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Li Z, Duan Y, Zhang F, Luan H, Shen WT, Yu Y, Xian N, Guo Z, Zhang E, Yin L, Fang RH, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J. Biohybrid microrobots regulate colonic cytokines and the epithelium barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Robot 2024; 9:eadl2007. [PMID: 38924422 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adl2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines have been identified as key contributors to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet conventional treatments often prove inadequate and carry substantial side effects. Here, we present an innovative biohybrid robotic system, termed "algae-MΦNP-robot," for addressing IBD by actively neutralizing colonic cytokine levels. Our approach combines moving green microalgae with macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles (MΦNPs) to efficiently capture proinflammatory cytokines "on the fly." The dynamic algae-MΦNP-robots outperformed static counterparts by enhancing cytokine removal through continuous movement, better distribution, and extended retention in the colon. This system is encapsulated in an oral capsule, which shields it from gastric acidity and ensures functionality upon reaching the targeted disease site. The resulting algae-MΦNP-robot capsule effectively regulated cytokine levels, facilitating the healing of damaged epithelial barriers. It showed markedly improved prevention and treatment efficacy in a mouse model of IBD and demonstrated an excellent biosafety profile. Overall, our biohybrid algae-MΦNP-robot system offers a promising and efficient solution for IBD, addressing cytokine-related inflammation effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yaou Duan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hao Luan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Shen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yiyan Yu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nianfei Xian
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Edward Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Achi SC, McGrosso D, Tocci S, Ibeawuchi SR, Sayed IM, Gonzalez DJ, Das S. Proteome profiling identifies a link between the mitochondrial pathways and host-microbial sensor ELMO1 following Salmonella infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592405. [PMID: 38746404 PMCID: PMC11092768 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The host EnguLfment and cell MOtility protein 1 (ELMO1) is a cytosolic microbial sensor that facilitates bacterial sensing, internalization, clearance, and inflammatory responses. We have shown previously that ELMO1 binds bacterial effector proteins, including pathogenic effectors from Salmonella and controls host innate immune signaling. To understand the ELMO1-regulated host pathways, we have performed liquid chromatography Multinotch MS3-Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) multiplexed proteomics to determine the global quantification of proteins regulated by ELMO1 in macrophages during Salmonella infection. Comparative proteome analysis of control and ELMO1-depleted murine J774 macrophages after Salmonella infection quantified more than 7000 proteins with a notable enrichment in mitochondrial-related proteins. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed 19 upregulated and 11 downregulated proteins exclusive to ELMO1-depleted cells during infection, belonging to mitochondrial functions, metabolism, vesicle transport, and the immune system. By assessing the cellular energetics via Seahorse analysis, we found that Salmonella infection alters mitochondrial metabolism, shifting it from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Importantly, these metabolic changes are significantly influenced by the depletion of ELMO1. Furthermore, ELMO1 depletion resulted in a decreased ATP rate index following Salmonella infection, indicating its importance in counteracting the effects of Salmonella on immunometabolism. Among the proteins involved in mitochondrial pathways, mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 was significantly upregulated in ELMO1-depleted cells and in ELMO1-KO mice intestine following Salmonella infection. Pharmacological Inhibition of DRP1 revealed the link of the ELMO1-DRP1 pathway in regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α following infection. The role of ELMO1 has been further characterized by a proteome profile of ELMO1-depleted macrophage infected with SifA mutant and showed the involvement of ELMO1-SifA on mitochondrial function, metabolism and host immune/defense responses. Collectively, these findings unveil a novel role for ELMO1 in modulating mitochondrial functions, potentially pivotal in modulating inflammatory responses. Significance Statement Host microbial sensing is critical in infection and inflammation. Among these sensors, ELMO1 has emerged as a key regulator, finely tuning innate immune signaling and discriminating between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria through interactions with microbial effectors like SifA of Salmonella . In this study, we employed Multinotch MS3-Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) multiplexed proteomics to determine the proteome alterations mediated by ELMO1 in macrophages following WT and SifA mutant Salmonella infection. Our findings highlight a substantial enrichment of host proteins associated with metabolic pathways and mitochondrial functions. Notably, we validated the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 that is upregulated in ELMO1-depleted macrophages and in ELMO1 knockout mice intestine after infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Salmonella -induced changes in cellular energetics are influenced by the presence of ELMO1. This work shed light on a possible novel link between mitochondrial dynamics and microbial sensing in modulating immune responses.
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Broering MF, Oseliero Filho PL, Borges PP, da Silva LCC, Knirsch MC, Xavier LF, Scharf P, Sandri S, Stephano MA, de Oliveira FA, Sayed IM, Gamarra LF, Das S, Fantini MCA, Farsky SHP. Development of Ac2-26 Mesoporous Microparticle System as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3537-3554. [PMID: 38638365 PMCID: PMC11024051 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s451589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) disrupt the intestinal epithelium, leading to severe chronic inflammation. Current therapies cause adverse effects and are expensive, invasive, and ineffective for most patients. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a pivotal endogenous anti-inflammatory and tissue repair protein in IBD. Nanostructured compounds loading AnxA1 or its active N-terminal mimetic peptides improve IBD symptomatology. Methods To further explore their potential as a therapeutic candidate, the AnxA1 N-terminal mimetic peptide Ac2-26 was incorporated into SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silica and covered with EL30D-55 to deliver it by oral treatment into the inflamed gut. Results The systems SBA-Ac2-26 developed measurements revealed self-assembled rod-shaped particles, likely on the external surface of SBA-15, and 88% of peptide incorporation. SBA-15 carried the peptide Ac2-26 into cultured Raw 264.7 macrophages and Caco-2 epithelial cells. Moreover, oral administration of Eudragit-SBA-15-Ac2-26 (200 μg; once a day; for 4 days) reduced colitis clinical symptoms, inflammation, and improved epithelium recovery in mice under dextran-sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Discussion The absorption of SBA-15 in gut epithelial cells is typically low; however, the permeable inflamed barrier can enable microparticles to cross, being phagocyted by macrophages. These findings suggest that Ac2-26 is successfully delivered and binds to its receptors in both epithelial and immune cells, aligning with the clinical results. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate a simple and cost-effective approach to delivering Ac2-26 orally into the inflamed gut, highlighting its potential as non-invasive IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Fronza Broering
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Leonidas Oseliero Filho
- Department of Applied Physics, Physics Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, MSY, UK
| | - Pâmela Pacassa Borges
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Camargo Knirsch
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Filippi Xavier
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Scharf
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Sandri
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Stephano
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Anselmo de Oliveira
- Instituto do Cérebro, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Fernel Gamarra
- Instituto do Cérebro, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Márcia C A Fantini
- Department of Applied Physics, Physics Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra H P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sharma A, Achi SC, Ibeawuchi SR, Anandachar MS, Gementera H, Chaudhury U, Usmani F, Vega K, Sayed IM, Das S. The crosstalk between microbial sensors ELMO1 and NOD2 shape intestinal immune responses. Virulence 2023; 14:2171690. [PMID: 36694274 PMCID: PMC9980453 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2171690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial sensors play an essential role in maintaining cellular homoeostasis. Our knowledge is limited on how microbial sensing helps in differential immune response and its link to inflammatory diseases. Recently we have confirmed that ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1) present in cytosol is involved in pathogen sensing, engulfment, and intestinal inflammation. Here, we show that ELMO1 interacts with another sensor, NOD2 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2), that recognizes bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The polymorphism of NOD2 is linked to Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of ELMO1 and mutant NOD2 (L1007fs) were not able to clear the CD-associated adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC-LF82). The functional implications of ELMO1-NOD2 interaction in epithelial cells were evaluated by using enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) from ELMO1 and NOD2 KO mice. Subsequently we also assessed the immune response in J774 macrophages depleted of either ELMO1 or NOD2 or both. The infection of murine EDMs with AIEC-LF82 showed higher bacterial load in ELMO1-KO, NOD2 KO EDMs, and ELMO1 KO EDMs treated with NOD2 inhibitors. The murine macrophage cells showed that the downregulation of ELMO1 and NOD2 is associated with impaired bacterial clearance that is linked to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Our results indicated that the crosstalk between microbial sensors in enteric infection and inflammatory diseases impacts the fate of the bacterial load and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Hobie Gementera
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Uddeep Chaudhury
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fatima Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kevin Vega
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego; San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Science, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, USA
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Anandachar MS, Roy S, Sinha S, Boadi A, Katkar GD, Ghosh P. Diverse gut pathogens exploit the host engulfment pathway via a conserved mechanism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105390. [PMID: 37890785 PMCID: PMC10696401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages clear infections by engulfing and digesting pathogens within phagolysosomes. Pathogens escape this fate by engaging in a molecular arms race; they use WxxxE motif-containing "effector" proteins to subvert the host cells they invade and seek refuge within protective vacuoles. Here, we define the host component of the molecular arms race as an evolutionarily conserved polar "hot spot" on the PH domain of ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility protein 1), which is targeted by diverse WxxxE effectors. Using homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a lysine triad within the "patch" directly binds all WxxxE effectors tested: SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 and IpgB2 (Shigella), and Map (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli). Using an integrated SifA-host protein-protein interaction network, in silico network perturbation, and functional studies, we show that the major consequences of preventing SifA-ELMO1 interaction are reduced Rac1 activity and microbial invasion. That multiple effectors of diverse structure, function, and sequence bind the same hot spot on ELMO1 suggests that the WxxxE effector(s)-ELMO1 interface is a convergence point of intrusion detection and/or host vulnerability. We conclude that the interface may represent the fault line in coevolved molecular adaptations between pathogens and the host, and its disruption may serve as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahitha Shree Anandachar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Agyekum Boadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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Lee YJ, Choi YS, Kim S, Heo JY, Kim DS, Kim KD, Nam SM, Nam HS, Lee SH, Choi D, Cho MK. Overexpression of Dock180 and Elmo1 in Melanoma is Associated with Cell Survival and Migration. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:439-450. [PMID: 38086358 PMCID: PMC10733078 DOI: 10.5021/ad.23.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and metastatic skin cancers. Although overexpression of Dock180 and Elmo1 has been identified in various cancers, including glioma, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer, their expression and functions in melanoma remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to confirm the expression of Dock180 and Elmo1, their underlying mechanisms, and roles in melanoma. METHODS Both immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting were used to confirm expression of Dock180 and Elmo1 in human melanoma. To identify roles of Dock180 and Elmo1 in cell survival, apoptosis and migration, downregulation of Dock180 or Elmo1 in melanoma cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) was performed. RESULTS We identified overexpression of Dock180 and Elmo1 in human melanoma compared to normal skin ex vivo. Inhibition of Dock180 or Elmo1 following siRNA in melanoma cells reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis as supported by increased proportion of cells with Annexin V-PE (+) staining and sub-G0/G1 peak in cell cycle analysis. Moreover, inhibition of Dock180 or Elmo1 regulated apoptosis-related proteins, showing downregulation of Bcl-2, caspase-3, and PARP and upregulation of Bax, PUMA, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, knockdown of Dock180 and Elmo1 in melanoma cells reduced cell migration and changed cellular signaling pathways including ERK and AKT. Vemurafenib decreased cell viability in concentration-dependent manner, while transfection with Dock180- or Elmo1-specific siRNA in melanoma cells significantly reduced cell viability. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that both Dock180 and Elmo1 may be associated with cancer progression, and can be potential targets for treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yu Sung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Heo
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Dam Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hae Seon Nam
- Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dongsic Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moon Kyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Anandachar MS, Roy S, Sinha S, Agyekum B, Ibeawuchi SR, Gementera H, Amamoto A, Katkar GD, Ghosh P. Diverse Gut Pathogens Exploit the Host Engulfment Pathway via a Conserved Mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.09.536168. [PMID: 37066267 PMCID: PMC10104235 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages clear infections by engulfing and digesting pathogens within phagolysosomes. Pathogens escape this fate by engaging in a molecular arms race; they use WxxxE motif-containing effector proteins to subvert the host cells they invade and seek refuge within protective vacuoles. Here we define the host component of the molecular arms race as an evolutionarily conserved polar hotspot on the PH-domain of ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility1), which is targeted by diverse WxxxE-effectors. Using homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a lysine triad within the patch directly binds all WxxxE-effectors tested: SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 and IpgB2 (Shigella), and Map (enteropathogenic E. coli). Using an integrated SifA-host protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, in-silico network perturbation, and functional studies we show that the major consequences of preventing SifA-ELMO1 interaction are reduced Rac1 activity and microbial invasion. That multiple effectors of diverse structure, function, and sequence bind the same hotpot on ELMO1 suggests that the WxxxE-effector(s)-ELMO1 interface is a convergence point of intrusion detection and/or host vulnerability. We conclude that the interface may represent the fault line in co-evolved molecular adaptations between pathogens and the host and its disruption may serve as a therapeutic strategy.
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8
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Duan Y, Zhang E, Fang RH, Gao W, Zhang L. Capsulated Cellular Nanosponges for the Treatment of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15893-15904. [PMID: 37565604 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal tract disorder characterized by uncontrolled inflammatory responses to the disrupted intestinal epithelial barrier and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Currently available small-molecule immunosuppressive agents and anticytokine biologics show limited potency, mainly due to the complexity of the inflammatory network involved in IBD. Here, we develop an oral formulation of macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles capsulated in enteric polymer-coated gelatin capsules (denoted "cp-MΦ-NPs") for IBD treatment. The capsules protect the nanoparticles from gastric degradation and allow for targeted delivery to the colon. At the inflamed colon, cp-MΦ-NPs act as macrophage decoys that bind and neutralize pro-inflammatory cytokines. The in vivo treatment efficacy of cp-MΦ-NPs is tested in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In both prophylactic and delayed treatment regimens, the oral delivery of cp-MΦ-NPs significantly alleviates IBD severity, reflected by reduced intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier restoration. Overall, cp-MΦ-NPs provide a biomimetic nanomedicine strategy for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaou Duan
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Edward Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Zhang E, Li Z, Lv T, Fu J, Dong L, Feng Y, Sun G, Xu X, Cui C, Wang W, Yang J. Transcriptome profiling explores the immune defence mechanism of triploid Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) blood against Vibrio alginolyticus based on protein interaction networks. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:104677. [PMID: 36870582 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triploid oysters have provided the oyster industry with many benefits, such as fast growth rates, meat quality improvement, and increased oyster production and economic benefits, since the first report on triploid oysters was published. The development of polyploid technology has remarkably increased the output of triploid oysters to meet the increasing demand of consumers for Crassostrea gigas in the past decades. At present, research on triploid oyster has mainly focused on breeding and growth, but studies on the immunity of triploid oysters are limited. According to recent reports, Vibrio alginolyticus is a highly virulent strain that can cause disease and death in shellfish, shrimp, as well as serious economic losses. V. alginolyticus may be a reason why oysters die during summer. Therefore, using V. alginolyticus to explore the resistance and immune defense mechanisms of triploid oysters against pathogens presents practical significance. Transcriptome analysis of gene expression was performed in triploid C. gigas at 12 and 48 h after infection with V. alginolyticus, and the respective 2257 and 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The results of GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that multiple significantly enriched GO terms and KEGG signaling pathways are associated with immunity. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to investigate the interaction relationship of immune-related genes. Finally, we verified the expression situation of 16 key genes using quantitative RT-PCR. This study is the first to use the PPI network in exploring the immune defense mechanism of triploid C. gigas blood to fill the gap in the immune mechanism of triploid oysters and other mollusks, and provide valuable reference for future triploid farming and pathogen prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshuo Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Tingjin Lv
- Yantai Institute of Marine Economy, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jingjing Fu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Luyao Dong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Guohua Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Cuiju Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
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Abstract
The daily removal of billions of apoptotic cells in the human body via the process of efferocytosis is essential for homeostasis. To allow for this continuous efferocytosis, rapid phenotypic changes occur in the phagocytes enabling them to engulf and digest the apoptotic cargo. In addition, efferocytosis is actively anti-inflammatory and promotes resolution. Owing to its ubiquitous nature and the sheer volume of cell turnover, efferocytosis is a point of vulnerability. Aberrations in efferocytosis are associated with numerous inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis, cancer and infections. The recent exciting discoveries defining the molecular machinery involved in efferocytosis have opened many avenues for therapeutic intervention, with several agents now in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mehrotra
- Unit for Cell Clearance in Health and Disease, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Sharma A, Achi SC, Ibeawuchi S, Anandachar MS, Gementera H, Chaudhury U, Usmani F, Vega K, Sayed IM, Das S. The crosstalk between microbial sensors ELMO1 and NOD2 shape intestinal immune responses.. [DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.09.499433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTMicrobial sensors play an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Our knowledge is limited on how microbial sensing helps in differential immune response and its link to inflammatory diseases. Recently, we have shown that cytosolic sensor ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1) binds to effectors from pathogenic bacteria and controls intestinal inflammation. Here, we show that ELMO1 interacts with another sensor, NOD2 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2), that recognizes bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The polymorphism of NOD2 is linked to Crohn’s disease (CD) pathogenesis. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of ELMO1 and mutant NOD2 (L1007fs) were not able to clear the CD-associated adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC-LF82). To understand the interplay of microbial sensing of ELMO1-NOD2 in epithelial cells and macrophages, we used enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) from ELMO1 and NOD2 KO mice and ELMO1 and NOD2-depleted murine macrophage cell lines. The infection of murine EDMs with AIEC-LF82 showed higher bacterial load in ELMO1-KO, NOD2 KO EDMs, and ELMO1 KO EDMs treated with NOD2 inhibitors. The murine macrophage cells showed that the downregulation of ELMO1 and NOD2 is associated with impaired bacterial clearance that is linked to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Our results indicated that the crosstalk between microbial sensors in enteric infection and inflammatory diseases impacts the fate of the bacterial load and disease pathogenesis.
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Tocci S, Ibeawuchi SR, Das S, Sayed IM. Role of ELMO1 in inflammation and cancer-clinical implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:505-525. [PMID: 35668246 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1) is a key protein for innate immunity since it is required for the clearance of apoptotic cells and pathogenic bacteria as well as for the control of inflammatory responses. ELMO1, through binding with Dock180 and activation of the Rac1 signaling pathway, plays a significant role in cellular shaping and motility. Rac-mediated actin cytoskeletal rearrangement is essential for bacterial phagocytosis, but also plays a crucial role in processes such as cancer cell invasion and metastasis. While the role of ELMO1 in bacterial infection and inflammatory responses is well established, its implication in cancer is not widely explored yet. Molecular changes or epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation, which ultimately leads to alterations in gene expression and deregulation of cellular signaling, has been reported for ELMO1 in different cancer types. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we provide an updated and comprehensive summary of the roles of ELMO1 in infection, inflammatory diseases and cancer. We highlight the possible mechanisms regulated by ELMO1 that are relevant for cancer development and progression and provide insight into the possible use of ELMO1 as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Tocci
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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13
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Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Lie D, Anandachar MS, Pranadinata R, Raffatellu M, Das S. The interaction of enteric bacterial effectors with the host engulfment pathway control innate immune responses. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1991776. [PMID: 34719317 PMCID: PMC8565811 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1991776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host engulfment protein ELMO1 generates intestinal inflammation following internalization of enteric bacteria. In Shigella, bacterial effector IpgB1 interacts with ELMO1 and promotes bacterial invasion. IpgB1 belongs to the WxxxE effector family, a motif found in several effectors of enteric pathogens. Here, we have studied the role of WxxxE effectors, with emphasis on Salmonella SifA and whether it interacts with ELMO1 to regulate inflammation. In-silico-analysis of WxxxE effectors was performed using BLAST search and Clustal W program. The interaction of ELMO1 with SifA was assessed by GST pulldown assay and co-immunoprecipitation. ELMO1 knockout mice, and ELMO1-depleted murine macrophage J774 cell lines were challenged with WT and SifA mutant Salmonella. Bacterial effectors containing the WxxxE motif were transfected in WT and ELMO1-depleted J774 cells to assess the inflammatory cytokines. ELMO1 generates differential pro-inflammatory cytokines between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. WxxxE motif is present in pathogens and in the TIR domain of host proteins. The C-terminal part of ELMO1 interacts with SifA where WxxxE motif is important for interaction. ELMO1-SifA interaction affects bacterial colonization, dissemination, and inflammatory cytokines in vivo. Moreover, ELMO1-SifA interaction increases TNF-α and IL-6 production from the macrophage cell line and is associated with enhanced Rac1 activity. ELMO1 also interacts with WxxxE effectors IpgB1, IpgB2, and Map and induces inflammation after challenge with microbes or microbial ligands. ELMO1 generates a differential response through interaction with the WxxxE motif, which is absent in commensals. ELMO1-WxxxE interaction plays a role in bacterial pathogenesis and induction of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Dominique Lie
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Rama Pranadinata
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, USA,Center for Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University-UC San Diego, La Jolla, CAUSA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,CONTACT Soumita Das Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mc 0644, George Palade Laboratory, Office Rm 256, San Diego, Ca, 92093-0644, USA
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14
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Xue R, Wang Y, Wang T, Lyu M, Mo G, Fan X, Li J, Yen K, Yu S, Liu Q, Xu J. Functional Verification of Novel ELMO1 Variants by Live Imaging in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:723804. [PMID: 34993193 PMCID: PMC8724260 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.723804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility1) is a gene involved in regulating cell motility through the ELMO1-DOCK2-RAC complex. Contrary to DOCK2 (Dedicator of Cytokinesis 2) deficiency, which has been reported to be associated with immunodeficiency diseases, variants of ELMO1 have been associated with autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To explore the function of ELMO1 in immune cells and to verify the functions of novel ELMO1 variants in vivo, we established a zebrafish elmo1 mutant model. Live imaging revealed that, similar to mammals, the motility of neutrophils and T-cells was largely attenuated in zebrafish mutants. Consequently, the response of neutrophils to injury or bacterial infection was significantly reduced in the mutants. Furthermore, the reduced mobility of neutrophils could be rescued by the expression of constitutively activated Rac proteins, suggesting that zebrafish elmo1 mutant functions via a conserved mechanism. With this mutant, three novel human ELMO1 variants were transiently and specifically expressed in zebrafish neutrophils. Two variants, p.E90K (c.268G>A) and p.D194G (c.581A>G), could efficiently recover the motility defect of neutrophils in the elmo1 mutant; however, the p.R354X (c.1060C>T) variant failed to rescue the mutant. Based on those results, we identified that zebrafish elmo1 plays conserved roles in cell motility, similar to higher vertebrates. Using the transient-expression assay, zebrafish elmo1 mutants could serve as an effective model for human variant verification in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Xue
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Mei Lyu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Regeneration, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Mo
- GuangZhou KingMed Center For Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., International Biotech Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xijie Fan
- GuangZhou KingMed Center For Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., International Biotech Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuangyu Yen
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kuangyu Yen, ; Shihui Yu, ; Qifa Liu, ; Jin Xu,
| | - Shihui Yu
- GuangZhou KingMed Center For Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., International Biotech Island, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kuangyu Yen, ; Shihui Yu, ; Qifa Liu, ; Jin Xu,
| | - Qifa Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kuangyu Yen, ; Shihui Yu, ; Qifa Liu, ; Jin Xu,
| | - Jin Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Regeneration, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kuangyu Yen, ; Shihui Yu, ; Qifa Liu, ; Jin Xu,
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15
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Understanding the genomic architecture of clinical mastitis in Bos indicus. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:466. [PMID: 34745817 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study elucidated potential genetic variants and QTLs associated with clinical mastitis incidence traits in Bos indicus breed, Sahiwal. Estimated breeding values for the traits (calculated using Bayesian inference) were used as pseudo-phenotypes for association with genome-wide SNPs and further QTL regions underlying the traits were identified. In all, 25 SNPs were found to be associated with the traits at the genome-wide suggestive threshold (p ≤ 5 × 10-4) and these SNPs were used to define QTL boundaries based on the linkage disequilibrium structure. A total of 16 QTLs were associated with the trait EBVs including seven each for clinical mastitis incidence (CMI) in first and second lactations and two for CMI in third lactation. Nine out of sixteen QTLs overlapped with the already reported QTLs for mastitis traits, whereas seven were adjudged as novel ones. Important candidates for clinical mastitis in the identified QTL regions included DNAJB9, ELMO1, ARHGAP26, NR3C1, CACNB2, RAB4A, GRB2, NUP85, SUMO2, RBPJ, and RAB33B genes. These findings shed light on the genetic architecture of the disease in Bos indicus, and present potential regions for fine mapping and downstream analysis in future.
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16
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Davidson A, Tyler J, Hume P, Singh V, Koronakis V. A kinase-independent function of PAK is crucial for pathogen-mediated actin remodelling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009902. [PMID: 34460869 PMCID: PMC8432889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family regulate a multitude of cellular processes, including actin cytoskeleton remodelling. Numerous bacterial pathogens usurp host signalling pathways that regulate actin reorganisation in order to promote Infection. Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli drive actin-dependent forced uptake and intimate attachment respectively. We demonstrate that the pathogen-driven generation of both these distinct actin structures relies on the recruitment and activation of PAK. We show that the PAK kinase domain is dispensable for this actin remodelling, which instead requires the GTPase-binding CRIB and the central poly-proline rich region. PAK interacts with and inhibits the guanine nucleotide exchange factor β-PIX, preventing it from exerting a negative effect on cytoskeleton reorganisation. This kinase-independent function of PAK may be usurped by other pathogens that modify host cytoskeleton signalling and helps us better understand how PAK functions in normal and diseased eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Davidson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Tyler
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vikash Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Milk Fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 (ST11) Modulates the Immune Response and Microbiota to Exert its Protective Effects Against Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:1398-1408. [PMID: 31970649 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics form a promising strategy to maintain intestinal health. Milks fermented with probiotic strains, such as the Lactobacillus paracasei ST11, are largely commercialized in Brazil and form a low-cost alternative to probiotic pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, we assessed the probiotic effects of milk fermented by L. paracasei ST11 (administered through fermented milk) in a Salmonella typhimurium infection model in BALB/c mice. We observed in this murine model that the applied probiotic conferred protective effects against S. typhimurium infection, since its administration reduced mortality, weight loss, translocation to target organs (liver and spleen) and ileum injury. Moreover, a reduction in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 in animals that received the probiotic before challenge was observed. Additionally, the ileum microbiota was better preserved in these animals. The present study highlights a multifactorial protective aspect of this commercial probiotic strain against a common gastrointestinal pathogen.
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18
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes that cause significant mortality in clinical settings and morbidity among survivors accompanied by huge healthcare costs. Lung-resident cell dysfunction/death and neutrophil alveolitis accompanied by proteinous edema are the main pathological features of ALI/ARDS. While understanding of the mechanisms underlying ALI/ARDS pathogenesis is progressing and potential treatments such as statin therapy, nutritional strategies, and mesenchymal cell therapy are emerging, poor clinical outcomes in ALI/ARDS patients persist. Thus, a better understanding of lung-resident cell death and neutrophil alveolitis and their mitigation and clearance mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies to accelerate lung repair and improve outcomes in critically ill patients. Macrophages are required for normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as regulating tissue injury and repair through modulation of inflammation and other cellular processes. While macrophages mediate various functions, here we review recent dead cell clearance (efferocytosis) mechanisms mediated by these immune cells for maintaining tissue homeostasis after infectious and non-infectious lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Noone
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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19
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den Hartog G, Butcher LD, Ablack AL, Pace LA, Ablack JNG, Xiong R, Das S, Stappenbeck TS, Eckmann L, Ernst PB, Crowe SE. Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 Restricts the Internalization of Bacteria Into Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Through the Inhibition of Rac1. Front Immunol 2021; 11:553994. [PMID: 33603730 PMCID: PMC7884313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.553994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic intestinal bacteria lead to significant disease in humans. Here we investigated the role of the multifunctional protein, Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), in regulating the internalization of bacteria into the intestinal epithelium. Intestinal tumor-cell lines and primary human epithelial cells were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. The effects of APE1 inhibition on bacterial internalization, the regulation of Rho GTPase Rac1 as well as the epithelial cell barrier function were assessed. Increased numbers of bacteria were present in APE1-deficient colonic tumor cell lines and primary epithelial cells. Activation of Rac1 was augmented following infection but negatively regulated by APE1. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 reversed the increase in intracellular bacteria in APE1-deficient cells whereas overexpression of constitutively active Rac1 augmented the numbers in APE1-competent cells. Enhanced numbers of intracellular bacteria resulted in the loss of barrier function and a delay in its recovery. Our data demonstrate that APE1 inhibits the internalization of invasive bacteria into human intestinal epithelial cells through its ability to negatively regulate Rac1. This activity also protects epithelial cell barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay D Butcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amber L Ablack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura A Pace
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jailal N G Ablack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Richard Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Soumita Das
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine Development, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sheila E Crowe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of ImmunoBiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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20
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TLR4 signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses are dampened by GIV/Girdin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26895-26906. [PMID: 33055214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011667117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of pathogens by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces an inflammatory response; controlled responses confer immunity but uncontrolled responses cause harm. Here we define how a multimodular scaffold, GIV (a.k.a. Girdin), titrates such inflammatory response in macrophages. Upon challenge with either live microbes or microbe-derived lipopolysaccharides (a ligand for TLR4), macrophages with GIV mount a more tolerant (hypo-reactive) transcriptional response and suppress proinflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways (i.e., NFkB and CREB) downstream of TLR4 compared to their GIV-depleted counterparts. Myeloid-specific gene-depletion studies confirmed that the presence of GIV ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and sepsis-induced death. The antiinflammatory actions of GIV are mediated via its C-terminally located TIR-like BB-loop (TILL) motif which binds the cytoplasmic TIR modules of TLR4 in a manner that precludes receptor dimerization; such dimerization is a prerequisite for proinflammatory signaling. Binding of GIV's TILL motif to TIR modules inhibits proinflammatory signaling via other TLRs, suggesting a convergent paradigm for fine-tuning macrophage inflammatory responses.
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21
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Sayed IM, Suarez K, Lim E, Singh S, Pereira M, Ibeawuchi SR, Katkar G, Dunkel Y, Mittal Y, Chattopadhyay R, Guma M, Boland BS, Dulai PS, Sandborn WJ, Ghosh P, Das S. Host engulfment pathway controls inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. FEBS J 2020; 287:3967-3988. [PMID: 32003126 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) urgently need new biomarkers as a significant proportion of patients, do not respond to current medications. Inflammation is a common factor in these diseases, and microbial sensing in the intestinal tract is critical to initiate the inflammation. We have identified ELMO1 (engulfment and cell motility protein 1) as a microbial sensor in epithelial and phagocytic cells that turns on inflammatory signals. Using a stem cell-based 'gut-in-a-dish' coculture model, we studied the interactions between microbes, epithelium, and monocytes in the context of IBD. To mimic the in vivo cell physiology, enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) were generated from the organoids isolated from WT and ELMO1-/- mice and colonic biopsies of IBD patients. The EDMs were infected with the IBD-associated microbes to monitor the inflammatory responses. ELMO1-depleted EDMs displayed a significant reduction in bacterial internalization, a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine productions and monocyte recruitment. The expression of ELMO1 is elevated in the colonic epithelium and in the inflammatory infiltrates within the lamina propria of IBD patients where the higher expression is positively correlated with the elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and TNF-α. MCP-1 is released from the epithelium and recruits monocytes to the site of inflammation. Once recruited, monocytes require ELMO1 to engulf the bacteria and propagate a robust TNF-α storm. These findings highlight that the dysregulated epithelial ELMO1 → MCP-1 axis can serve as an early biomarker in the diagnostics of IBD and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Suarez
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sujay Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matheus Pereira
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Gajanan Katkar
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yash Mittal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ranajoy Chattopadhyay
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brigid S Boland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Parambir S Dulai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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22
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Fultz R, Engevik MA, Shi Z, Hall A, Herrmann B, Ganesh BP, Major A, Haag A, Mori-Akiyama Y, Versalovic J. Phagocytosis by macrophages depends on histamine H2 receptor signaling and scavenger receptor 1. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e908. [PMID: 31369218 PMCID: PMC6813435 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The histamine H2 receptor (H2R) is a G protein‐coupled receptor that mediates cyclic AMP production, protein kinase A activation, and MAP kinase signaling. In order to explore the multifaceted effects of histamine signaling on immune cells, phagocytosis was evaluated using primary mouse‐derived macrophages. Phagocytosis is initiated by signaling via surface‐bound scavenger receptors and can be regulated by autophagy. Absence of H2R signaling resulted in diminished phagocytosis of live bacteria and synthetic microspheres by primary macrophages from histamine H2 receptor gene (Hrh2)‐deficient mice. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to quantify phagocytosis of phylogenetically diverse bacteria as well as microspheres of defined chemical composition. Autophagy and scavenger receptor gene expression were quantified in macrophages after exposure to Escherichia coli. Expression of the autophagy genes, Becn1 and Atg12, was increased in Hrh2−/− macrophages, indicating upregulation of autophagy pathways. Expression of the Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1 gene (Msr1) was diminished in Hrh2‐deficient macrophages, supporting the possible importance of histamine signaling in scavenger receptor abundance and macrophage function. Flow cytometry confirmed diminished MSR1 surface abundance in Hrh2−/− macrophages. These data suggest that H2R signaling is required for effective phagocytosis by regulating the process of autophagy and scavenger receptor MSR1 abundance in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fultz
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Shi
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Hall
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beatrice Herrmann
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Haag
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuko Mori-Akiyama
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Sarkar A, Tindle C, Pranadinata RF, Reed S, Eckmann L, Stappenbeck TS, Ernst PB, Das S. ELMO1 Regulates Autophagy Induction and Bacterial Clearance During Enteric Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 216:1655-1666. [PMID: 29029244 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are specialized phagocytic cells involved in clearing invading pathogens. Previously we reported that engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1) in macrophages mediates bacterial internalization and intestinal inflammation. Here we studied the role of ELMO1 in the fate of internalized targets. ELMO1 is present in the intracellular vesicles and enhances accumulation of the protein LC3B following engulfment of Salmonella or treatment with autophagy-inducing rapamycin. The protein ATG5 and the kinase ULK1 are involved in classical autophagy, while LC3-associated phagocytosis is ULK1 independent. ATG5 but not ULK1 cooperated with ELMO1 in LC3 accumulation after infection, suggesting the ELMO1 preferentially regulated LC3-associated phagocytosis. Because LC3-associated phagocytosis delivers cargo for degradation, the contribution of ELMO1 to the lysosome degradation pathways was evaluated by studying pH and cathepsin B activity. ELMO1-depleted macrophages showed a time-dependent increase in pH and a decrease in cathepsin B activity associated with bacterial survival. Together, ELMO1 regulates LC3B accumulation and antimicrobial responses involved in the clearance of enteric pathogens. This paper investigated how innate immune pathways involving ELMO1 work in a coordinated fashion to eliminate bacterial threats. ELMO1 is present in the phagosome and enhances bacterial clearance by differential regulation of lysosomal acidification and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
| | | | | | - Sharon Reed
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego
| | | | - Peter B Ernst
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego
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24
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Tamgue O, Gcanga L, Ozturk M, Whitehead L, Pillay S, Jacobs R, Roy S, Schmeier S, Davids M, Medvedeva YA, Dheda K, Suzuki H, Brombacher F, Guler R. Differential Targeting of c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1 by microRNA-143 and microRNA-365 Promotes the Intracellular Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Alternatively IL-4/IL-13 Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:421. [PMID: 30941122 PMCID: PMC6433885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can subvert the host defense by skewing macrophage activation toward a less microbicidal alternative activated state to avoid classical effector killing functions. Investigating the molecular basis of this evasion mechanism could uncover potential candidates for host directed therapy against tuberculosis (TB). A limited number of miRNAs have recently been shown to regulate host-mycobacterial interactions. Here, we performed time course kinetics experiments on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) alternatively activated with IL-4, IL-13, or a combination of IL-4/IL-13, followed by infection with Mtb clinical Beijing strain HN878. MiR-143 and miR-365 were highly induced in Mtb-infected M(IL-4/IL-13) BMDMs and MDMs. Knockdown of miR-143 and miR-365 using antagomiRs decreased the intracellular growth of Mtb HN878, reduced the production of IL-6 and CCL5 and promoted the apoptotic death of Mtb HN878-infected M(IL-4/IL-13) BMDMs. Computational target prediction identified c-Maf, Bach-1 and Elmo-1 as potential targets for both miR-143 and miR-365. Functional validation using luciferase assay, RNA-pulldown assay and Western blotting revealed that c-Maf and Bach-1 are directly targeted by miR-143 while c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1 are direct targets of miR-365. Knockdown of c-Maf using GapmeRs promoted intracellular Mtb growth when compared to control treated M(IL-4/IL-13) macrophages. Meanwhile, the blocking of Bach-1 had no effect and blocking Elmo-1 resulted in decreased Mtb growth. Combination treatment of M(IL-4/IL-13) macrophages with miR-143 mimics or miR-365 mimics and c-Maf, Bach-1, or Elmo-1 gene-specific GapmeRs restored Mtb growth in miR-143 mimic-treated groups and enhanced Mtb growth in miR-365 mimics-treated groups, thus suggesting the Mtb growth-promoting activities of miR-143 and miR-365 are mediated at least partially through interaction with c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1. We further show that knockdown of miR-143 and miR-365 in M(IL-4/IL-13) BMDMs decreased the expression of HO-1 and IL-10 which are known targets of Bach-1 and c-Maf, respectively, with Mtb growth-promoting activities in macrophages. Altogether, our work reports a host detrimental role of miR-143 and miR-365 during Mtb infection and highlights for the first time the role and miRNA-mediated regulation of c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1 in Mtb-infected M(IL-4/IL-13) macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Tamgue
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lorna Gcanga
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lauren Whitehead
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shandre Pillay
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raygaana Jacobs
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sugata Roy
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sebastian Schmeier
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Malika Davids
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yulia A. Medvedeva
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Computational Biology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Zheng XB, Liu HS, Zhang LJ, Liu XH, Zhong XL, Zhou C, Hu T, Wu XR, Hu JC, Lian L, Deng QL, Chen YF, Ke J, He XW, Wu XJ, He XS, Lan P. Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein 1 Protects Against DSS-induced Colonic Injury in Mice via Rac1 Activation. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:100-114. [PMID: 30219846 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mucosal healing is an emerging therapeutic goal that could result in clinical remission of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. We sought to determine the role of engulfment and cell motility protein 1 [ELMO1] in wound healing in vitro and in vivo and to investigate the underlying pathways. METHODS RNA transcriptome sequencing was performed to detect the expression profiles of mRNA between inflamed tissues and corresponding non-inflamed tissues of IBD patients, followed by Gene Expression Omnibus [GEO] datasets and western blot analysis. The effects of ELMO1 overexpression or knockdown on cell migration and proliferation were determined. The dependence of these effects on Rac1 was assessed using a Rac1 inhibitor [NSC23766] and a Rac1 pull-down assay. We identified the underlying pathways involved by Gene Ontology [GO] analysis. A dextran sulphate sodium [DSS]-induced colitis model was established to evaluate the role of ELMO1 in colonic mucosal healing. RESULTS ELMO1 was upregulated in inflamed tissues compared with corresponding non-inflamed tissues. ELMO1 overexpression increased cell migration in a Rac1-dependent manner. Depletion of ELMO1, or NSC23766 administration, abolished this effect. GO analysis revealed that ELMO1 overexpression preferentially affected pathways involved in cytoskeletal regulation and wound healing, which was demonstrated by enhanced F-actin staining and increased numbers of extending lamellipodia in cells overexpressing ELMO1. In DSS-induced colitis, systemic delivery of pSin-EF2-ELMO1-Pur attenuated colonic inflammation and promoted recovery from colonic injury. The protective effect of ELMO1 was dependent on Rac1 activation. CONCLUSIONS ELMO1 protects against DSS-induced colonic injury in mice through its effect on epithelial migration via Rac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Shan Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Long-Juan Zhang
- Laboratory of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhong
- Joint Cardiac Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tuo Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Rui Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Cong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Lian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Ling Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Feng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Ke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Wen He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. McCormick
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Beth A. McCormick, PhD, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655.
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