1
|
Aba RP, Sbahi S, Mugani R, Redouane EM, Hejjaj A, Azevedo J, Moreira CIT, Boo SF, Alexandrino DADM, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Oudra B, Ouazzani N, Mandi L. Eco-friendly management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes through vertical flow multi-soil-layering technology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134281. [PMID: 38626680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Eutrophication has led to the widespread occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms with high concentrations of microcystins (MCs) have been identified in the Lalla Takerkoust reservoir in Morocco. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Multi-Soil-Layering (MSL) ecotechnology in removing natural cyanobacterial blooms from the lake. Two MSL pilots were used in rectangular glass tanks (60 × 10 × 70 cm). They consisted of permeable layers (PLs) made of pozzolan and a soil mixture layer (SML) containing local soil, ferrous metal, charcoal and sawdust. The main difference between the two systems was the type of local soil used: sandy soil for MSL1 and clayey soil for MSL2. Both MSL pilots effectively reduced cyanobacterial cell concentrations in the treated water to very low levels (0.09 and 0.001 cells/mL). MSL1 showed a gradual improvement in MC removal from 52 % to 99 %, while MSL2 started higher at 90 % but dropped to 54% before reaching 86%. Both MSL systems significantly reduced organic matter levels (97.2 % for MSL1 and 95.8 % for MSL2). Both MSLs were shown to be effective in removing cyanobacteria, MCs, and organic matter with comparable performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Prisca Aba
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim El Khattabi, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Sofyan Sbahi
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim El Khattabi, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; National Institute of Scientific and Technological Research in Water, City of Innovation Souss Massa, Ibn Zohr University, BP 32/S, Riad Salam, CP 80000 Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Richard Mugani
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim El Khattabi, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - El Mahdi Redouane
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Abdessamad Hejjaj
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim El Khattabi, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Ivone Tavares Moreira
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sergio Fernández Boo
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Alves Da Mota Alexandrino
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Naaila Ouazzani
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim El Khattabi, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Laila Mandi
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Abdelkarim El Khattabi, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; Water, Biodiversity and Climate change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dirks C, Cappelli P, Blomqvist M, Ekroth S, Johansson M, Persson M, Drakare S, Pekar H, Zuberovic Muratovic A. Cyanotoxin Occurrence and Diversity in 98 Cyanobacterial Blooms from Swedish Lakes and the Baltic Sea. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:199. [PMID: 38786590 PMCID: PMC11123207 DOI: 10.3390/md22050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Drinking Water Directive (EU) 2020/2184 includes the parameter microcystin LR, a cyanotoxin, which drinking water producers need to analyze if the water source has potential for cyanobacterial blooms. In light of the increasing occurrences of cyanobacterial blooms worldwide and given that more than 50 percent of the drinking water in Sweden is produced from surface water, both fresh and brackish, the need for improved knowledge about cyanotoxin occurrence and cyanobacterial diversity has increased. In this study, a total of 98 cyanobacterial blooms were sampled in 2016-2017 and identified based on their toxin production and taxonomical compositions. The surface water samples from freshwater lakes throughout Sweden including brackish water from eight east coast locations along the Baltic Sea were analyzed for their toxin content with LC-MS/MS and taxonomic composition with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Both the extracellular and the total toxin content were analyzed. Microcystin's prevalence was highest with presence in 82% of blooms, of which as a free toxin in 39% of blooms. Saxitoxins were found in 36% of blooms in which the congener decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) was detected for the first time in Swedish surface waters at four sampling sites. Anatoxins were most rarely detected, followed by cylindrospermopsin, which were found in 6% and 10% of samples, respectively. As expected, nodularin was detected in samples collected from the Baltic Sea only. The cyanobacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with the highest abundance and prevalence could be annotated to Aphanizomenon NIES-81 and the second most profuse cyanobacterial taxon to Microcystis PCC 7914. In addition, two correlations were found, one between Aphanizomenon NIES-81 and saxitoxins and another between Microcystis PCC 7914 and microcystins. This study is of value to drinking water management and scientists involved in recognizing and controlling toxic cyanobacteria blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dirks
- Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Cappelli
- Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Ekroth
- Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Johansson
- Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Max Persson
- Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Drakare
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Pekar
- Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Stockholm Vatten och Avfall, Bryggerivägen 10, SE-106 36 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riehle E, Beach DG, Multrus S, Parmar TP, Martin-Creuzburg D, Dietrich DR. Fate of Planktothrix-derived toxins in aquatic food webs: A case study in Lake Mindelsee (Germany). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116154. [PMID: 38422789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Blooms of the red, filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens occur frequently in pre-alpine lakes in Europe, often with concomitant toxic microcystin (MC) production. Trophic transfer of MCs has been observed in bivalves, fish, and zooplankton species, while uptake of MCs into Diptera species could facilitate distribution of MCs into terrestrial food webs and habitats. In this study, we characterized a Planktothrix bloom in summer 2019 in Lake Mindelsee and tracked possible trophic transfer and/or bioaccumulation of MCs via analysis of phytoplankton, zooplankton (Daphnia) and emergent aquatic insects (Chaoborus, Chironomidae and Trichoptera). Using 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found that five sequence variants of Planktothrix spp. were responsible for bloom formation in September and October of 2019, and these MC-producing variants, provisionally identified as P. isothrix and/or P. serta, occurred exclusively in Lake Mindelsee (Germany), while other variants were also detected in nearby Lake Constance. The remaining cyanobacterial community was dominated by Cyanobiaceae species with high species overlap with Lake Constance, suggesting a well-established exchange of cyanobacteria species between the adjacent lakes. With targeted LC-HRMS/MS we identified two MC-congeners, MC-LR and [Asp3]MC-RR with maximum concentrations of 45 ng [Asp3]MC-RR/L in lake water in September. Both MC congeners displayed different predominance patterns, suggesting that two different MC-producing species occurred in a time-dependent manner, whereby [Asp3]MC-RR was clearly associated with the Planktothrix spp. bloom. We demonstrate an exclusive transfer of MC-LR, but not [Asp3]MC-RR, from phytoplankton into zooplankton reaching a 10-fold bioconcentration, yet complete absence of these MC congeners or their conjugates in aquatic insects. The latter demonstrated a limited trophic transfer of MCs from zooplankton to zooplanktivorous insect larvae (e.g., Chaoborus), or direct transfer into other aquatic insects (e.g. Chironomidae and Trichoptera), whether due to avoidance or limited uptake and/or rapid excretion of MCs by higher trophic emergent aquatic insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Riehle
- University of Konstanz, Human and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Universitaetsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany.
| | - Daniel G Beach
- National Research Council Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Selina Multrus
- University of Konstanz, Human and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Universitaetsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Tarn Preet Parmar
- Brandenburg Technical University (BTU), Cottbus-Senftenberg, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Seestrasse 45, Bad Saarow 15526, Germany
| | - Dominik Martin-Creuzburg
- Brandenburg Technical University (BTU), Cottbus-Senftenberg, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Seestrasse 45, Bad Saarow 15526, Germany
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- University of Konstanz, Human and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Universitaetsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Réveillon D, Georges des Aulnois M, Savar V, Robert E, Caruana AMN, Briand E, Bormans M. Extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry of intra- and extracellular microcystins and nodularin to study the fate of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins across the freshwater-marine continuum. Toxicon 2024; 237:107551. [PMID: 38070753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microcystins (MCs) is increasingly being reported in coastal areas worldwide. To provide reliable data regarding this emerging concern, reproducible and accurate methods are required to quantify MCs in salt-containing samples. Herein, we characterized methods of extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for nine MCs and one nodularin (NOD) variants in both cyanobacteria (intracellular) and dissolved forms (extracellular). Different approaches have been used to cope with salinity for the extraction of dissolved MCs but none assessed solid phase extraction (SPE) so far. It was found that salt had negligible effect on the SPE recovery of dissolved MCs using the C18 cartridge while an overestimation up to 67% was noted for some variants with a polymeric sorbent. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 1.0-22 and 5.5-124 pg on column for the intracellular toxins, while 0.05-0.81 and 0.13-2.4 ng/mL were obtained for dissolved toxins. Extraction recoveries were excellent for intracellular (89-121%) and good to excellent for extracellular cyanotoxins (73-102%) while matrix effects were considered neglectable (<12% for 16/20 toxin-matrix combinations), except for the two MC-RR variants. The strategy based on the application of a corrective factor to compensate for losses proved useful as the accuracy was satisfactory (73-117% for intra- and 81-139% for extracellular cyanotoxins, bias <10% for 46/60 conditions, with a few exceptions), with acceptable precisions (intra- and inter-days variabilities <11%). We then applied this method on natural colonies of Microcystis spp. subjected to a salt shock, mimicking their estuarine transfer, in order to assess their survival and to quantify their toxins. The colonies of Microcystis spp. had both their growth and photosynthetic activity impaired at salinities from 10, while toxins remained mainly intracellular (>76%) even at salinity 20, suggesting a potential health risk and contamination of estuarine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Myriam Bormans
- University of Rennes, CNRS, Ecobio UMR, 6553, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moore J, Jayakumar A, Soldatou S, Mašek O, Lawton LA, Edwards C. Nature-Based Solution to Eliminate Cyanotoxins in Water Using Biologically Enhanced Biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16372-16385. [PMID: 37856890 PMCID: PMC10620996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and high eutrophication levels of freshwater sources are increasing the occurrence and intensity of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water supplies. Conventional water treatment struggles to eliminate cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins, and expensive tertiary treatments are needed. To address this, we have designed a sustainable, nature-based solution using biochar derived from waste coconut shells. This biochar provides a low-cost porous support for immobilizing microbial communities, forming biologically enhanced biochar (BEB). Highly toxic microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was used to influence microbial colonization of the biochar by the natural lake-water microbiome. Over 11 months, BEBs were exposed to microcystins, cyanobacterial extracts, and live cyanobacterial cells, always resulting in rapid elimination of toxins and even a 1.6-1.9 log reduction in cyanobacterial cell numbers. After 48 h of incubation with our BEBs, the MC-LR concentrations dropped below the detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. The accelerated degradation of cyanotoxins was attributed to enhanced species diversity and microcystin-degrading microbes colonizing the biochar. To ensure scalability, we evaluated BEBs produced through batch-scale and continuous-scale pyrolysis, while also guaranteeing safety by maintaining toxic impurities in biochar within acceptable limits and monitoring degradation byproducts. This study serves as a proof-of-concept for a sustainable, scalable, and safe nature-based solution for combating toxic algal blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Moore
- CyanoSol,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert
Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, U.K.
| | - Anjali Jayakumar
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
- UK Biochar
Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, U.K.
| | - Sylvia Soldatou
- CyanoSol,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert
Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, U.K.
- Marine
Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 1HG, U.K.
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar
Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, U.K.
| | - Linda A Lawton
- CyanoSol,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert
Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, U.K.
| | - Christine Edwards
- CyanoSol,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert
Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pravadali-Cekic S, Vojvodic A, Violi JP, Mitrovic SM, Rodgers KJ, Bishop DP. Simultaneous Analysis of Cyanotoxins β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and Microcystins-RR, -LR, and -YR Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecules 2023; 28:6733. [PMID: 37764509 PMCID: PMC10537148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its isomers, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine (AEG), along with microcystins (MCs)-RR, -LR, and -YR (the major MC congeners), are cyanotoxins that can cause detrimental health and environmental impacts during toxic blooms. Currently, there are no reverse-phase (RP) LC-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous detection and quantification of BMAA, its isomers, and the major MCs in a single analysis; therefore, multiple analyses are required to assess the toxic load of a sample. Here, we present a newly developed and validated method for the detection and quantification of BMAA, 2,4-DAB, AEG, MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR using RP LC-MS/MS. Method validation was performed, assessing linearity (r2 > 0.996), accuracy (>90% recovery for spiked samples), precision (7% relative standard deviation), and limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) (ranging from 0.13 to 1.38 ng mL-1). The application of this combined cyanotoxin analysis on a culture of Microcystis aeruginosa resulted in the simultaneous detection of 2,4-DAB (0.249 ng mg-1 dry weight (DW)) and MC-YR (4828 ng mg-1 DW). This study provides a unified method for the quantitative analysis of BMAA, its isomers, and three MC congeners in natural environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Pravadali-Cekic
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| | - Aleksandar Vojvodic
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| | - Jake P. Violi
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia;
| | - Simon M. Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.M.M.); (K.J.R.)
| | - Kenneth J. Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.M.M.); (K.J.R.)
| | - David P. Bishop
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pinchart PE, Leruste A, Pasqualini V, Mastroleo F. Microcystins and Cyanobacterial Contaminants in the French Small-Scale Productions of Spirulina ( Limnospira sp.). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:354. [PMID: 37368655 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina is consumed worldwide, in the form of food or dietary supplements, for its nutritional value and health potential. However, these products may contain cyanotoxins, including hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), produced by cyanobacterial contaminants. The French spirulina market has the particularity of being supplied half-locally by approximately 180 small-scale spirulina production farms. Data about this particular production and possible contaminations with other cyanobacteria and MCs are scarce. Thus, we collected the results of MC analyses and total cyanobacteria counts, carried out between 2013 and 2021, from 95 French spirulina producers who agreed to share their data. These data consisted of MC concentrations determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 623 dry spirulina samples and 105 samples of spirulina cultures. In addition, potentially unsafe samples of dry spirulina were further investigated through mass spectrometry, as duplicate analysis. We confirmed that the situation of the French spirulina production stayed within the safe regulatory level in terms of MC levels. On the other hand, the inventory of cyanobacterial contaminants, based on 539 count results, included 14 taxa. We present their prevalence, interannual evolution and geographical distribution. We also suggested improvements in cultivation practices to limit their propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Etienne Pinchart
- UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France
- Fédération des Spiruliniers de France (FSF), 34800 Clermont-l'Hérault, France
| | - Amandine Leruste
- Fédération des Spiruliniers de France (FSF), 34800 Clermont-l'Hérault, France
| | - Vanina Pasqualini
- UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France
| | - Felice Mastroleo
- Microbiology Unit, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
España Amórtegui JC, Pekar H, Retrato MDC, Persson M, Karlson B, Bergquist J, Zuberovic-Muratovic A. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks-Method Development, Validation and First Evidence of Occurrence of Nodularin in Mussels ( Mytilus edulis) and Oysters ( Magallana gigas) from the West Coast of Sweden. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050329. [PMID: 37235362 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cyanotoxins with hydrophilic and lipophilic properties in edible bivalves is presented. The method includes 17 cyanotoxins comprising 13 microcystins (MCs), nodularin (NOD), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), homoanatoxin (h-ATX) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). A benefit to the presented method is the possibility for the MS detection of MC-LR-[Dha7] and MC-LR-[Asp3] as separately identified and MS-resolved MRM signals, two congeners which were earlier detected together. The performance of the method was evaluated by in-house validation using spiked mussel samples in the quantification range of 3.12-200 µg/kg. The method was found to be linear over the full calibration range for all included cyanotoxins except CYN for which a quadratic regression was used. The method showed limitations for MC-LF (R2 = 0.94), MC-LA (R2 ≤ 0.98) and MC-LW (R2 ≤ 0.98). The recoveries for ATX-a, h-ATX, CYN, NOD, MC-LF and MC-LW were lower than desired (<70%), but stable. Despite the given limitations, the validation results showed that the method was specific and robust for the investigated parameters. The results demonstrate the suitability of the method to be applied as a reliable monitoring tool for the presented group of cyanotoxins, as well as highlight the compromises that need to be included if multi-toxin methods are to be used for the analysis of cyanotoxins with a broader range of chemical properties. Furthermore, the method was used to analyze 13 samples of mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Magallana gigas) collected in the 2020-2022 summers along the coast of Bohuslän (Sweden). A complementary qualitative analysis for the presence of cyanotoxins in phytoplankton samples collected from marine waters around southern Sweden was performed with the method. Nodularin was identified in all samples and quantified in bivalve samples in the range of 7-397 µg/kg. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria are not included in the European Union regulatory monitoring of bivalves; thus, the results presented in this study can be useful in providing the basis for future work including cyanotoxins within the frame of regulatory monitoring to increase seafood safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio César España Amórtegui
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cr. 45 N° 26-85, Bogotá P.O. Box 111321, Colombia
| | - Heidi Pekar
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Stockholm Water and Waste Company, Bryggerivägen 10, SE-106 36 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Dennis Chico Retrato
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Persson
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts Gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aida Zuberovic-Muratovic
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nugumanova G, Ponomarev ED, Askarova S, Fasler-Kan E, Barteneva NS. Freshwater Cyanobacterial Toxins, Cyanopeptides and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030233. [PMID: 36977124 PMCID: PMC10057253 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of structurally diverse cyanotoxins and bioactive cyanopeptides in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. The health significance of these metabolites, which include genotoxic- and neurotoxic agents, is confirmed by continued associations between the occurrence of animal and human acute toxic events and, in the long term, by associations between cyanobacteria and neurodegenerative diseases. Major mechanisms related to the neurotoxicity of cyanobacteria compounds include (1) blocking of key proteins and channels; (2) inhibition of essential enzymes in mammalian cells such as protein phosphatases and phosphoprotein phosphatases as well as new molecular targets such as toll-like receptors 4 and 8. One of the widely discussed implicated mechanisms includes a misincorporation of cyanobacterial non-proteogenic amino acids. Recent research provides evidence that non-proteinogenic amino acid BMAA produced by cyanobacteria have multiple effects on translation process and bypasses the proof-reading ability of the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase. Aberrant proteins generated by non-canonical translation may be a factor in neuronal death and neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that the production of cyanopeptides and non-canonical amino acids is a more general mechanism, leading to mistranslation, affecting protein homeostasis, and targeting mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. It can be evolutionarily ancient and initially developed to control phytoplankton communities during algal blooms. Outcompeting gut symbiotic microorganisms may lead to dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, a shift in blood-brain-barrier functionality, and eventually, mitochondrial dysfunction in high-energy demanding neurons. A better understanding of the interaction between cyanopeptides metabolism and the nervous system will be crucial to target or to prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Nugumanova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aparicio-Muriana MDM, Lara FJ, Olmo-Iruela MD, García-Campaña AM. Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020127. [PMID: 36828442 PMCID: PMC9960112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of blue-green algae (BGA) dietary supplements is increasing because of their health benefits. However, cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins, which present serious health risks. In this work we propose hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) to determine cyanotoxins in BGA dietary supplements. Target toxins, including microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) and microcystin-arginine-arginine (MC-RR), nodularin, anatoxin-a and three non-protein amino acids, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG), were separated using a SeQuant ZIC-HILIC column. Cyanotoxin extraction was based on solid-liquid extraction (SLE) followed by a tandem-solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Strata-X and mixed-mode cation-exchange (MCX) cartridges. The method was validated for BGA dietary supplements obtaining quantification limits from 60 to 300 µg·kg-1. Nine different commercial supplements were analyzed, and DAB, AEG, and MCs were found in some samples, highlighting the relevance of monitoring these substances as precaution measures for the safe consumption of these products.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Li Y, Abdallah MF, Tan H, Li J, Liu S, Zhang R, Sun F, Li Y, Yang S. Novel one-point calibration strategy for high-throughput quantitation of microcystins in freshwater using LC-MS/MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159345. [PMID: 36270352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Precise quantification of microcystins (MCs) in freshwater is crucial for environmental monitoring and human health. However, the preparation of traditional multi-sample external calibration curve (MSCC) is time consuming and prone to error. Here, a novel one-point calibration strategy including one sample multi-point calibration curve (OSCC) and in sample calibration curve (ISCC) is proposed for the quantitation of eight MCs in freshwater lakes using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The multiple isotopologue reaction monitoring (MIRM) of MCs and its 15N-labelled internal standards were used for OSCC and ISCC, respectively. The isotopic abundance of each MIRM channel could be calculated and measured accurately. Additionally, this strategy was comprehensively validated and showed good performance in selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision as the traditional MSCC. Interestingly, OSCC could realize sample dilution by monitoring the less abundant MIRM transitions, while ISCC remove blank matrixes and generate calibration curve in each study samples. Furthermore, the proposed methodology was successfully applied to analyze several freshwater lake samples contaminated by MCs. Considering the advantages of excluding the MSCC preparation, simplified workflows and improved throughput, OSCC and ISCC will be favored for MCs monitoring and as an emerging approach in environmental pollutant control and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Haiguang Tan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianxun Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Feifei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pestana CJ, Hui J, Camacho-Muñoz D, Edwards C, Robertson PKJ, Irvine JTS, Lawton LA. Solar-driven semi-conductor photocatalytic water treatment (TiO 2, g-C 3N 4, and TiO 2+g-C 3N 4) of cyanotoxins: Proof-of-concept study with microcystin-LR. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136828. [PMID: 36241123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and their toxins are a threat to drinking water safety as increasingly cyanobacterial blooms (mass occurrences) occur in lakes and reservoirs all over the world. Photocatalytic removal of cyanotoxins by solar light active catalysts is a promising way to purify water at relatively low cost compared to modifying existing infrastructure. We have established a facile and low-cost method to obtain TiO2 and g-C3N4 coated floating photocatalysts using recycled glass beads. g-C3N4 coated and TiO2+g-C3N4 co-coated beads were able to completely remove microcystin-LR in artificial fresh water under both natural and simulated solar light irradiation without agitation in less than 2 h. TiO2 coated beads achieved complete removal within 8 h of irradiation. TiO2+g-C3N4 beads were more effective than g-C3N4 beads as demonstrated by the increase reaction rate with reaction constants, 0.0485 min-1 compared to 0.0264 min-1 respectively, with TiO2 alone found to be considerably slower 0.0072 min-1. g-C3N4 based photocatalysts showed a similar degradation pathway to TiO2 based photocatalysts by attacking the C6-C7 double bond on the Adda side chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pestana
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Jianing Hui
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Peter K J Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen's University of Belfast, Stanmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - John T S Irvine
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 7GJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Turner AD, Beach DG, Foss A, Samdal IA, Løvberg KLE, Waack J, Edwards C, Lawton LA, Dean KJ, Maskrey BH, Lewis AM. A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:27. [PMID: 36668847 PMCID: PMC9867187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from the four independent test methods was 2425 ± 575 µg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 ± 9% of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form (57 ± 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Amanda Foss
- Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Waack
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Linda A. Lawton
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Confirmation Using Triple Quadrupole and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of a Fatal Canine Neurotoxicosis following Exposure to Anatoxins at an Inland Reservoir. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110804. [PMID: 36422978 PMCID: PMC9696769 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are often associated with the presence of harmful natural compounds which can cause adverse health effects in both humans and animals. One family of these compounds, known as anatoxins, have been linked to the rapid deaths of cattle and dogs through neurotoxicological action. Here, we report the findings resulting from the death of a dog at a freshwater reservoir in SW England. Poisoning was rapid following exposure to material at the side of the lake. Clinical signs included neurological distress, diaphragmatic paralysis and asphyxia prior to death after 45 min of exposure. Analysis by HILIC-MS/MS of urine and stomach content samples from the dog revealed the detection of anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a in both samples with higher concentrations of the latter quantified in both matrices. Detection and quantitative accuracy was further confirmed with use of accurate mass LC-HRMS. Additional anatoxin analogues were also detected by LC-HRMS, including 4-keto anatoxin-a, 4-keto-homo anatoxin-a, expoxy anatoxin-a and epoxy homo anatoxin-a. The conclusion of neurotoxicosis was confirmed with the use of two independent analytical methods showing positive detection and significantly high quantified concentrations of these neurotoxins in clinical samples. Together with the clinical signs observed, we have confirmed that anatoxins were responsible for the rapid death of the dog in this case.
Collapse
|
15
|
He Q, Wang W, Xu Q, Liu Z, Teng J, Yan H, Liu X. Microcystins in Water: Detection, Microbial Degradation Strategies, and Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013175. [PMID: 36293755 PMCID: PMC9603262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by some cyanobacteria, a class of cyclic heptapeptide toxins that are stable in the environment. Microcystins can create a variety of adverse health effects in humans, animals, and plants through contaminated water. Effective methods to degrade them are required. Microorganisms are considered to be a promising method to degrade microcystins due to their high efficiency, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This review focuses on perspectives on the frontiers of microcystin biodegradation. It has been reported that bacteria and fungi play an important contribution to degradation. Analysis of the biodegradation mechanism and pathway is an important part of the research. Microcystin biodegradation has been extensively studied in the existing research. This review provides an overview of (1) pollution assessment strategies and hazards of microcystins in water bodies and (2) the important contributions of various bacteria and fungi in the biodegradation of microcystins and their degradation mechanisms, including mlr gene-induced (gene cluster expressing microcystinase) degradation. The application of biodegradable technology still needs development. Further, a robust regulatory oversight is required to monitor and minimize MC contamination. This review aims to provide more references regarding the detection and removal of microcystins in aqueous environments and to promote the application of biodegradation techniques for the purification of microcystin-contaminated water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hai Yan
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (X.L.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
LC-MS/MS Validation and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Algal Food Supplements from the Belgium Market and Their Molecular Origins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080513. [PMID: 36006175 PMCID: PMC9415669 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food supplements are gaining popularity worldwide. However, harmful natural compounds can contaminate these products. In the case of algae-based products, the presence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria may cause health risks. However, data about the prevalence of algal food supplements on the Belgian market and possible contaminations with cyanotoxins are scarce. Therefore, we optimized and validated a method based on Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to quantify eight microcystin congeners and nodularin in algal food supplements. Our analytical method was successfully validated and applied on 35 food supplement samples. Nine out of these samples contained microcystin congeners, of which three exceeded 1 µg g−1, a previously proposed guideline value. Additionally, the mcyE gene was amplified and sequenced in ten products to identify the taxon responsible for the toxin production. For seven out of these ten samples, the mcyE gene could be amplified and associated to Microcystis sp. EFSA and posology consumption data for algal-based food supplements were both combined with our toxin prevalence data to establish different toxin exposure scenarios to assess health risks and propose new guideline values.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lei Z, Lei P, Guo J, Wang Z. Recent advances in nanomaterials-based optical and electrochemical aptasensors for detection of cyanotoxins. Talanta 2022; 248:123607. [PMID: 35661001 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence of cyanotoxins poses serious threats to human health, it is highly desirable to develop specific and sensitive methods for rapid detection of cyanotoxins in food and water. Due to the distinct advantages of aptamer including high specificity, good stability and easy preparation, various aptamer-based sensors (aptasensors) have been proposed to promote the detection of cyanotoxins. In this review, we summarize recent advance in optical and electrochemical aptasensors for cyanotoxins sensing by integrating with versatile nanomaterials or innovative sensing strategies, such as colorimetric aptasensors, fluorescent aptasensors, surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy-based aptasensors, voltammetric aptasensors, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based aptasensors and photoelectrochemical aptasensors. We highlight the accomplishments and advancements of aptasensors with improved performance. Furthermore, the current challenges and future prospects in cyanotoxins detection are discussed from our perspectives, which we hope to provide more ideas for future researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510316, PR China
| | - Jingfang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Development, Validation and Application of a Targeted LC-MS Method for Quantification of Microcystins and Nodularin: Towards a Better Characterization of Drinking Water. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins can be produced in surface waters by cyanobacterial blooms, mostly during summer and early autumn. Intoxications would result from consumption of water contaminated with the potent hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin. Therefore, the WHO has set a guideline value for drinking water quality concerning one congener of microcystin. Consequently, the design of a validated, public reference method to detect and quantify the hepatotoxins in drinking water is necessary. During this study, a method was developed to quantify cyanotoxins (eight microcystin congeners and nodularin) in water using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, bottled and tap water samples were tested for the presence of cyanotoxins. No cyanotoxins were detected in any of the collected water samples. However, quality controls and the results of a proficiency test show the validity of the method.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sundaravadivelu D, Sanan TT, Venkatapathy R, Mash H, Tettenhorst D, DAnglada L, Frey S, Tatters AO, Lazorchak J. Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030213. [PMID: 35324710 PMCID: PMC8949488 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their toxins are a significant and continuing threat to aquatic life in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal water ecosystems. Scientific understanding of the impacts of HABs on aquatic ecosystems has been hampered, in part, by limitations in the methodologies to measure cyanotoxins in complex matrices. This literature review discusses the methodologies currently used to measure the most commonly found freshwater cyanotoxins and prymnesins in various matrices and to assess their advantages and limitations. Identifying and quantifying cyanotoxins in surface waters, fish tissue, organs, and other matrices are crucial for risk assessment and for ensuring quality of food and water for consumption and recreational uses. This paper also summarizes currently available tissue extraction, preparation, and detection methods mentioned in previous studies that have quantified toxins in complex matrices. The structural diversity and complexity of many cyanobacterial and algal metabolites further impede accurate quantitation and structural confirmation for various cyanotoxins. Liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of toxin analysis has become an essential tool for cyanotoxin detection and can potentially be used for the concurrent analysis of multiple toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby T. Sanan
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.T.S.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-513-569-7076 (J.L.)
| | | | - Heath Mash
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Dan Tettenhorst
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Lesley DAnglada
- Office of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USA; (L.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Sharon Frey
- Office of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USA; (L.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Avery O. Tatters
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA;
| | - James Lazorchak
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
- Correspondence: (T.T.S.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-513-569-7076 (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdallah MF, Van Hassel WHR, Andjelkovic M, Wilmotte A, Rajkovic A. Cyanotoxins and Food Contamination in Developing Countries: Review of Their Types, Toxicity, Analysis, Occurrence and Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:786. [PMID: 34822570 PMCID: PMC8619289 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins have gained global public interest due to their potential to bioaccumulate in food, which threatens human health. Bloom formation is usually enhanced under Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical climates which are the dominant climate types in developing countries. In this context, we present an up-to-date overview of cyanotoxins (types, toxic effects, analysis, occurrence, and mitigation) with a special focus on their contamination in (sea)food from all the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as this has received less attention. A total of 65 publications have been found (from 2000 until October 2021) reporting the contamination by one or more cyanotoxins in seafood and edible plants (five papers). Only Brazil and China conducted more research on cyanotoxin contamination in food in comparison to other countries. The majority of research focused on the detection of microcystins using different analytical methods. The detected levels mostly surpassed the provisional tolerable daily intake limit set by the World Health Organization, indicating a real risk to the exposed population. Assessment of cyanotoxin contamination in foods from developing countries still requires further investigations by conducting more survey studies, especially the simultaneous detection of multiple categories of cyanotoxins in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Wannes H. R. Van Hassel
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium;
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Sciensano Research Institute, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Ju-liette Wytsmanstreet 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- BCCM/ULC Cyanobacteria Collection, InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Santos AA, Soldatou S, de Magalhães VF, Azevedo SMFO, Camacho-Muñoz D, Lawton LA, Edwards C. Degradation of Multiple Peptides by Microcystin-Degrader Paucibacter toxinivorans (2C20). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:265. [PMID: 33917728 PMCID: PMC8068134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since conventional drinking water treatments applied in different countries are inefficient at eliminating potentially toxic cyanobacterial peptides, a number of bacteria have been studied as an alternative to biological filters for the removal of microcystins (MCs). Here, we evaluated the degradation of not only MCs variants (-LR/DM-LR/-RR/-LF/-YR), but also non-MCs peptides (anabaenopeptins A/B, aerucyclamides A/D) by Paucibactertoxinivorans over 7 days. We also evaluated the degradation rate of MC-LR in a peptide mix, with all peptides tested, and in the presence of M. aeruginosa crude extract. Furthermore, biodegradation was assessed for non-cyanobacterial peptides with different chemical structures, such as cyclosporin A, (Glu1)-fibrinopeptide-B, leucine-enkephalin, and oxytocin. When cyanopeptides were individually added, P. toxinivorans degraded them (99%) over 7 days, except for MC-LR and -RR, which decreased by about 85 and 90%, respectively. The degradation rate of MC-LR decreased in the peptide mix compared to an individual compound, however, in the presence of the Microcystis extract, it was degraded considerably faster (3 days). It was noted that biodegradation rates decreased in the mix for all MCs while non-MCs peptides were immediately degraded. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS allowed us to identify two linear biodegradation products for MC-LR and MC-YR, and one for MC-LF. Furthermore, P. toxinivorans demonstrated complete degradation of non-cyanobacterial peptides, with the exception of oxytocin, where around 50% remained after 7 days. Thus, although P. toxinivorans was previously identified as a MC-degrader, it also degrades a wide range of peptides under a range of conditions, which could be optimized as a potential biological tool for water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan A. Santos
- Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (V.F.d.M.); (S.M.F.O.A.)
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Sylvia Soldatou
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Valeria Freitas de Magalhães
- Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (V.F.d.M.); (S.M.F.O.A.)
| | - Sandra M. F. O. Azevedo
- Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (V.F.d.M.); (S.M.F.O.A.)
| | - Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Linda A. Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, The Sir Ian Wood Building, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (D.C.-M.); (L.A.L.); (C.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kalaitzidou MP, Nannou CI, Lambropoulou DA, Papageorgiou KV, Theodoridis AM, Economou VK, Giantsis IA, Angelidis PG, Kritas SK, Petridou EJ. First report of detection of microcystins in farmed mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Thermaikos gulf in Greece. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2021; 28:8. [PMID: 33691804 PMCID: PMC7949245 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-021-00139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcystins are emerging marine biotoxins, produced by potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Their presence has been reported in aquatic animals in Greek freshwater, while data are few in marine environments. Since the climate change induces eutrophication and harmful algal blooms in coastal marine ecosystems affecting the public health, further research on microcystins' presence in marine waters is required. The aim of this study was to examine the potential presence of microcystins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in the largest farming areas in Thermaikos gulf, in Northern Greece, and to investigate their temporal and spatial distribution, adding to the knowledge of microcystins presence in Greek Mediterranean mussels. RESULTS A 4-year microcystins' assessment was conducted from 2013 to 2016, in farmed Mediterranean mussels M. galloprovincialis, in five sampling areas in Thermaikos gulf, in northern Greece, where the 90% of the Greek mussels' farming activities is located. The isolation of potentially toxic cyanobacteria was confirmed by molecular methods. An initial screening was performed with a qualitative and quantitative direct monoclonal (DM) ELISA and results above 1 ng g-1 were confirmed for the occurrence of the most common microcystins-RR, -LR and -YR, by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a high- resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) (Orbitrap analyzer). Microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR were detected, while the intensity of microcystin-YR was below the method detection limit. Most samples that exhibited concentrations above 1 ng g-1 were detected during the warm seasons of the year and especially in spring. Results indicated an overestimation of the ELISA method, since concentrations ranged between 0.70 ± 0.15 ng g-1 and 53.90 ± 3.18 ng g-1, while the confirmation denoted that the levels of microcystins were 6 to 22 times lower. CONCLUSIONS Microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR were detected for the first time in mussel M. galloprovincialis, harvested from farms in Thermaikos gulf, in Central Macedonia, Greece. Their presence was linked to potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Bioaccumulation was observed in digestive gland, while the concentrations in muscles were found extremely low. Samples with levels above 1 ng g-1 were observed mostly during spring, confirming the seasonal distribution of microcystins. The comparison of the results by the ELISA and the LC-Orbitrap MS method indicated an overestimation of concentration by the ELISA method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Kalaitzidou
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Department of Food Microbiology, Biochemical Control, Residues, Marine Biotoxins and other water toxins, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Limnou 3A, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina I. Nannou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- 3rd Military Veterinary Hospital, General Staff, Hellenic Ministry of Defense, 15th km Thessaloniki-Vasilika, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros M. Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vangelis K. Economou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G. Angelidis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia J. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Occurrence of microcystins, anabaenopeptins and other cyanotoxins in fish from a freshwater wildlife reserve impacted by harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Toxicon 2021; 194:44-52. [PMID: 33610629 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms of cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs) can lead to the release of potent toxins that can seriously affect ecosystem integrity. Some freshwater watersheds are particularly at risk considering the threats to already imperiled wildlife. The consumption of tainted drinking water and contaminated food also raises concerns for human health. In the present study, a pilot survey was conducted in the riverine ecosystem of the Pike River Ecological Reserve (QC, Canada) near Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain. We examined the occurrence of multiclass cyanotoxins including 12 microcystins, anatoxins, cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anabaenopeptins (AP-A, AP-B), and cyanopeptolin-A in surface waters and wild-caught fish during the summer 2018. Out of the 18 targeted cyanotoxins, 14 were detected in bloom-impacted surface water samples; toxins peaked during early-mid September with the highest concentrations for MC-LR (3.8 μg L-1) and MC-RR (2.9 μg L-1). Among the 71 field-collected fish from 10 species, 30% had positive detections to at least one cyanotoxin. In positive samples, concentration ranges in fish muscle were as follows for summed microcystins (∑MCs: 0.16-9.2 μg kg-1), CYN (46-75 μg kg-1), AP-A (1.1-5.4 μg kg-1), and AP-B (0.12-5.0 μg kg-1). To the best of our knowledge, this is one the first reports of anabaenopeptins occurrence in wildlife. The maximum ∑MCs in fish was 1.15-fold higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) daily intake recommendation for adults and nearly equated the derived value for young children. The concentration of CYN was also about 3-fold higher than the limit derived from the human health guideline values.
Collapse
|
24
|
Camacho-Muñoz D, Waack J, Turner AD, Lewis AM, Lawton LA, Edwards C. Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116400. [PMID: 33421845 PMCID: PMC7859834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce highly toxic secondary metabolites, which can be transported downstream by rivers and waterways into the sea. Estuarine and coastal aquaculture sites exposed to toxic cyanobacteria raise concerns that shellfish may accumulate and transfer cyanotoxins in the food web. This study aims to describe the competitive pattern of uptake and depuration of a wide range of microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LF, MC-LW, MC-LY, [Asp3]-MC-LR/[Dha7]-MC-LR, MC-HilR) and nodularins (NOD cyclic and linear) within the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to a combined culture of Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena into the coastal environment. Different distribution profiles of MCs/NODs in the experimental system were observed. The majority of MCs/NODs were present intracellularly which is representative of healthy cyanobacterial cultures, with MC-LR and NOD the most abundant analogues. Higher removal rate was observed for NOD (≈96%) compared to MCs (≈50%) from the water phase. Accumulation of toxins in M. edulis was fast, reaching up to 3.4 μg/g shellfish tissue four days after the end of the 3-days exposure period, with NOD (1.72 μg/g) and MC-LR (0.74 μg/g) as the dominant toxins, followed by MC-LF (0.35 μg/g) and MC-LW (0.31 μg/g). Following the end of the exposure period depuration was incomplete after 27 days (0.49 μg/g of MCs/NODs). MCs/NODs were also present in faecal material and extrapallial fluid after 24 h of exposure with MCs the main contributors to the total cyanotoxin load in faecal material and NOD in the extrapallial fluid. Maximum concentration of MCs/NODs accumulated in a typical portion of mussels (20 mussels, ≈4 g each) was beyond greater the acute, seasonal and lifetime tolerable daily intake. Even after 27 days of depuration, consuming mussels harvested during even short term harmful algae blooms in close proximity to shellfish beds might carry a high health risk, highlighting the need for testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Julia Waack
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cunningham BR, Coleman RM, Schaefer AM, Hamelin EI, Johnson RC. Detection of Brevetoxin in Human Plasma by ELISA. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:322-327. [PMID: 33515246 PMCID: PMC8679180 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Florida red tides have become more common and persistent in and around the Gulf of Mexico. When in bloom, red tides can produce brevetoxins in high concentrations, leading to human exposures primarily through contaminated food and ocean spray. The research described here includes adapting and validating a commercial brevetoxin water test kit for human plasma testing. Pooled plasma was fortified with a model brevetoxin, brevetoxin 3, at concentrations from 0.00500 to 3.00 ng/mL to generate calibration curves and quality control samples. The quantitative detection range was determined to be 0.0400–2.00 ng/mL brevetoxin 3 equivalents with inter- and intraday accuracies ranging from 94.0% to 109% and relative standard deviations <20%, which is within the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines for receptor-binding assays. Additionally, cross-reactivity was tested using 4 of the 10 known brevetoxins and 12 paralytic shellfish toxins. The cross-reactivity varied from 0.173% to 144% for the commercially available brevetoxin standards and 0% for the commercially available paralytic shellfish toxin standards. Fifty individual unexposed human plasma samples were measured to determine the limit of detection and endogenous interferences to the test. The validated method was used to test 31 plasma samples collected from humans potentially exposed to brevetoxins, detecting 11 positives. This method has been proven useful to measure human exposure to brevetoxins and can be applied to future exposure events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady R. Cunningham
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Coleman
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Adam M. Schaefer
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Elizabeth I. Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dinh QT, Munoz G, Simon DF, Vo Duy S, Husk B, Sauvé S. Stability issues of microcystins, anabaenopeptins, anatoxins, and cylindrospermopsin during short-term and long-term storage of surface water and drinking water samples. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 101:101955. [PMID: 33526180 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reproducible analytical procedures and rigorous quality control are imperative for an accurate monitoring of cyanobacterial toxins in environmental water samples. In this study, the short-term and long-term storage stability of diverse cyanotoxins (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsin, anabaenopeptins, and 12 microcystins) was evaluated in water samples, under different scenarios. Transport controls were performed at three monitoring sites in spiked ultrapure water and lake water to investigate short-term stability issues. Medium-term storage stability was evaluated for up to 14-28 days in ultrapure water, chlorine-treated drinking water (amended with reductant), and surface water (filtered and unfiltered) stored at different temperatures (20 °C, 4 °C, and -20 °C). Substantial decreases of cylindrospermopsin and anabaenopeptins were observed in tap water (20 °C) and unfiltered surface water (20 °C or 4 °C). Regardless of matrix type, cyanotoxin recoveries generally remained within an 80-120% range when the water samples were kept frozen. After a prolonged storage duration of 365 days at -20 °C, most cyanotoxins experienced decreases in the range of 10-20%. The notable exception was for the tryptophan-containing MC-LW and MC-WR, with more substantial variations (30% to 50% decrease) and conversion to N-formylkynurenine analogs. Reanalysis of field-collected surface waters after long-term storage at -20 °C also indicated significantly decreasing trends of cyanotoxins (between 6% and 23% decrease). In view of the above, short sample hold times should be favored as recommended in EPA methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Tuc Dinh
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dana F Simon
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Barry Husk
- BlueLeaf Inc., Drummondville, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Foo SC, Chapman IJ, Hartnell DM, Turner AD, Franklin DJ. Effects of H 2O 2 on growth, metabolic activity and membrane integrity in three strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38916-38927. [PMID: 32638304 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a management tool to control Microcystis blooms has become increasingly popular due to its short lifetime and targeted action. H2O2 increases intracellular reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress and subsequently cell death. H2O2 is naturally produced in freshwater bodies as a result of photocatalytic reactions between dissolved organic carbon and sunlight. Previously, some studies have suggested that this environmental source of H2O2 selectively targets for toxigenic cyanobacteria strains in the genus Microcystis. Also, past studies only focused on the morphological and biochemical changes of H2O2-induced cell death in Microcystis with little information available on the effects of different H2O2 concentrations on growth, esterase activity and membrane integrity. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of non-lethal (40-4000 nM) concentrations on percentage cell death; with a focus on sub-lethal (50 μM) and lethal (275 μM; 500 μM) doses of H2O2 on growth, cells showing esterase activity and membrane integrity. The non-lethal dose experiment was part of a preliminary study. Results showed a dose- and time-dependent relationship in all three Microcystis strains post H2O2 treatment. H2O2 resulted in a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species, decreased chlorophyll a content, decreased growth rate and esterase activity. Interestingly, at sub-lethal (50 μM H2O2 treatment), percentage of dead cells in microcystin-producing strains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in non-microcystin-producing strains at 72 h. These findings further cement our understanding of the influence of H2O2 on different strains of Microcystis and its impact on membrane integrity and metabolic physiology: important to future toxic bloom control programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Chern Foo
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Ian J Chapman
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
- New South Wales Shellfish Program, NSW Food Authority, Taree, NSW, 2430, Australia
| | - David M Hartnell
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Daniel J Franklin
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Magnet-actuated droplet microfluidic immunosensor coupled with gel imager for detection of microcystin-LR in aquatic products. Talanta 2020; 219:121329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
29
|
Tran NH, Li Y, Reinhard M, He Y, Gin KYH. A sensitive and accurate method for simultaneous analysis of algal toxins in freshwater using UPLC-MS/MS and 15N-microcystins as isotopically labelled internal standards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139727. [PMID: 32535285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of analytical methods for the detection and accurate quantification of algal toxins is of importance to assess the health risk of exposure to algal toxins in freshwater sources. This study established a sensitive and accurate analytical method for the quantification of 13 algal toxins (microcystins and nodularin) based on solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with UPLC-MS/MS, in which 15N-microcystins were used as surrogate/internal standards. SPE method was optimized to extract the target algal toxins in freshwater samples. Good SPE efficiencies (84-96%) were achieved for the overwhelming majority of the investigated algal toxins when SPE was performed using HLB (500 mg, 6 mL) under alkaline conditions (pH 11). An accurate quantitative analysis of the algal toxins in real freshwater samples was performed by using 15N-labelled microcystins as isotopically labelled internal standards (ILISs), which compensated for the loss of target toxins during the whole analytical process. In addition, ILISs also helped to correct the effects of environmental matrices and instrument fluctuation in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. The limit of method quantification (MQL) for the algal toxins was <2.0 ng/L that is sensitive enough to quantify extremely low levels of target toxins in freshwater samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Han Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China
| | - Martin Reinhard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Massey IY, Wu P, Wei J, Luo J, Ding P, Wei H, Yang F. A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E641. [PMID: 33020400 PMCID: PMC7601875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) produce microcystins (MCs) which are associated with animal and human hepatotoxicity. Over 270 variants of MC exist. MCs have been continually studied due of their toxic consequences. Monitoring water quality to assess the presence of MCs is of utmost importance although it is often difficult because CyanoHABs may generate multiple MC variants, and their low concentration in water. To effectively manage and control these toxins and prevent their health risks, sensitive, fast, and reliable methods capable of detecting MCs are required. This paper aims to review the three main analytical methods used to detect MCs ranging from biological (mouse bioassay), biochemical (protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), and chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography), as well as the newly emerging biosensor methods. In addition, the current state of these methods regarding their novel development and usage, as well as merits and limitations are presented. Finally, this paper also provides recommendations and future research directions towards method application and improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jia Wei
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Metcalf JS, Codd GA. Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E629. [PMID: 33019550 PMCID: PMC7601082 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments can occur alongside a wide range of additional health hazards including biological agents and synthetic materials. Cases of intoxications involving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with exposure to additional hazards, are discussed. Examples of the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria in such combinations are reviewed, including cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins plus algal toxins, microbial pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria, metals, pesticides, and microplastics. Toxicity assessments of cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and these additional agents, where investigated in bioassays and in defined combinations, are discussed and further research needs are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A. Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Presence of Cyanotoxins in a Mexican Subtropical Monomictic Crater Lake. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are a ubiquitous worldwide problem because some MCs can cause tumor formation and are hepatotoxic. In the Santa María del Oro crater lake, Mexico, plankton scums are recurrent during most of the year and are associated with cyanobacteria of the genera Microcystis spp. and Lyngbya spp. As some of these species are associated with the production of MCs and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), samples from these scums and particulate matter were collected and analyzed for the main bloom species and toxins by a ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Results showed that the main bloom-forming species were Limnoraphis robusta and Microcystis aeruginosa, the presence of at least seven MC congeners and the absence of PSTs in the algae scums. The MCs identified were MC-WR, MC-LR, MC-LA, MC-HilR, MC-LF, MC-YR, and MC-LY. On a dry mass weight basis, MC concentrations were low and ranged between 0.15 and 6.84 μg/kg. Toxin profiles were dominated by MC-WR, MC-LR, and MC-LA, representing 94.5% of the total sample, with each analog contributing 39.8%, 38.1% and 16.5% by relative concentration, respectively. Two of the more hazardous congeners, MC-LR and MC-LA, represented 54.6% of the total MC concentration. MCs in particulate matter along the depth profile were not detected. The MC profile is linked to M. aeruginosa, and it represents the first quantitative MC congener description for this species from a Mexican water ecosystem. Since these mats are recurrent yearly, their effects on humans and wild fauna, and the possible role of anthropogenic activities that favor their presence and proliferation, need to be evaluated.
Collapse
|
33
|
Schreidah CM, Ratnayake K, Senarath K, Karunarathne A. Microcystins: Biogenesis, Toxicity, Analysis, and Control. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2225-2246. [PMID: 32614166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptide toxins formed by cyanobacteria. These toxins are recognized for their association with algal blooms, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and drinking water quality. Due to the growing environmental concerns they raise, a comprehensive review on microcystins' genesis, toxicity, and analytical methods for their quantitative determination is outlined. Genes, including the mcyABC cluster, regulate microcystin biogenesis. Bioanalytical experiments have identified key environmental factors, such as temperature and nitrogen availability, that promote microcystin production. Microcystin toxicity is explored based on its modulatory effects on protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in specific tissues and organs. Additionally, biochemical mechanisms of chelation, transportation, resultant oxidative stress, and tumor promotion abilities of microcystins are also discussed. Various analytical methods to separate, detect, and quantify microcystins, including the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chromatographic platforms-linked tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for unequivocal structural identification, are also reviewed. Since control of microcystins in water is of great necessity, both water treatment and mechanisms of abiotic transformation and microbial degradation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine M Schreidah
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kasun Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kanishka Senarath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hartnell DM, Chapman IJ, Taylor NGH, Esteban GF, Turner AD, Franklin DJ. Cyanobacterial Abundance and Microcystin Profiles in Two Southern British Lakes: The Importance of Abiotic and Biotic Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080503. [PMID: 32764428 PMCID: PMC7472260 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria blooms represent a risk to ecological and human health through induction of anoxia and release of potent toxins; both conditions require water management to mitigate risks. Many cyanobacteria taxa may produce microcystins, a group of toxic cyclic heptapeptides. Understanding the relationships between the abiotic drivers of microcystins and their occurrence would assist in the implementation of targeted, cost-effective solutions to maintain safe drinking and recreational waters. Cyanobacteria and microcystins were measured by flow cytometry and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in two interconnected reservoirs varying in age and management regimes, in southern Britain over a 12-month period. Microcystins were detected in both reservoirs, with significantly higher concentrations in the southern lake (maximum concentration >7 µg L-1). Elevated microcystin concentrations were not positively correlated with numbers of cyanobacterial cells, but multiple linear regression analysis suggested temperature and dissolved oxygen explained a significant amount of the variability in microcystin across both reservoirs. The presence of a managed fishery in one lake was associated with decreased microcystin levels, suggestive of top down control on cyanobacterial populations. This study supports the need to develop inclusive, multifactor holistic water management strategies to control cyanobacterial risks in freshwater bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hartnell
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (N.G.H.T.); (A.D.T.)
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Sustainability, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK; (I.J.C.); (G.F.E.); (D.J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1305-206600
| | - Ian J. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Sustainability, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK; (I.J.C.); (G.F.E.); (D.J.F.)
- New South Wales Shellfish Program, NSW Food Authority, Taree 2430, Australia
| | - Nick G. H. Taylor
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (N.G.H.T.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Genoveva F. Esteban
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Sustainability, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK; (I.J.C.); (G.F.E.); (D.J.F.)
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (N.G.H.T.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Daniel J. Franklin
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Sustainability, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK; (I.J.C.); (G.F.E.); (D.J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kumar P, Rautela A, Kesari V, Szlag D, Westrick J, Kumar S. Recent developments in the methods of quantitative analysis of microcystins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22582. [PMID: 32662914 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are produced by the toxic cyanobacterial species present in algal blooms formed in water bodies due to nutrient over-enrichment by human influences and natural environmental conditions. Extensive studies are available on the most widely encountered cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs) in fresh and brackish water bodies. MC contaminated water poses severe risks to human health, environmental sustainability, and aquatic life. Therefore, commonly occurring MCs should be monitored. Occasionally, detection and quantification of these toxins are difficult due to the unavailability of pure standards. Enzymatic, immunological assays, and analytical techniques like protein phosphatase inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and biosensors are used for their detection and quantification. There is no single method for the detection of all the different types of MCs; therefore, various techniques are often combined to yield reliable results. Biosensor development offered a problem-solving approach in the detection of MCs due to their high accuracy, sensitivity, rapid response, and portability. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover emerging techniques used for the detection and quantification of the MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vigya Kesari
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Díez-Quijada Jiménez L, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cătunescu GM, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. A new method for the simultaneous determination of cyanotoxins (Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin) in mussels using SPE-UPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109284. [PMID: 32244106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) simultaneously from mussels by using response surface methodology (RSM) and to validate the method by a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) system combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The optimal parameters were: 90% MeOH (% v/v) for the extraction, a solvent/sample ratio of 75 and 15% MeOH in the extract before loading onto SPE. Mussels were spiked at 10; 37.5 and 75 ng g-1 fresh weight (f.w) of the 4 toxins, showing linear ranges of 0.5-75 ng g-1 f.w; low values for the limits of detection (0.01-0.39 ng g-1 f.w.) and quantification (0.23-0.40 ng g-1 f.w.); acceptable recoveries (70.37-114.03%) and relative standard deviation (%RSDIP) values (2.61-13.73%). The method was successfully applied to edible mussels exposed to cyanobacterial extracts under laboratory conditions, and it could allow the monitoring of these cyanotoxins in environmental mussel samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Díez-Quijada Jiménez L, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cascajosa Lira A, Jos Á, Cameán AM. In vitro assessment of cyanotoxins bioaccessibility in raw and cooked mussels. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111391. [PMID: 32353443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The oral route by ingestion of water and food contaminated with cyanotoxins is the main route of exposure to these toxins. This study addresses for the first time the bioaccessibility of some of the most common Microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) simultaneously in raw and steamed mussels spiked at 250 ng/g fresh weight of each cyanotoxin, after an in vitro digestion, including the salivary (incubation with artificial saliva, 30s), gastric (with pepsin, 2h, pH 2), duodenal (with pancreatin and bile salts, 2h, pH 6.5) and colonic phases (with lactic-acid bacteria, 48h, pH 7.2). The results obtained suggest that the potential absorption of these cyanotoxins by consumption of contaminated mussels is lower than expected. After the total effect of cooking and digestion, the mean bioaccessibility levels recorded were 24.65% (CYN), 31.51% (MC-RR), 17.51% (MC-YR) and 13.20% (MC-LR). Moreover, toxins were transferred to the steaming waters at 3.77 ± 0.24 μg L-1 CYN, 2.29 ± 0.13 μg L-1 MC-LR, 6.60 ± 0.25 μg L-1 MC-RR and 3.83 ± 0.22 μg L-1 MC-YR. These bioaccessibility results should be considered for a more accurate risk assessment related to these cyanotoxins in mussels, including the fact that the steaming waters could also represent a risk after human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guan T, He J, Liu D, Liang Z, Shu B, Chen Y, Liu Y, Shen X, Li X, Sun Y, Lei H. Open Surface Droplet Microfluidic Magnetosensor for Microcystin-LR Monitoring in Reservoir. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3409-3416. [PMID: 31948225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Establishing rapid, simple, and in situ detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking water sources is of significant importance for human health. To ease the situation that current methods cannot address, an open surface droplet microfluidic magnetosensor was designed and validated to quantify MC-LR in reservoir water, which is capable of (1) MC-LR isolation via MC-LR antibody-conjugated magnetic beads, (2) parallel and multistep analytical procedures in 15-array power-free and reusable active droplet microfluidic chips, (3) immunoassay incubation and fluorescence excitation within a miniaturized multifunctional 3D-printing optosensing accessory, and (4) signal read-out and data analysis by a user-friendly Android app. The proposed smartphone-based fluorimetric magnetosensor exhibited a low limit of detection of 1.2 × 10-5 μg/L in the range of 10-4 μg/L to 100 μg/L. This integrated and high throughput platform was utilized to draw an MC-LR contamination map for six reservoirs distributed in the Pearl River delta, Guangdong Province. It promises to be a simple and successful quantification method for MC-LR field detection, bringing many benefits to rapid on-site screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Guan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Jianfei He
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Dayu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510180 , China
| | - Zaoqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510180 , China
| | - Yiping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Xing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Xiangmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hemmati M, Tejada-Casado C, Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Rajabi M, del Olmo-Iruela M. Monitoring of cyanotoxins in water from hypersaline microalgae colonies by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detection following salting-out liquid-liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
40
|
The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090530. [PMID: 31547379 PMCID: PMC6784007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread distribution of cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment is increasing the risk of water pollution caused by cyanotoxins, which poses a serious threat to human health. However, the structural characterization, distribution and identification techniques of cyanotoxins have not been comprehensively reviewed in previous studies. This paper aims to elaborate the existing information systematically on the diversity of cyanotoxins to identify valuable research avenues. According to the chemical structure, cyanotoxins are mainly classified into cyclic peptides, alkaloids, lipopeptides, nonprotein amino acids and lipoglycans. In terms of global distribution, the amount of cyanotoxins are unbalanced in different areas. The diversity of cyanotoxins is more obviously found in many developed countries than that in undeveloped countries. Moreover, the threat of cyanotoxins has promoted the development of identification and detection technology. Many emerging methods have been developed to detect cyanotoxins in the environment. This communication provides a comprehensive review of the diversity of cyanotoxins, and the detection and identification technology was discussed. This detailed information will be a valuable resource for identifying the various types of cyanotoxins which threaten the environment of different areas. The ability to accurately identify specific cyanotoxins is an obvious and essential aspect of cyanobacterial research.
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang H, Gonzales GB, Beloglazova NV, De Saeger S, Shen J, Zhang S, Yang S, Wang Z. Development of a validated direct injection-liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method under negative electrospray ionization for quantitation of nine microcystins and nodularin-R in lake water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460432. [PMID: 31431355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by various cyanobacterial genera that are toxic to both animals and humans. In this study, a novel strategy was proposed for the quantitation of nine MCs and Nodularin-R (NOD) in lake water using UHPLC-MS/MS under negative ionization mode, in which only centrifugation was employed during sample preparation. As a result, limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μg/L for all studied compounds were obtained in water samples, which were lower than the results obtained using positive ionization mode. Additionally, validation was performed by spiking three different levels of MCs at 0.05 or 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μg/L (n = 6). Recoveries ranged from 88.6% to 101.8%, and intraday and interday variability were lower than 12% and 14%, respectively, for all targeted compounds. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to investigate microcystins contamination in fifty lake water samples collected in different regions in China. As a result, MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-WR, MC-LW, MC-LA, MC-LY, and MC-HilR were detected in lake water samples at trace level ranging from 0.06 to 0.37 μg/L. The obtained results indicated that it was necessary to monitor the presence of MCs in lake water, especially during regular cyanobacterial blooms during warmer months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China; Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Beloglazova
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Dinh QT, Tien Do D, Simon DF, Sauvé S. Analysis of the neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and isomers in surface water by FMOC derivatization liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220698. [PMID: 31386693 PMCID: PMC6684067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), suspected to trigger neurodegenerative diseases, can be produced during cyanobacterial bloom events and subsequently affect ecosystems and water sources. Some of its isomers including β-amino-N-methylalanine (BAMA), N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine (AEG), and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) may show different toxicities than BMAA. Here, we set out to provide a fast and sensitive method for the monitoring of AEG, BAMA, DAB and BMAA in surface waters. A procedure based on aqueous derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) was investigated for this purpose. Under optimized conditions, a small aqueous sample aliquot (5 mL) was spiked with BMAA-d3 internal standard, subjected to FMOC-Cl derivatization, centrifuged, and analyzed. The high-throughput instrumental method (10 min per sample) involved on-line pre-concentration and desalting coupled to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Chromatographic gradient and mobile phases were adjusted to obtain suitable separation of the 4 isomers. The method limits of detection were in the range of 2-5 ng L-1. In-matrix validation parameters including linearity range, accuracy, precision, and matrix effects were assessed. The method was applied to surface water samples (n = 82) collected at a large spatial scale in lakes and rivers in Canada. DAB was found in >70% of samples at variable concentrations (<3-1,900 ng L-1), the highest concentrations corresponding to lake samples in cyanobacterial bloom periods. BMAA was only reported (110 ng L-1) at one HAB-impacted location. This is one of the first studies to report on the profiles of AEG, BAMA, DAB, and BMAA in background and impacted surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Quoc Tuc Dinh
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dat Tien Do
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dana F. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Simultaneous Detection of 14 Microcystin Congeners from Tissue Samples Using UPLC- ESI-MS/MS and Two Different Deuterated Synthetic Microcystins as Internal Standards. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070388. [PMID: 31269739 PMCID: PMC6669509 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial microcystins (MCs), potent serine/threonine-phosphatase inhibitors, pose an increasing threat to humans. Current detection methods are optimised for water matrices with only a few MC congeners simultaneously detected. However, as MC congeners are known to differ in their toxicity, methods are needed that simultaneously quantify the congeners present, thus allowing for summary hazard and risk assessment. Moreover, detection of MCs should be expanded to complex matrices, e.g., blood and tissue samples, to verify in situ MC concentrations, thus providing for improved exposure assessment and hazard interpretation. To achieve this, we applied two synthetic deuterated MC standards and optimised the tissue extraction protocol for the simultaneous detection of 14 MC congeners in a single ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) run. This procedure was validated using plasma and liver homogenates of mice (male and female) spiked with deuterated MC standards. For proof of concept, tissue and plasma samples from mice i.p. injected with MC-LR and MC-LF were analysed. While MC-LF was detected in all tissue samples of both sexes, detection of MC-LR was restricted to liver samples of male mice, suggesting different toxicokinetics in males, e.g., transport, conjugation or protein binding. Thus, deconjugation/-proteinisation steps should be employed to improve detection of bound MC.
Collapse
|
44
|
Schmale DG, Ault AP, Saad W, Scott DT, Westrick JA. Perspectives on Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and the Cyberbiosecurity of Freshwater Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:128. [PMID: 31231642 PMCID: PMC6558221 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) have been observed in all 50 states in the U.S., ranging from large freshwater lakes, such as the Great Lakes, to smaller inland lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, as well as marine coastal areas and estuaries. In 2014, a HAB on Lake Erie containing microcystin (a liver toxin) contaminated the municipal water supply in Toledo, Ohio, providing non-potable water to 400,000 people. Studying HABs is complicated as different cyanobacteria produce a range of toxins that impact human health, such as microcystins, saxitoxin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin. HABs may be increasing in prevalence with rising temperatures and higher nutrient runoff. Consequently, new tools and technology are needed to rapidly detect, characterize, and respond to HABs that threaten our water security. A framework is needed to understand cyber threats to new and existing technologies that monitor and forecast our water quality. To properly detect, assess, and mitigate security threats on water infrastructure, it is necessary to envision water security from the perspective of a cyber-physical system (CPS). In doing so, we can evaluate risks and research needs for cyber-attacks on HAB-monitoring networks including data injection attacks, automated system hijacking attacks, node forgery attacks, and attacks on learning algorithms. Herein, we provide perspectives on the research needed to understand both the threats posed by HABs and the coupled cyber threats to water security in the context of HABs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Walid Saad
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Durelle T. Scott
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Judy A. Westrick
- Lumigen Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Díez-Quijada L, Guzmán-Guillén R, Prieto Ortega AI, Llana-Ruíz-Cabello M, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. New Method for Simultaneous Determination of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in Vegetable Matrices by SPE-UPLC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E406. [PMID: 30297653 PMCID: PMC6215191 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are a large group of noxious metabolites with different chemical structure and mechanisms of action, with a worldwide distribution, producing effects in animals, humans, and crop plants. When cyanotoxin-contaminated waters are used for the irrigation of edible vegetables, humans can be in contact with these toxins through the food chain. In this work, a method for the simultaneous detection of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR), and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in lettuce has been optimized and validated, using a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) system for toxin extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for analysis. Results showed linear ranges (5⁻50 ng g-1 f.w.), low values for limit of detection (LOD) (0.06⁻0.42 ng g-1 f.w.), and limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.16⁻0.91 ng g-1 f.w.), acceptable recoveries (41⁻93%), and %RSDIP values for the four toxins. The method proved to be robust for the three variables tested. Finally, it was successfully applied to detect these cyanotoxins in edible vegetables exposed to cyanobacterial extracts under laboratory conditions, and it could be useful for monitoring these toxins in edible vegetables for better exposure estimation in terms of risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana I Prieto Ortega
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Llana-Ruíz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de leixões, Av General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de leixões, Av General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Silva CJ. Food Forensics: Using Mass Spectrometry To Detect Foodborne Protein Contaminants, as Exemplified by Shiga Toxin Variants and Prion Strains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8435-8450. [PMID: 29860833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Food forensicists need a variety of tools to detect the many possible food contaminants. As a result of its analytical flexibility, mass spectrometry is one of those tools. Use of the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method expands its use to quantitation as well as detection of infectious proteins (prions) and protein toxins, such as Shiga toxins. The sample processing steps inactivate prions and Shiga toxins; the proteins are digested with proteases to yield peptides suitable for MRM-based analysis. Prions are detected by their distinct physicochemical properties and differential covalent modification. Shiga toxin analysis is based on detecting peptides derived from the five identical binding B subunits comprising the toxin. 15N-labeled internal standards are prepared from cloned proteins. These examples illustrate the power of MRM, in that the same instrument can be used to safely detect and quantitate protein toxins, prions, and small molecules that might contaminate our food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Silva
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Turner AD, Dhanji-Rapkova M, O'Neill A, Coates L, Lewis A, Lewis K. Analysis of Microcystins in Cyanobacterial Blooms from Freshwater Bodies in England. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E39. [PMID: 29324646 PMCID: PMC5793126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater bodies in England are currently monitored reactively, with samples containing more than 20,000 cells/mL of potentially toxin-producing species by light microscopy resulting in action by the water body owner. Whilst significantly reducing the risk of microcystin exposure, there is little data describing the levels of these toxins present in cyanobacterial blooms. This study focused on the quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of microcystins in freshwater samples, collected across England during 2016 and found to contain potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria. More than 50% of samples contained quantifiable concentrations of microcystins, with approximately 13% exceeding the WHO medium health threshold of 20 μg/L. Toxic samples were confirmed over a nine-month period, with a clear increase in toxins during late summer, but with no apparent geographical patterns. No statistical relationships were found between total toxin concentrations and environmental parameters. Complex toxin profiles were determined and profile clusters were unrelated to cyanobacterial species, although a dominance of MC-RR was determined in water samples from sites associated with lower rainfall. 100% of samples with toxins above the 20 μg/L limit contained cell densities above 20,000 cells/mL or cyanobacterial scum, showing the current regime is suitable for public health. Conversely, with only 18% of cell density threshold samples having total microcystins above 20 μg/L, there is the potential for reactive water closures to unnecessarily impact upon the socio-economics of the local population. In the future, routine analysis of bloom samples by LC-MS/MS would provide a beneficial confirmatory approach to the current microscopic assessment, aiding both public health and the needs of water users and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Monika Dhanji-Rapkova
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Alison O'Neill
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Lewis Coates
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Adam Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Katy Lewis
- Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Rd, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|