 2006). The most commonly detected compound was Galaxolide (HHCB), with median concentrations of 0.59 µg/L in samples collected in 2006, and 0.34 µg/L for samples collected in 2014. Musk ketone (MK) was not detected in any of the samples collected in 2006, but was detected in 60% of the samples collected in 2014 with a median concentration of 0.29 µg/L. Tonalide (AHTN) was detected in only one sample above its MDL (0.12 µg/L). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in Canada to report levels of synthetic musks in human. The data generated from this study has been used in risk screening assessment by Environment and Climate Change Canada and Health Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prasad Katuri
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinghua Fan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Kosarac
- Office of Research and Surveillance, Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren G Foster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Clarkson M, McNatty K. Selection and characterisation of triclosan-specific aptamers using a fluorescence microscope-imaging assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7285-7294. [PMID: 32780154 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a fluorescence microscope-imaging assay for determining the binding characteristics of single-stranded DNA aptamers selected against the antibacterial agent, triclosan. The imaging assay utilises fluorescently labelled aptamers and target-immobilised matrices. Upon binding of triclosan-specific aptamers to triclosan-conjugated matrices, the binding complex was visualised and the image was captured with the aid of a fluorescence microscope. Subsequently, the fluorescent intensities of aptamer-bound matrices were analysed using dedicated image-processing software and correlated to known concentrations of selected input aptamers. Thus, by plotting fluorescence intensities against different aptamer concentrations, binding isotherms were generated to determine aptamer Kd values. The imaging assay was applied to characterise the binding affinities and specificities of ten triclosan-specific aptamers H1-H10. One of the candidate aptamers, H6, showed a Kd value of 378 nM, which was comparable with previously published Kd values for aptamer-generated against triclosan analogous. In addition, the utility of the imaging assay for aptamer characterisation was compared with a commonly used affinity column-binding assay. It was concluded that the imaging assay was superior to alternative assays in terms of accuracy, simplicity, and reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand. .,Callaghan Innovation, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Mark Clarkson
- Callaghan Innovation, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth McNatty
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kong X, Li F, Li Y, He X, Chen L, Zhang Y. Molecularly imprinted polymer functionalized magnetic Fe
3
O
4
for the highly selective extraction of triclosan. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:808-817. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Kong
- Tianjin Institute for Drug Control Tianjin P. R. China
- College of ChemistryTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionNankai University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- College of ChemistryTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionNankai University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yijun Li
- College of ChemistryTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionNankai University Tianjin P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University) Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Xiwen He
- College of ChemistryTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionNankai University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Langxing Chen
- College of ChemistryTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionNankai University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- College of ChemistryTianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionNankai University Tianjin P. R. China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen H, Ling Y, Zhang F, Liu T, Wang JF, Wu HQ, Hong YH, Cheng Y. Simultaneous Detection of Eight Prohibited Flavor Compounds in Foodstuffs Using Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Food Prot 2019; 82:331-338. [PMID: 30688535 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A multiflavor detection method, using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), has been developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of eight prohibited flavor compounds in daily foods. Under the optimized extraction conditions, samples were purified directly through membrane filtration. Variables affecting the GC-MS/MS were optimized to obtain better separation. The excellent selectivity and sensitivity achieved in multiple reactions monitoring mode allowed satisfactory confirmation and quantitation. In this study, the linear ranges of the target compounds were 0.05 to 500 ng/L with good correlation coefficients ( R2 > 0.999). The limits of detection of target compounds ranged from 0.005 to 0.2 μg/kg. The average recoveries were in the range of 80.2 to 110.6% (beef jerky), 82.3 to 94.1% (cod liver oil), and 83.6 to 104.1% (candy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Ling
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Qiu Wu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-He Hong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wong F, Robson M, Melymuk L, Shunthirasingham C, Alexandrou N, Shoeib M, Luk E, Helm P, Diamond ML, Hung H. Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:74-88. [PMID: 30575830 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and potential sources of synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in the urban and surrounding environment were investigated. We analyzed air, soils and surface waters from a wide array of land-use types and urban densities including air from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), indoor, urban, rural, and remote Arctic sites; surface waters from urban and rural tributaries; and effluents of three WWTPs. In air, the median sum concentration of six selected polycyclic musks (Σ6PCMs) (i.e., galaxolide, tonalide, cashmeran, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide) were the highest from WWTP on-site > indoor > urban > WWTP off-site > rural. SMCs were not found in remote Arctic air indicating low potential for long-range atmospheric transport. SMCs were not found in soils, likely because of their high volatility and fast biodegradation rate. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were the two most abundant SMCs in air, tributaries and WWTP effluents. Σ6PCM concentrations in air taken along urban-rural transects and in tributary water were positively correlated with population density. In WWTP on-site air, trace levels of the toxic nitro-musks, namely musk xylene and musk ketone were detected and macrocyclic musks accounted for ∼10% of the total SMCs measured. In WWTP effluents, the concentrations of Σ6PCMs were proportional to the population served. We conclude that sources of SMCs to the outdoor urban environment and hence the surrounding region, originate from releases from indoor air, and temperature-dependent volatilization from WWTPs during treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Wang M, Wang X, Du L, Chu F, Ding W, Gu H, Wang H. A novel naphthalene carboxylic acid-based ionic liquid mixed disperser combined with ultrasonic-enhanced in-situ metathesis reaction for preconcentration of triclosan and methyltriclosan in milk and eggs. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 47:57-67. [PMID: 29908607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A microextraction method was developed based on utilization of a novel ionic liquid (IL) [C4MIM][NCA] as disperser and conventional ILs as extractor (IL-IL-DLLME). This method was integrated with an in-situ metathesis reaction to achieve high extraction efficiency by eliminating the loss of analytes in the discarded disperser after microextraction. Ultrasonic energy was compared to traditional mechanical shaking to accelerate the in-situ metathesis reaction. A 3-min ultrasonic treatment provided similar extraction efficiency as a 120-min mechanical shaking. Due to their strong acidity and lower solubility than traditional hydrophilic ILs, utilization of [C4MIM][NCA] in the IL-IL-DLLME procedure increased extraction recoveries (ERs) for triclosan (TCS) and methyltriclosan (MTCS) by 10-12% and also avoided an extra pH adjustment step. A series of operational parameters were optimized using single-factor screening and central composite design as follows: 65 µL extraction solvent, 150 µL [C4MIM][BF4] and [C4MIM][NCA] (132/18, v/v, μL) as dispersive solvent, 0.16 g NH4PF6 and 3.3 min ultrasonic time. Under optimized conditions with a fortification of 100 µg kg-1, ERs were 92.6-93.4% for TCS and 92.7-94.2% for MTCS in bovine milk and chicken egg samples. LODs for TCS and MTCS were 0.16-0.24 µg kg-1 and the enrichment factors were 21.8-23.1. Inter- and intra-day precisions had relative standard deviations of 3.3-5.4% for the optimized method. Overall, this newly developed IL-IL-DLLME method was effective for detecting trace levels of TCS and MTCS in real-world, animal-based foods. Prominent advantages of the new method include high precision and accuracy, high extraction efficiency, simple analytical operations, and no use of organic solvents making the procedure environmentally benign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuran Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liyang Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Fangyu Chu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Weinan Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Haidong Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bever CS, Rand AA, Nording M, Taft D, Kalanetra KM, Mills DA, Breck MA, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Hammock BD. Effects of triclosan in breast milk on the infant fecal microbiome. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:467-473. [PMID: 29635158 PMCID: PMC5915298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is frequently used for its antimicrobial properties and has been detected in human serum, urine, and breast milk. Animal and molecular studies have shown that triclosan exerts a wide range of adverse health effects at both high (ppm) and low (ppb) concentrations. Since triclosan is of growing concern to human and environmental health, there is a need to improve extraction procedures and to study additional effects from triclosan exposure. In this study, we have improved triclosan extraction from breast milk by using salt (MgSO4) to reduce emulsion formation and increase water polarity and water (∼80%) to enhance the overall extraction efficiency (∼3.5 fold). This extraction method was applied to breast milk samples collected from donors who i) recorded their use of triclosan-containing personal care products and ii) provided matching infant stool samples. Of the participants who had detectable amounts of triclosan in their breast milk, nine (75%) of them reported daily use of triclosan-containing personal care products. Levels of triclosan in breast milk were compared to the donor's infant's fecal microbiome. We found that the bacterial diversity in the fecal microbiome of the infants exposed to breast milk with detectable triclosan levels differed compared to their peers exposed to milk containing non-detectable amounts. This finding implies that exogenous chemicals are impacting microbiome diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Amy A Rand
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Malin Nording
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diana Taft
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Melissa A Breck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li C, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang J, Ping H, Lu A. Graphene-Derivatized Silica Composite as Solid-Phase Extraction Sorbent Combined with GC-MS/MS for the Determination of Polycyclic Musks in Aqueous Samples. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020318. [PMID: 29393879 PMCID: PMC6017199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic musks (PCMs) have recently received growing attention as emerging contaminants because of their bioaccumulation and potential ecotoxicological effects. Herein, an effective method for the determination of five PCMs in aqueous samples is presented. Reduced graphene oxide-derivatized silica (rGO@silica) particles were prepared from graphene oxide and aminosilica microparticles and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. PCMs were preconcentrated using rGO@silica as the solid-phase extraction sorbent and quantified by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Several experimental parameters, such as eluent, elution volume, sorbent amount, pH, and sample volume were optimized. The correlation coefficient (R) ranged from 0.9958 to 0.9992, while the limits of detection and quantitation for the five PCMs were 0.3–0.8 ng/L and 1.1–2.1 ng/L, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained for tap water (86.6–105.9%) and river water samples (82.9–107.1%), with relative standard deviations <10% under optimal conditions. The developed method was applied to analyze PCMs in tap and river water samples from Beijing, China. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were the main PCM components detected in one river water sample at concentrations of 18.7 for HHCB, and 11.7 ng/L for AHTN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Jihua Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Hua Ping
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salting-out-enhanced ionic liquid microextraction with a dual-role solvent for simultaneous determination of trace pollutants with a wide polarity range in aqueous samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6287-6303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Yin J, Wang H, Li J, Wu Y, Shao B. Occurrence of synthetic musks in human breast milk samples from 12 provinces in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1219-27. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1201219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Homem V, Silva E, Alves A, Santos L. Scented traces--Dermal exposure of synthetic musk fragrances in personal care products and environmental input assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:276-287. [PMID: 26150197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks are organic compounds used as fragrance and fixative additives in several personal care products. Until now, little is known about their occurrence and distribution in these household commodities. However, this information is essential to perform a human dermal exposure assessment. Therefore, this study gives an overview on the levels of 12 synthetic musks in 140 personal care products from 7 different categories (body and hair wash, toilet soaps, shaving products, dentifrice products, deodorants/antiperspirants, moisturizers and perfumes). They were analysed by QuEChERS extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Detection limits were found between 0.01ngg(-1) (galaxolide) and 5.00ngg(-1) (musk xylene). Higher average concentrations of total synthetic musks were detected in perfumes (5245.05μgg(-1)) and shampoos (487.67μgg(-1)) for adults. Galaxolide, exaltolide and cashmeran were the most detected compounds. Combining these results with the daily usage amounts, an average daily dermal exposure of 75.69μgkgbw(-1)day(-1) for adults and 15.54μgkgbw(-1)day(-1) for babies/children was achieved. The main contributors for adult and babies/children dermal exposure were perfumes and lotions, respectively. About 40% of the adult daily dermal exposure is related to exaltolide, 30% galaxolide, and 15% tonalide, while for babies/children 96% occurs due to exaltolide. An estimate of the amount of musks discharged "down-the-drain" into the wastewater treatment systems through the use of toiletries was also performed. An average emission per capita of 6.7mgday(-1) was determined and galaxolide and exaltolide were the predominant musks in the effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Silva
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang H, Bayen S, Kelly BC. Co-extraction and simultaneous determination of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants in marine sediments and biota using GC-EI-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Talanta 2015; 143:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
Simultaneous determination of polycyclic musks in blood and urine by solid supported liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 992:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Arbuckle TE, Weiss L, Fisher M, Hauser R, Dumas P, Bérubé R, Neisa A, LeBlanc A, Lang C, Ayotte P, Walker M, Feeley M, Koniecki D, Tawagi G. Maternal and infant exposure to environmental phenols as measured in multiple biological matrices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:575-584. [PMID: 25483107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results of recent national surveys have shown the high prevalence of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) among the general population; however biomonitoring data for pregnant women and infants are limited. METHODS Women (n=80) were recruited from early prenatal clinics and asked to collect urine samples multiple times during pregnancy and once 2-3 months post-partum. Samples of infant urine and meconium as well as breast milk and infant formula were also collected. Biospecimens were analyzed by GC-MS/MS for BPA, TCS and triclocarban (TCC). RESULTS Triclosan was detected in over 80% of the maternal urines (geometric mean (GM): 21.61 μg/L), 60% of the infant urines (GM: 2.8 μg/L), 46% of the breast milk and 80% of the meconium samples. Triclocarban was rarely detected in any of the biospecimens. Median total BPA concentrations were 1.21 and 0.24 μg/L in maternal and infant urines, respectively. Free BPA was detected in only 11% of infant urine samples. The meconium of female infants had significantly higher concentrations of total BPA and TCS than those of males, while no differences were observed in infant urine concentrations by sex. CONCLUSIONS We found widespread exposure among pregnant women and infants to environmental phenols, with large inter-individual variability in exposure to triclosan. These data will contribute to the risk assessment of these chemicals, especially in susceptible sub-populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada.
| | - Lorelle Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - René Bérubé
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Angelica Neisa
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Alain LeBlanc
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Carly Lang
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada; Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Mark Feeley
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Diane Koniecki
- Consumer Product Safety Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George Tawagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Jing Y, Ma L, Zhou J, Fang X, Zhang X, Yu Y. Occurrence and transport of synthetic musks in paired maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
18
|
Emwas AHM, Al-Talla ZA, Kharbatia NM. Sample collection and preparation of biofluids and extracts for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1277:75-90. [PMID: 25677148 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2377-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the utility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in metabonomics research, all stages of the experimental design should be standardized, including sample collection, storage, preparation, and sample separation. Moreover, the prerequisite for any GC-MS analysis is that a compound must be volatile and thermally stable if it is to be analyzed using this technique. Since many metabolites are nonvolatile and polar in nature, they are not readily amenable to analysis by GC-MS and require initial chemical derivatization of the polar functional groups in order to reduce the polarity and to increase the thermal stability and volatility of the analytes. In this chapter, an overview is presented of the optimum approach to sample collection, storage, and preparation for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabonomics with particular focus on urine samples as example of biofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Hamid M Emwas
- NMR Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Room 0149, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pollock T, Tang B, deCatanzaro D. Triclosan exacerbates the presence of 14C-bisphenol A in tissues of female and male mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
20
|
Taylor KM, Weisskopf M, Shine J. Human exposure to nitro musks and the evaluation of their potential toxicity: an overview. Environ Health 2014; 13:14. [PMID: 24618224 PMCID: PMC4007519 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nitro musks are fragrant chemicals found in household and personal care products. The use of these products leads to direct exposures via dermal absorption, as well as inhalation of contaminated dust and volatilized fragrances. Evidence also suggests that humans are exposed to low doses of these chemicals through oral absorption of contaminated liquids and foods. As these compounds are lipophilic, they and their metabolites, have been found not only in blood, but also breast milk and adipose tissue. After personal use, these environmentally persistent pollutants then pass through sewage treatment plants through their effluent into the environment.Little is known about the biological effects in humans after such a prolonged low dose exposure to these chemicals. While epidemiologic studies evaluating the effects of nitro musk exposures are lacking, there is limited evidence that suggest blood levels of nitro musks are inversely related to luteal hormone levels. This is supported by animal models and laboratory studies that have shown that nitro musks are weakly estrogenic. Nitro musks exposure has been associated with an increased risk of tumor formation in mice. The evidence suggests that while nitro musks by themselves are not genotoxic, they may increase the genotoxicity of other chemicals. However, animal models for nitro musk exposure have proven to be problematic since certain outcomes are species specific. This may explain why evidence for developmental effects in animals is conflicting and inconclusive. Given that animal models and cell-line experiments are suggestive of adverse outcomes, further epidemiologic studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Taylor
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Shine
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Determinations of airborne synthetic musks by polyurethane foam coupled with triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
22
|
Zhou J, Zeng X, Zheng K, Zhu X, Ma L, Xu Q, Zhang X, Yu Y, Sheng G, Fu J. Musks and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Shanghai, China: levels, temporal trends and exposure assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:325-333. [PMID: 22921253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of musks (polycyclic musks and nitro musks) and traditional organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDT, DDE, DDD, and total DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in breast milk collected in Shanghai, China during the period 2006-2010, were determined. The total concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 276.2 (median: 58.4) ng/glipid weight (lw) for musks and from 88.3 to 2532.9 (median: 1003.8) ng/glw for OCPs. 4,4'-DDE (median: 655.4 ng/glw) was the predominant OCP, followed by β-HCH (median: 172.5 ng/g lw), and HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran) (median: 17.7 ng/g lw) was the dominant musk. There was no statistical correlation between total musk concentrations, and HCB, HCHs, DDTs or total OCP concentrations, indicating their different exposure routes and metabolism in humans (p=0.182-0.325). Clear reductions in temporal trends in the levels of DDTs and HCB, especially HCHs (p<0.01) were observed during the sampling period, and the high DDE/DDT ratios in the samples indicated past exposure to DDTs. The relatively high median concentrations of HHCB and HHCB-lactone in 2010 suggested a probably increasing tendency. There were statistically significant influences regarding maternal age and parity on OCP accumulation (p=0.001-0.002), but no significant effect on musks was found (p=0.542-0.919). Musk exposure in neonates via breast milk was 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than suggested provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDI). The estimated daily intakes for HCB and DDTs were below the PTDI in Canada, however, 56% of those for HCHs exceeded the Canadian PTDI. OCP contamination of breast milk requires further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yusa V, Ye X, Calafat AM. Methods for the determination of biomarkers of exposure to emerging pollutants in human specimens. Trends Analyt Chem 2012; 38:129-142. [PMID: 26705372 PMCID: PMC4687402 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring is a very useful tool for assessing human exposure to environmental pollutants. This review discusses recent methods for the quantitative measurement of biomarkers of exposure to different classes of chemicals used in personal-care products (e.g., musk fragrances, preservatives, UV filters, and insect repellents) and consumer products (e.g., organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate esters, perfluorinated compounds, and industrial phenols). The measurements are mainly taken in urine, blood, and breast milk. We also discuss the different procedures commonly used for sample-pretreatment, extraction, and clean up, and chromatographic techniques currently used to determine these compounds. Finally, we present data on the main biomarkers occurring in different human specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Yusa
- Public Health Research Center of Valencia (CSISP), Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yin J, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhou N, Gao F, Wu Y, Xiang J, Shao B. The occurrence of synthetic musks in human breast milk in Sichuan, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1018-1023. [PMID: 22196088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk samples collected from mothers (n=110) who lived in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, southwestern China in 2009 were analyzed to determine the concentrations of 13 musk compounds. Possible relationships between musk concentrations and some personal characteristics were also studied. Only five target analytes were detected in the milk samples analyzed, with median concentration values of 16.5, 11.5, 7.85, <1.5 and <1.4ngg(-1)lipid weight for AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran), HHCB-lactone (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran-1-one), OTNE ([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-2,3,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalen-2yl]ethan-1-one) and musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone, MK), respectively. Mothers who reported high use of hand-cleaning agents, body-cleaning agents, shampoo and hair conditioners, hair dyes and hair gels had significantly elevated milk concentrations of HHCB whereas elevated milk concentrations of AHTN were observed among mothers reporting high use of body-cleaning agents, body lotions, shampoos, hair dyes and hair gels. Younger age showed a significantly positive effect on milk concentrations of both HHCB and AHTN whereas BMI after delivery, the number of children nursed and place of residence (urban or rural) had no significant effect. The estimated median daily intakes of synthetic musks for breast-fed infants were considerably lower than the current provisional tolerable daily intake amounts suggested for adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|