1
|
Huang Y, Liu H, Zhao Y, Chen H, Li Q, Li X, Hua S, Cao D, Chang Y. Disrupting redox homeostasis for tumor therapy based on PDT/chemo/ferroptosis therapeutic hybrid liposomes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20152-20162. [PMID: 38915327 PMCID: PMC11195642 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03361b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT) with other therapeutic modalities can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of tumor treatment and reduce the adverse effects associated with drug leakage and off-target accumulation. However, shaping combined strategies for synergistic therapy remains challenging. Herein, we developed versatile hybrid liposomes self-assembled from Ce6-lipid conjugates and loaded with the chemo drug doxorubicin (DOX) and ferroptosis inducer Fe3O4 nanoparticles for synergistic PDT/chemo/ferroptosis therapy. Abundant ROS are generated by PDT upon 650 nm light irradiation, Fe3O4-mediated Fenton reaction, and DOX-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, amplifying oxidative stress in cancer cells to disrupt cellular redox homeostasis could accelerate tumor cell death through oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Overall, this work highlights liposome-based therapeutic nanoformulations, thus offering a breakthrough redox homeostasis-based synergistic PDT/chemo/ferroptosis therapy for lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130033 Jilin China
| | - Hongsen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130033 Jilin China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310000 China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130033 Jilin China
| | - Qiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130033 Jilin China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Dianbo Cao
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Yulei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130033 Jilin China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song Y, Tan KB, Zhou SF, Zhan G. Biocompatible Copper-Based Nanocomposites for Combined Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3673-3692. [PMID: 38717176 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and Cu-based nanomaterials have received tremendous attention in recent years because of their unique physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility in the treatment of various diseases, especially cancer. To date, researchers have designed and fabricated a variety of integrated Cu-based nanocomplexes with distinctive nanostructures and applied them in cancer therapy, mainly including chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), cuproptosis-mediated therapy, etc. Due to the limited effect of a single treatment method, the development of composite diagnostic nanosystems that integrate chemotherapy, PTT, CDT, PDT, and other treatments is of great significance and offers great potential for the development of the next generation of anticancer nanomedicines. In view of the rapid development of Cu-based nanocomplexes in the field of cancer therapy, this review focuses on the current state of research on Cu-based nanomaterials, followed by a discussion of Cu-based nanocomplexes for combined cancer therapy. Moreover, the current challenges and future prospects of Cu-based nanocomplexes in clinical translation are proposed to provide some insights into the design of integrated Cu-based nanotherapeutic platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Song
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Kok Bing Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Guowu Zhan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan G, Hou G, Qian J, Wang Y, Xu W, Luo W, Chen X, Suo A. Hyaluronan-decorated copper-doxorubicin-anlotinib nanoconjugate for targeted synergistic chemo/chemodynamic/antiangiogenic tritherapy against hepatocellular carcinoma. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:857-869. [PMID: 38382370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Copper-based nanomaterials show considerable potential in the chemodynamic therapy of cancers. However, their clinical application is restricted by low catalytic activity in tumor microenvironment and copper-induced tumor angiogenesis. Herein, a novel copper-doxorubicin-anlotinib (CDA) nanoconjugate was constructed by the combination of copper-hydrazide coordination, hydrazone linkage and Schiff base bond. The CDA nanoconjugate consists of a copper-3,3'-dithiobis(propionohydrazide)-doxorubicin core and an anlotinib-hyaluronan shell. Benefiting from hyaluronan camouflage and abundant disulfide bonds and Cu2+, the CDA nanoconjugate possessed excellent tumor-targeting and glutathione-depleting abilities and enhanced chemodynamic efficacy. Released doxorubicin significantly improved copper-mediated chemodynamic therapy by upregulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 expression to increase intracellular H2O2 level. Furthermore, the nanoconjugate produced excessive •OH to induce lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus greatly elevating doxorubicin-mediated chemotherapy. Importantly, anlotinib effectively inhibited the angiogenic potential of copper ions. In a word, the CDA nanoconjugate is successfully constructed by combined coordination and pH-responsive linkages, and displays the great potential of copper-drug conjugate for targeted synergistic chemo/chemodynamic/antiangiogenic triple therapy against cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guanghui Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junmin Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenjuan Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Aili Suo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu H, Xu G, Wen C, Yu B, Jin Y, Yin XB. Multi-level Reactive Oxygen Species Amplifier to Enhance Photo-/Chemo-Dynamic/Ca 2+ Overload Synergistic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18459-18473. [PMID: 38578815 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) hold great promise for tumor treatment. However, hypoxia, insufficient H2O2, and overexpressed glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) hinder ROS generation significantly. Herein, we reported CaO2@Cu-TCPP/CUR with O2/H2O2/Ca2+ self-supply and GSH depletion for enhanced PDT/CDT and Ca2+ overload synergistic therapy. CaO2 nanospheres were first prepared and used as templates for guiding the coordination between the carboxyl of tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (TCPP) and Cu2+ ions as hollow CaO2@Cu-TCPP, which facilitated GSH-activated TCPP-based PDT and Cu+-mediated CDT. The hollow structure was then loaded with curcumin (CUR) to form CaO2@Cu-TCPP/CUR composites. Cu-TCPP prevented degradation of CaO2, while Cu2+ ions reacted with GSH to deplete GSH, produce Cu+ ions, and release TCPP, CaO2, and CUR. CaO2 reacted with H2O to generate O2, H2O2, and Ca2+ to achieve O2/H2O2/Ca2+ self-supply for TCPP-based PDT, Cu+-mediated CDT, and CUR-enhanced Ca2+ overload therapy. Thus, this multilevel ROS amplifier enhances synergistic therapy with fewer side effects and drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guangyao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Cong Wen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Binbin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Yanxian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Xue-Bo Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao X, Feng N, Huang Q, Liu Y. Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks and Nanoscale Coordination Polymers: From Synthesis to Cancer Therapy and Biomedical Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38382060 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, there has been significant interest in nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) characterized by ordered crystal structures and nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) featuring amorphous structures. These structures arise from the coordination interactions between inorganic metal ions or clusters and organic ligands. Their advantages, such as the ability to tailor composition and structure, efficiently encapsulate diverse therapeutic or imaging agents within porous frameworks, inherent biodegradability, and surface functionalization capability, position them as promising carriers in the biomedical fields. This review provides an overview of the synthesis and surface modification strategies employed for NMOFs and NCPs, along with their applications in cancer treatment and biological imaging. Finally, future directions and challenges associated with the utilization of NMOFs and NCPs in cancer treatment and diagnosis are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nana Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Zhang M, Zhang J, Li G, Lu X, Sun F, Liu W. Photoresponsive metal-organic framework with combined photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy for the targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113707. [PMID: 38181689 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Activated M1-type macrophages, which produce inflammatory factors that exacerbate rheumatoid arthritis (RA), represent crucial target cells for inhibiting the disease process. In this study, we developed a novel photoresponsive targeted drug delivery system (TPNPs-HA) that can effectively deliver the hypoxia-activated prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) specifically to activated macrophages. After administration, this metal-organic framework, PCN-224, constructed uing the photosensitizer porphyrin, exhibits the ability to generate excessive toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to near-infrared light. Additionally, the oxygen-consumed hypoxic environment further activates the chemotherapeutic effect of TPZ, thus creating a synergistic combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy (HaCT) to promote the elimination of activated M1-type macrophages. The results highlight the significantly potential of this photoresponsive nano-delivery system in providing substantial relief for RA. Furthermore, these findings support its effectiveness in inhibiting the disease process of RA, thereby offering new possibilities for the development of precise and accurate strategies for RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ge Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fengying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen S, Yan Y, Chen Y, Wang K, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li X, Wen J, Yuan Y. All-in-one HN@Cu-MOF nanoparticles with enhanced reactive oxygen species generation and GSH depletion for effective tumor treatment. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:11519-11531. [PMID: 38047895 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02433d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive cancer therapies, especially those based on reactive oxygen species, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), have gained much interest. As emerging photodynamic nanocarriers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on porphyrin can release reactive oxygen species (ROS) to destroy cancer cells. However, due to the inefficient production of ROS by photosensitizers and the over-expression of glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), their therapeutic effect is not satisfactory. Therefore, herein, we developed a multi-functional nanoparticle, HN@Cu-MOF, to enhance the efficacy of PDT. We combined chemical dynamic therapy (CDT) and nitric oxide (NO) therapy by initiating sensitization to PDT and cell apoptosis in the treatment of tumors. The Cu2+-doped MOF reacted with GSH to form Cu+, exhibiting a strong CDT ability to generate hydroxyl radicals (˙OH). The Cu-MOF was coated with HN, which is hyaluronic acid (HA) modified by a nitric oxide donor. HN can target tumor cells over-expressing the CD44 receptor and consume GSH in the cells to release NO. Both cell experiments and in vivo experiments showed an excellent tumor inhibitory effect upon the treatment. Overall, the HN@Cu-MOF nanoparticle-integrated NO gas therapy and CDT with PDT led to a significant enhancement in GSH consumption and a remarkable elevation in ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Yixuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Kaili Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Yawen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Xurui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Wen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma D, Wang G, Lu J, Zeng X, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Lin N, Chen Q. Multifunctional nano MOF drug delivery platform in combination therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115884. [PMID: 37862817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that for cancer treatment, combination therapies are more effective than monotherapies in reducing drug-related toxicity, decreasing drug resistance, and improving therapeutic efficacy. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the combination of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and multi-mode therapy offers a realistic possibility to further improve the shortcomings of cancer treatment. This article focuses on the latest developments, achievements, and treatment strategies of representative multifunctional MOF combination therapies for cancer treatment in recent years, which include not only bimodal combination therapies, but also multi-modal synergistic therapies, further demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of the MOF drug delivery systems in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Ma
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Jingsheng Lu
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zeng
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Yanwei Cheng
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Ning Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning, 530200, China.
| |
Collapse
|