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Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Valko M, Alwasel S, Alomar S, Kuca K. Comprehensive analysis of prohibited substances and methods in sports: Unveiling trends, pharmacokinetics, and WADA evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104447. [PMID: 38636744 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This review systematically compiles sports-related drugs, substances, and methodologies based on the most frequently detected findings from prohibited lists published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) between 2003 and 2021. Aligned with structure of the 2023 prohibited list, it covers all proscribed items and details the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of five representatives from each section. Notably, it explores significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with these substances. Adverse analytical findings are summarized in tables for clarity, and the prevalence is visually represented through charts. The review includes a concise historical overview of doping and WADA's role, examining modifications in the prohibited list for an understanding of evolving anti-doping measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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Vyas R, Bhushan R, Nagar H, Sharma A. Reversed-phase-HPLC enantioseparation and control of enantiomeric purity of duloxetine using a new chiral reagent and recovery of enantiomers. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5228. [PMID: 34398986 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a rapid and low-cost LC method for control of enantiomeric purity of duloxetine. Though duloxetine, as marketed and administered, is expected to be a single (S)-enantiomer, the analysis of a few commercial branded samples by the method developed and presented here showed that they contain a relatively high percentage of (R)-enantiomer (e.g., 2.71-5.42%, which is undesirable in drug formulations). A new chiral derivatizing reagent [isatinyl-(S)-naproxen amide] was synthesized on (S)-naproxen platform. Diastereomeric derivatives were synthesized under microwave irradiation and were separated using reversed-phase-HPLC on a C18 column. A combination of acetonitrile and triethylammonium phosphate buffer (9 mM, pH 4) as the mobile phase and detection at 273 nm were found successful. The diastereomeric derivatives at preparative scale were separated using open column chromatography, and the native enantiomers were obtained and characterized. The HPLC separation method was validated for detection limit, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The limits of detection of (S,R)-diastereomer and (S,S)-diastereomer were found to be 12 and 16 pg/mL, respectively, for the 20-μL injected volume. The method so developed has a practical significance and greater societal impact in establishing the control of enantiomeric purity and in ensuring the enantiomeric purity of the drug meant for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Vyas
- Chemistry Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Hariom Nagar
- Chemistry Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Aishwarya Sharma
- Chemistry Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
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Singh M, Bhushan R. Thin-Layer Chromatographic Enantioresolution of ( RS)-Ketorolac Using L-Amino Acids as Chiral Additive in Stationary Phase. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2019.32.6.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Singh M, Sethi S, Bhushan R. Liquid chromatographic methods for separation, determination, and bioassay of enantiomers of etodolac: A review. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:18-30. [PMID: 31389172 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The control of enantiomeric purity and determination of individual enantiomeric drug molecules remains the subject of importance for clinical, analytical, and regulatory purposes and to facilitate an accurate evaluation of the risks posed by them to human health. A large number of pharmaceuticals are marketed and administered as racemates. Etodolac is among such nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Overall literature reports on its enantioseparation are scanty. Liquid chromatography (LC) methods of enantioseparation of (±)-etodolac, including certain unconventional ones, are well covered and discussed in this paper. Methods of direct approach without using chiral columns or chiral thin-layer chromatography plate and of indirect approach using certain chiral derivatizing agents such as (S)-naproxen and (S)-levofloxacin are described. Most interesting aspects include establishment of structure and molecular asymmetry of chemically different types of diastereomeric derivatives using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 1 H NMR spectroscopy and by drawing conformations in three dimensional views by using certain software. The methods provide chirality recognition even in the absence of pure enantiomers. Besides, recovery of pure enantiomers by detagging or via solubility difference of chiral inducing reagent and the analyte, without racemization at any stage, has been achieved. The limits of detection and quantification are much lower than the industry benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Gao J, Zhang H, Ye C, Yuan Q, Chee KWA, Su W, Yu A, Yu J, Lin CT, Dai D, Fu L. Electrochemical Enantiomer Recognition Based on sp³-to-sp² Converted Regenerative Graphene/Diamond Electrode. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8121050. [PMID: 30558215 PMCID: PMC6316030 DOI: 10.3390/nano8121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It is of great significance to distinguish enantiomers due to their different, even completely opposite biological, physiological and pharmacological activities compared to those with different stereochemistry. A sp3-to-sp2 converted highly stable and regenerative graphene/diamond electrode (G/D) was proposed as an enantiomer recognition platform after a simple β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) drop casting process. The proposed enantiomer recognition sensor has been successfully used for d and l-phenylalanine recognition. In addition, the G/D electrode can be simply regenerated by half-minute sonication due to the strong interfacial bonding between graphene and diamond. Therefore, the proposed G/D electrode showed significant potential as a reusable sensing platform for enantiomer recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Qilong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Kuan W A Chee
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Weitao Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Aimin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Dan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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