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Ketema RM, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Ait Bamai Y, Miyashita C, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Kishi R, Ikeda A. Exposure Trends to the Non-phthalate Plasticizers DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA in Children from 2012 to 2017: The Hokkaido Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11926-11936. [PMID: 37506071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates owing to their endocrine-disrupting effects are regulated in certain products, leading to their replacement with substitutions such as di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid di(isononyl) ester (DINCH), and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). However, information on human exposure to these substitutes, especially in susceptible subpopulations such as children, is limited. Thus, we examined the levels and exposure trends of DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA metabolites in 7 year-old Japanese school children. In total, 180 urine samples collected from 2012 to 2017 were used to quantify 10 DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA metabolites via isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. DEHTP and DINCH metabolites were detected in 95.6 and 92.2% of the children, respectively, and DEHA was not detected. This study, annually conducted between 2012 and 2017, revealed a significant (p < 0.05) 5-fold increase in DEHTP metabolites and a 2-fold increase in DINCH metabolites. However, the maximum estimated internal exposures were still below the health-based guidance and toxicological reference values. Exposure levels to DEHTP and DINCH have increased considerably in Japanese school children. DEHA is less relevant. Future studies are warranted to closely monitor the increasing trend in different aged and larger populations and identify the potential health effects and sources contributing to increasing exposure and intervene if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Weng X, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Cumulative Exposure to Phthalates and Their Alternatives and Associated Female Reproductive Health: Body Burdens, Adverse Outcomes, and Underlying Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37196176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The global birth rate has recently shown a decreasing trend, and exposure to environmental pollutants has been identified as a potential factor affecting female reproductive health. Phthalates have been widely used as plasticizers in plastic containers, children's toys, and medical devices, and their ubiquitous presence and endocrine-disrupting potential have already raised particular concerns. Phthalate exposure has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including reproductive diseases. Given that many phthalates are gradually being banned, a growing number of phthalate alternatives are becoming popular, such as di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and they are beginning to have a wide range of environmental effects. Studies have shown that many phthalate alternatives may disrupt female reproductive function by altering the estrous cycle, causing ovarian follicular atresia, and prolonging the gestational cycle, which raises growing concerns about their potential health risks. Herein, we summarize the effects of phthalates and their common alternatives in different female models, the exposure levels that influence the reproductive system, and the effects on female reproductive impairment, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and offspring development. Additionally, we scrutinize the effects of phthalates and their alternatives on hormone signaling, oxidative stress, and intracellular signaling to explore the underlying mechanisms of action on female reproductive health, because these chemicals may affect reproductive tissues directly or indirectly through endocrine disruption. Given the declining global trends of female reproductive capacity and the potential ability of phthalates and their alternatives to negatively impact female reproductive health, a more comprehensive study is needed to understand their effects on the human body and their underlying mechanisms. These findings may have an important role in improving female reproductive health and in turn decreasing the number of complications during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Use of a guard column coupled to mass spectrometry as a fast semi-quantitative methodology for the determination of plasticizer metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463788. [PMID: 36649666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a very simple and fast method combining the use of a guard column coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (guard column-MS/MS) has been proposed for the determination of plasticizer metabolites in urine. Briefly, samples (1.0 mL) were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis for 10 min, filtered, diluted 1/10 v/v with ultrapure water and directly injected into the system. A fast run of only 2 min (3 min including the injection cycle) allowed the determination of 19 analytes. Enzymatic hydrolysis, filtering material, and guard column-MS/MS conditions were optimized. Intra-day precision at the low-level concentration (expressed as relative standard deviation, %RSD) obtained from the analysis of synthetic urine samples varied between 11 and 20%. Limits of quantification ranged from 2.8 to 60 ng/mL. Trueness values, calculated as apparent recoveries, ranged from 70 to 135%. To correct for matrix effects, analyte concentrations in real urine were quantified by the standard addition method. To confirm the results obtained by guard column-MS/MS, an ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was also applied (total chromatographic run time 17 min, including column re-equilibration). Concentrations measured with both methods were in good agreement. Hence, we propose the use of guard column-MS/MS to analyse a large number samples in a very short time (semi-quantification), and apply the chromatographic analysis only to those samples with levels close to/higher than the concentrations equivalent to the safe maximum daily intakes of the parent compounds (confirmation). This double strategy (semi-quantification by guard column-MS/MS and confirmation-when needed-by UHPLC-MS/MS) implies important savings in time and money.
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Pacyga DC, Patti MA, Papandonatos GD, Haggerty DK, Calafat AM, Gardiner JC, Braun JM, Schantz SL, Strakovsky RS. Associations of individual and cumulative urinary phthalate and replacement biomarkers with gestational weight gain through late pregnancy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158788. [PMID: 36116648 PMCID: PMC10088088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Phthalates and their replacements are endocrine/metabolic disruptors that may impact gestational weight gain (GWG) - a pregnancy health indicator. We investigated overall and fetal sex-specific associations of individual and cumulative phthalate/replacement biomarkers with GWG. METHODS Illinois women (n = 299) self-reported their weight pre-pregnancy and at their final obstetric appointment before delivery (median 38 weeks). We calculated pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational age-specific GWG z-scores (GWGz). We quantified 19 phthalate/replacement metabolites (representing 10 parent compounds) in pools of up-to-five first-morning urine samples, collected approximately monthly between 8 and 40 weeks gestation. We used linear regression, quantile-based g-computation (QGComp), and weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR) to evaluate associations of ten biomarkers (individual metabolites or parent molar-sums) individually or as mixtures (in interquartile range intervals) with GWGz. We evaluated associations in all women and stratified by fetal sex. RESULTS Individually, sums of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ƩDEHP), di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (ƩDiNCH), and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (ƩDEHTP) had consistent inverse associations with GWGz, and some associations were fetal sex-specific. When evaluating phthalates/replacements as a mixture, QGComp identified ƩDEHP, ƩDEHTP, and mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, along with sum of di(isononyl) phthalate metabolites (ƩDiNP) and monobenzyl phthalate as notable contributors to lower and higher GWGz, respectively, resulting in a marginal inverse joint association in all women (β: -0.29; 95% CI: -0.70, 0.12). In women carrying females, ƩDEHP contributed to the marginal inverse joint association (β: -0.54; 95% CI: -1.09, 0.03). However, there was no overall association in women carrying males (β: 0.00; 95% CI: -0.60, 0.59), which was explained by approximately equal negative (driven by ƩDEHTP) and positive (driven by ƩDiNP) partial associations. WQSR analyses consistently replicated these QGComp findings. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of phthalates/replacements were fetal sex-specifically associated with GWGz. Because ƩDEHTP contributed substantively to mixture associations, additional studies in pregnant women may be needed around this plasticizer replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Pacyga
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marisa A Patti
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Diana K Haggerty
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Joseph C Gardiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Denghel H, Göen T. Comprehensive monitoring of a special mixture of prominent endocrine disrupting chemicals in human urine using a carefully adjusted hydrolysis of conjugates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:555-570. [PMID: 36435840 PMCID: PMC9839815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many xenobiotics were identified as possible endocrine disruptors during the last decades. Structural analogy of these substances to natural hormones may lead to agonists or antagonists of hormone receptors. For a comprehensive human biomonitoring of such substances, we developed a simple, reliable, and highly sensitive method for the simultaneous monitoring of the parameters bisphenol A, triclosan, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, p-nitrophenol, genistein, and daidzein in urine. Thereby, optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis and the use of β-glucuronidase from E. coli K12 as well as sulfatase from Aerobacter aerogenes ensures the acquisition of intact analytes without cleavage of ester bonds among parabens. Validation of the method revealed limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.25 µg/L as well as limits of quantification between 0.08 and 0.83 µg/L. Thereby, the use of analyte-free surrogate matrix for calibration and control material influenced the sensitivity of the procedure positively. Furthermore, excellent precision in and between series was observed. Good absolute and relative recoveries additionally proved the robustness of the multimethod. Thus, the procedure can be applied for exploring the exposome to these prominent endocrine disruptors in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Denghel
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Ebert KE, Griem P, Weiss T, Brüning T, Hayen H, Koch HM, Bury D. Diastereoselective metabolism of homomenthyl salicylate (homosalate): Identification of relevant human exposure biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107637. [PMID: 36423396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Homosalate (HMS) is a salicylate UV filter broadly used in sunscreens and personal care products. The aim of this study was the collection of human toxicokinetic data on HMS as a tool for risk assessment. For this purpose, metabolism and urinary excretion after a single oral HMS dose (98.2-149.1 µg (kg body weight)-1) were investigated in four volunteers (two male, two female). As commercial products generally contain a mixture of cis- and trans-HMS, both cis-rich and trans-rich isomer mixtures were studied to investigate possible differences in metabolism. Initial metabolite screening tentatively identified six oxidative metabolite subgroups, of which hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were studied in more detail. Unchanged parent HMS and the previously identified HMS metabolites 5-((2-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (HMS-CA) and 3-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (3OH-HMS), respectively, were quantified separately as cis- and trans-isomers via authentic standards by isotope dilution analysis. In addition, further alkyl-hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were investigated semi-quantitatively. Peak concentrations in urine were reached 1.5-6.3 h post-dose and more than 80 % of each of the quantitatively investigated metabolites (and at least 70 % of the semi-quantitatively investigated metabolites) was excreted within the first 24 h. Plasma and urine data indicated that oral bioavailability of cis-HMS was one order of magnitude below that of trans-HMS. Furthermore, the mean total urinary excretion fraction (Fue) for the metabolites derived from trans-HMS (6.4 %) was two orders of magnitude higher than for the metabolites derived from cis-HMS (0.045 %). Our data proves diastereoselectivity in toxicokinetics of cis- and trans-HMS, emphasizing the necessity to address isomer ratios in future studies including HMS exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Ebert
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Peter Griem
- Symrise AG, Mühlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany.
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Kuhlmann L, Münch F, Göen T, Eckert E. Simultaneous and sensitive determination of the main metabolites of the plasticizer DEHP and its substitutes DEHTP, DINCH and TEHTM in human urine by coupling of on-line SPE, UHPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3970-3981. [PMID: 36178049 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the prominent but toxicologically critical plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) declining, alternative plasticizers are increasingly used leading to a continuously more diverse exposure situation of humans with multiple plasticizers. Therefore, an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of the most relevant urinary biomarkers of exposure to DEHP and the alternative plasticizers 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) and tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM) was developed. The method is characterized by a high sensitivity with limits of detection ranging from 0.006 to 0.047 μg L-1 combined with an easy and straightforward sample preparation procedure. The wide linear working range of the method enables a reliable determination of analyte background levels in the general population as well as its potential use for monitoring studies investigating elevated plasticizer exposure settings. The method was successfully applied to urine samples from ten volunteers without occupational exposure to plasticizers revealing ubiquitous background exposure levels of the common plasticizers DEHP, DEHTP and DINCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kuhlmann
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Frank Münch
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Pacyga DC, Haggerty DK, Nicol M, Henning M, Calafat AM, Braun JM, Schantz SL, Strakovsky RS. Identification of profiles and determinants of maternal pregnancy urinary biomarkers of phthalates and replacements in the Illinois Kids Development Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 162:107150. [PMID: 35247685 PMCID: PMC8967784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pregnant women are exposed to multiple phthalates and their replacements, which are endocrine disrupting chemicals associated with adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Identifying maternal characteristics associated with phthalate/replacement exposure during pregnancy is important. METHODS We evaluated 13 maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, enrollment year, and conception season as determinants of exposure biomarkers of phthalates and their replacements in 482 pregnant women from the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS, enrolled 2013-2018). We quantified 19 phthalate/replacement metabolites in pools of five first-morning urines collected across pregnancy. K-means clustering identified women with distinct patterns of biomarker concentrations and principal component analysis (PCA) identified principal component (PC) profiles of biomarkers that exist together. We used multivariable regression models to evaluate associations of predictors with identified k-means clusters and PCs. RESULTS K-means clustering identified two clusters of women: 1) low phthalate/di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (∑DEHTP) and 2) high phthalate/∑DEHTP biomarker concentrations. PCA identified four PCs with loadings heaviest for biomarkers of plasticizer phthalates [di-isononyl, di-isodecyl, di-n-octyl phthalates] (PC1), of other phthalates [dibenzyl, di-n-butyl, di-iso-butyl phthalates] (PC2), of phthalate replacements [∑DEHTP, di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (∑DiNCH)] (PC3), and of monoethyl phthalate [MEP] (PC4). Overall, age, marital status, income, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, caffeine intake, enrollment year, and conception season were independently associated with k-means cluster membership and at least one PC. Additionally, race/ethnicity, education, employment, pregnancy intention, smoking status, alcohol intake, and diet were associated with at least one PC. For instance, women who conceived in the spring, summer, and/or fall months had lower odds of high phthalate/∑DEHTP cluster membership and had lower plasticizer phthalate, phthalate replacement, and MEP PC scores. CONCLUSIONS Conception season, enrollment year, and several sociodemographic/lifestyle factors were predictive of phthalate/replacement biomarker profiles. Future studies should corroborate these findings, with a special focus on replacements to which pregnant women are becoming increasingly exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Pacyga
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Diana K Haggerty
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Megan Nicol
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Melissa Henning
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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9
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Lee I, Pälmke C, Ringbeck B, Ihn Y, Gotthardt A, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Kho Y, Koch HM, Choi K. Urinary Concentrations of Major Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizer Metabolites in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and Associated Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16526-16537. [PMID: 34846872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geographical, climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017-2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfDAA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, respectively. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yunchul Ihn
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexandra Gotthardt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Lemke N, Murawski A, Lange R, Weber T, Apel P, Dębiak M, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Substitutes mimic the exposure behaviour of REACH regulated phthalates - A review of the German HBM system on the example of plasticizers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 236:113780. [PMID: 34126298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The population is constantly exposed to potentially harmful substances present in the environment, including inter alia food and drinking water, consumer products, and indoor air. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a valuable tool to determine the integral, internal exposure of the general population, including vulnerable subgroups, to provide the basis for risk assessment and policy advice. The German HBM system comprises of five pillars: (1) the development of suitable analytical methods for new substances of concern, (2) cross-sectional population-representative German Environmental Surveys (GerES), (3) time trend analyses using archived samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB), (4) the derivation of health-based guidance values as a risk assessment tool, and (5) transfer of data into the European cooperation network HBM4EU. The goal of this paper is to present the complementary elements of the German HBM system and to show its strengths and limitations on the example of plasticizers. Plasticizers have been identified by EU services and HBM4EU partners as priority substances for chemical policy at EU level. Using the complementary elements of the German HBM system, the internal exposure to classical phthalates and novel alternative plasticizers can be reliably monitored. It is shown that market changes, due to regulation of certain phthalates and the rise of substitutes, are rapidly reflected in the internal exposure of the population. It was shown that exposure to DEHP, DiBP, DnBP, and BBzP decreased considerably, whereas exposure to the novel substitutes such as DPHP, DEHTP, and Hexamoll®DINCH has increased significantly. While health-based guidance values for several phthalates (esp. DnBP, DiBP, DEHP) were exceeded quite often at the turn of the millennium, exceedances today have become rarer. Still, also the latest GerES reveals the ubiquitous and concurrent exposures to many plasticizers. Of concern is that the youngest children showed the highest exposures to most of the investigated plasticizers and in some cases their levels of DiBP and DnBP still exceeded health-based guidance values. Over the last years, mixture exposures are increasingly recognized as relevant, especially if the toxicological modes of action are similar. This is supported by a cumulative risk assessment for four endocrine active phthalates which confirms the still concerning cumulative exposure in many young children. Given the adverse health effects of some phthalates and the limited toxicological knowledge of substitutes, exposure reduction and surveillance are needed on German and EU-level. Substitutes need to be monitored, to intervene if exposures are threatening to exceed acceptable levels, or if new toxicological data question their appropriateness. It is strongly recommended to reconsider the use of plastics and plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lemke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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11
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Human metabolism and urinary excretion kinetics of di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) after oral and dermal administration in three volunteers. Toxicol Lett 2021; 343:11-20. [PMID: 33640488 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) is used as a plasticizer and in various consumer products (e.g. personal care products) replacing, in part, the endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). We provide quantitative in vivo data on human DnBA metabolism and excretion after oral dose (105-185 μg/kg bw) and dermal application to three volunteers each as a tool for exposure and risk assessment. Complete and consecutive urine samples were collected for two (oral) and four days (dermal), respectively, and analyzed for the metabolites mono-n-butyl adipate (MnBA), 3- and tentative 4-hydroxy-mono-n-butyl adipate (3OH-MnBA, 4OH-MnBA), and 3-carboxy-mono-n-propyl adipate (3cx-MnPrA), as well as the hydrolysis product adipic acid (AA) using stable isotope dilution quantification. Metabolites were excreted within 24 h after oral dose with one or two concentration maxima at 0.8-3.0 h (n = 3) and 4.8-6.3 h (n = 2). AA was the major but unspecific metabolite with urinary excretion fractions (FUEs) of 14-26 %. Mean FUEs (range) of 3cx-MnPrA, MnBA, 3OH-MnBA, and tentative 4OH-MnBA were low, but consistent between volunteers (0.47 % (0.35-0.63 %), 0.079 % (0.065-0.091 %), 0.012 % (0.006-0.016 %), and 0.005 % (0.002-0.009 %), respectively). MnBA and 3OH-MnBA seem to be suitable, specific exposure biomarkers for DnBA, whereas 3cx-MnPrA and 4OH-MnBA seem to originate also from other, unknown sources not related to DnBA. Compared to the oral study, metabolite excretion in the dermal study was delayed and MnBA excretion was somewhat higher compared to the oxidized metabolites. Based on urinary concentrations and the above excretion fractions, calculated uptakes in the dermal study did not exceed the adipate ester ADI of 5 mg/(kg bw*day).
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12
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Schwedler G, Rucic E, Koch HM, Lessmann F, Brüning T, Conrad A, Schmied-Tobies MI, Kolossa-Gehring M. Metabolites of the substitute plasticiser Di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in urine of children and adolescents investigated in the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Frigerio G, Campo L, Mercadante R, Santos PM, Missineo P, Polledri E, Fustinoni S. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify metabolites of phthalates, including di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) and bisphenol A, in human urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8796. [PMID: 32246863 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several phthalates and bisphenol A are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Recently, their use has been partially restricted and less toxic compounds, such as di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), have been placed on the market. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a method for the simultaneous quantitation of bisphenol A and urinary metabolites of phthalates, including DEHTP. METHODS An isotopic dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-n/i-butyl phthalates (MnBP/MiBP) in human urine was developed. A complete validation was carried out and the method was applied to 36 non-occupationally exposed adults. RESULTS Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.02 (MECPP) to 1 μg/L (MnBP and MiBP). Relative standard deviations below 10% indicated a suitable precision; accuracy, evaluated using a standard reference material, ranged from 74.3% to 117.5%; isotopically labelled internal standards were suitable for correcting the matrix effect. The accuracy was confirmed by the successful participation in an external verification exercise. However, for terephthalates, the validation was incomplete due to the lack of reference materials and external verification. Levels of the investigated chemicals in subjects were in line with those previously reported. CONCLUSIONS An LC/MS/MS assay for the simultaneous measurement of BPA and phthalate metabolites in human urine was developed and validated; it is useful to investigate exposure in epidemiological studies involving the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Frigerio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Martín Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pasquale Missineo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Hayen H, Weiss T, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) metabolites as possible biomarkers of exposure in human urine by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1141:122029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Frederiksen H, Nielsen O, Koch HM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM. Changes in urinary excretion of phthalates, phthalate substitutes, bisphenols and other polychlorinated and phenolic substances in young Danish men; 2009–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:93-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lessmann F, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Harth V, Brüning T, Koch HM. German Environmental Specimen Bank: 24-hour urine samples from 1999 to 2017 reveal rapid increase in exposure to the para-phthalate plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105102. [PMID: 31491609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide plasticizer markets are facing constant substitution processes. Many classic ortho-phthalate plasticizers like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are phased out, due to their proven toxicity to reproduction. Assumedly less critical, less regulated plasticizers such as di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) are increasingly applied in consumer near products like toys, food contact materials, and medical devices. With the increasing use of DEHTP, increasing exposures of the general population have to be expected likewise. Human biomonitoring is a well-established tool to determine population exposures. In the present study we investigate the time trend of exposure to DEHTP using 24-hour urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected from 1999 to 2017. In these samples (60 per odd-numbered year, 600 samples in total) collected from young German adults (20-29 years, equal gender distribution) we determined four specific urinary metabolites as biomarkers of DEHTP exposure. From 1999 to 2009, the main specific urinary metabolite 5cx-MEPTP was quantifiable in <10% of the samples. Thereafter, detection rates and levels constantly increased, in line with rapidly increasing DEHTP consumption volumes. In 2017, all samples had 5cx-MEPTP levels above the limit of quantification (LOQ) with a median concentration of 3.35 μg/L (95th percentile: 12.8 μg/L). The other metabolites were detected less frequently and at lower levels but correlated well with 5cx-MEPTP robustly confirming the increasing DEHTP exposure. All 5cx-MEPTP concentrations were well below the German health based guidance value (HBM-I) of 2800 μg/L for adults. Likewise, the median calculated daily intake, based on 5cx-MEPTP measured in 2017, was 0.74 μg/kg bw∗d (95th percentile: 3.86 μg/kg bw∗d), still well below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1000 μg/kg bw∗d. Based on current toxicological knowledge we can hence conclude that for the population investigated, DEHTP exposure gives no reason for immediate concern. However, the steep ongoing increase of DEHTP exposure warrants further close monitoring in the future, preferably also in sub-populations with known higher exposures to plasticizers, especially children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - V Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Determination of human urinary metabolites of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) by online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Been F, Malarvannan G, Bastiaensen M, Yin S, van Nuijs AL, Covaci A. Development and validation of a bioanalytical assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for measuring biomarkers of exposure of alternative plasticizers in human urine and serum. Talanta 2019; 198:230-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Bury D, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of metabolites of the UV filter 2-ethylhexyl salicylate in human urine by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Pinguet J, Kerckhove N, Eljezi T, Lambert C, Moreau E, Bernard L, Boeuf B, Decaudin B, Genay S, Masse M, Storme L, Sautou V, Richard D. New SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination in urine of 22 metabolites of DEHP and alternative plasticizers from PVC medical devices. Talanta 2019; 198:377-389. [PMID: 30876575 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DiEthylHexylPhthalate (DEHP) can leach out of plasticized PVC medical devices (MD) and may enter into contact with patients. This phthalate is known for its reprotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects. Its use in medical devices (MD) has been restricted and alternative plasticizers have been developed. Nevertheless, no published clinical studies exist concerning patient exposure to these alternative plasticizers during medical care. This is particularly worrisome when high-risk populations, such as newborns, are exposed to these new plasticizers in intensive care units. Our study aimed to develop a novel sensitive and selective method to simultaneously identify and quantify DEHP and 17 other plasticizer metabolites (free or glucuronide conjugates), which are specific biomarkers of DEHTP, TOTM, DINP, DINCH and DEHA exposure in human urine. This robust method uses turbulent-flow online extraction technology coupled to high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Special care was taken to address two major problems in plasticizer analysis: contamination and chromatographic separation of interfering analogue structures. The validation was assessed in synthetic urine and the linearity of response was demonstrated for all compounds (R2 > 0.99), with limits of quantification from 0.01 to 0.1 ng/ml. Accuracies ranged from 86% to 117% and inter- and intra-day precisions were <20%. The clinical applicability and suitability of our new method was assessed in patients in a neonatal intensive care unit to measure urinary concentrations of DEHP and alternative plasticizer metabolites. These metabolites were found in the majority of urine samples, with a median detection frequency of 95.2% (ranging from 12.5% to 100%). The high sensitivity, selectivity and ruggedness make the method suitable for large-scale biomonitoring studies of high-risk and general populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Pinguet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Nicolas Kerckhove
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Teuta Eljezi
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INSERM U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Lise Bernard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Boeuf
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, service de réanimation pédiatrique et périnatalogie, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bertrand Decaudin
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Genay
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Morgane Masse
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- CHRU Lille, Service de Médecine Néonatale, F-59000 Lille, France; Université Lille I, UPRES EA 4489, Laboratoire de Périnatalité et croissance, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Silva MJ, Wong LY, Samandar E, Preau JL, Jia LT, Calafat AM. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate in the U.S. general population from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:141-147. [PMID: 30529838 PMCID: PMC7917578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) is used as a replacement plasticizer for other phthalates, including di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Use of consumer products containing DEHTP may result in human exposure to DEHTP. OBJECTIVE To assess exposure to DEHTP in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. general population 3 years and older from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHOD We quantified two DEHTP metabolites, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) in 2970 urine samples by using online solid-phase extraction coupled with isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We used linear regression to examine associations between MEHHTP and MECTPP and several parameters including age, sex, race/ethnicity, and household income. We also compared the MEHHTP and MECPTP results to those of their corresponding DEHP metabolite analogs, namely mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP). RESULTS The weighted detection frequencies were 96% (MEHHTP) and 99.9% (MECPTP); urinary concentrations of the two metabolites correlated significantly (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.89, p < 0.0001). MECPTP concentrations were higher than MEHHTP in all age, sex, race/ethnicity groups examined. Furthermore, MECPTP adjusted geometric mean (GM) concentrations were significantly higher in samples collected in the evening than in the morning or afternoon. Females had significantly higher adjusted GM concentrations of MEHHTP and MECPTP than males. We observed no significant associations between the adjusted GM concentrations of the metabolites and race/ethnicity. Both metabolite adjusted GM concentrations increased significantly with household income, and decreased significantly with age. Only household income was significantly associated with the concentrations of MECPP, but not of MEHHP, the two DEHP metabolites. The adjusted GM of the [MEHHTP]:[MECPTP] molar concentrations ratio increased with age, and was significantly higher in samples collected in the morning than in those collected in the afternoon or evening. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to DEHTP is widespread in the U.S. general population 3 years and older. These data represent the first U.S. population-based representative background exposure to DEHTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manori J Silva
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Ella Samandar
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - James L Preau
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Lily T Jia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America.
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Hair as an alternative matrix to monitor human exposure to plasticizers – Development of a liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1104:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Analyzing terephthalate metabolites in human urine as biomarkers of exposure: Importance of selection of metabolites and deconjugation enzyme. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1100-1101:91-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112336. [PMID: 30360526 PMCID: PMC6265767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient.
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Nayebare SR, Karthikraj R, Kannan K. Analysis of terephthalate metabolites in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:473-479. [PMID: 30008303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their toxicity, phthalate plasticizers are currently being replaced with terephthalates in many consumer products. Nevertheless, data on human exposure to and toxicity of terephthalates are still scarce. In this study, we developed a robust analytical method for the measurement of six terephthalate metabolites (TPhMs) in human urine through their successful separation from phthalate metabolites (PhMs). Target analytes were identified, using commercially available standards, and quantified with isotopically labeled internal standards (IS). The limits of quantification (LOQ) of TPhMs were in the range of 0.12 to 0.4 ng/mL, with the exception of 2.8 ng/mL for terephthalic acid (TPA) and 3.75 ng/mL for mono-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (mEHTP), which were found in procedural blanks at notable levels. The method developed in this study showed excellent accuracy (recoveries: 86-117%) and precision (RSD: 0.6-12.2%) for TPhMs. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of 30 human urine samples collected from individuals with no known history of occupational exposure. The detection frequencies (df %) of TPhMs in urine ranged between 26.6 and 100%. This is one of the first studies that report a method for the analysis of emerging class of environmental chemicals in human specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shedrack R Nayebare
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Comprehensive monitoring of specific metabolites of tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM) in urine by column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4343-4357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Saini SS. Trace Analysis of di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in Drinking Water Using MEPS and HPLC-UV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2018.1442247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Lessmann F, Bury D, Weiss T, Hayen H, Brüning T, Koch HM. De-novo identification of specific exposure biomarkers of the alternative plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) after low oral dosage to male volunteers by HPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. Biomarkers 2018; 23:196-206. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1410856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
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31
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Bury D, Belov VN, Qi Y, Hayen H, Volmer DA, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of Urinary Metabolites of the Emerging UV Filter Octocrylene by Online-SPE-LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2017; 90:944-951. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bury
- Institute
for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident
Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz
1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Belov
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPI BPC), Facility for Synthetic Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute
for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident
Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz
1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute
for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident
Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz
1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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32
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Lessmann F, Correia-Sá L, Calhau C, Domingues VF, Weiss T, Brüning T, Koch HM. Exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in Portuguese children - Urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 104:25-32. [PMID: 28407489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Classical ortho-phthalate plasticizers are, due to their endocrine disrupting potency and reproductive toxicity, increasingly replaced by alternative plasticizers. Di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) is one of these substitutes. In this study, we investigated DEHTP exposure in 107 Portuguese children (4-17years old) by analyzing specific DEHTP metabolites in their urine using a newly developed LC-MS/MS method. We could detect the major, specific DEHTP metabolite mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) terephthalate (5cx-MEPTP) in 100% of the samples with levels above the limit of quantification in 96% of the samples (median concentration 4.19μg/L; 95th percentile 26.4μg/L; maximum 3400μg/L). Other minor DEHTP metabolites (5OH-MEHTP, 5oxo-MEHTP and 2cx-MMHTP) were detected at lower rates and levels. Daily DEHTP intakes calculated from urinary 5cx-MEPTP levels were generally far below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1000μg/kgbw/d (median 0.67μg/kgbw/d; 95th percentile 6.25μg/kgbw/d; maximum 690μg/kgbw/d). However, for one child the biomarker-derived health-based guidance value (HBM-I value) for 5cx-MEPTP of 1800μg/L was exceeded by about a factor of two. Levels of 5cx-MEPTP and calculated daily DEHTP intakes were higher in normal/under-weight children who nourished on their usual diet compared to overweight/obese children who received nutritional guidance with fresh and unprocessed food (p=0.043 and p<0.001 respectively). This indicates to processed and fatty foodstuff as a major source of DEHTP exposure. Additionally, we found children of lower age having higher DEHTP intakes (p=0.045). Again, foodstuff as a major DEHTP source, together with other child specific DEHTP sources such as mouthing of toys or ingestion of dust might be contributing factors. With the present study, we provide a first data set on the omnipresent DEHTP exposure in children. So far, general levels of DEHTP exposure seem no cause for concern. However, due to the increasing use of DEHTP as an ortho-phthalate substitute, possible increasing exposures in the future should be followed closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (CINTESIS), Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (CINTESIS), Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Alves A, Giovanoulis G, Nilsson U, Erratico C, Lucattini L, Haug LS, Jacobs G, de Wit CA, Leonards PEG, Covaci A, Magner J, Voorspoels S. Case Study on Screening Emerging Pollutants in Urine and Nails. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4046-4053. [PMID: 28293951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative plasticizers and flame retardants (FRs) have been introduced as replacements for banned or restricted chemicals, but much is still unknown about their metabolism and occurrence in humans. We identified the metabolites formed in vitro for four alternative plasticizers (acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC), bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)), and one FR (2,2-bis (chloromethyl)-propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate (V6)). Further, these compounds and their metabolites were investigated by LC/ESI-Orbitrap-MS in urine and finger nails collected from a Norwegian cohort. Primary and secondary ATBC metabolites had detection frequencies (% DF) in finger nails ranging from 46 to 95%. V6 was identified for the first time in finger nails, suggesting that this matrix may also indicate past exposure to FRs as well as alternative plasticizers. Two isomeric forms of DEHTP primary metabolite were highly detected in urine (97% DF) and identified in finger nails, while no DPHP metabolites were detected in vivo. Primary and secondary DEHA metabolites were identified in both matrices, and the relative proportion of the secondary metabolites was higher in urine than in finger nails; the opposite was observed for the primary metabolites. As many of the metabolites present in in vitro extracts were further identified in vivo in urine and finger nail samples, this suggests that in vitro assays can reliably mimic the in vivo processes. Finger nails may be a useful noninvasive matrix for human biomonitoring of specific organic contaminants, but further validation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Alves
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Georgios Giovanoulis
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , SE-100 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudio Erratico
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Luisa Lucattini
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Line S Haug
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Griet Jacobs
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jörgen Magner
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , SE-100 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate in a convenience sample of U.S. adults from 2000 to 2016. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3287-3291. [PMID: 28314884 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), a structural isomer of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), is a plasticizer used in a variety of commercial applications, but data on Americans' exposure to DEHTP do not exist. We investigated the exposure to DEHTP in a convenience group of U.S. adults by analyzing urine collected anonymously in 2000 (N = 44), 2009 (N = 61), 2011 (N = 81), 2013 (N = 92), and 2016 (N = 149) for two major DEHTP oxidative metabolites: mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP). For comparison, we also quantified the analogous DEHP metabolites mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP). We detected MECPTP, MEHHP, and MECPP in all samples collected in 2016 with geometric means of 13.1, 4.1, and 6.7 ng/mL, respectively; we detected MEHHTP in 91% of the samples (geometric mean = 3.1 ng/mL). Concentrations of MECPTP correlated well with those of MEHHTP (R 2 = 0.8, p < 0.001), but did not significantly correlate with those of MEHHP (p > 0.05) suggesting different sources of exposure to DEHP and DEHTP. We also evaluated the fraction of the metabolites eliminated in their free (i.e., unconjugated) form. The median percent of unconjugated species was lower for the DEHP metabolites (MECPP [45.5%], MEHHP [1.9%]) compared to the DEHTP metabolites (MECPTP [98.8%], MEHHTP [21.2%]). Contrary to the downward trend from 2000 to 2016 in urinary concentrations of MEHHP and MECPP, we observed an upward trend for MEHHTP and MECPTP. These preliminary data suggest that exposure to DEHTP may be on the rise. Nevertheless, general population exposure data using MEHHTP and MECPTP as exposure biomarkers would increase our understanding of exposure to DEHTP, one of the known DEHP alternatives.
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New human biomonitoring methods for chemicals of concern—the German approach to enhance relevance. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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New HBM values for emerging substances, inventory of reference and HBM values in force, and working principles of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:152-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Koch HM, Rüther M, Schütze A, Conrad A, Pälmke C, Apel P, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Phthalate metabolites in 24-h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) from 1988 to 2015 and a comparison with US NHANES data from 1999 to 2012. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:130-141. [PMID: 27863804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) continuously collects 24-h urine samples since the early 1980s in Germany. In this study we analyzed 300 urine samples from the years 2007 to 2015 for 21 phthalate metabolites (representing exposure to 11 parent phthalates) and combined the data with two previous retrospective measurement campaigns (1988 to 2003 and 2002 to 2008). The combined dataset comprised 1162 24-h urine samples spanning the years 1988 to 2015. With this detailed set of human biomonitoring data we describe the time course of phthalate exposure in Germany over a time frame of 27 years. For the metabolites of the endocrine disrupting phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) we observed a roughly ten-fold decline in median metabolite levels from their peak levels in the late 1980s/early 1990s compared to most recent levels from 2015. Probably, bans (first enacted in 1999) and classifications/labelings (enacted in 2001 and 2004) in the European Union lead to this drop. A decline in di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) metabolite levels set in only quite recently, possibly due to its later classification as a reproductive toxicant in the EU in 2009. In a considerable number of samples collected before 2002 health based guidance values (BE, HBM I) have been exceeded for DnBP (27.2%) and DEHP (2.3%) but also in recent samples some individual exceedances can still be observed (DEHP 1.0%). A decrease in concentration for all low molecular weight phthalates, labelled or not, was seen in the most recent years of sampling. For the high molecular weight phthalates, DEHP seems to have been substituted in part by di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), but DiNP metabolite levels have also been declining in the last years. Probably, non-phthalate alternatives increasingly take over for the phthalates in Germany. A comparison with NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data from the United States covering the years 1999 to 2012 revealed both similarities and differences in phthalate exposure between Germany and the US. Exposure to critical phthalates has decreased in both countries with metabolite levels more and more aligning with each other, but high molecular weight phthalates substituting DEHP (such as DiNP) seem to become more important in the US than in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Schütze
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany
| | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany
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Long-term exposure assessment to phthalates: How do nail analyses compare to commonly used measurements in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1036-1037:124-135. [PMID: 27750193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PEs) are easily metabolized and commonly excreted via urine within 24h, therefore their bioaccumulation potential is thought to be rather low. In the present study, we developed a sample preparation combined with a new microextraction method to measure seven PE metabolites in nails. The use of whole nails did not result in significantly different levels compared to powdered nails, which makes the method very fast and user friendly. The method was validated using whole nails showing good accuracy, satisfactory precision and low limits of quantification (2-14ng/g). Although method development was the primary aim of the study, the method was also applied to real samples. PEs were measured in nails of 9 individuals collected at 2 distinct time points (15 days apart) and compared to levels in the respective urine samples (daily morning sample for 15 days). Additionally two volunteers have collected two more urine spots (afternoon and evening) per day. Major metabolites in nails were mono (ethyl hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and sum of mono-n-butyl and mono-isobutyl phthalate (Σ(MnBP, MiBP)) while MEP and Σ(MnBP, MiBP) were the major ones identified in urine. In urine, first void morning urine reflected higher total excretion (sum of PEs of 7.0μg/g creatinine) for all individuals than the afternoon/evening voids. Participants also filled a questionnaire regarding their life-style. The use of hand care products and consumption of pre-packed food was associated with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) oxidative metabolites, while the use of medical devices with butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) exposure. Although the metabolism (rate) and other factors that influence the transfer of the analytes from blood or other body compartments into nails needs further investigation, nails can be used to assess exposure to PEs. From our knowledge, urine reflects the excretion of PEs on 'daily basis' while nails show less fluctuation and more stable levels.
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Lessmann F, Schütze A, Weiss T, Langsch A, Otter R, Brüning T, Koch HM. Metabolism and urinary excretion kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in three male volunteers after oral dosage. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1659-67. [PMID: 27116293 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) is used as a substitute for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an ortho-phthalate-based plasticizer that is classified and labeled due to its toxicity to reproduction. In this study the metabolism and urinary excretion kinetics of DEHTP were investigated by single oral dosage of 50 mg DEHTP to three male volunteers (resulting in individual dosages between 0.55 and 0.59 mg/kg body weight). Separate urine samples were consecutively collected for 48 h. In analogy to DEHP, we quantified specific side-chain-oxidized monoester metabolites of DEHTP (5OH-MEHTP, 5oxo-MEHTP, 5cx-MEPTP and 2cx-MMHTP) by HPLC-MS/MS with online sample clean-up and isotope dilution. All postulated metabolites were detectable in all samples after dosage. The predominant, specific urinary metabolite was 5cx-MEPTP representing about 13.0 % of the applied dose as mean of the three volunteers (range 7.0-20.4 %) in urine, followed by 5OH-MEHTP (mean: 1.8 %; range 1.3-2.4 %) and 5oxo MEHTP (mean: 1.0 %; range 0.6-1.6 %). 2cx-MMHTP was a minor metabolite representing only 0.3 % (range 0.2-0.4 %). In total, about 16.1 % of the dose was recovered in urine as the above investigated specific metabolites within 48 h with the major share (95 %) being excreted within the first 24 h. Investigation of the glucuronidation patterns revealed that the carboxy-metabolites are excreted almost completely in their free form (>90 %), whereas for 5OH-MEHTP and 5oxo-MEHTP, glucuronidation is preferred (>70 %). With this study we provide reliable urinary excretion factors to calculate DEHTP intakes based on metabolite concentrations in environmental and occupational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - André Schütze
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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Schütze A, Otter R, Modick H, Langsch A, Brüning T, Koch HM. Additional oxidized and alkyl chain breakdown metabolites of the plasticizer DINCH in urine after oral dosage to human volunteers. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:179-188. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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