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Tang L, Wang Y, Yan W, Zhang Z, Luo S, Wen Q, Wang S, Zhou N, Chen Q, Xu Y. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and breast neoplasm incidence: A cohort study. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171819. [PMID: 38508268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental endocrine disruptors. As the predominant phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been considered possibly carcinogenic to humans but large-scale longitudinal evidence is needed to further clarify its carcinogenicity. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between DEHP exposure and incidence of breast malignant neoplasm, carcinoma in situ and benign neoplasm. METHODS A total of 273,295 women from UK Biobank cohort were followed up for a median of 13.5 years. Disease information was collected from National Health Service Cancer Registry and National Death Index. Baseline and yearly-average level of DEHP exposure were estimated for each individual by linking chemical monitoring record of European Environment Agency with home address of the participants by Kriging interpolation model. Cox proportional hazard model was employed to estimate the association between DEHP exposure and breast neoplasms. RESULTS The median (IQR) of baseline and yearly-average DEHP concentration were 8000.25 (interquartile range: 6657.85-11,948.83) and 8000.25 (interquartile range: 1819.93-11,359.55) μg/L. The highest quartile of baseline DEHP was associated with 1.11 fold risk of carcinoma in situ (95 % CI, 1.00, 1.23, p < 0.001) and 1.27 fold risk of benign neoplasm (95 % CI, 1.05, 1.54, p < 0.001). As for yearly-average exposure, each quartile of DEHP was positively associated with higher risk of malignant neoplasm (HR, 1.05; 95 % CI, 1.03, 1.07, p < 0.001), carcinoma in situ (HR, 1.08; 95 % CI, 1.04, 1.11, p < 0.001) and benign neoplasm (HR, 1.13; 95 % CI, 1.07, 1.20, p < 0.001). Stratification analysis showed no significant modification effects on the DEHP-neoplasm relationship by menopausal status or ethnicity but a suggestive higher risk in younger women and those who underwent oral contraceptive pill therapy. In sensitivity analysis, the associations remained when excluding the cases diagnosed within 2 years post baseline. CONCLUSIONS Real-world level of DEHP exposure was associated with higher risk of breast neoplasms. Because of the health risks associated with DEHP, its release to the environment should be managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Tang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenting Yan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siwen Luo
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaorui Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Niya Zhou
- Clinical Research Centre, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and Chongqing Research Centre for Prevention & Control of Maternal and Child Diseases and Public Health, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Liang X, Liang J, Zhang S, Yan H, Luan T. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate disrupts hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice by activating the LXR/SREBP-1c and PPAR-α signaling pathways. Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:169919. [PMID: 38199361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a widely utilized plasticizer, has been described as a potential obesogen based on in vivo disruption of hepatic lipid homeostasis and in vitro promotion of lipid accumulation. However, limited literature exists regarding the specific ramifications of DEHP exposure on obese individuals, and the precise mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of DEHP exposure remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of DEHP on hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice by comparing them to normal mice. Following a 10-week DEHP exposure period, the obese mice exhibited higher blood lipid levels, more severe hepatic steatosis, and more infiltrations of inflammatory cells in liver tissue than normal mice. Interestingly, the body weight of the mice exhibited no significant alteration. In addition, transcriptomic analyses revealed that both lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation contributed to hepatic lipid metabolism dysregulation following DEHP exposure. More specifically, alterations in the transcription of genes associated with hepatic lipid metabolism were linked to the different responses to DEHP exposure observed in normal and obese mice. Additionally, the outcomes of in vitro experiments validated the in vivo findings and demonstrated that DEHP exposure could modify hepatic lipid metabolism in normal mice by activating the LXR/SREBP-1c signaling pathway to promote lipogenesis. At the same time, DEHP exposure led to inhibition of the Camkkβ/AMPK pathway to suppress β-fatty acid oxidation. Conversely, in obese mice, DEHP exposure was found to be associated with the stimulation of both lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation via activation of the LXR/SREBP-1c and PPAR-α signaling pathways, respectively. The findings presented in this study first elucidate the contrasting mechanisms underlying DEHP-induced liver damage in obese and normal mice, thereby offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis of DEHP-induced liver damage in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China
| | - Jiehua Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haowei Yan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China.; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
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3
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Wu CL, Fang YW, Hou YC, Lu KC, Tsai WH, Lu PH, Lee TS, Kuo KL. Association of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate with adverse outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:120366-120374. [PMID: 37936044 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure is widespread and has a global impact. Growing evidence shows that mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) exposure has a negative impact on human health. However, whether MEHP exposure is associated with mortality and other adverse outcomes in hemodialysis patients remains unknown. This study prospectively enrolled 217 patients on maintenance hemodialysis from June 30, 2021, to August 16, 2022. Baseline serum MEHP, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentrations were measured. Primary endpoints were all-cause mortality or composite adverse outcomes, including all-cause death plus hospitalization due to cardiovascular disease, heart failure, stroke, infection, or cancer. Serum MEHP concentrations were positively associated with DEHP but not indoxyl sulfate concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Additionally, serum MEHP concentrations were significantly and independently associated with all-cause mortality and composite adverse outcomes (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs], 1.04 and 1.03 per ng/mL, 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 1.01-1.07 and 1.00-1.05; p = 0.016 and 0.015, respectively). We found a cutoff value of MEHP for predicting both endpoints. Patients with serum MEHP concentrations of ≥ 41.8 ng/mL had much higher risks for all-cause mortality and composite adverse outcomes (adjusted HRs, 39.2 and 13; 95% CIs, 2.44-65.7 and 2.74-61.4; p = 0.011 and 0.001, respectively). MEHP exposure is significantly associated with higher risks for all-cause mortality and composite adverse outcomes. Hemodialysis patients with serum MEHP concentrations above 41.8 ng/mL had much poorer prognoses regarding both outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Wu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 50006, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111045, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Hou
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, 23148, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, 24352, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Tsai
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsun Lu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Lin Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
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Robles-Matos N, Radaelli E, Simmons RA, Bartolomei MS. Preconception and developmental DEHP exposure alter liver metabolism in a sex-dependent manner in adult mouse offspring. Toxicology 2023; 499:153640. [PMID: 37806616 PMCID: PMC10842112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during critical periods of development is associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases, including hepatic steatosis and obesity. Di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) is an EDC strongly associated with these metabolic abnormalities. DEHP developmental windows of susceptibility are unknown yet have important public health implications. The purpose of this study was to identify these windows of susceptibility and determine whether developmental DEHP exposure alters hepatic metabolism later in life. Dams were exposed to control or feed containing human exposure relevant doses of DEHP (50 μg/kg BW/d) and high dose DEHP (10 mg/kg BW/d) from preconception until weaning or only exposed to DEHP during preconception. Post-weaning, all offspring were fed a control diet throughout adulthood. Using the Metabolon Untargeted Metabolomics platform, we identified 148 significant metabolites in female adult livers that were altered by preconception-gestation-lactation DEHP exposure. We found a significant increase in the levels of acylcarnitines, diacylglycerols, sphingolipids, glutathione, purines, and pyrimidines in DEHP-exposed female livers compared to controls. These changes in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress-related metabolites were correlated with hepatic changes including microvesicular steatosis, hepatocyte swelling, inflammation. In contrast to females, we observed fewer metabolic alterations in male offspring, which were uniquely found in preconception-only low dose DEHP exposure group. Although we found that preconception-gestational-lactation exposure causes the most liver pathology, we surprisingly found preconception exposure linked to an abnormal liver metabolome. We also found that two doses exhibited non-monotonic DEHP-induced changes in the liver. Collectively, these findings suggest that metabolic changes in the adult liver of offspring exposed periconceptionally to DHEP depends on the timing of exposure, dose, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Robles-Matos
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Comparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Liao D, Zhi J, Wang Q, Yan W, Guo Y, Han Y, Dong C, Xiao Y, Bai H, Liang W, Fan L. Efficient photoelectrochemical aptasensing of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in environmental samples based on N, S co-doped graphene quantum dots/TiO 2 nanorods. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1271:341477. [PMID: 37328253 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform was developed for detection of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) based on nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots/TiO2 nanorods (N, S-GQDs/TiO2 NRs) coupling with exonuclease I (Exo I)-assisted target recycling for remarkable signal amplification. N, S-GQDs uniformly grown on TiO2 NRs by simple hydrothermal method showed high electron-hole separation efficiency and superior photoelectric performance, which was explored as the photoactive substrate for anchoring anti-DEHP aptamer and its complementary DNA (cDNA). With the addition of DEHP, aptamer molecules fell from the electrode surface owing to the specific recognition of aptamer to DEHP, resulting in the increment of photocurrent signal. At this moment, Exo I could stimulate aptamer hydrolysis in the aptamer-DEHP complexes, so that DEHP was released from the complexes to take part in the next reaction cycling, which remarkably increasing the photocurrent response and achieving signal amplification. The designed PEC sensing platform exhibited excellent analytical performance for DEHP with a low detection limit of 0.1 pg L-1. Also, its applications in real samples were further investigated in detail. Thus, the established method would provide a simple and efficient tool for DEHP or other pollutants monitoring in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Liao
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zhi
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Low Carbon Utilization of Coal, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- National Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Low Carbon Utilization of Coal, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Yujie Han
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Yong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Low Carbon Utilization of Coal, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Hongcun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
| | - Lifang Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
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Liu Y, Deng Y, Liao D, Han Y, Wang Q, Guo Y, Bai H, Dong C, Fan L. Nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle-decorated 3D rGO composites-based electrochemical sensing platform for detection of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:107. [PMID: 36854982 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
A label-free and efficient electrochemical (EC) sensing platform for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was developed based on in situ probe nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle (NiHCF NP)-decorated three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (3D rGO) composites. NiHCF NPs in the composites as an in situ probe show a pair of well-defined peaks with good reversibility and stability. Coupling 3D rGO with NiHCF NPs not only improved the electron transfer capability of NiHCF NPs but also provided more sites for aptamer immobilization. The synthesized NiHCF NP-decorated 3D rGO composites were used to act as a substrate for the immobilization of anti-DEHP aptamer by the covalent bonding method. The designed EC sensing platform displays excellent sensing performance for DEHP with a low detection limit of 3.64 pg/L, and a linear working range of 0.01 - 1000 ng/L. The application of the sensing platform to actual environmental samples was studied and satisfactory results were obtained. Thus, the proposed EC sensing platform would provide a potential tool for efficient detection of pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Shanxi, 030006, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Shanxi, 030006, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyun Liao
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Shanxi, 030006, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Han
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Shanxi, 030006, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Shanxi, 030006, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongcun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Shanxi, 030006, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Shanxi, 030006, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
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Zhong X, Yi X, Cheng F, Tong H, Xu W, Yang X. Leaching of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from biodegradable and conventional microplastics and the potential risks. Chemosphere 2023; 311:137208. [PMID: 36368539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There has been a growing concern about plastic pollution, both from a health and ecological perspective. One of the major concerns with plastic debris, especially microplastics (MPs) relates to their strong potential for releasing additives and chemicals. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a common plastic additive widely used as plasticizer in plastic products, and is of global concern due to its widespread contamination in the environment. In this study, two conventional nondegradable plastics (polyethylene (PE) bags and PE mulch) and two biodegradable plastics (poly(butylene adipate co-terephtalate)-starch-based-polylactic acid bags (PBAT/PLA bags) and PLA mulch) were selected to investigate the release of DEHP to seawater. The results showed that leaching potentials of DEHP from different types of MPs varied. Among the four selected MPs, PE mulch had the highest leaching potential (6.88 μg/g), followed by PE bags (4.24 μg/g), PLA mulch (1.10 μg/g) and PBAT/PLA bags (0.89 μg/g). The DEHP leaching kinetic curves of the four MPs were all in line with the pseudo first order model. The potential risk of environmental and human exposure to the leached DEHP was assessed using the average Phthalate Pollution Index (PPI). The calculated PPI indicated low pollution risks of DEHP released by the four MPs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Zhong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, NO.2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China.
| | - Xianliang Yi
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, NO.2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Fanqi Cheng
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, NO.2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Huiyan Tong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, NO.2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China.
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, NO.2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, NO.2 Dagong Road, New District of Liaodong Bay, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
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Yang TN, Li XN, Wang YX, Ma XY, Li JL. Disrupted microbiota-barrier-immune interaction in phthalates-mediated barrier defect in the duodenum. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136275. [PMID: 36058374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most used phthalates, Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widespread environmental contaminant. Extremely persistent plastic can enter the food chain of animals through the aquatic environment, affect metabolic pathways and cause damage to the digestive system. But the molecular mechanism of its toxic effects on the duodenum in birds has not been elucidated. To investigate the toxicity of phthalates in the duodenum, quails were gavaged with 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg doses of DEHP for 45 days, and water and oil control groups were retained. This study revealed that subchronic exposure to DEHP could lead to duodenal barrier defect in quail. The damage to duodenum was reflected in a reduction in V/C and tight junction proteins. Moreover, DEHP also led to a breakdown of antimicrobial defenses through the flora derangement, which acted as a biological barrier. The massive presence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to the activation of TLR4 receptors. In addition, DEHP activated oxidative stress, which synergized the inflammatory response induced by the TLR4-NFκB pathway, and further promoted duodenum damage. This study provides a base for the further effect of phthalates on the microbiota-barrier-immune interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ning Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Kim JK, Zhang J, Hwang S, Cho S, Yu WJ, Jeong JS, Park IH, Lee BC, Jee SH, Lim KM, Park YH. Transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study (TMWAS) in rats revealed a potential carcinogenic effect of DEHP in thyroid associated with eicosanoids. Environ Res 2022; 214:113805. [PMID: 35810816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased considerably in the last few decades. Environmental factors, including plasticizers, are recognized as potential risks leading to thyroid cancer in humans. In this study, we used a transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study to find the unidentified carcinogenic mechanism of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in thyroid and biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis. Rats were treated with different doses of DEHP (0, 0.3, 3, 30, 150 mg DEHP/kg bw/day) for 13 weeks. Then, the thyroids were processed for Ki67 staining and RNA-seq. Also, 17-h urine samples were collected for high-resolution metabolomics analysis. After a high dose of DEHP exposure, the terminal body weights and the thyroid and parathyroid glands weights were not altered. However, the liver weights and numbers of Ki67-positive cells were increased. Further, multivariate statistical analysis revealed that metabolic shifts were considerably altered above 30 mg DEHP/kg bw/day. In RNA-seq analysis, some cancer-related genes were altered, including 18 upregulated and 9 downregulated transcripts. These cancer transcripts and whole metabolome data were integrated to uncover thyroid cancer-related metabolic pathways, which revealed that cancer-related transcripts had a network structure linked to eicosanoids such as leukotriene D4 and prostaglandin. In brief, our study demonstrated that DEHP can induce thyroid hyperplasia through the eicosanoid-associated pathway, providing further insight into the mechanism of DEHP-associated thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea; Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Zhang
- Omics Research Center, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Hwang
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongha Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seong Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
| | - Youngja H Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea; Omics Research Center, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Yang TN, Li XN, Li XW, Li JY, Huang YQ, Li JL. DEHP triggers a damage severity grade increase in the jejunum in quail (Coturnix japonica) by disturbing nuclear xenobiotic receptors and the Nrf2-mediated defense response. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 96:104012. [PMID: 36372389 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been listed as a potential endocrine disruptor by The World Health Organization. The toxicity of DEHP has been widely studied, but its toxicity on the digestive tract of birds has not been clarified. Female quail were treated by gavage with DEHP (250, 500, 750 mg/kg), with the blank and vehicle control groups reserved. The result showed that DEHP raised the damage severity grade, and decreased the ratio of villus length to crypt depth. The content and activity of cytochrome P450 system (CYP450s) were increased by DEHP. DEHP interfered with the transcription of nuclear xenobiotic receptors (NXRs), CYP isoforms, and the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. This study revealed DEHP could cause the imbalance in CYP450s mediated by NXRs, and then promote Nrf2 mediated antioxidant defense. This study provided new evidence about the mechanisms of DEHP-induced toxic effects on digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ning Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yue-Qiang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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11
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Hou P, Dai W, Jin Y, Zhao F, Liu J, Liu H. Maternal exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) depresses lactation capacity in mice. Sci Total Environ 2022; 837:155813. [PMID: 35550907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), mostly commonly used phthalate for the production of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), has the potential to induce serious health risks in humans. However, the understanding of DEHP-induced lactation performance remains largely unknown. We sought to investigate the adverse effects of DEHP on lactation and examine the underlying mechanism linking DEHP exposure with the lactation alterations. We successfully adapted a maternal DEHP exposure model in female pregnant/lactating mice. Then we determined effects of DEHP exposure on food intake, body weight and milk production as well as the alterations in endocrine factors in lactating mice. The integrated metabonomic and transcriptomic analyses of the mammary gland were performed to measure the changed metabolites and genes related to DEHP exposure-induced lactation alterations. We observed the reduced food intake with elevated blood leptin and the decreased milk yield as well as the reduced levels of serum prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin after exposed to DEHP. Furthermore, 208 metabolites and 3452 genes were separately identified as differentially expressed features associated with DEHP exposure. Integrated metabonomic and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that DEHP caused lactation depression mainly through impairing energy generation, inducing stress responses along with the hypoactivation of inflammation, reducing the production of antioxidants, disrupting hormone homeostasis and repressing the synthesis of milk constituents (the lower glucose availability for lactose synthesis; the disruption of milk fat globule membrane for lipid droplet formation; the ribosomal dysfunction and disruption of post-modifications for milk protein synthesis). We demonstrated that DEHP disrupted several lactation-related hormone homeostasis and multiple processes like energy insufficiency, inflammation activation, oxidative stress aggravation and disturbance of milk production in the mammary gland of female lactating mice. Our results provide valuable information for the health risk of plastic additive (DEHP) on female lactation dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanshan Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Lactation and Metabolic Physiology, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Soltani A, Abroun S, Abbasnejadshani F, Gholampour MA. Effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the differentiation of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:39903-39913. [PMID: 35112247 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a class of peripheral toxic substances, can cause many environmental and clinical side effects, particularly on the human body's endocrine system. Bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are two well-known EDCs in the medicine industry. However, there are no comprehensive studies on their effects on hematopoiesis. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of these two aforementioned substances on the clonogenic capacity of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (CB-HSCs). The HSCs which express CD34 + were isolated from umbilical cord blood by the magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) system. To investigate the effects of different optimized concentrations of BPA and DEHP, CB-CD34+ HSCs were exposed to EDCs in semisolid medium. For evaluation of coexposures, CB-CD34+ HSCs were cocultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in the presence of BPA and DEHP. Finally, the number and types of colonies were evaluated after 14 days. Statistical analysis was performed by GraphPad Prism through ANOVA. CB-HSC treated by BPA and DEHP showed a lower absolute colony count than the control group (P < 0.05). Decrease in clonogenic potential of HSCs was more significant in coculture condition by MSCs. In particular, there was a significant decrease in the BFU-E colonies in comedicated-derived fractions (P < 0.0001). In the presence of EDCs such as BPA and DEHP, the patterns of differentiation in CD34+ CB-HSCs changed from suppressed erythroid differentiation toward stimulated myelogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Soltani
- Department of Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Aligudarz, Lorestan, Iran
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khomein University of Medical Science, Khomein, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khomein University of Medical Science, Khomein, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Abbasnejadshani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khomein University of Medical Science, Khomein, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Gholampour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khomein University of Medical Science, Khomein, Iran
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13
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Deng Y, Yan W, Guo Y, Wang Q, Bi Y, Dong C, Fan L. Highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical aptasensing of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate based on graphene quantum dots decorated TiO 2 nanotube arrays. J Hazard Mater 2022; 426:128107. [PMID: 34971987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was constructed using graphene quantum dots decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays (GQDs-decorated TiO2 NTs) as the transducer species and the anti-DEHP aptamer as the biological recognition element. GQDs were synthesized using the alkali-mediated hydrothermal method, and then anchored onto the TiO2 NTs uniformly and intimately via pronounced electrostatic interaction. Coupling GQDs with TiO2 NTs not only enhanced visible-light absorption, but promoted charge separation and transportation, exhibiting excellent photocurrent response, and PEC activity. Various means were conducted to explore morphologies, optical, structural and PEC properties of the materials. As an identification unit, the anti-DEHP aptamer molecules were immobilized on GQDs-decorated TiO2 NTs using a cross-linking coupling method. The developed PEC sensing platform exhibits excellent sensing behavior for DEHP, and provides a low detection limit of 0.1 ng/L, high selectivity and stability. Meanwhile, its application in real environmental samples was evaluated and satisfying results were achieved. Thus, the established sensing platform provides a promising tool to detect DEHP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Deng
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Analytical Instrumentation Center and State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Analytical Instrumentation Center and State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Yingpu Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
| | - Lifang Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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14
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Tsai HJ, Wu CF, Hsiung CA, Lee CH, Wang SL, Chen ML, Chen CC, Huang PC, Wang YH, Chen YA, Chen BH, Chuang YS, Hsieh HM, Wu MT. Longitudinal changes in oxidative stress and early renal injury in children exposed to DEHP and melamine in the 2011 Taiwan food scandal. Environ Int 2022; 158:107018. [PMID: 34991270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, phthalates, mainly di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were found to have been added to a variety of foods in Taiwan, increasing the risk of microalbuminuria in children. Exposure to melamine perhaps modifies that risk. This prospective cohort study investigates whether renal injury resulting from exposure to DEHP-tainted foods from the 2011 Taiwan Food Scandal is reversed over time. The temporal and interactive effects of past daily DEHP intake, current daily DEHP intake, and urinary melamine levels on oxidative stress and renal injury were also examined. Two hundred possibly DEHP-affected children (aged < 18 years) were enrolled in the first survey wave (August 2012-January 2013), with 170 and 159 children in the second (July 2014-February 2015) and third waves (May 2016-October 2016), respectively. The first wave comprised questionnaires that were used to collect information about possible past daily DEHP intake from DEHP-tainted foods. One-spot first morning urine samples were collected to measure melamine levels, phthalate metabolites, and markers indicating oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine), and renal injury (albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) in all three waves. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling revealed that both past daily DEHP intake and time might affect urinary ACR. However, most interactions were negative and significant correlation was observed only during the second wave (P for interaction = 0.014) in the group with the highest past daily DEHP intake (>50 μg/kg/day). Urinary melamine levels were found to correlate significantly with both urinary ACR and oxidative stress markers. The highest impact associated with exposure to DEHP-tainted foods in increasing urinary ACR of children was observed during the first wave, and the effect may partially diminish over time. These results suggest that continuous monitoring of renal health and other long-term health consequences is required in individuals who were affected by the scandal in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chieng-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-An Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shiuan Chuang
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Smith AR, Kogut KR, Parra K, Bradman A, Holland N, Harley KG. Dietary intake and household exposures as predictors of urinary concentrations of high molecular weight phthalates and bisphenol A in a cohort of adolescents. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2022; 32:37-47. [PMID: 33619365 PMCID: PMC8380263 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are endocrine disrupting chemicals used in consumer products, building materials, and food processing and packaging materials. They are associated with adverse health outcomes, especially when exposure occurs during heightened windows of susceptibility. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relationship between housing and dietary characteristics and the concentration of several high-molecular-weight (HMW) phthalate metabolites and BPA in a cohort of Latina adolescents. METHODS We collected information on recent food consumption and housing characteristics and quantified the concentration of HMW phthalate and BPA metabolites in urine collected at two different time points. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to assess predictors of each metabolite. RESULTS No significant associations were observed between housing and dietary characteristics and metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or BPA. In contrast, higher urinary monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentration was associated with living in a home with vinyl or linoleum flooring (66.7% change, p-value <0.01), while higher urinary mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) concentration was associated with recent consumption of coffee (47.2% change, p-value <0.01), and fast food (30.3% change, p-value <0.05). SIGNIFICANCE These findings may be useful in targeting interventions that reduce phthalate uptake in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine R Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Parra
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Sun Y, Yang F, Liu Y, Yu M, Wu F, Wang G. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate induces heart looping disorders during zebrafish development. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:391-397. [PMID: 34047658 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211019184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a type of plasticizer widely used in industry. It is well-known for its toxic effects to endocrine and reproductive systems and has been detected in amniotic fluid and placenta. In the present study, we explored the effects of DEHP on heart development by using zebrafish as a model organism. DEHP (0.02 pg) was injected into the yolk sac of zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage. No significant difference was found in embryonic lethality between control and DEHP groups at 1-day postfertilization (dpf), but mortality significantly increased in DEHP groups at 2 and 3 dpf. The average heart rate was significantly reduced in the surviving DEHP-treated zebrafish larvae at 3 and 4 dpf. In addition, massive pericardial edema was found in DEHP-treated zebrafish (12.6 ± 1.5%), which was significantly higher than that of the control group. Serious heart looping disorder was also observed in DEHP-treated larvae, mainly manifested with an elongated atrial-ventricular distance. Moreover, the expression of heart development transcription factors was affected by DEHP injection. Real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed that five transcription factors (hand2, tp53, mef2c, esr1, and tbx18) were significantly downregulated in the DEHP group at 2 dpf, and three transcription factors (zic3, tcf21, and gata4) were significantly upregulated. Our results emphasize the need for the development of a nontoxic plasticizer to prevent possible deleterious effects on humans and other life-forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Manli Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, the 72th Group Army Hospital of PLA, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guokun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Mo N, Zhang M, Wang R, Xia S, Meng F, Qian Y, Li M. Effects of α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 226:108615. [PMID: 31493583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The four experimental groups were carried out to test the response of yellow catfish to EE2 and DEHP: control group was exposed to DMSO; EE2 group was exposed to 1.0 μg/L EE2; DEHP group was exposed to 1.0 mg/L DEHP; mix group was exposed to 1.0 μg/L EE2 and 1.0 mg/L DEHP. The experiment continued for 56 days. Fish survival rate was not different among experimental groups. Fish in DEHP and mix groups had the highest weight gain, and lowest value appeared in control group. The highest hepatosomatic index was found in DEHP and mix groups. Serum alanine transaminase of fish in control group was lower than other groups, but the alkaline phosphatase value was the highest. Serum total anti-oxidation capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of fish in control group were higher than other groups, but malondialdehyde content is opposite. Respiratory burst and phagocytic indices of fish in EE2 group were the lowest. After 96 h of ammonia stress, the survival rate of fish in mix group was significantly lower than control group. This study indicates that EE2 and DEHP exposure can lead to gain weight of yellow catfish, which is related to liver damage and fat accumulation; EE2 and DEHP exerts its toxic effects by inducing ROS generation, leading to lipid peroxidation and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mo
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Silei Xia
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fanxing Meng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yunxia Qian
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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18
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Zhou L, Chen H, Xu Q, Han X, Zhao Y, Song X, Zhao T, Ye L. The effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on inflammation and lipid metabolic disorder in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 170:391-398. [PMID: 30550969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasticizer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) can induce lipid metabolic disorder. There was a chronic low level inflammatory response in adipose tissue of patients with lipid metabolic disorder. But the effect of inflammation on lipid metabolic disorder induced by DEHP is unclear. The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on inflammation and lipid metabolic disorder in rats. METHODS Eighty healthy 21-day-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and administered DEHP by gavage at 0, 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/ d for 8 weeks. Morphological changes of adipose tissue, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, LEP, and ADP in rat serum and adipose tissue, the serum TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, the mRNA and protein expression levels of lipid metabolism-related gene CEBP/β and inflammation-related gene CD68 were measured. RESULTS After exposure to DEHP, the weight of rats in the high dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). And the number of adipose tissue cells in the medium-dose and high-dose DEHP groups increased, with much more macrophage infiltrated. The levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, TC in serum and LEP in adipose tissue of rats exposed to 500 mg/kg DEHP were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05); while the level of ADP in adipose tissue in rats exposed to DEHP was significantly lower (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in surum and adipose tissue of rats exposed to DEHP were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of CEBP/β and CD68 in adipose tissue of rats exposed to DEHP were significantly higher than those in the control group. The TC, LEP and ADP Levels of rats were significantly different among different subgroup of IL-1β and TNF-α, and in high level subgroup, the TC, LEP and ADP Levels were increased. The levels of TC and LEP was increased in high level subgroup of CD68. CONCLUSION DEHP induced more macrophage infiltrated in adipose tissue of rats, promoted the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α and the formation of inflammation, and disturbed the normal lipid metabolism and lead to lipid metabolic disorders. What is more, the levels of inflammation were associated with the lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huaiji Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yaming Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinyue Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
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Alasmary FAS, Awaad AS, Kamal M, Alqasoumi SI, Zain ME. Antitumor activity of extract and isolated compounds from Drechslera rostrata and Eurotium tonophilum. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:279-285. [PMID: 30166929 PMCID: PMC6111196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Total extracts of Drechslera rostrata and Eurotium tonophilum in addition of two isolated compounds from their cultures [di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (H1) and 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone (H2)] were tested for their antitumor activity using four human carcinoma cell lines. Antitumor activity was assessed by performing MTT assay to check the % cell viability. The % viability of HCT-116 (colon carcinoma), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), HEp-2 (larynx carcinoma) and HepG-2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells decreased after treatment with Drechslera rostrata and Eurotium tonophilum extracts, these effects were ranged from 059.0 ± 0.1 to 217.0 ± 0.3 µg/ml on all types of cancer cells. The best activity was recorded for Eurotium tonpholium extract (054.5 ± 0.3, 059.0 ± 0.5 and 059.0 ± 0.1 for HEp-2, Hela, and HepG-2 respectively). The isolated compounds (H1&H2) were found to be responsible about the activities because they recorded the lowest IC50 on tested cell lines with range of 9.5-20.3 μg/ml. Vinblastine sulphate was used as a reference standard and showed in vitro anticancer activity. This study demonstrated that all extracts and isolated compounds have antitumor activity against HCT-116, HeLa, HEp-2 and HepG-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah A S Alasmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani S Awaad
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh I Alqasoumi
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Zain
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Silva MJ, Wong LY, Samandar E, Preau JL, Calafat AM, Ye X. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate in a convenience sample of U.S. adults from 2000 to 2016. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3287-91. [PMID: 28314884 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), a structural isomer of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), is a plasticizer used in a variety of commercial applications, but data on Americans' exposure to DEHTP do not exist. We investigated the exposure to DEHTP in a convenience group of U.S. adults by analyzing urine collected anonymously in 2000 (N = 44), 2009 (N = 61), 2011 (N = 81), 2013 (N = 92), and 2016 (N = 149) for two major DEHTP oxidative metabolites: mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP). For comparison, we also quantified the analogous DEHP metabolites mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP). We detected MECPTP, MEHHP, and MECPP in all samples collected in 2016 with geometric means of 13.1, 4.1, and 6.7 ng/mL, respectively; we detected MEHHTP in 91% of the samples (geometric mean = 3.1 ng/mL). Concentrations of MECPTP correlated well with those of MEHHTP (R 2 = 0.8, p < 0.001), but did not significantly correlate with those of MEHHP (p > 0.05) suggesting different sources of exposure to DEHP and DEHTP. We also evaluated the fraction of the metabolites eliminated in their free (i.e., unconjugated) form. The median percent of unconjugated species was lower for the DEHP metabolites (MECPP [45.5%], MEHHP [1.9%]) compared to the DEHTP metabolites (MECPTP [98.8%], MEHHTP [21.2%]). Contrary to the downward trend from 2000 to 2016 in urinary concentrations of MEHHP and MECPP, we observed an upward trend for MEHHTP and MECPTP. These preliminary data suggest that exposure to DEHTP may be on the rise. Nevertheless, general population exposure data using MEHHTP and MECPTP as exposure biomarkers would increase our understanding of exposure to DEHTP, one of the known DEHP alternatives.
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Chao KP, Huang CS, Wei CY. Health risk assessments of DEHP released from chemical protective gloves. J Hazard Mater 2014; 283:53-59. [PMID: 25261760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The substance di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer in chemical protective gloves to improve their flexibility and workability. However, it is possible that workers using protective gloves to handle various solvents may be exposed to DEHP leached by the solvents. Using an ASTM F739 permeation cell, it was found that BTEX solvents permeating through the glove samples dissolved DEHP from the gloves. Even without continuously contacting the permeant, DEHP was released from the contaminated glove samples during the desorption experiments. The DEHP leaching amounts were found to be inversely correlated to the permeability coefficients of BTEX in the glove samples. This result implied that the larger the amount of DEHP released from the glove samples, the higher the permeation resistance of gloves. Although chemical protective gloves provide adequate skin exposure protection to workers, the dermal exposure model developed herein indicates that leaching of DEHP from the glove samples may pose a potential health risk to the workers who handle BTEX. This study suggests that the selection of protective gloves should not only be concerned with the chemical resistance of the gloves but also the health risk associated with leaching of chemicals, such as DEHP, used in the manufacturing of the gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keh-Ping Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety & Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chan-Sheng Huang
- Department of Occupational Safety & Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Ying Wei
- Department of Occupational Safety & Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
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Specht IO, Toft G, Hougaard KS, Lindh CH, Lenters V, Jönsson BAG, Heederik D, Giwercman A, Bonde JPE. Associations between serum phthalates and biomarkers of reproductive function in 589 adult men. Environ Int 2014; 66:146-156. [PMID: 24583187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates which are widely used, are ubiquitous in the environment and in some human tissues. It is generally accepted that phthalates exert their toxic action by inhibiting Leydig cell synthesis of testosterone, but in vitro studies have also shown anti-androgenic effects at the receptor level. Some cross-sectional studies have shown inverse associations between urinary levels of phthalates and reproductive hormones, but results are conflicting and the evidence base is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate if levels of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) metabolites in serum are associated with serum concentrations of male reproductive hormones and semen quality. A secondary aim was to investigate metabolic pathways of DEHP and DiNP on semen quality and reproductive hormones. A cross-sectional sample of 589 spouses of pregnant women from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine were enrolled between 2002 and 2004. The men gave semen and blood samples and were interviewed. Six phthalate metabolites of DEHP and DiNP were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in serum. The metabolites were summed according to their molar weight. We observed significant inverse associations between serum levels of the metabolites, the proxies and serum testosterone. Negative associations were also discovered between some metabolites and sex hormone-binding globulin, semen volume and total sperm count. Findings are compatible with a weak anti-androgenic action of DEHP metabolites, but less so for DiNP metabolites. Metabolic pathways differed significantly between the three study sites, but without major effect on semen quality or reproductive hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Olmer Specht
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Karin S Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Dick Heederik
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.
| | - Jens Peter E Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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