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Gul S, Sridhar SB, Jalil A, Akhlaq M, Arshad MS, Sarwar HS, Usman F, Shareef J, Thomas S. Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems of Furosemide: In Vivo Proof of Concept for Enhanced Predictable Therapeutic Response. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:500. [PMID: 38675460 PMCID: PMC11053802 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of furosemide (FSM) have been explored as a potential solution for enhancing solubility and permeability but are associated with rapid emulsification, spontaneous drug release, and poor in vivo correlation. To overcome the shortcoming, this study aimed to develop liquid and solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems for FSM, compare formulation dynamics, continue in vivo therapeutic efficacy, and investigate the advantages of solidification. For this purpose, liquid SNEDDS (L-SEDDS-FSM) were formed using oleic acid as an oil, chremophore EL, Tween 80, Tween 20 as a surfactant, and PEG 400 as a co-surfactant containing 53 mg/mL FSM. At the same time, solid SNEDDS (S-SEDDS-FSM) was developed by adsorbing liquid SNEDDS onto microcrystalline cellulose in a 1:1 ratio. Both formulations were evaluated for size, zeta potential, lipase degradation, and drug release. Moreover, in vivo diuretic studies regarding urine volume were carried out in mice to investigate the therapeutic responses of liquid and solid SNEDDS formulations. After dilution, L-SEDDS-FSM showed a mean droplet size of 115 ± 4.5 nm, while S-SEDDS-FSM depicted 116 ± 2.6 nm and zeta potentials of -5.4 ± 0.55 and -6.22 ± 1.2, respectively. S-SEDDS-FSM showed 1.8-fold reduced degradation by lipase enzymes in comparison to L-SEDDS-FSM. S-SEDDS-FSM demonstrated a sustained drug release pattern, releasing 63% of the drug over 180 min, in contrast to L-SEDDS-FSM, exhibiting 90% spontaneous drug release within 30 min. L-SEDDS-FSM exhibited a rapid upsurge in urine output (1550 ± 56 μL) compared to S-SEDDS-FSM, showing gradual urine output (969 ± 29 μL) till the 4th h of the study, providing sustained urine output yet a predictable therapeutic response. The solidification of SNEDDS effectively addresses challenges associated with spontaneous drug release and precipitation observed in liquid SNEDDS, highlighting the potential benefits of solid SNEDDS in improving the therapeutic response of furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Gul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan (M.S.A.); (F.U.)
| | - Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar
- RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates; (S.B.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Aamir Jalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan (M.S.A.); (F.U.)
| | - Muhammad Akhlaq
- Department of Pharmacy, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Sohail Arshad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan (M.S.A.); (F.U.)
| | - Hafiz Shoaib Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Faisal Usman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan (M.S.A.); (F.U.)
| | - Javedh Shareef
- RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates; (S.B.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Sabin Thomas
- College of Health Sciences, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman;
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Šahinović M, Hassan A, Kristó K, Regdon G, Vranić E, Sovány T. Quality by Design-Based Development of Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) as a Potential Carrier for Oral Delivery of Lysozyme. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030995. [PMID: 36986855 PMCID: PMC10058933 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, researchers have been making efforts to find a manufacturing technique, as well as a drug delivery system, that will allow for oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals to their target site of action without impairing their biological activity. Due to the positive in vivo outcomes of this formulation strategy, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) have been intensively studied in the last few years as a way of overcoming the different challenges associated with the oral delivery of macromolecules. The purpose of the present study was to examine the possibility of developing solid SEDDSs as potential carriers for the oral delivery of lysozyme (LYS) using the Quality by Design (QbD) concept. LYS was successfully ion paired with anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and this complex was incorporated into a previously developed and optimized liquid SEDDS formulation comprising medium-chain triglycerides, polysorbate 80, and PEG 400. The final formulation of a liquid SEDDS carrying the LYS:SDS complex showed satisfactory in vitro characteristics as well as self-emulsifying properties (droplet size: 13.02 nm, PDI: 0.245, and zeta potential: -4.85 mV). The obtained nanoemulsions were robust to dilution in the different media and highly stable after 7 days, with a minor increase in droplet size (13.84 nm) and constant negative zeta potential (-0.49 mV). An optimized liquid SEDDS loaded with the LYS:SDS complex was further solidified into powders by adsorption onto a chosen solid carrier, followed by direct compression into self-emulsifying tablets. Solid SEDDS formulations also exhibited acceptable in vitro characteristics, while LYS preserved its therapeutic activity in all phases of the development process. On the basis of the results gathered, loading the hydrophobic ion pairs of therapeutic proteins and peptides to solid SEDDS may serve as a potential method for delivering biopharmaceuticals orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Šahinović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alharith Hassan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kristó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Géza Regdon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Vranić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tamás Sovány
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Spleis H, Federer C, Claus V, Sandmeier M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Hydrophobic Ion Pairing of Small Molecules: How to Minimize Premature Drug Release from SEDDS and Reach the Absorption Membrane in Intact Form. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1450-1459. [PMID: 36786693 PMCID: PMC10015432 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to form hydrophobic ion pairs (HIPs) of a small molecule remaining inside the oily droplets of SEDDS to a high extent. HIPs of ethacridine and various surfactants classified by functional groups of phosphates, sulfates, and sulfonates were formed and precipitation efficiency, log Dn-octanol/water, and solubility in different excipients were investigated. Most lipophilic HIPs were incorporated into SEDDS and evaluated regarding drug release. Docusate HIPs showed the highest increase in lipophilicity with a precipitation efficiency of 100%, a log Dn-octanol/water of 2.66 and a solubility of 132 mg/mL in n-octanol, 123 mg/mL in oleyl alcohol, and 40 mg/mL in medium chain triglycerides. Docusate HIPs were incorporated into three SEDDS of increasing lipophilicity (F1 < F2 < F3) based on medium chain triglycerides, oleyl alcohol, Kolliphor EL, and Tween 80 (F1: 1 + 5 + 2 + 2; F2: 3 + 3 + 2 + 2; F3: 5 + 1 + 4 + 0). Highest achievable payloads ranged from 74.49 mg/mL (F3) to 97.13 mg/mL (F1) and log DSEDDS/RM increased by at least 7.5 units (4.99, F1). Drug release studies via the diffusion membrane method confirmed minor release of docusate HIPs from all SEDDS (<2.7% within 4 h). In conclusion, highly lipophilic HIPs remain inside the oily phase of SEDDS and likely reach the absorption membrane in intact form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Spleis
- Thiomatrix
Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Federer
- Thiomatrix
Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victor Claus
- Thiomatrix
Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Sandmeier
- Thiomatrix
Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Thiomatrix
Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology, University
of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80/82, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
- . Phone: +43-512-507-58-600
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Spleis H, Sandmeier M, Claus V, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Surface design of nanocarriers: Key to more efficient oral drug delivery systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 313:102848. [PMID: 36780780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As nanocarriers (NCs) can improve the solubility of drugs, prevent their degradation by gastrointestinal (GI) enzymes and promote their transport across the mucus gel layer and absorption membrane, the oral bioavailability of these drugs can be substantially enhanced. All these properties of NCs including self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and polymeric micelles depend mainly on their surface chemistry. In particular, interaction with food, digestive enzymes, bile salts and electrolytes, diffusion behaviour across the mucus gel layer and fate on the absorption membrane are determined by their surface. Bioinert surfaces limiting interactions with gastrointestinal fluid and content as well as with mucus, adhesive surfaces providing an intimate contact with the GI mucosa and absorption enhancing surfaces can be designed. Furthermore, charge converting surfaces shifting their zeta potential from negative to positive directly at the absorption membrane and surfaces providing a targeted drug release are advantageous. In addition to these passive surfaces, even active surfaces cleaving mucus glycoproteins on their way through the mucus gel layer can be created. Within this review, we provide an overview on these different surfaces and discuss their impact on the performance of NCs in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Spleis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Matthias Sandmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Victor Claus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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Noh G, Keum T, Raj V, Kim J, Thapa C, Shakhakarmi K, Kang MJ, Goo YT, Choi YW, Lee S. Assessment of hydrophobic-ion paired insulin incorporated SMEDDS for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:911-922. [PMID: 36403777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the low oral bioavailability of insulin, we hypothesized that the insulin-hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) complex incorporated self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) would be beneficial. In the present study, an oral insulin delivery system was developed and estimated using the HIP technique and SMEDDS. Further insulin-HIP complexes were characterized using various spectroscopical techniques. Additionally, insulin-HIP complexes were subjected to analysis of complexes' conformational stability in the real physiological solution using computational approaches. On the other hand, in vitro, and in vivo studies were carried out to investigate the permeability and hypoglycemic effect. Subsequently, in an in vitro non-everted gut sac study, the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) was approximately 8-fold higher in the colon than in the jejunum, and the HIP-incorporated SMEDDS showed an approximately 3-fold higher Papp value than the insulin solution. The hypoglycemic effect after in situ colon instillation, the HIP complex between insulin and sodium docusate-incorporated SMEDDS showed a pharmacological availability of 2.52 ± 0.33 % compared to the subcutaneously administered insulin solution. Thus, based on these outcomes, it can be concluded that the selection of appropriate counterions is important in developing HIP-incorporated SMEDDS, wherein this system shows promise as a tool for oral peptide delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyubin Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwang Keum
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinit Raj
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chhitij Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanchan Shakhakarmi
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Joo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Tae Goo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Xin J, Qin M, Ye G, Gong H, Li M, Sui X, Liu B, Fu Q, He Z. Hydrophobic ion pairing-based self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: a new strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of water-soluble drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1-11. [PMID: 36408589 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2150758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are formulations consisting of oil phase, emulsifiers, and co-emulsifiers, which can be spontaneously emulsified in the body to form O/W microemulsion. Traditionally, SEDDS are used commercially for the improvement of oral absorption and in vivo performances for poorly water-soluble drugs. However, SEDDS formulations were rarely reported for the delivery of water-soluble drugs. Recent studies have found that SEDDS have the potential for water-soluble macromolecular drugs by the application of the hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) technology. AREAS COVERED This review summarized the characteristics of HIP complexes in SEDDS and introduced their advantages and discussed the future prospects of HIP-based SEDDS in drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) is a technology that combines lipophilic structures on polar counterions to increase the lipophilicity through electrostatic interaction. Recent studies showed that HIP-based SEDDS offer an effective way to increase the mucosal permeability and improve the chemical stability for antibiotics, proteases, DNA-based drugs, and other water-soluble macromolecular drugs. It is believed that HIP-based SEDDS offer a potential and attractive method capable of delivering hydrophilic macromolecules with ionizable groups for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Xin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengdi Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Genyang Ye
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haonan Gong
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mo Li
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, No. 7 Chongshan West Road, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaofan Sui
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, No. 7 Chongshan West Road, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Bingyang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Puri V, Kaur VP, Singh A, Singh C. Recent advances on drug delivery applications of mucopenetrative/mucoadhesive particles: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Development of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDSs) Displaying Enhanced Permeation of the Intestinal Mucus Following Sustained Release of Prototype Thiol-Based Mucolytic Agent Load. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144611. [PMID: 35889482 PMCID: PMC9315686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, mucoactive self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) based on sustained release of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were developed for providing effective intestinal mucopermeation. Polymeric ionic complexes of NAC were formed with polyethyleneimine (PEI), Eudragit E 100, and Eudragit RS 100 and loaded into a novel SEDDS. The SEDDSs exhibited a stable average size of 75 ± 12 nm (polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.3) and showed a rise in the zeta potential from −17.31 mV to −7.72 mV. On Caco-2 cells, SEDDSs at 1−3% were non-cytotoxic. An average of 91.8 ± 5.4% NAC was released from SEDDSs containing Eudragit E 100 (p ≤ 0.05) and Eudragit RS 100 (p ≤ 0.001) complexes at a significantly slower rate within 80 min, whereas the SEDDS containing PEI released NAC in a matter of seconds. Similarly, the SEDDS complexes revealed a time-dependent reduction in mucus dynamic viscosity of 52.6 ± 19.9%. Consequently, as compared with a blank SEDDS, mucodiffusion revealed about 2- and 1.8-fold significantly greater mucopermeation of SEDDSs anchoring Eudragit E 100−NAC and RS 100−NAC complexes (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. The mucoactive SEDDSs, which steadily released NAC while permeating the mucus, were linked to a significantly increased mucopermeation in vitro as a result of optimal mucolytic targeting.
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Kali G, Knoll P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Emerging technologies to increase gastrointestinal transit times of drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2022; 346:289-299. [PMID: 35461970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Apart from already established technologies to increase gastrointestinal transit times, including devices rapidly increasing in size once they have reached the stomach in order to retard the passage through the pylorus, formulations that float on gastric fluids and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems adhering to the gastrointestinal mucosa, there are new technologies emerging that might be game changing. They include mucus permeating nanocarriers that are able to diffuse deeply into the mucus gel layer of the gastric and intestinal mucosa remaining there for a prolonged time period (i), charge-converting nanocarriers that shift their zeta potential from negative to positive within the mucus gel layer providing strong ionic bonds with anionic mucus glycoproteins (ii) and thiolated nanocarriers and cyclodextrins form even covalent bonds with cysteine-rich subdomains of mucus glycoproteins (iii). Within this review we will provide an overview about these emerging new technologies and will critically discuss their potential and shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Knoll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Poudwal S, Shende P. Multi-strategic approaches for enhancing active transportation using self-emulsifying drug delivery system. J Drug Target 2022; 30:726-736. [PMID: 35451898 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2069783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery is the most desired route of drug administration and it can be more beneficial for patients suffering from chronic diseases wherein frequent parenteral administration of proteins such as insulin and calcitonin is required. The BCS class II drugs show low aqueous solubility and high permeability whereas BCS class IV drugs suffer from low aqueous solubility and low permeability. Additionally, biologic drugs are highly sensitive to presence of bioenzymes and bile salts when administered orally. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is a thermodynamically stable lipid formulation that enhances oral absorption of active ingredients via the opening of tight junctions, increasing the membrane fluidity, and thus overcomes the physiological barriers like viscous mucus layer, strong acid conditions and enzymatic degradation. An understanding of different theories that govern SEDDS formation and drug release can help in formulating a highly stable and effective drug delivery system. Poorly permeable drugs such as chlorpromazine require modification using methods like hydrophobic ion pairing, complexation with phospholipids, etc. to enable high entrapment efficiency which is discussed in the article. Additionally, the article gives an overview of the influence of polymers, length of fatty acids chain and zeta potential in enhancing permeation across the intestinal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Poudwal
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Papagiannopoulos A, Selianitis D, Chroni A, Allwang J, Li Y, Papadakis CM. Preparation of trypsin-based nanoparticles, colloidal properties and ability to bind bioactive compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:678-687. [PMID: 35341884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) based on the proteolytic enzyme trypsin (TRY) were prepared by a biocompatible methodology. TRY co-assembled with the anionic polysaccharide chondroitin sulfate (CS) in complexes with well-defined distributions of radii in the range of 100-200 nm by electrostatic complexation at acidic conditions. At pH 7 the complexes were unstable and lost their monomodal size distribution which is potentially related to TRY's weak positive net surface charge and a large negative charge patch that forms at neutral pH. Thermal treatment at conditions which were not expected to interfere with TRY's proteolytic activity was used to stabilize the complexes into NPs that resisted disintegration at pH 7 taking advantage of the ability of the TRY globules to thermally aggregate. The secondary conformation of TRY within the NPs was found fairly unperturbed even after thermal treatment which is crucial for its physiological function. The CS-TRY NPs could bind and encapsulate the bioactive substances curcumin (CUR) and β-carotene (β-C) owing to TRY's hydrophobic domains. The CS-TRY NPs may be considered as a platform for the immobilized active enzyme and multifunctional NPs for hydrophobic bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Selianitis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Johannes Allwang
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yanan Li
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Targeted Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems to Restore Docetaxel Sensitivity in Resistant Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020292. [PMID: 35214025 PMCID: PMC8876228 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic agents such as docetaxel (DTX) in anticancer therapy is often correlated to side effects and the occurrence of drug resistance, which substantially impair the efficacy of the drug. Here, we demonstrate that self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) coated with enoxaparin (Enox) are a promising strategy to deliver DTX in resistant tumors. DTX partition studies between the SEDDS pre-concentrate and the release medium (water) suggest that the drug is well retained within the SEDDS upon dilution in the release medium. All SEDDS formulations show droplets with a mean diameter between 110 and 145 nm following dilution in saline and negligible hemolytic activity; the droplet size remains unchanged upon sterilization. Enox-coated SEDDS containing DTX exhibit an enhanced inhibition of cell growth compared to the control on cells of different solid tumors characterized by high levels of FGFR, which is due to an increased DTX internalization mediated by Enox. Moreover, only Enox-coated SEDDS are able to restore the sensitivity to DTX in resistant cells expressing MRP1 and BCRP by inhibiting the activity of these two main efflux transporters for DTX. The efficacy and safety of these formulations is also confirmed in vivo in resistant non-small cell lung cancer xenografts.
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Noh G, Keum T, Bashyal S, Seo JE, Shrawani L, Kim JH, Lee S. Recent progress in hydrophobic ion-pairing and lipid-based drug delivery systems for enhanced oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bashyal S, Seo JE, Choi YW, Lee S. Bile acid transporter-mediated oral absorption of insulin via hydrophobic ion-pairing approach. J Control Release 2021; 338:644-661. [PMID: 34481926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite many ongoing and innovative approaches, there are still formidable challenges in the clinical translation of oral peptide drugs into marketable products due to their low absorption and poor bioavailability. Herein, a novel nanocarrier platform was developed that employs a hydrophobic ion-pairing (HIP) of model peptide (insulin) and the anionic bile salt (sodium glycodeoxycholate, SGDC), and markedly improves intestinal absorption via the bile acid pathway. The developed HIP-nanocomplexes (C1 and C2) were optimized, characterized, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation were performed to assess oral efficacy of these system. The optimal molar ratios of C1 and C2-nanocomplexes were 30:1 and 6:1 (SGDC:insulin), respectively. Compared to the insulin solution, the C1 and C2 nanocomplexes significantly enhanced the permeation of insulin across the Caco-2 cell monolayers, with 6.36- and 4.05-fold increases in apparent permeability, respectively. Uptake mechanism studies were conducted using different endocytosis inhibitors and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)-transfected MDCK cells, which demonstrated the involvement of the energy-dependent ASBT-mediated active transport. Furthermore, the intrajejunal administration of C1 and C2 resulted in their pharmacological availabilities (PA) being 6.44% and 0.10%, respectively, indicating increased potential for C1, when compared to C2. Similarly, the PA and the relative bioavailability with intrajejunal administration of the C1 were 17.89-fold and 16.82-fold greater than those with intracolonic administration, respectively, confirming better jejunal absorption of C1. Overall, these findings indicate that the HIP-nanocomplexes could be a prominent platform for the effective delivery of peptides with improved intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Bashyal
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Eun Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Shahzadi I, Fürst A, Knoll P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for Oral Peptide Drug Delivery: About the Impact of Surface Decoration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1312. [PMID: 34452273 PMCID: PMC8399745 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of surfactants used for nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to provide enzymatic protection for incorporated peptides. Insulin as a model peptide was ion paired with sodium dodecyl sulfate to improve its lipophilicity. Three NLC formulations containing polyethylene glycol ester (PEG-ester), polyethylene glycol ether (PEG-ether), and polyglycerol ester (PG-ester) surfactants were prepared by solvent diffusion method. NLCs were characterized regarding particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Biocompatibility of NLCs was assessed on Caco-2 cells via resazurin assay. In vitro lipolysis study was performed using a standard lipid digestion method. Proteolytic studies were performed in simulated gastric fluid containing pepsin and simulated intestinal fluid containing pancreatin. Lipophilicity of insulin in terms of log Poctanol/water was improved from -1.8 to 2.1. NLCs were in the size range of 64-217 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.2-0.5 and exhibited a negative surface charge. PG-ester NLCs were non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 0.5%, PEG-ester NLCs up to a concentration of 0.25% and PEG-ether NLC up to a concentration of 0.125% (w/v). The lipolysis study showed the release of >90%, 70%, and 10% of free fatty acids from PEG-ester, PG-ester, and PEG-ether NLCs, respectively. Proteolysis results revealed the highest protective effect of PEG-ether NLCs followed by PG-ester and PEG-ester NLCs for incorporated insulin complex. Findings suggest that NLCs bearing substructures less susceptible to degrading enzymes on their surface can provide higher protection for incorporated peptides toward gastrointestinal proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (I.S.); (A.F.); (P.K.)
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Malkawi A, Kennedy R, Asim MH, Arshad S. WITHDRAWN: Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Mucolytic Action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-Polymer Hydrophobic Complexes for Effective Mucopermeation. J Pharm Sci 2021:S0022-3549(21)00089-7. [PMID: 33610567 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Malkawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ross Kennedy
- School of Biomedical Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia
| | | | - Shumaila Arshad
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Malkawi A, Jalil A, Nazir I, Matuszczak B, Kennedy R, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Hydrophobic Drug Polymer Complexes Provide a Sustained Release in Vitro. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3709-3719. [PMID: 32841038 PMCID: PMC7539300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop hydrophobic ionic drug polymer complexes in order to provide sustained drug release from self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). Captopril (CTL) was used as an anionic model drug to form ionic complexes with the cationic polymers Eudragit RS, RL, and E. Complexes of polymer to CTL charge ratio 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1 were incorporated in two SEDDS, namely FA which was 40% Kolliphor RH 40, 20% Kolliphor EL, and 40% castor oil and FB, which was 40% Kolliphor RH 40, 30% glycerol, 15% Kolliphor EL, and 15% castor oil. Blank and complex loaded SEDDS were characterized regarding their droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Resazurin assay was performed on Caco-2 cells to evaluate the biocompatibility of SEDDS. Release of CTL from SEDDS was determined in release medium containing 0.2 mg/mL of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DNTB) allowing quantification of free drug released into solution via a thiol/disulfide exchange reaction between CTL and DNTB forming a yellow dye. The droplet size of SEDDS FA and SEDDS FB were in the range of 100 ± 20 nm and 40 ± 10 nm, respectively, with a PDI < 0.5. The zeta potential of SEDDS FA and SEDDS FB increased after the incorporation of complexes. Cell viability remained above 80% after incubation with SEDDS FA and SEDDS FB in a concentration of 1% and 3% for 4 h. Without any polymer, CTL was entirely released from both SEDDS within seconds. In contrast, the higher the cationic lipophilic polymer to CTL ratio in SEDDS, the more sustained was the release of CTL. Among the polymers which were evaluated, Eudragit RL provided the most sustained release. SEDDS FA containing Eudragit RL and CTL in a ratio of 1:1 released 64.78 ± 8.28% of CTL, whereas SEDDS FB containing the same complex showed a release of 91.85 ± 1.17% within 1 h. Due to the formation of lipophilic ionic polymer complexes a sustained drug release from oily droplets formed by SEDDS can be achieved. Taking into account that drugs are otherwise instantly released from SEDDS, results of this study might open the door for numerous additional applications of SEDDS for which a sustained drug release is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Malkawi
- Center
for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aamir Jalil
- Center
for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Imran Nazir
- Center
for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Center
for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ross Kennedy
- School
of Biomedical Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center
for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Adapted nano-carriers for gastrointestinal defense components: surface strategies and challenges. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ismail R, Phan TNQ, Laffleur F, Csóka I, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Hydrophobic ion pairing of a GLP-1 analogue for incorporating into lipid nanocarriers designed for oral delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:10-17. [PMID: 32371152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic character of peptides can be tremendously improved by hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) with counterions to be efficiently incorporated into lipid-based nanocarriers (NCs). Herein, HIPs of exenatide with the cationic surfactant tetraheptylammonium bromide (THA) and the anionic surfactant sodium docusate (DOC) were formed to increase its lipophilicity. These HIPs were incorporated into lipid based NCs comprising 41% Capmul MCM, 15% Captex 355, 40% Cremophor RH and 4% propylene glycol. Exenatide-THA NCs showed a log Dlipophilic phase (LPh)/release medium (RM) of 2.29 and 1.92, whereas the log DLPh/RM of exenatide-DOC was 1.2 and -0.9 in simulated intestinal fluid and Hanks' balanced salts buffer (HBSS), respectively. No significant hemolytic activity was induced at a concentration of 0.25% (m/v) of both blank and loaded NCs. Exenatide-THA NCs and exenatide-DOC NCs showed a 10-fold and 3-fold enhancement in intestinal apparent membrane permeability compared to free exenatide, respectively. Furthermore, orally administered exenatide-THA and exenatide-DOC NCs in healthy rats resulted in a relative bioavailability of 27.96 ± 5.24% and 16.29 ± 6.63%, respectively, confirming the comparatively higher potential of the cationic surfactant over the anionic surfactant. Findings of this work highlight the potential of the type of counterion used for HIP as key to successful design of lipid-based NCs for oral exenatide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thi Nhu Quynh Phan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Shahzadi I, Nazir I, Nhu Quynh Phan T, Bernkop-Schnürch A. About the impact of superassociation of hydrophobic ion pairs on membrane permeability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Homayun B, Choi HJ. Halloysite nanotube-embedded microparticles for intestine-targeted co-delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Nazir I, Shahzadi I, Jalil A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Hydrophobic H-bond pairing: A novel approach to improve membrane permeability. Int J Pharm 2020; 573:118863. [PMID: 31765777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop hydrophobic H-bond pairs (HHPs) of leuprolide (LEU) with non-ionic surfactants to improve its membrane permeability. LEU was lipidized via hydrophobic H-bond pairing (HHP) with the sucrose esters (SEs) sucrose laurate HLB 15 (SLA-15), sucrose palmitate HLB 16 (SPA-16), sucrose stearate HLB 11 (SST-11) and sucrose stearate HLB 15 (SST-15). HHPs were evaluated regarding precipitation efficiency in water, zeta potential, log Pn-octanol/water and dissociation behavior at various pH over time. Cytotoxic potential of HHPs of LEU with SST-11 was investigated on Caco-2 cells. Subsequently, ex vivo permeation studies were carried out across freshly excised Sprague-Dawley rat intestinal mucosa. At a molar ratio of LEU to SEs of 1:≥1 a precipitation efficiency of above 50% was achieved. Zeta potential of complexes was neither influenced by the type nor the amount of added surfactants. Log Pn-octanol/water of LEU was up to 250-fold increased due to HHP utilizing SST-11. Dissociation studies showed that HHPs of LEU with SST-11 dissociate up to 20% in gastrointestinal (GI) pH conditions within 4 h. Moreover, HHPs of LEU with SST-11 exhibited no cytotoxicity. Ex vivo permeation studies revealed 2-fold improved membrane permeation of HHPs of LEU with SST-11 compared to free LEU. Findings of this study show that HHP can be considered as a promising strategy to improve membrane permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Nazir
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Iram Shahzadi
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aamir Jalil
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Efiana NA, Dizdarević A, Huck CW, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Improved Intestinal Mucus Permeation of Vancomycin via Incorporation Into Nanocarrier Containing Papain-Palmitate. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3329-3339. [PMID: 31136766 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve intestinal mucus permeation of a peptide antibiotic via incorporation into papain-palmitate-modified self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) as nanocarrier. Vancomycin as a peptide antibiotic was lipidized by hydrophobic ion pair formation using sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulphosuccinate before incorporation in SEDDS comprising Capmul MCM, propylenglycol, and Kolliphor EL (2:1:2). As mucolytic agent, 0.5% papain-palmitate was introduced in SEDDS formulation containing the vancomycin-sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulphosuccinate ion pair. The formulation was evaluated regarding droplet size, zeta potential, and cytotoxicity using Caco-2 cells previous to intestinal mucus permeation studies using Transwell diffusion and rotating tube method. The hydrophobic ion pair product yielded from surfactant to drug ratio of 3:1 provided a 25-fold increase in lipophilicity, drug payload in SEDDS of 5%, and log DSEDDS/release medium of 2.2. The formulation exhibited a droplet size and zeta potential of 221.5 ± 14.8 nm and -4.2 ± 0.8 mV, respectively. Cytotoxicity study showed that SEDDS formulations were not toxic. Introducing 0.5% papain-palmitate increased the mucus permeability of SEDDS 2.8-fold and 3.3-fold in Transwell diffusion and rotating tube studies, respectively. According to these results, papain decorated SEDDS might be a potential strategy to improve the mucus permeating properties of peptide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Ari Efiana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jl. Prof. Dr. Soepomo, S.H., Janturan, Warungboto, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta 55164, Indonesia
| | - Aida Dizdarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Nazir I, Fürst A, Lupo N, Hupfauf A, Gust R, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Zeta potential changing self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: A promising strategy to sequentially overcome mucus and epithelial barrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:40-49. [PMID: 31505225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to develop zeta potential changing self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) via a flip-flop mechanism in order to improve their mucus permeating and cellular uptake properties. METHODS Phosphorylated serine-oleylamine (p-Ser-OA) conjugates were synthesized and incorporated into SEDDS at a concentration of 1% (v/v). Cytotoxic potential of p-Ser-OA and p-Ser-OA loaded SEDDS was investigated on Caco-2 cells. Phosphate release was evaluated using isolated as well as cell-associated intestinal alkaline phosphatase (AP). In parallel, change in zeta potential and amino group concentration on the surface of SEDDS was determined. Furthermore, mucus permeation and cellular uptake studies were performed. RESULTS p-Ser-OA was synthesized by covalent attachment of serine (Ser) to oleylamine (OA) via a carbodiimide-mediated reaction followed by phosphorylation using phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The chemical structure of p-Ser-OA was confirmed via FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis. p-Ser-OA loaded SEDDS exhibited a droplet size and zeta potential of 46.42 ± 0.35 nm and -11.53 mV, respectively. A significant amount of phosphate was released after incubation with isolated as well as cell-associated AP within 6 h and zeta potential raised up to -2.04 mV. p-Ser-OA loaded SEDDS showed improved mucus permeation in comparison to p-Ser-OA loaded SEDDS treated with AP. Moreover, cellular uptake increased almost 2-fold after phosphate cleavage using AP. CONCLUSION Findings of this study show that SEDDS changing their zeta potential via a flip-flop mechanism exhibit both high mucus permeating and high cellular uptake properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Nazir
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Andrea Fürst
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Noemi Lupo
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Hupfauf
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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25
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Shahzadi I, Asim MH, Dizdarević A, Wolf JD, Kurpiers M, Matuszczak B, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Arginine-based cationic surfactants: Biodegradable auxiliary agents for the formation of hydrophobic ion pairs with hydrophilic macromolecular drugs. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 552:287-294. [PMID: 31132631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
WORKING HYPOTHESIS It was the hypothesis of this study that esters of arginine (Arg) with medium and long chain aliphatic alcohols are biodegradable and less cytotoxic than well-established cationic surfactants being used for hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) with hydrophilic macromolecular drugs. EXPERIMENTS Arg was linked to nonan-1-ol and hexadecan-1-ol (C9 and C16) via an ester linkage. The newly formed Arg-nonyl ester (ANE) and Arg-hexadecanoyl ester (AHE) surfactants were evaluated regarding critical micelle concentration (CMC) using pyrene fluorescent method, cytotoxicity on human colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived cells (Caco-2) and biodegradability at the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/mL using 2500 Nα-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride (BAEE) units/mL of trypsin. Furthermore, in order to evaluate their potential for HIP, heparin and daptomycin were used as model polysaccharide and peptide drugs, respectively. FINDINGS Chemical structures of ANE and AHE surfactants were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and LC-MS. CMC of ANE was 7.5 mM and CMC of AHE was 2 mM. Arg-surfactants were not cytotoxic below their CMC. At CMC and above CMC, ANE was significantly (P < 0.05) more cytotoxic than AHE. ANE in both concentrations was degraded ˃98% within 48 h. The degradation of AHE at lower concentration was ˃97% and about 50% at higher concentration. Arg-surfactants were able to efficiently precipitate heparin and daptomycin from corresponding aqueous solutions. CONCLUSION Arg-surfactants being biodegradable and less toxic seems to be a promising alternative to well-established cationic surfactants for the formation of hydrophobic ion pairs (HIPs) with hydrophilic macromolecular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Shahzadi
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mulazim Hussain Asim
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Aida Dizdarević
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian Dominik Wolf
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Kurpiers
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Nazir I, Asim MH, Dizdarević A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: Impact of stability of hydrophobic ion pairs on drug release. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:197-205. [PMID: 30836151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of stability of hydrophobic ion pairs (HIPs) in gastrointestinal (GI) fluids on their release from self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). HIPs of leuprolide (LEU), insulin (INS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were formed using various mono- and di-carboxylate surfactants i.e. sodium deoxycholate (SDC), sodium dodecanoate (SDD), sodium stearoyl glutamate (SSG) and pamoic acid di-sodium salt (PAM). HIPs were evaluated regarding precipitation efficiency, log Pn-butanol/water and dissociation behavior at various pH and ionic strength. Solubility studies of these HIPs were accomplished to identify suitable solvents for the formulation of SEDDS. Subsequently, HIPs were incorporated into SEDDS followed by characterization regarding zeta potential, stability and log DSEDDS/release medium. Independent from the type of (poly)peptides, PAM showed most efficient HIP properties among tested surfactants. The highest encapsulation efficiency with PAM was achieved at molar ratios of 1:1 for LEU, 1:3 for INS and 1:50 for BSA and log Pn-butanol/water of HIPs were increased at least 2.5 units. Dissociation studies showed that LEU-PAM, INS-PAM, BSA-PAM complexes were dissociated within 6 h up to 25%, 60% and 85% in GI fluids, respectively. These HIPs were successfully incorporated into SEDDS exhibiting negative zeta potential and high stability for 4 h. Log DSEDDS/release medium of LEU-PAM, INS-PAM, BSA-PAM complexes were 2.4 ± 0.7, 2.1 ± 0.62 and 1.6 ± 0.45, respectively. Findings of this study showed that stability of HIPs has great impact on log DSEDDS/release medium and consequently on their release from SEDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Nazir
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mulazim Hussain Asim
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Aida Dizdarević
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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