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Wang B, Zhou J, Li R, Tang D, Cao Z, Xu C, Xiao H. Activating CD8 + T Cells by Pt(IV) Prodrug-Based Nanomedicine and aPD-L1 Antibody for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311640. [PMID: 38341667 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed substantial progress in cancer immunotherapy, specifically T cell-based therapies. However, the application of T cell therapies has been primarily limited to hematologic malignancies, with limited success in the treatment of solid tumors. The main challenge in treating solid tumor is immune escape, which is characterized by reduced antigenicity, diminished immunogenicity, and the development of suppressive tumor immune microenvironments. To address these obstacles and restore T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses, a novel nanoparticle formulation known as PRA@Oxa-c16 is developed. This innovative approach combines retinoic acid and Pt(IV) to specifically target and overcome immune escape. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of PRA@Oxa-c16 primarily relies on its ability to induce anti-tumor T cell responses, in contrast to the cytotoxicity associated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. When combined with an immune checkpoint blockade, anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody, PRA@Oxa-c16 effectively eliminates solid tumors and induces immune memory responses, which prevent tumor metastasis and recurrence. This promising approach holds great potential for enhancing the treatment of solid tumors with T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingyu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ruitong Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai university, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dongsheng Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Yang W, Cui X, Sun D, Sun G, Yan Z, Wei M, Wang Z, Yu W. POU5F1 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells by reducing the ubiquitination level of TRAF6. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:802. [PMID: 38062041 PMCID: PMC10703809 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
POU5F1 plays an important role in maintaining the cancer stem cell (CSC) -like properties of gastric cancer (GC) cells. The impact of POU5F1 on the proliferation and metastasis of GC was examined, along with the potential of ATRA as a specific therapeutic agent for GC. The dysregulation of POU5F1 expression in GC tissues was analyzed using public databases and bioinformatics techniques, and the disparity in POU5F1 expression between normal gastric tissues and GC tissues was further assessed through western blot, RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of POU5F1 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Additionally, the effects of ATRA on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells were examined using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Our findings revealed a significant upregulation of POU5F1 in GC tissues, which was found to be associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with GC. Moreover, POU5F1 was observed to enhance the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells in vitro, as well as promote subcutaneous tumor growth and lung metastasis of GC cells in vivo. The overexpression of POU5F1 mechanistically triggers the process of Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by down-regulating E-Cadherin and up-regulating N-Cadherin and VIM. POU5F1 hinders the ubiquitination of TRAF6 through negative regulation of TRIM59, thereby facilitating the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the administration of ATRA effectively impedes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells by suppressing the expression of POU5F1. The upregulation of POU5F1 elicits EMT, fosters the initiation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in GC cells, and stimulates the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of GC cells. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can impede these POU5F1-induced effects, thereby potentially serving as an adjunctive therapeutic approach for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Danping Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guorui Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhibo Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoyang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Ahmed S, Amin MM, Sayed S. Ocular Drug Delivery: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:66. [PMID: 36788150 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eye is a sophisticated organ with distinctive anatomy and physiology that hinders the passage of drugs into targeted ophthalmic sites. Effective topical administration is an interest of scientists for many decades. Their difficult mission is to prolong drug residence time and guarantee an appropriate ocular permeation. Several ocular obstacles oppose effective drug delivery such as precorneal, corneal, and blood-corneal barriers. Routes for ocular delivery include topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral, and retrobulbar. More than 95% of marketed products exists in liquid state. However, other products could be in semi-solid (ointments and gels), solid state (powder, insert and lens), or mixed (in situ gel). Nowadays, attractiveness to nanotechnology-based carries is resulted from their capabilities to entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, enhance ocular permeability, sustain residence time, improve drug stability, and augment bioavailability. Different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization approaches help to predict the outcomes of the constructed nanocarriers. This review aims to clarify anatomy of the eye, various ocular diseases, and obstacles to ocular delivery. Moreover, it studies the advantages and drawbacks of different ocular routes of administration and dosage forms. This review also discusses different nanostructured platforms and their characterization approaches. Strategies to enhance ocular bioavailability are also explained. Finally, recent advances in ocular delivery are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Sinar Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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4
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Ribeiro AM, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. The progress and application of vitamin E encapsulation – A review. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gupta A, Singh S. Potential Role of Growth Factors Controlled Release in Achieving Enhanced Neuronal Trans-differentiation from Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Neural Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:983-1001. [PMID: 34816381 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With an increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, a need to replace incapable conventional methods has arisen. To overcome this burden, stem cells therapy has emerged as an efficient treatment option. Endeavours to accomplish this have paved the path to neural regeneration through efficient neuronal transdifferentiation. Despite their potential, the use of stem cells still entails several limitations, such as low differentiation efficiency and difficulties in guiding differentiation. The process of neural differentiation through the stem cells is achieved through the use of chemical inducers or growth factors and their direct introduction reduces their bioavailability in the system. To address these limitations, neural regeneration ventures require growth factors to be effectively implemented on stem cells in order to produce functional neuronal precursor cells. An efficient technique to achieve it is through the delivery of growth factors via microcarriers for their sustained release. It ensures the presence of commensurable concentration even at later stages of neuronal transdifferentiation. Nanofibers and nanoparticles, along with liposomes and such, have been used to implement this. The interaction between such carriers and the growth factors is mainly electrostatic. Such interaction enables them to form a stable assembly through immobilisation of the growth factor either onto their surfaces or within the core of their structures. The rate of sustained release depends upon the release kinetics associated with the polymeric structure employed and its interaction with the encapsulated growth factor. The sustained release ensures that the stem cells immerse under the effect of the growth factors for a prolonged period, ultimately aiding in the formation of cells showing ample characteristics of neuron precursors. This review analyses the various carriers that have been employed for the release of growth factors in an orderly fashion and their constituents, along with the advantages and the limitations they pose in delivering the growth factors for facilitating the process of neuronal transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Gupta
- Applied Science Department, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Applied Science Department, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India.
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Alfei S, Schito AM, Zuccari G. Nanotechnological Manipulation of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals for Healthy Purposes: Established Advantages vs. Still Undefined Risks. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2262. [PMID: 34301020 PMCID: PMC8309409 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous foods, plants, and their bioactive constituents (BACs), named nutraceuticals and phytochemicals by experts, have shown many beneficial effects including antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-cholesterol, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. Producers, consumers, and the market of food- and plant-related compounds are increasingly attracted by health-promoting foods and plants, thus requiring a wider and more fruitful exploitation of the healthy properties of their BACs. The demand for new BACs and for the development of novel functional foods and BACs-based food additives is pressing from various sectors. Unfortunately, low stability, poor water solubility, opsonization, and fast metabolism in vivo hinder the effective exploitation of the potential of BACs. To overcome these issues, researchers have engineered nanomaterials, obtaining food-grade delivery systems, and edible food- and plant-related nanoparticles (NPs) acting as color, flavor, and preservative additives and natural therapeutics. Here, we have reviewed the nanotechnological transformations of several BACs implemented to increase their bioavailability, to mask any unpleasant taste and flavors, to be included as active ingredients in food or food packaging, to improve food appearance, quality, and resistance to deterioration due to storage. The pending issue regarding the possible toxic effect of NPs, whose knowledge is still limited, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, I-16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
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Regulatory Action of all trans Retinoic Acid on Metastasis Induced lung Cell Metabolic Changes during Implantation of B16F10 Cancer Cells in C57BL6 Mice. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes that occur during metastasis lodging is under intense research now to develop preventive new drugs to fight against the deadly metastasis. The molecular drug, all trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) has regulatory effects on signal mediated metabolism. In this study, we have analyzed the metastasis facilitating metabolic changes in mice lung when a highly metastatic melanoma cell line (B16F10) having potency to lodge in lung was implanted via tail vein injection into C57BL/6 mice (1×106 cells/ml in PBS). One group of implanted mice were treated with 0.60 mg of ATRA per Kg body weight daily for 21 days. The alteration of protein, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, Catalase, GPX, GSH) levels and the lipid profile with cholesterol level were evaluated in the lung tissues. The ATRA treatment caused 62.16% inhibition on metastatic nodule formation. Compared to normal mice, the cancer control mice showed an increased (p≤ 0.01**) total protein, LPO and NO and a decreased antioxidant. In ATRA treated group, all these levels were reverted to near normal levels with a high significance (p≤ 0.01**) difference from untreated cancer mice. The lipid profile and cholesterol level also were altered in cancer and were normalized in ATRA treated group with high significance (p≤ 0.01**). All these results implies that the metabolic changes induced in the lung tissue during metastatic lodging of melanoma cells were prevented and regularized by the ATRA treatment in vivo which give a scope of anti-metastatic therapy using ATRA.
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Zuccari G, Baldassari S, Alfei S, Marengo B, Valenti GE, Domenicotti C, Ailuno G, Villa C, Marchitto L, Caviglioli G. D-α-Tocopherol-Based Micelles for Successful Encapsulation of Retinoic Acid. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030212. [PMID: 33806321 PMCID: PMC7999664 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) represents the first-choice treatment for several skin diseases, including epithelial skin cancer and acne. However, ATRA's cutaneous side effects, like redness and peeling, and its high instability limit its efficacy. To address these drawbacks and to improve ATRA solubilization, we prepared ATRA-loaded micelles (ATRA-TPGSs), by its encapsulation in D-α-tocopheryl-polyethylene-glycol-succinate (TPGS). First, to explore the feasibility of the project, a solubility study based on the equilibrium method was performed; then, six ATRA-TPGS formulations were prepared by the solvent-casting method using different TPGS amounts. ATRA-TPGSs showed small sizes (11-20 nm), low polydispersity, slightly negative zeta potential, and proved good encapsulation efficiency, confirmed by a chemometric-assisted Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) investigation. ATRA-TPGS stability was also investigated to choose the most stable formulation. Using Carbopol® 980 as gelling agent, ATRA-TPGS-loaded gels were obtained and analyzed for their rheological profiles. Ex vivo release studies from ATRA-TPGSs were performed by Franz cells, demonstrating a permeation after 24 h of 22 ± 4 µ cm-2. ATRA-TPGSs showed enhanced cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells, suggesting that these formulations may represent a valid alternative to improve patient compliance and to achieve more efficacious therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Baldassari
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Barbara Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine—DIMES, University of Genoa, Via Alberti L.B. 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.M.); (G.E.V.); (C.D.)
| | - Giulia Elda Valenti
- Department of Experimental Medicine—DIMES, University of Genoa, Via Alberti L.B. 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.M.); (G.E.V.); (C.D.)
| | - Cinzia Domenicotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine—DIMES, University of Genoa, Via Alberti L.B. 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.M.); (G.E.V.); (C.D.)
| | - Giorgia Ailuno
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Carla Villa
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Leonardo Marchitto
- Department of Sciences for the Quality of Life, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Caviglioli
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
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Ferreira R, Napoli J, Enver T, Bernardino L, Ferreira L. Advances and challenges in retinoid delivery systems in regenerative and therapeutic medicine. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4265. [PMID: 32848154 PMCID: PMC7450074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids regulate a wide spectrum of cellular functions from the embryo throughout adulthood, including cell differentiation, metabolic regulation, and inflammation. These traits make retinoids very attractive molecules for medical purposes. In light of some of the physicochemical limitations of retinoids, the development of drug delivery systems offers several advantages for clinical translation of retinoid-based therapies, including improved solubilization, prolonged circulation, reduced toxicity, sustained release, and improved efficacy. In this Review, we discuss advances in preclinical and clinical tests regarding retinoid formulations, specifically the ones based in natural retinoids, evaluated in the context of regenerative medicine, brain, cancer, skin, and immune diseases. Advantages and limitations of retinoid formulations, as well as prospects to push the field forward, will be presented.
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Grants
- MC_U137973817 Medical Research Council
- MR/N000838/1 Medical Research Council
- The authors would like to thank Andreia Vilaça for the illustrations and the financial support of ERA Chair project (ERA@UC, ref:669088) through EU Horizon 2020 program, the POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016390 (acronym: CANCEL STEM) and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029414 (acronym: LIghtBRARY) projects through Compete 2020 and FCT programs, projects 2IQBIONEURO (reference: 0624_2IQBIONEURO_6_E) and NEUROATLANTIC (reference: EAPA_791/2018) co-funded by INTERREG (Atlantic program or V-A Spain-Portugal) and European fund for Regional Development (FEDER), FCT (Portugal, SFRH/BPD/102103/2014), National Funds by Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/Multi/00709/2013), “Programa Operacional do Centro, Centro 2020” through the funding of the ICON project (Interdisciplinary Challenges On Neurodegeneration; CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013), EXPL/BIM-MED/0822/2013 (LB), (SFRH/BPD/94228/2013, IF/00178/2015) (RF), Cerebrovascular Disease Grant and L’Oréal-UNESCO Portugal for Women in Science for supporting this work. Authors declare there are no conflict of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joseph Napoli
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, 231 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tariq Enver
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Kaneo Y. [Nanoparticle Formation and Delivery of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs by Hydrophobized Polymers]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:555-567. [PMID: 32238638 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When a hydrophobic group is introduced into a water-soluble polymer, self-assembly with the hydrophobic group as nucleus occurs in water. In the 1990s, many researchers focused on this phenomenon and various self-aggregates were prepared. Among them, a block copolymer consisting of a hydrophilic chain and a hydrophobic chain is associated in water, producing polymer micelles with the hydrophilic chain oriented in the outer shell and the hydrophobic chain as core. Meanwhile, many studies were conducted to create polymer self-associates by introducing hydrophobic groups into water-soluble polymers. In this review, the author describes hydrophobized polymers with polysaccharides and synthetic polymers that are frequently used as pharmaceutical raw materials. In addition are outlined the usefulness of hydrophobized polymers as carriers with the function of encapsulating and solubilizing poorly water-soluble drugs, along with the results of our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Kaneo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
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Odrobińska J, Mielańczyk Ł, Neugebauer D. 4- n-Butylresorcinol-Based Linear and Graft Polymethacrylates for Arbutin and Vitamins Delivery by Micellar Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020330. [PMID: 32033296 PMCID: PMC7077416 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel initiator, bromoester modified 4-n-butylresorcinol (4nBREBr2), was prepared and utilized in controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to obtain three series of amphiphilic copolymers. The V-shaped copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (MPEGMA), abbreviated to P(HEMA-co-MMA), P(HEMA-co-MPEGMA), and P(MMA-co-MPEGMA), were synthesized. Moreover, P((HEMA-graft-PEG)-co-MMA) graft copolymers were prepared by combining the pre-polymerization modification of HEMA and a "click" reaction using a "grafting onto" approach. All copolymers could form micelles with encapsulated active substances (vitamin C (VitC), vitamin E (VitE), arbutin (ARB)), which are used in cosmetology. In vitro studies carried out in a PBS solution (pH 7.4) demonstrates that in most cases the maximum release of active substance was after 1 h. The polymeric systems presenting satisfactory encapsulation characteristics and release profiles are attractive micellar carriers of cosmetic substances, which show a positive effect on the skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Odrobińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Mielańczyk
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Dorota Neugebauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Bama ES, Grace VMB, Sundaram V, Jesubatham PD. Synergistic effect of co-treatment with all- trans retinoic acid and 9- cis retinoic acid on human lung cancer cell line at molecular level. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:159. [PMID: 30944806 PMCID: PMC6441431 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in treating cancers with ATRA is the limited availability inside the cell and resistance developed in prolonged treatment. We made an attempt for co-treatment of human NSCLC cell lines (A549) with ATRA and its isomeric precursor (9cisRA). In this study, the growth inhibitory effect of ATRA, 9cisRA and combination of both were tested in A549 cells by MTT and Trypan blue assays. As the effects of retinoid are mediated through their receptors, their gene expression levels were analyzed by RT-PCR. The target gene receptor, RAR-β protein expression, was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. The cancer cell (A549) growth inhibitory effect was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) enhanced in combination treatment when compared with the result of individual treatments. The mRNA expression levels of both RAR-β and RXR-β were found to be increased in co-treatment (band density of 0.75 and 0.806, respectively) when compared with 9cisRA treatment (0.25 and 0.112) and ATRA treatment (0.01 and 0.081). A concomitant enhancement in the target RAR-β protein expression was observed in co-treated cells when compared with individual treatments. We thus conclude that the co-treatment had increased the availability of ATRA, by isomerization of the 9cisRA which then resulted in an increased expression of both RAR-β and RXR-β receptors and the target protein RAR-β which in turn inhibited lung cancer cell growth. Our study results have explored the mechanism of synergistic effect of co-treatment with ATRA and 9cisRA and further preclinical studies are necessary to validate the application of co-treatment of retinoid in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Sathya Bama
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
| | - V. M. Berlin Grace
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
| | - Viswanathan Sundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
| | - Perinba Dansiha Jesubatham
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
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Abd-Elsalam WH, ElKasabgy NA. Mucoadhesive olaminosomes: A novel prolonged release nanocarrier of agomelatine for the treatment of ocular hypertension. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:235-245. [PMID: 30763680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucoadhesive olaminosomes are novel nanocarriers designed to control agomelatine release and enhance its bioavailability. Olaminosomes were prepared using oleic acid, oleylamine and sorbitan monooleate adopting thin film hydration technique. Chitosan HCl was added to impart the mucoadhesive properties to the olaminosomes. Mucoadhesive olaminosomes were characterized for their particle size, in-vitro drug release and irritation potentiality in rabbit eyes. The reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) through 8 h in male New Zealand Albino rabbits was measured after administration of the selected formulations. Histopathological changes in rabbits' eye were also evaluated. Results revealed that increasing the amount of the added oleylamine decreased the particle size of the resulted vesicles and increased the drug release rate. Olaminosomes showed enhanced drug absorption, hence more reduction in IOP was observed. Moreover, using chitosan HCl might increase the residence time of the formulation in the eye and hence improved the absorption of the drug. No histopathological changes in rabbits' eye were detected after the application of mucoadhesive olaminosomes concluding their safety on the ocular tissues. In conclusion, mucoadhesive olaminosomes succeeded in enhancing agomelatine bioavailability in rabbits' eyes confirming the development of a novel ocular nanocarrier for insoluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam H Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen A ElKasabgy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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14
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Development of a novel pH-sensitive polymer matrix for drug encapsulation from maleated poly(vinyl alcohol) grafted with polyacrylamide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Viswanathan S, Berlin Grace V. Reduced RAR-β gene expression in Benzo(a)Pyrene induced lung cancer mice is upregulated by DOTAP lipo-ATRA treatment. Gene 2018; 668:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Liposomes assembled from dimeric retinoic acid phospholipid with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 112:186-194. [PMID: 29162478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) exhibits potent cytotoxicities against different cancer cells by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which is regarded as the first example of targeted therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, its extensive clinical applications have been limited because of poor aqueous solubility, short half-life time and side effects. In this report, dimeric ATRA phosphorylcholine prodrug (Di-ATRA-PC) was designed and assembled into nanoliposomes to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Di-ATRA-PC prodrug was synthesized by a facile esterification and characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The Di-ATRA-PC assembled liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration method with ATRA loading efficiency up to 73wt%. The liposomes have a uniform particle size (73.1±3.6nm) with negatively charged surface (-20.5±2.5mV) and typical lipid bilayer structure as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and cryogenic transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM). In vitro drug release study confirmed that Di-ATRA-PC liposomes could sustainedly release free ATRA in a weakly acidic condition. Furthermore, cellular uptake, MTT and cell apoptosis analysis demonstrated that the liposomes could be successfully internalized into tumor cells to induce apoptosis of MCF-7 and HL-60 cells. More importantly, in vivo pharmacokinetic assay indicated that Di-ATRA-PC liposomes had much longer retention time in comparison with ATRA. In conclusion, Di-ATRA-PC liposomal formulation could be a potential drug delivery system of ATRA with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties.
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17
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Castleberry SA, Quadir MA, Sharkh MA, Shopsowitz KE, Hammond PT. Polymer conjugated retinoids for controlled transdermal delivery. J Control Release 2017; 262:1-9. [PMID: 28690160 PMCID: PMC5641977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a derivative of vitamin A, is a common component in cosmetics and commercial acne creams as well as being a first-line chemotherapeutic agent. Today, formulations for the topical application of ATRA rely on creams and emulsions to incorporate the highly hydrophobic ATRA drug. These strategies, when applied to the skin, deliver ATRA as a single bolus, which is immediately taken up into the skin and contributes to many of the known adverse side effects of ATRA treatment, including skin irritation and hair loss. Herein we present a new concept in topical delivery of retinoids by covalently bonding the drug through a hydrolytically degradable ester linkage to a common hydrophilic polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), creating an amphiphilic nanomaterial that is water-soluble. This PVA bound ATRA can then act as a pro-drug and accumulate within the skin to allow for the sustained controlled delivery of active ATRA. This approach was demonstrated to release active ATRA out to 10days in vitro while significantly enhancing dermal accumulation of the ATRA in explant pig skin. In vivo we demonstrate that the pro-drug formulation reduces application site inflammation compared to free ATRA and retains the drug at the application site at measurable quantities for up to six days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Castleberry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Mohiuddin A Quadir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Malak Abu Sharkh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Kevin E Shopsowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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18
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Mohammadi M, Pezeshki A, Mesgari Abbasi M, Ghanbarzadeh B, Hamishehkar H. Vitamin D 3-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Potential Approach for Fortifying Food Beverages; in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:61-71. [PMID: 28507938 PMCID: PMC5426735 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) composed of solid lipid and oil are a new generation of lipid nanoparticles which have exhibited some merits over traditional used lipid nanoparticles in fortifying food and beverages and nutraceuticals delivery systems such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, Precirol and Compritol as solid lipids, Miglyol and Octyloctanoat as liquid lipids, Tween80, Tween20 and Poloxamer407 as surfactants were used to prepare vitamin D3-loaded NLC dispersion using hot homogenization method. The particle size and size distribution for all formulations were evaluated by immediately after production and during a storage period of 60 days. Results: The Precirol-based NLC showed superiority over Compritol-based NLC in the point of physical stability. Results clearly suggested that an optimum concentration of 3% of Poloxamer407 or 2% of Tween20 was sufficient to cover the surface of nanoparticles effectively and prevent agglomeration during the homogenization process. Octyloctanoat was introduced for the first time as a good substituent for Miglyol in the preparation of NLC formulations. The vitamin D3 Intestinal absorption enhanced by the incorporating in NLCs. Conclusion: It was concluded that NLC showed a promising approach for fortifying beverages by lipophilic nutraceuticals such as vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohammadi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz,Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akram Pezeshki
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz,Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Babak Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz,Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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20
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Hiraishi Y, Hirobe S, Iioka H, Quan YS, Kamiyama F, Asada H, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Development of a novel therapeutic approach using a retinoic acid-loaded microneedle patch for seborrheic keratosis treatment and safety study in humans. J Control Release 2013; 171:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Performance and characteristics evaluation of a sodium hyaluronate-based microneedle patch for a transcutaneous drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 2013; 441:570-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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In Situ Incorporation of Doxorubicin in Copolymer Particles During Suspension Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Chinsriwongkul A, Chareanputtakhun P, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Sila-on W, Ruktanonchai U, Opanasopit P. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for parenteral delivery of an anticancer drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:150-8. [PMID: 22167418 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to formulate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the parenteral delivery of an anticancer drug, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The ATRA was incorporated into NLC by the de novo emulsification method. The effect of the formulation factor, i.e., type and oil ratio, initial ATRA concentration on physicochemical properties was determined. The anticancer efficacy of ATRA-loaded NLC on HL-60 and HepG2 cells was also studied. NLC was formulated using a blend of solid lipids (cetyl palmitate) and liquid lipids (soybean oil (S), medium-chain triglyceride (M), S/oleic acid (O; 3:1) and M/O (3:1)) at a weight ratio of 1:1. ATRA-loaded NLC had an average size of less than 200 nm (141.80 to 172.95 nm) with a narrow PDI and negative zeta potential that was within an acceptable range for intravenous injection. The results indicated that oleic acid enhanced the ATRA-loading capacity of NLC. In vitro ATRA release was only approximately 4.06% to 4.34% for 48 h, and no significant difference in ATRA release rate from all NLC formulations in accordance with the composition of the oil phase. Moreover, no burst release of the drug was observed, indicating that NLC could prolong the release of ATRA. The initial drug concentration affected the photodegradation rate but did not affect the release rate. All ATRA-loaded NLC formulations exhibited the photoprotective property. The cytotoxicity results showed that all ATRA-loaded NLC had higher cytotoxicity than the free drug and HL-60 cells were more sensitive to ATRA than HepG2 cells.
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24
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Kim Y, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL, Stenzel MH. Effect of Cross-Linking on the Performance of Micelles As Drug Delivery Carriers: A Cell Uptake Study. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:814-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201730p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoseop Kim
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and ‡Cancer Research Laboratories, Department
of Surgery, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad H. Pourgholami
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and ‡Cancer Research Laboratories, Department
of Surgery, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David L. Morris
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and ‡Cancer Research Laboratories, Department
of Surgery, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and ‡Cancer Research Laboratories, Department
of Surgery, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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25
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Chen Z, Lu Y, Qi J, Wu W. Enhanced dissolution, stability and physicochemical characterization of ATRA/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex pellets prepared by fluid-bed coating technique. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:130-6. [PMID: 22304703 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.653818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to prepare stable all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) inclusion complex pellets with industrial feasible technology, the fluid-bed coating technique, using PVP K30 simultaneously as binder and reprecipitation retarder. The coating process was fluent with high coating efficiency. In vitro dissolution of the inclusion complex pellets in 5% w/v Cremopher EL solution was dramatically enhanced with no reprecipitation observed, and significantly improved stability against humidity (92.5% and 75% RH) and illumination (4500 lx ± 500 lx) was achieved by HPCD inclusion. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry confirmed the absence of crystallinity of ATRA. Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry revealed interaction between ATRA and HPCD adding evidence on inclusion of ATRA moieties into HPCD cavities. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectrometry indicated possible inclusion of ATRA through the polyene chain, which was the main reason for the enhanced photostability. It is concluded that the fluid-bed coating technique has the potential use in the industrial preparation of ATRA/HPCD inclusion complex pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Li Q, Zhu L, Liu R, Huang D, Jin X, Che N, Li Z, Qu X, Kang H, Huang Y. Biological stimuli responsive drug carriers based on keratin for triggerable drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34136k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Siddikuzzaman, Guruvayoorappan C, Berlin Grace VM. All trans retinoic acid and cancer. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:241-9. [PMID: 20929432 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.521507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an active metabolite of vitamin A under the family retinoid. Retinoids, through their cognate nuclear receptors, exert potent effects on cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and have significant promise for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Differentiation therapy with ATRA has marked a major advance and become the first choice drug in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Conversions of 13-cis-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid to all-trans-retinoic acid is very rapid. Currently, two distinct families of retinoid responsive nuclear receptors have been identified and characterized: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid receptors (RXRs), each of which include three isoforms, α,β,and γ. ATRA is being increasingly included in anti-tumour therapeutical schemes for the treatment of various tumoral diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, bladder cancer, neuroblastoma and has shown antiangiogenic effects in several systems, inhibiting proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and anti-inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis. This review helps to understand in details about the ATRA and its role on cancer and it is predicted that modulating the activity of ATRA will soon provide novel prevention and treatment approaches for the cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddikuzzaman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology & Health Sciences, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore - 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
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28
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Jitjumnong P, Wanichwecharungruang SP, Arayachukeat S. Self-assembly of negatively charged poly(vinyl alcohol) derivatives. Macromol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-010-0816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Rossinsky E, Tarmyshov KB, Böhm MC, Müller-Plathe F. Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Oligomers: A Molecular Dynamics Study. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Zuccari G, Bergamante V, Carosio R, Gotti R, Montaldo PG, Orienti I. Micellar complexes of all-trans retinoic acid with polyvinylalcohol-nicotinoyl esters as new parenteral formulations in neuroblastoma. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:189-95. [PMID: 19241235 DOI: 10.1080/10717540902757499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is now included in many antitumor therapeutic schemes for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, bladder cancer, and neuroblastoma. Unfortunately, its poor aqueous solubility hampers its parenteral formulation, whereas oral administration of ATRA is associated with progressively diminishing drug levels in plasma, which is related to induction of retinoic acid-binding proteins and increased drug catabolism by cytochrome P450-mediated reactions. An ATRA formulation, obtained by complexation of the drug into polymeric micelles, might be suitable for parenteral administration overcoming these unwanted effects. To this purpose, amphiphilic polymers were prepared by polyvinylalcohol (PVA) partial esterification with nicotinoyl moieties and their functional properties evaluated with regard to ATRA complexation. The physicochemical characteristics of the polymers and the complexes were analyzed by 1H-NMR, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Capillary Electophoresis (CE), and were correlated with the complex ability to improve the drug solubilization and release the free drug in an aqueous environment. Subsequently, the best complex, providing the highest ATRA solubilization and release, was evaluated in vitro to test its cytotoxicity towards neuroblastoma cell lines. The PVA substitution degree calculated from 1H-NMR was found to be 5.0%, 8.2%, 15.3% (nicotinoyl moiety:PVA monomer molar ratio), while capillary electrophoresis analysis on the complexes revealed that the drug loadings were 0.95%, 1.20%, 4.76% (ATRA:polymer w:w) for PVA substitution degrees of 5.0%, 8.2%, and 15.3%, respectively. Complexation strongly increased ATRA aqueous solubility, which reached 1.20 +/- 0.25 mg/mL. The DLS measurements of the polymers and the complexes in aqueous solutions revealed mean sizes always below 400 nm, low polydispersity (min 0.202 +/- 0.013, max 0.450 +/- 0.032), and size almost unaffected by concentration. Drug fractional release did not exceed 8% after 48 h. The cytotoxicity studies against neuroblastoma cell lines outlined a significant growth inhibition effect of complexed ATRA with respect to free ATRA. These data suggest that the systems analyzed may be suitable carriers for parenteral administration of ATRA and other hydrophobic antitumor drugs, where the carriers are required to improve drug aqueous solubility and delay drug release almost after their accumulation in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zuccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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31
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Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)-based polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:571702. [PMID: 19789653 PMCID: PMC2749206 DOI: 10.1155/2009/571702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) have recently attracted a great deal of academic and industrial interest for their biodegradability and biocompatibility making them suitable for environmental and biomedical applications. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-) (PHB-) and Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-) based nanoparticles were prepared using the dialysis method as yet unreported for the preparation of nanoparticles based on PHB. Processing conditions were varied in order to evaluate their influence on morphology, drug encapsulation, and size of nanoparticles. The relevant results obtained give a theoretical understanding of the phenomenon occurring during colloidal formation. The adopted procedure allows for a relatively small diameter and homogeneity in size distribution of the PHB nanoparticles to be obtained compared to other methods like the one based on solvent evaporation which leads to particles on microscale. The biocompatibility of PHB and relative nanoparticles was investigated and both exhibited very good cytocompatibility.
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32
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Elsabee MZ, Morsi RE, Al-Sabagh AM. Surface active properties of chitosan and its derivatives. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 74:1-16. [PMID: 19682870 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the definition of surface active agents and specifically natural polymeric surface active agents. Chitosan by itself was found to have weak surface activity since it has no hydrophobic segments. Chemical modifications of chitosan could improve such surface activity. This is achieved by introducing hydrophobic substituents in its glucosidic group. Several examples of chitosan derivatives with surfactant activity have been surveyed. The surface active polymers form micelles and aggregates which have enormous importance in the entrapment of water-insoluble drugs and consequently applications in the controlled drug delivery and many biomedical fields. Chitosan also interacts with several substrates by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with considerable biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Z Elsabee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Cairo 12613, Egypt.
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A novel method for the preparation of retinoic acid-loaded nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:2336-2347. [PMID: 19564952 PMCID: PMC2695280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10052336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of present work was to investigate the use of bioerodible polymeric nanoparticles as carriers of retinoic acid (RA), which is known to induce differentiation of several cell lines into neurons. A novel method, named "Colloidal-Coating", has been developed for the preparation of nanoparticles based on a copolymer of maleic anhydride and butyl vinyl ether (VAM41) loaded with RA. Nanoparticles with an average diameter size of 70 nm and good morphology were prepared. The activity of the encapsulated RA was evaluated on SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells, which are known to undergo inhibition of proliferation and neuronal differentiation upon treatment with RA. The activity of RA was not affected by the encapsulation and purification processes.
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35
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Du YZ, Wang L, Yuan H, Wei XH, Hu FQ. Preparation and characteristics of linoleic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles as a carrier for doxorubicin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 69:257-63. [PMID: 19131223 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The linoleic acid (LA)-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO) (CSO-LA) was synthesized in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), and the effects of molecular weight of CSO and the charged amount of LA on the physicochemical properties of CSO-LA were investigated, such as CMC, graft ratio, size, zeta potential. The results showed that these chitosan derivatives were able to self-assemble and form spherical shape polymeric micelles with the size range of 150.7-213.9nm and the zeta potential range of 57.9-79.9mV, depending on molecular weight of CSO and the charged amount of LA. Using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug, the DOX-loaded CSO-LA micelles were prepared by dialysis method. The drug encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of DOX-loaded CSO-LA micelles were as high as about 75%. The sizes of DOX-loaded CSO-LA micelles with 20% charged DOX (relating the mass of CSO-LA) were near 200nm, and the drug loading (DL) capacity could reach up to 15%. The in vitro release studies indicated that the drug release from the DOX-loaded CSO-LA micelles was reduced with increasing the graft ratio of CSO-LA, due to the enhanced hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic drug and hydrophobic segments of CSO-LA. Moreover, the drug release rate from CSO-LA micelles was faster with the drug loading. These data suggested the possible utilization of the amphiphilic micellar chitosan derivatives as carriers for hydrophobic drugs for improving their delivery and release properties.
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36
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Chang YC, Chu IM. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(valerolactone) diblock polymeric micelles for enhanced encapsulation and protection of camptothecin. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Orienti I, Zuccari G, Bergamante V, Fini A, Carosio R, Montaldo PG. Enhancement of Oleyl Alcohol Anti Tumor Activity through Complexation in Polyvinylalcohol Amphiphilic Derivatives. Drug Deliv 2008; 14:209-17. [PMID: 17497353 DOI: 10.1080/10717540601036898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleyl alcohol was complexed with new amphiphilic polyvinylalcohol derivatives with the aim of increasing its aqueous solubility, thus improving bioavailability and favoring its antitumor activity. Water-soluble amphiphilic polymers were prepared by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) substitution with oleyl chains through a succinyl spacer at 2% and 3% substitution degree. The complexes were obtained by spray-drying hydroalcoholic solutions of the substituted polymers and free oleyl alcohol at different weight ratios (3:1; 5:1; 10:1 w/w). The main physicochemical characteristics of the complexes were analyzed and correlated to the cytotoxic activity of oleyl alcohol toward tumor cell lines. The complexes strongly increased the aqueous solubility of oleyl alcohol and provided oleyl alcohol release in the presence of extractive conditions (simulating in vivo absorption). The complexes obtained by 10:1 polymer:fatty alcohol weight ratio offered higher release rates than the 5:1 and 3:1 ratios, respectively. Complexation also increased oleyl alcohol cytotoxicity toward tumor cells due to increased availability of the active molecule in the aqueous phase. Pure polymers were found to be biocompatible and no toxic effect was detected up to the highest concentration used in the present study (500 mu g/ml). The complexation of oleyl alcohol with the polymers analyzed here efficiently increased the availability of the fatty alcohol in aqueous environment. The enhanced cytotoxicity toward tumor cells of the complexed oleyl alcohol and the polymer biocompatibility make these amphiphilic PVA derivatives interesting candidates for soluble pharmaceutical formulations containing hydrophobic drugs whose therapeutic potential is often underestimated due to unsuitable levels of their aqueous solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Orienti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Park JS, Koh YS, Bang JY, Jeong YI, Lee JJ. Antitumor Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Encapsulated Nanoparticles of Methoxy Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Conjugated Chitosan Against CT-26 Colon Carcinoma In Vitro. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:4011-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Luadthong C, Tachaprutinun A, Wanichwecharungruang S. Synthesis and characterization of micro/nanoparticles of poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinylcinnamate) derivatives. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pharmaceutical Micelles: Combining Longevity, Stability, and Stimuli Sensitivity. MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL NANOCARRIERS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76554-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of shell crosslinked stearic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles encapsulating doxorubicin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 69:117-25. [PMID: 17997293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stearic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-SA) with 3.48% amino-substituted degree (SD%) was synthesized by coupling reaction. The CSO-SA could self-aggregate to form micelle with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) at 0.035 mg/mL in the aqueous phase. The CSO-SA self-aggregate micelles indicated spatial structure with multi-hydrophobic core. One CSO-SA chain could form 2.8 hydrophobic cores. Cellular uptakes of CSO-SA micelles by using A549, LLC, and SKOV3 cells as model tumor cell lines showed the faster cellular internalization of CSO-SA micelles, and the cellular uptakes on the LLC and SKOV3 cells were higher than that on the A549 cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) was then used as a model drug to incorporate into CSO-SA micelles. To reduce the initial burst drug release from CSO-SA micelles loading DOX (CSO-SA/DOX), the shell of CSO-SA micelles was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The shell crosslinking of CSO-SA micelles reduced the micelle size and surface potential, but it did not significantly affect the cellular uptake and drug encapsulation efficiency of CSO-SA micelles. The cellular inhibition experiments demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of DOX was increased by the encapsulation of CSO-SA micelles. CSO-SA/DOX displayed the best antitumor efficacy in SKOV3 cell line due to the higher cellular uptake percentage of CSO-SA micelles and the lower sensitivity of free drug to the cells. The cytotoxicities of shell crosslinked CSO-SA/DOX were highly enhanced in all cell lines than those of unmodified CSO-SA/DOX.
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Orienti I, Zuccari G, Bergamante V, Carosio R, Gotti R, Cilli M, Montaldo PG. Fenretinide-polyvinylalcohol conjugates: new systems allowing fenretinide intravenous administration. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3258-62. [PMID: 17883277 DOI: 10.1021/bm7005592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (fenretinide, 4-HPR) has been shown to be active toward many tumors without appreciable side effects. However its in vitro activity does not match a correspondent efficacy in vivo. The main reason is that the drug's hydrophobicity hinders its bioavailability in the body fluids. Even if the drug is previously dissolved in organic solvents, such as ethanol or DMSO, the subsequent dilution in body fluids trigger its precipitation in fine aggregates characterized by very low dissolution efficiency, never reaching amounts suitable for therapeutic response. To date no intravenous formulation of 4-HPR exists on the market. The 4-HPR linkage to a hydrophilic polymer by a covalent bond easily hydrolyzable in aqueous environment is expected to increase the drug's aqueous solubility, providing the free drug after hydrolysis of the covalent bond. This may be a useful tool for the preparation of aqueous intravenous formulations of 4-HPR. For this purpose, we linked 4-HPR to polyvinylalcohol (PVA) by a carbonate bond at different drug/hydroxy vinyl monomer molar ratios. We demonstrated that conjugation increased 4-HPR aqueous solubility and strongly inhibited neuroblastoma cell proliferation. In addition, in an in vivo neuroblastoma metastatic model, we obtained a significant antitumor effect as a consequence of the improved drug bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Orienti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Chansri N, Kawakami S, Yokoyama M, Yamamoto T, Charoensit P, Hashida M. Anti-tumor Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid Loaded Polymeric Micelles in Solid Tumor Bearing Mice. Pharm Res 2007; 25:428-34. [PMID: 17665288 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) polymeric micelles were developed for parenteral administration. The distribution characteristics and antitumor activities of ATRA polymeric micelles were evaluated after intravenous administration to mice bearing CT26 solid tumors. METHODS ATRA incorporated in poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(benzyl aspartate) block copolymer was prepared by the evaporation method. The levels of [3H]ATRA in blood and tissue including tumor were determined by measuring the radioactivity after injection into mice. The tumor volume and the survival of the mice were determined to assess the anticancer activity. RESULTS The delivery of ATRA by polymeric micelles prolonged the blood circulation and enhanced the accumulation of ATRA in the tumor tissue compared with the administration of free ATRA. Tumor growth was significantly delayed and the survival time of mice was prolonged following the treatment by ATRA polymeric micelles demonstrating the improved anticancer activity of ATRA. CONCLUSION Polymeric micelles are a promising and effective carrier of ATRA in order to enhance tumor delivery and they have a promising potential application in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Chansri
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Opanasopit P, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Choochottiros C, Chirachanchai S. N-Phthaloylchitosan-g-mPEG design for all-trans retinoic acid-loaded polymeric micelles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 30:424-31. [PMID: 17307343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The amphiphilic grafted copolymer N-phthaloylchitosan-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PLC-g-mPEG) was synthesized using chitosan with four different degrees of deacetylations (DD) (80, 85, 90 and 95%). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was incorporated into PLC-g-mPEG by dialysis method in an attempt to optimize carriers for ATRA delivery. Morphological investigation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the particles had round and uniform shapes. The particle sizes of ATRA incorporated into micelles were about 80-160 nm depending on the initial drug-loaded and %DD of chitosan. Physicochemical properties of ATRA-loaded polymeric micelles were also investigated. It was found that %DD of chitosan, which corresponded to the N-phthaloyl groups in the inner core of the micelles, was a key factor in controlling the incorporation efficiency, stability of the drug-loaded micelles and drug release behavior. As the %DD increased, the incorporation efficiency and ATRA-loaded micelles stability increased. The sustained release profiles were also obtained at high %DD (90 and 95%). When compared to the unprotected ATRA, ATRA loaded in PLC-g-mPEG micelles was efficiently protected from photodegradation. This result suggested that loading of ATRA in micelles improved the chemical stability of ATRA.
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Chansri N, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Inhibition of liver metastasis by all-trans retinoic acid incorporated into O/W emulsions in mice. Int J Pharm 2006; 321:42-9. [PMID: 16790329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was incorporated into lipid emulsions in an attempt to alter its distribution characteristics and improve its inhibition of liver cancer metastasis. Lipid emulsions composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and soybean oil were the optimized carriers for ATRA delivery, as shown by the submicron particle size and high incorporation efficiency. The particle size and zeta potential of ATRA incorporated into emulsions were about 133 nm and -11 mV, respectively. In vitro drug release study demonstrated that the release of ATRA from emulsions was sustained in the absence and present of bovine serum albumin, suggesting that ATRA was stable when incorporated in emulsions. After intravenous administration in mice, [3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether incorporated into emulsion, which is the inherent distribution of emulsions, accumulated gradually mainly in the liver. The blood concentration and hepatic accumulation of [3H]ATRA incorporated into emulsion was significantly higher than that of serum dissolving [3H]ATRA, which represent the original distribution characteristic of free ATRA. In a murine liver metastasis model by colon adenocarcinoma, the liver metastasis number and liver weight were significantly reduced and the survival time of mice was prolonged following intravenous injection of ATRA incorporated into emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Chansri
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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